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historical
Neurologist 2004 75:1038-1041 S.v. Stuckrad-Barre1 · A.
DOI 10.1007/s00115-004-1772-x
Danek2 1 Clinic for Neurology, Frankfurt
Published online: August 5, 2004 ©
am Main 2 Clinic for Neurology, Munich
Springer-Verlag 2004
Oscar Vogt (1870–1959)
hypnotist and brain researcher,
Husband of Cécile Vogt (1875–1962)
End In 1924, Oskar Vogt, director of zin, where he met the anatomist Walther His further life was decisive – primarily
the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Flemming (1843–1905). Vogt continued through the implementation of his vision
Research in Berlin-Buch, received an his studies in Jena and received his of a brain research institute and then
order from the Soviet government. He doctorate in 1894. The zoologist Ernst through its reestablishment after the
was supposed to set up a state institute Haeckel (1834–1919), author of the harassment in the “Third Reich”, which
to research the brain of Lenin, who died popular-philosophical work “Die Vogt was politically unpopular with, but
on January 21, 1924. Under Vogt's Welträthsel” (with the “biogenetic basic which – despite physical abuse – did not
direction, the Soviet leader's brain was law”: The ontogenesis is a short and destroy him in the face of such protectors
dissected into more than 30,000 serial quick le Recapitulation of Phylogenesis.) killed [5]. In 1898, Vogt first went to Berlin-
slices in order to uncover a material basis had had a lasting influence on the young Tiergarten, where he set up a practice
for the alleged genius. Vogt summarized doctor there. As the first stations of his as a “central neurobiological station” in
the brain anatomical findings on scientific and neurological activity, Vogt the apartment building at Magdeburger
November 10, 1929 in a public lecture in looked for the best addresses for Strasse 16, the basis of his further
the “Pantheon of Brains” at his Moscow anatomically oriented neuropsychiatry: scientific work.
institute – in the formula “Lenin as Zurich-Burgholzli under August Forel He had met his wife in Paris at the
association athlete” [19]. In April 1927 he (1848–1931), Leipzig with Paul Flechsig beginning of the year. 23-year-old Céci
had already written to his wife: (1847–1929) and Paris with the Dejerine- le Mugnier from Annecy was one of the
Klumpke (Joseph Jules Dejerine first neurologists to work at the Bi cetre
1849-1917, Augusta Klumpke 1859-1927). clinic, after having forced her baccalauréat
E "J'ai trouvé dans le cerveau L une In Zurich he had shown himself to be so des sciences at the cost of being
gran deur extraordinaire des talented as a hypnotist that Forel gave disincarnated and being admitted to
cellules py ramidales de la III him the editorship of the magazine for medical school. She was the only female
couche et j'ai mis ce fait en hypnotism. This later (1902) became participant when the engaged couple
rapport avec son 'quick and Vogt's “house journal” under the title attended the conference of Central
sure thinking'. Les gens etai ent tres contents” [9].Psychology and Neurology.
Journal for German psychiatrists and neurologists in
October 1898 [4]. After passing his
Even then, the research results on “elite For the summer of 1896, Vogt exams, he got married in March 1899.
brains” were controversial [1, 11], but the accepted a position in the Fichtel From then on, Oskar Vogt's scientific
interlude in the Soviet Union made Vogt Mountains, where the prominence of the and private life was very closely
widely known and even more recently era was curving in Bad Alexandersbad. intertwined with that of his wife Cécile,
his career provided the material for the It did not take long for Vogt to take who in turn gave him the doctoral thesis
ironic novel “Lenin’s Brain” [12]. medical care of Friedrich Alfred Krupp's on the marrow deposits in cats, completed in the same
Oskar Vogt was born on April 6, 1870 family, first the daughter-in-law, later FA
Foerster's letter of November 7, 1926 is in
as the eldest of five siblings in a rectory Krupp's wife Margare the and finally the
the Gutierrez-Mahoney estate at the Institute
in Husum. After graduating from high industrial magnate personally. This for the History of Medicine, Göttingen. We
school, he began studying psychology in relationship, which soon went beyond a thank Prof. Dr. U. Troehler and Ms. Mildner
Kiel in 1888, but soon switched to medicine conventional doctor-patient relationship, was integral to Vogts to look at the material.
