Investigations at the Heraion of Argos, 1949

Author(s): John L. Caskey and Pierre Amandry

Source: Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens ,
Jul. - Sep., 1952, Vol. 21, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1952), pp. 165-221
Published by: The American School of Classical Studies at Athens

Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/146728

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INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949
(PLATES 43-60)

A RCHAEOLOGICAL remains of the sanctuary of Hera near Argos

I'A, made known through a long series of excavations and studies. The
discovered in 1831 by General Gordon, who dug there briefly in 1836.
limited investigations were carried on by Rangabe and Bursian. Schliemann made
soundings in 1874, and the Mycenaean tholos tomb was cleared by Stamatakis in
1878. Comprehensive excavation on a large scale was first undertaken by the Ameri-
can School of Classical Studies, under the direction of Charles Waldstein in the
four campaigns of 1892-1895. A generation later, in 1925-1928, pre-classical remains
on the acropolis and in its vricinity were examined in excavations conducted for the
School by C. W. Blegen.'
Yet the site is far from having been exhausted. Further remains of the suc-
cessive Helladic periods are still to be sought, and more precise knowledge of the
architecture, topography, and chronology of the sanctuary in the archaic and classical
periods may certainly be obtained. Professor Blegen noted in the summary of his
conclusions, "The chance of a fortunate discovery of a deposit of intrinsic value
still beckons no less enticingly than before." (Prosymnc, p. 9). A discovery of just
that sort, made recently and largely by chance, forms the subject of the following
report.2
Architectural problems which had drawn the attention of P. Amandry to the
Heraion since 1947 led him in the spring of 1949 to clear the earth from a retaining
wall on the sloping side of the acropolis, immediately below the East Building (Fig.
1 and A. H., I, pl. IV). At the foot of this wall he came suddenly upon a stratum
that contained fragments of bronze and iron and an extraordinary number of

'The principal publications are: C. Waldstein and others, The Argive Heraeum, Boston and
New York (1902, 1905); C. W. Blegen, Prosymna, Cambridge (1937), and " Prosymna: Rema
of Post-Mycenaean Date," A. J. A., XLIII, 1939, pp. 410-444. Summaries of the earlier investig
tions are given in the introductory chapters of these works. In the present report we use the
following abbreviations:
A. H. = The Argive Heraeum.
Corinth, VII, i = S. S. Weinberg, Corinth, VII, i, The Geometric and Orientalising Pottery
(1943).
M. P. = A. Furumark, The Mycenaean Pottery (1941).
NC-H. Payne, Necrocorinthia (1931).
V. S. = K. F. Johansen, Les Vases Sicyoniens (1923).
2 Brief notices were published in B. C. H., LXXIV, 1950, pp. 315 f. and Americatn School o
Classical Studies, 69th Annual Report, 1949-50, pp. 35 f.

Hesperia, XXI, 3

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1 6 6J6. L. CASKEY AND P. AMANDRY

/ / 00. o 00,0 0 0

0 0~~~~~~p0
C, 00 4 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ 00~

00 0

0 0 o o0 ,

00 0
0 0
0
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- 0
~~~~ o00
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0 O .40 C) % 00o,
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00 0 0000 40 0 /

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Fig 1. Plan of the Area Excavated in 1949.

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 167

miniature pots, with a few terracotta figurines and other objects. Widening the
trench, he uncovered and collected a great many of these, but discovered that the
deposit was spread over an unexpectedly large area, and therefore halted the excava-
tion for the moment.
In order to recover the rest of the deposit and to determine its stratigraphical
relationships, it seemed desirable to resume and complete the task as soon as possible.3
Permission was readily granted by the Ministry of Education, and the enterprise was
undertaken jointly by the French and American Schools. P. Amandry represented
the former, J. L. Caskey and Mrs. Caskey the latter.
For cordial interest and support in the undertaking we would express warm
thanks to Professor A. K. Orlandos, Director of the Archaeological Service; to
Mr. J. Papadimitriou, acting Ephor of the Argolid who took part in the excavation
as our colleague and as representative of the Ministry of Education; to Mr. C.
Karouzos, Director of the National Museum, who gave generous assistance in con-
nection with the study of the material; and to Professor R. Demangel, Director at that
time of the French School in Athens.
The digging, which occupied only five days in September 1949, was remarkably
productive, yielding a multitude of the objects which P. Amandry had first seen in
the spring and providing useful evidence of the sequence of layers in this part of the
site. That was the limit of our undertaking, since the resources of both Schools were
engaged elsewhere in much larger and more pressing obligations. Even in the small
area of the sanctuary to which we restricted our attention there is more that could
profitably be done, and it was not without regret that we resisted a temptation to
expand the operation.
The present report comprises the contributions of two authors. P. Amandry
describes and comments upon the small bronze kouros (pp. 176 ff.) and the terracotta
figurines (pp. 184 ff.) which were found in this excavation; and for convenience his
notes on certain inscriptions from other parts of the site are also included as an
appendix (pp. 213 ff.). The rest of the article is contributed by J. L. Caskey.4 The
authors have consulted each other frequently but each assumes full responsibility for
his own part of the work. The retaining wall which first led to the deposits here

3 As it was, we were not quite quick enough: a few of the little pots, fruit apparently of some
clandestine digging, have found their way into private collections in Athens.
4I would offer special thanks to several colleagues for further assistance: to the staff of the
Agora Excavations in Athens, where the technical work on the pottery and other objects was done,
and especially to Miss Alison Frantz for taking many of the photographs; to Miss Ellen Kohler
for cleaning the bronzes; to Miss Marian Welker for making the drawings for Figures 2, 7-9 and
to Mrs. Norman Herz for making drawings for Figures 3-6, 10-13; to Miss Rebecca Wood for
drafting translations of Mr. Amandry's reports; and to other students of the American School
for help with the inventory. The material has been seen in our workrooms by numerous visiting
scholars, expert in Argive and Corinthian studies, who have given me the benefit of their
valuable comments.-J. L. C.

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168 J. L. CASKEY AND P. AMANDRY

described is dealt with by P. Amandry in his architectural study, which forms a

separate article (infra, pp. 222 ff.); and an interesting fragment of pottery, contem-
porary with some of our material though not found with it, is published by Miss
Shirley Hersom (iltfra, pp. 275 ff.).

AREA EXCAVATED

The high ground occupied by the Heraion is a spur projecting southwestward

from Mt. Euboea and bordered on either side by a deep ravine. On the east is the
Glykia, to which the bank descends steeply from the acropolis and the plateau of the
sanctuary. This slope is interrupted here and there by outcropping ledges of con-
glomerate rock, which hold the earth and form natural terraces, some five to fifteen
meters wide. The terraces slope gently like ramps, rising from south to north.
A particularly steep bank just east of the East Building was solidified in classical
times by a stepped retaining wall (P. Amandry, Observations, infra p. 263 and P1.
70a), which we here call R. The area tested in our excavations is near the foot of
this wall, on the southern end of one of the natural terraces. It is shown in plan
in Figure 1, where numbers 1-16 on the blocks of the stepped wall indicate successive