for the opportunity
1038 | The Neurologist 10 · 2004
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Summary Summary
"Etude sur la myélination des Neurologist 2004 75:1038-1041
hémisphères cérébraux du chat". DOI 10.1007/s00115-004-1772-x
© Springer Verlag 2004
The working group was expanded in
1901 by Korbinian Brodmann, whom S.v. Stuckrad-Barre · A. Danek
Vogt had also met in the Alexandersbad
summer [2]. He later wrote patronizingly Oscar Vogt (1870–1959) . Hypnotist and brain
about his colleague, who was two researcher, husband of Cécile Vogt (1875–1962)
years his senior:
Summary Oskar Vogt
E “Since he was also interested in (1870–1955) and his wife Cécile (1875–1962) hang with special consideration of the
all aspects of neurology, I were neurologists and neuroanatomists cooperation with Brodmann. After the Vogts
advised him to give up his whose interests lay in the cytoarchitecture were forced to give up in Berlin by the
intention of settling down as a and myeloarchitecture of the brain and the National Socialists in 1937, they were able
general practitioner in the Black functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. In to continue their work in a private institute in
Forest and to devote himself to the 1920s, Vogt set up the Kaiser Wilhelm Neustadt into old age in the Black Forest.
neurology. Even then, after a Institute for Brain Research in Berlin-Buch,
long study stay in Paris, I had which included departments for neuroanatomy,
the intention of founding my own neurohistology, neurophysiology, keywords
institute for brain research in neurochemistry and experimental genetics. Oskar Vogt Cécile Vogt Brain Research
Berlin. We parted at the end of Vogt's scientific activities are carried out cytoarchitectonics of the brain
the season with the thought that together myeloarchitectonics of the brain
Brodmann would later become a National Socialism
staff member at this institute. ...
And so Brodmann followed my
call in the autumn of 1901 and Oscar Vogt (1870-1959). Hypnotist and brain
threw himself into the work researcher, husband of Cecile Vogt (1875–1962)
assigned to him with great
enthusiasm and tireless zeal. Summary
At the same time he relieved Oskar Vogt (1870–1955) and his wife Cecile are discussed briefly with special regard to
me of the editing of the journal (1875–1962) were neurologists and his former co-worker Brodmann. After being
for psychology and neurology, which had emerged from the journal for hypnotism
neuroanatomists with a strong interest in the etc. ...”
dismissed from[21,
office22].
by the Nazi government
cytoarchitectonics and myeloarchitecton ics in 1937, the Vogts continued their work in a
Judgments about Vogt as a person of the brain and in the functional anato my of privately funded institute in Neustadt, in the
range between criticism of his the basal ganglia. In the 1920s, Vogt created Black Forest.
authoritarian and egocentric behavior a multi-disciplinary brain research institute,
and unconditional recognition of his the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain keywords
protection for those persecuted during Research in Berlin-Buch, with divisions Oskar Vogt Cécile Vogt Brain research
National Socialism [5, 6]. for eg neuroanatomy, neurohistology, Cytoarchitectonics of the brain
neurophysiology, neurochemistry, and Myeloarchitectonics of the brain
E “Due to special circumstances, genetics. Oskar Vogt's scientific activities National Socialism
the Berlin Neuro-Biological
Institute initially did not
develop outwardly in the way I
was entitled to expect when
Brodmann came. This
circumstance gradually had a
strong influence on Brodmann's
mood. He was getting older
and felt the economic insecurity
of his future hard, despite the
small external claims he made.
And he did not always look for
the causes of this standstill in
the external development of our institute in the right place” [21].