courses, beginning with the lowest, at the south. These numbers will serve also as
points of reference in the following account of the excavation.
The entire face of Wall R, as preserved, was exposed to its foot in the brief
excavation of April 1949. In September the trench that ran parallel to it, roughly
north and south, was widened and four other trenches, 1 m. to 2 m. wide, were dug
at right angles, extending eastward to the edge of the hill (P1. 43 a, b). In these
tests it was found that the strata of ancient debris followed approximately the con-
figuration of the underlying rock, sloping downward from northwest to southeast.
Limestone bedrock and a ledge of conglomerate were exposed in the area just east
of the north end of Wall R (the courses numbered 9-16 in Fig. 1); elsewhere we
made soundings but did not attempt to remove all the earth.
A succession of layers could be distinguished. At the top was an accumulation
of debris 0.40 m. to 0.50 mn. deep in most places but more than 1 m. deep toward the
east where the hillside drops away steeply. It was firm and compact, apparently
deposited in ancient times, and contained mixed sherds, principally of the fifth an
fourth centuries B. C. Immediately below lay a stratum averaging 0.30 m. in thick
ness, containing miscellaneous objects and fragments of metal, stone, and terracott
in addition to a great number of small votive pots, many of which were unbroken,
lying close-packed like eggs in a basket (P1. 43 c, d). These objects are datable to
the seventh and early sixth centuries B.C. It is to be noted that almost all the pieces of
bronze and iron lay just above the pots, though a few were found at the bottom
of the deposit.

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 169

Under the rich stratum of archaic objects we encountered here and there some
sherds of late Geometric ware, but no continuous or undisturbed deposits of that age.
The next clearly marked layer belonged to the Mycenaean period. It varied from 0.2,5
m. to 0.60 m. in thickness and held remains of house walls and large quantities of
broken pottery, most of which was datable to Late Helladic III A and III B. The
existence of still earlier remains, representing the Middle and Early Bronze Ages,
was attested by sherds recovered from small soundings in the northern part of our
area. Time did not allow investigation of these most ancient deposits, and we could
not ascertain whether they indicated general layers of debris from habitation on this
side of the hill or were merely pockets of rubbish that had come from the settlement
on the level ground above.
Although the archaic deposit claimed our principal attention, we made an effort
to isolate each stratum while digging and to preserve and store the objects in accord-
ance with the contexts in which they were found. In the following account the
periods represented are treated consecutively in chronological order: Early Helladic,
Middle Helladic, Late Helladic, Geometric, Archaic, Classical. In each section a brief
description of the ground, the architectural remains (if any), and the stratification,
is followed by a relatively extensive catalogue. Few of the objects are either rare or
beautiful, but their discovery in large numbers and in a series of layers gives them
considerable importance. For this reason, and because no further report of the ma-
terial is contemplated at present, it seems proper to list and illustrate a fairly generous
selection. We do not attempt, however, to provide an exhaustive or definitive com-
mentary; before that can be given, much new work must be done at the Heraion and
at other sites.

EARLY HELLADIC PERIOD

Fragments of Early Helladic pottery were found in small numbers wherever we

probed below the level of the Mycenaean walls (Fig. 1, M, T, H), but principally at
the west end of Trench 1 where our soundings were deepest. Neither walls nor floors
were encountered, and it proved impossible in so small a space to determine whether
there was an undisturbed layer.
Few joins could be made and no whole shapes could be reconstituted from the
sherds, but several familiar types were distinguishable. All the vessels were hand-
made. They appear to belong to late phases of the Early Bronze Age. The following
pieces, illustrated on Plate 44, are representative:

1, 2. Dark gray and black burnished wares. flake off; red, brown, or black, according to
The biscuit moderately coarse but firm in the conditions of firing. No. 3 is from the
texture. No. 1 is from the rim of a bowl. spout of a sauceboat, Nos. 4 and 5 from the
rims of plain rounded bowls, No. 6 from a
3-7. Slipped ware. The biscuit fairly soft, crude broad-mouthed jug. No. 7 is a ring-base
coated with semi-lustrous slip which tends to of an open vessel.

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 170 J. L. CASKEY AND P. AMANDRY

8, 9. Patterned ware. The biscuit firm, buff gray stone; the surface partially or wholly
to tan in color; linear decoration in slightly coated with dull brown or black wash, streakily
lustrous reddish-brown to dark brown or black applied. No. 10 bears an incised herringbone
paint. pattern; Nos. 11 and 12 are from the spreading

10-14. Coarse smeared ware. The biscuit rims of large jars; No. 13 from the rim of a

very uneven, tan, light gray, or greenish-gray deep basin, No. 14 a horizontal ledge-handle
in color, containing many fine particles of dark from the side of a large vessel.

MIDDLE HELLADIC PERIOD

The Middle Bronze Age, like the Early, was represented by potsherds only. These
came from deposits just below the Mycenaean layer, principally in Trench 1 and the
space between Trenches 1 and 2. They were found with indeterminate coarse wares,
and some of the Early Helladic sherds occurred at the same level. The principal
fabrics are illustrated by the following selected pieces (P1. 44):

15-20. Light gray Minyan ware, some bluish, 21-23. Yellow Minyan ware, some fine, some
some with a slight greenish tinge, all wheel- coarse and gritty. Nos. 21 and 23 are from
made and of good quality. Nos. 15 and 16 bear bowls with angular rims; No. 22 from a
traces of painted decoration, the former having stemmed vessel with horizontal grooves on the
bands in lustrous red-brown, the latter in a lower part of the body.
paint that has worn off; either may conceivably
24-29. Mattpainted ware. Clay yellowish-
have come from a Mycenaean vessel of buff
clay, which was burnt gray by accident, but
buff, greenish-buff, greenish-gray; linear pat-
terns in dull purplish-brown to black paint.
both seem to be of earlier Minyan fabric. Nos.
17-20 are from bowls or stemmed goblets with Nos. 24-26 are from cups with high-swung
angular shoulders and small flat vertical han- handles; No. 27 from a bowl with angular
dles. Also represented are bowls with splaying shoulder; No. 28 from a jar with incurving
rim, the inner side of the lip slightly concave rim; No. 29 from a closed vessel of uncertain
in profile. shape.

LATE HELLADIC PERIOD

Traces of occupation in the Mycenaean period were discovered in almost all parts
of the area under investigation. The layer of debris, containing much broken pottery
and a few other objects, was 0.30 m. to 0.40 m. thick at an average and lay just below
the archaic deposit, or about 0.80 m. to 1.20 m. below the modern surface of the
ground. Architectural remains were slight, consisting of the foundations of a few
narrow walls (Fig. 1). These resemble the Mycenaean house walls that have been
discovered in other parts of the site,5 and indicate that several small buildings were
clustered along the terraced eastern slope. A path or narrow roadway may have

5 A. H., I, pp. 108-109; Prosymna, pp. 11 if.

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 171

passed among these houses, ascending northward toward the summ

The terrace is somewhat narrower now than it was in ancient times, the eastern edge
having suffered from gradual erosion in the course of centuries.
The first of the walls to be noted, M, was found at the north end of courses 1 1
and 12 of Wall R and was observed again a little further north in the western part
of our Trench 1 (P1. 43 e). Constructed of small stones of irregular shape, it is
about 0.60 m. thick and is preserved to a maximum height of 0.55 m. On either side
were deposits of earth containing Mycenaean pottery (e. g. Nos. 38-40, 42, 43, 45).
Further south, near Wall R, there were Mycenaean sherds beside Wall M and in
the thin stratum that separated it from the underlying ledge of native rock. The
latter indicate that the building was constructed not earlier than the end of Late
Helladic III A.
Wall T forming a right-angle corner in the eastern part of our Trench 1, is of
similar masonry and belongs probably to the same phase. It is 0.45 m. to 0.50 m.
thick, and was found preserved to a height of only one or two courses. A layer of
small stones or pebbles, presumably a pavement, was noted in the corner, marking
the floor level. On it were a few Mycenaean sherds. Below, there was debris of
earlier periods, containing fragments of Middle Helladic and Early Helladic wares.
Just east of Wall R, opposite the courses marked from 9 to 4 on the plan (Fig.
1), the sloping stratum yielded Mycenaean pottery in abundance (e. g. sherds Nos.
36, 37, 47-51). A curving row of stones came to light in this region, but it was not
clear what purpose it had served. No distinct floor or ground level was observable.
On the basis of our limited investigation we can make no attempt to distinguish a
chronological sequence within the Mycenaean layer. Sherds representing the styles of
Late Helladic II, III A, and III B 6 were found in close proximity. Striations were
not visible in the debris, and it seemed evident that the ground had been disturbed
repeatedly in the Late Bronze Age; but scarcely any material of post-Mycenaean date
was found to have intruded.

OBSIDIAN TERRACOTTA

30 (M 49.4). L. 0.025, W. 0.014, Th. FEMALE FIGURINES

0.003. Fragment of blade.

32 (M 49. 1). P1. 44. Head. H. 0.047.