The Neurologist 10 · 2004 | 1039
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historical
he was suspicious, as a cosmopolitan he
was used to working with foreign colleagues
and he had not carried out the required
exclusion of Jewish employees at his institute.
As early as 1925, Cécile Vogt had opposed
Hoche and Binding and their 1920 plea for
“The Permission to Destroy Unworthy Life” [4]
and in 1938 Oskar Vogt openly rejected
Rüdin’s psychiatric-genetic research as “very
one-sided”. A number of works are available
on the history of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute
for Brain Research, particularly in the years
1933 and after the change at the head of
the institute in 1937. The work “Brain
Research and Murder of the Sick” appears
to be particularly worth reading, in which
Fig. 18 Oskar Vogt (1870–1959) and Cécile Vogt (1875–1962) in old age Vogt’s questionable ideas on the breeding
of humans and his eugenic goals are
presented in a balanced manner [10].
In the years together up to 1910, Brodmann Cécile Vogt was particularly interested in
and Vogt developed methods for creating extrapyramidal illnesses. Together with With the help of the Krupp family, the
coronal serial sections for the anatomical Oppenheim and Freund, he worked on the Vogts once again founded an “Institute for
subdivision of the cerebral cortex [20]. While neuropathology of movement disorders. Brain Research and General Biology” in
Brodmann worked out his basic observations Both the collective term “striatum” and Neustadt in the Black Forest, where they –
on cytoarchitecture, Vogt dealt with “status mamoratus” in Little's disease and vigorously into their ninth decade (. Fig. 1) –
myeloarchitecture and stimulation methods “status fibrosus” as an expression of atrophy conducted research on schizophrenia, the
(literature overview in [5]). in the Huntington's striatum were coined by diencephalon and aging [ 15, 16]. Oskar
the Vogts [5]. In 1920 they published a large Vogt died on July 31, 1959, Cécile Vogt on August 4, 1959.
Vogt assumed a close structure-function monograph [14]. The insight that certain May 1962. The two unconventional pioneers
relationship between the cerebral cortex areas (“topistic units”) exhibit a cell-typically had not established a school in the narrower
areas [8]. He spoke of "topistic units" and in increased susceptibility to noxae remains to sense, but they had impressed many with
this sense carried out a large number of be emphasized [17]. Under the name of their scientific impulses. The legacy from
animal experiments including histological "selective vulnerability", Vogt's "pathoclysis Neustadt, which is still remarkable, is now
controls, especially in monkeys [18]. This theory" is still an important concept today. kept in an institute at Düsseldorf University
work formed the basis for later cooperation named after the couple.
with Otfrid Foerster (1873–1941), who
stimulated the human brain intraoperatively
[3]. In a regular exchange of letters, the two
pioneers exchanged their experimental data, In 1902, Vogt's practice and "central Corresponding Author
the basis of later brain maps such as the dr S.v. Stucco Wheel Barre
station" became the "Neurobiological
popular version of Foerster's student Penfield Laboratory of the University" and in 1915 a neurology clinic,
(1891–1976). This is how Foerster would Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. The new building Schleusenweg 2-16,
write to Vogt: 60596 Frankfurt am Main
in Berlin-Buch, which was delayed due to
the war, and with generous support from
the Rockefeller Foundation, opened in 1931
– after a two-year construction period – with
E "Thank you very much for your brain nine departments including a research clinic
map and I am sending you mine ... (unfortunately without the director Foerster
the frontal field of vision sits a little desired by Vogt, who received his own
low in my ... I have the number 7 institute in Breslau had). Only a little later,
map, taken over by Brodmann, he in 1937, after numerous pressures and
is happy to put it through provocations, Director Vogt was dismissed
5b ..." (letter of November 7th, 1926). by the National Socialist rulers. As a
collaborator of the Soviet Union was
1040 | The Neurologist 10 · 2004
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literature DerNervenarzt.de
1. Bentivoglio M (1998) Cortical structure and men Congress registration only online
valley skills. Oskar Vogt and the legacy of Lenin's brain.