31 (M 49.123). L. 0.027, W. 0.015, Th. Found in a trial pit 15 m. southwest of south
0.007. Found in corner formed by Wall T. end of Wall R. Very fine buff clay; dark
Pointed at one end; perhaps an arrowhead. brown lustrous paint. From the center of the

6 These designations of the subperiods are used in their widely accepted sense. In the fol-
lowing catalogue we add references to Furumark's more detailed classification, which is indis-
pensable in typological studies, though its chronological application is not yet wholly substantiated.

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 172 J. L. CASKEY AND P. AMANDRY

concave cup-like headdress rises a plastic strip Recognizable shapes include stemmed cups,
which passes over the edge and continues down deep bowls, small three-handled jars, and stir-
the back. Painted decoration: cross on interior, rup-vases. About half the pieces are plain, the
band on rim, and series of hanging loops on other half being wholly coated with bright red
exterior of headdress; band on forehead, from or brownish-black slip or bearing decorative
which hang four strands on either temple; pro- patterns in lustrous red, brown, or black.
file of face outlined, eyes indicated by dots; The earliest vessels represented may be dated
series of marks on plastic strip, suggesting a stylistically to Late Helladic II, but the bulk of
braid; neckline and folds of dress indicated. the material belongs clearly to Late Helladic
III A and III B; none appears to be later than
33 (M 49.121). Fragment of body. H.
the end of the thirteenth century, insofar as our
0.028. Pinkish-buff clay, red lustrous paint.
present knowledge allows us to judge.
Spreading base and lower part of columnar
The following sherds are illustrated on Plate
body, widening above toward standard !4-shape. 44:
Three painted stripes descend to base.
36 Cup. Clay gray, apparently from acci-
34 (M 49. 122). Fragment of body. 0.022 dental burning; paint black. Spiral with broad
by 0.033. Pinkish-buff clay, reddish-brown border and solid center. L. H. I-II (M.P.,
lustrous paint. From side of 4D-shaped figure. Motive 46).
Bit of plastic strip (braid) preserved. Curving
painted lines represent drapery. 37 Stemmed cup. Clay buff; paint dark
brown. Part of rosette decorates one side of
ANIMAL the bowl, probably in the Ephyraean style. L.
H. II (cf. Korakou, fig. 75).
35 (M 49. 11). Pl. 44. Fragment. H. 0.041,
L. 0.06. Found near the Archaic stratum but 38 Cup. Clay gray at core, pinkish-tan at
apparently of Mycenaean fabric. Buff clay, surface, coated with buff slip; brownish-black
brown slightly lustrous paint. Much worn on paint. Coarse, irregular stippling on interior
right side. Chest flat; body, neck, and fore- and exterior. L. H. II (M. P., Motive 77:1;
legs cylindrical. Vertical and horizontal lines Mycenaean II A-B).
carelessly painted, possibly indicating trappings
39 Cup. Clay buff; paint dark brown. Rim
of a horse.
coated; close, regular stippling on exterior of
bowl. L. H. II-III A (M.P., Motive 77: 2;
POTTERY
Mycenaean II B-III A:2e).
Slightly more than a basketful of Mycenaean 40 Squat jug or alabastron (shape, M. P.,
sherds was recovered, the greatest number
fig. 11). Clay buff; paint brown to black.
coming from the continuous stratum associated
Horizontal bands at collar and side, continuous
with Wall H. Few joins could be made, and solid rock pattern in shoulder zone. L. H. II-
no vessels could be restored. Only samples III A. (M. P., Motive 32: 5; Mycenaean I-
need be recorded here since the fabrics repre- III B).
sented are all well known in the Argolid.
Fragments of fine ware make up fully three- 41 Cup. Similar to No. 39; paint red. L.
H. II-III A.
fourths of the total, the rest being coarse
domestic ware of gritty texture. The fine ware 42 Cup. Clay light reddish-tan; paint or
is of excellent quality, generally buff in color, slip bright red with tinge of orange. Whole
some pieces verging toward yellow and green- surface coated, inside and out. L. H. III A
ish-yellow, some toward-pinkish-tan and brown. (cf. Prosymna, fig. 296, No. 715).

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 173

43 Cup. Clay buff; paint bright orange-red. black. Row of dots along edge of lip; on bowl,
Rim coated; spiral (?) on side. L. H. III A. Furumark's " Mycenaean III Flower (hybrid)."
L. H. III B. (M.P., Motive 18 B:44, 47;
44 Stemmed cup. Buff clay. Plain. Prob-
Mycenaean III B).
ably L. H. III A (cf. M. P., Type 264 or 272;
Mycenaean III: A: 1-III A: 2e). 50 Cup or deep bowl. Clay buff; paint red
to brown. Panelled zone with " triglyphs " and
45 Jar (?). Clay buff; paint fine red-brown.
semicircles (?) above broad horizontal bands.
Probably L. H. III A.
L. H. III B. (Cf. M. P., Motives 43, 75).
46 Jar (?). Clay grayish-buff; paint gray-
51 Jar (?). Clay buff; paint brown to
brown to black. Horizontal band, apparently
black. Zone with running spirals and filling
just below rim; series of disconnected spirals
ornament of hatched lozenges, above broad