Hist Neurosci 47:291-296
Use DerNervenarzt.de to announce your events in the Springer medical/psychology journals
2. Danek A, Rettig J (1989) Korbinian Brodmann
and the associated online offering free of charge.
(1868-1918). Switzerland Arch Neurol Psychiatr
140:555–566 Please note that we will only consider announcements that reach us online.
3. Danek A, Buhl M (1992) Otfrid Foerster (1873–
1941) and the development of surgery for epilepsy.
In: Boucher M, Broussolle E (eds) History of neurology
And this is
– Histoire de la Neurologie. Collection Fondati on
Marcel Mérieux, Lyon, pp 113–119 4. how it works: F Click on the "Congresses" button on DerNervenarzt.de
Düweke P (2001) Brief history of brain formation F Select "Congress calendar" "Register" F Now enter
ing. Beck, Munich 5.
your event in the input mask F Select the journals in which your
Klatzo I (2002) Cecile and Oskar Vogt: the visionaries of
modern neuroscience. Acta Neurochir [Suppl] announcement is to appear F Send the completed form online to the publisher's
80:(VI-XIII)1-30 editorial team
6. Pfeiffer J (2001) Neuropathology in Berlin. In: Hol dorff
B, Winau R (editors) History of neurology in Berlin. de
In the print editions of our magazines, we then offer our readers a selection of current events
Gruyter, Berlin, S 39-54 7. Satzinger
H (1998) The history of genetically oriented brain in the "Events" section. A much more comprehensive listing is available online.
research by Cécile and Oskar Vogt in the period
from 1895 to around 1927. Deutscher Apotheker
The editors reserve the right to make a selection of announcements.
Verlag, Stuttgart
8. Schulze HAF (2001) Brain localization research in
Berlin. Neuropathology in Berlin. In: Holdorff B, For event information in the form of advertisements, you can contact our advertising
Winau R (eds) History of neurology in Berlin. de department at any time (advertisements@springer-sbm.com).
Gruyter, Berlin, S 39-54 9.
Hesse G (1975) Patient Lenin: a superman?
Dtsch Ärztebl: 682-686, 755-760, 835-839, 3205-3207 We look forward to your announcements!
10. Schmuhl HW (2000) Brain research and murder of Best regards
the sick. The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain
Research 1937–1945. Research program History
of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society under National Socialism. your editorial office
Max-Planck-Ges, S 4-62 11. Singer W Journals of Medicine/Psychology
(1995) Studies on the brain Len ins. Berliner Tagesspiegel
No. 15, 229 12. Spengler T (1994)
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Lenin's brain. Rowohlt, Reinbeck 13. Van Gijn J (2003)
The Vogts: Cecile (1875–1962)
and Oscar (1870–1959). J Neurol 250:1261-1262
14. Vogt C, Vogt O (1920) On the teaching of the diseases
of the striae system. J Psychol Neurol 25:631-846
15. Vogt C, Vogt O (1947) About nature and cause
the aging of brain cells. Researches Fortschr
21(23):4-6
16. Vogt C, Vogt O (1957) Aging of nerve cells. Nature
157:304
17. Vogt C, Vogt O (1922) Diseases of the cerebral cortex
in the light of topology - pathoclysis and
pathoarchitecture. J Psychol Neurol 28:9-171
18. Vogt C, Vogt O (1937) Seat and nature of diseases in
the light of topistic brain research and animal variation.
J Psychol Neurol 47:237-457
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State Institute for Brain Research. J Psychol
Neurol 40:108-118
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logical laboratory. J Psychol Neurol 6:121-125
21. Vogt O (1918) Korbinian Brodmann. J Psychol Neurol
24:1-10
22. Vogt O (1959) Corbinian Brodmann (1868-1918).
In: Kolle K (ed.) Great neurologists, vol. 2. Thieme,
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