on shoulder. L. H. III A-B. (Cf. M. P.,
horizontal bands. Probably L. H. III B. (M.
Motive 46: 53; Mycenaean III B).
P., Motives 46, 73: 16).
47 Conical rhyton (?) (M. P., Type 199).
52 Deep bowl. Clay pinkish-tan; paint deep
Clay buff; paint orange-red. Papyrus pattern.
orange. Lip coated; panelled zone with anti-
L. H. III A-B. (Cf. M. P., Motive 11: 31-39;
thetic spirals, hatching, and dotted rosettes. L.
Mycenaean III A: 2).
H. III B-C. (Cf. M. P., Motives 27, 50).
48 Cup. Clay buff; paint brown to black.
53 Closed vessel; jar or jug. Clay pinkish-
Rim coated; on bowl, Furumark's " Mycenaean
buff; paint orange-red. Broad horizontal band
III Flower (voluted)." L. H. III B. (M. P.,
and panelled zone with hatching and diagonal
Motive 18 A: 20, 21; Mycenaean III B).
(?) pattern. Probably L. H. III B-C (M. P.,
49 Cup. Clay grayish-buff; paint brown to Motives 55: 3, 75: 23; Mycenaean III C: 1) .

GEOMETRIC PERIOD

Fragments of Geometric pottery were found at many places in the excavated area,
but only in small numbers. They came not from a distinct stratum; so far as we could
determine, almost all lay just at the bottom of the Archaic deposit; none were associ-
ated with the Mycenaean layer.
Most of the pieces are of local Argive manufacture. The fine non-micaceous
clay is of a characteristic light tan or dusty buff color. Surfaces of the pots were
probably slipped, but the coating is not easy to distinguish. The glaze-paint is only
moderately lustrous at best, and sometimes fairly dull. Shapes represented include
broad open cups or bowls, amphorae, kraters (some probably with large pedestals),
a tubular stand ( ?), and what appears to have been a large openwork stand or other
piece of furniture. The fragments being few and unrelated, it is not possible to
reconstruct any shapes exactly. Most of the decorative motives are familiar from
other examples found in the Argolid.7 They indicate that this series in general is to
be assigned to the latter part of the eighth century.

7 E. g. A. H., II, figs. 42, 43, pls. LVI-LVIII; Muiller and Oelmann, Tiryns, I, pIs. XV, XIX,
XX; Frodin and Persson, Asine, figs. 218, 222.

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 174 J. L. CASKEY AND P. AMANDRY

The following representative pieces are illustrated on Plate 50:

54 Rim of krater. Th. of wall 0.012. In- 62 Body of krater or amphora. Th. of wall
terior glazed. Group of ten cross-strokes on 0.009-0.013. Clay slightly greenish; possibly
top of flat lip. On exterior of rim, zone with Corinthian. Interior plain, smoothed. On ex-
zigzag and dotted lines. terior, horizontal bands and zone or panel with
zigzags drawn in outline and hatched.
55 Rim of bowl. Th. of wall 0.007. In-
terior glazed; inner side of lip reserved. On 63 Rim of bowl or small krater. Th. of wall
exterior of rim, zone with dotted lozenges. 0.007-0.01. Interior glazed. Series of X's on
top of flat lip. On exterior of rim, chain of
56 Rim of bowl or small krater. Th. of
dotted lozenges and three horizontal lines.
wall 0.006-0.007. Rim projects outward. Whole
interior and top of lip glazed. On exterior of 64 Rim of pedestal for large krater (?).
rim, panel with jagged lines. Th. of wall 0.007. Interior and surface of flat
rim plain, unsurfaced. Exterior of rim glazed;
57 Rim of bowl. Th. of wall 0.004-0.005.
above, horizontal plastic ridge with short ver-
Splaying rim, rising at an angle from convex
tical marks; then horizontal bands and a zone
shoulder. Interior of body glazed. Four longi-
with chain of dotted lozenges. If not from a
tudinal lines on interior of rim, three on ex-
pedestal, this fragment may possibly be from
terior. Group of vertical zigzags on shoulder.
the rim of an amphora, or, more probably, from
58 Rim of bowl or small krater. Th. of wall a stand like that illustrated in A. H., II, p. 118,
0.006-0.008. Rim projects inward and out- fig. 43.
ward. Broad band on interior just below rim.
65 Tubular pedestal for large krater (?).
Two lines longitudinally on top of flat lip; ver-
Th. of wall 0.014. Interior plain, rough. On
tical strokes on outer edge. On exterior of rim,
exterior: above, a zone between horizontal
zone. with chain of cross-hatched lozenges.
bands; in it at left, a glazed area with a spiral
59 Shoulder of large amphora or other or circle-and-dot in a reserved space; at right a
closed vessel. Th. of wall 0.01-0.018. Above, panel with meander pattern, the elements drawn
horizontal lines and chain of dotted lozenges. in outline and hatched; below, the upper ends
Below (in panel ?), man leading long-necked of large rays, outlined at sides, truncated at
horse to left. A zigzag line descends to the top.
man's right hand, perhaps the bridle from the
66 Base of bowl or skyphos. Th. of wall
horse's head, which towers above him. In the
near base 0.07. Interior glazed. Band around
field, a bird and a fish. Cf. A. H., II, pl. LVII,
outside of base; series of short vertical strokes
4; Muller and Oelmann, Tiryns, I, pl. XV. 5.
on rim; wheel pattern on concave underside.
60 Shoulder of large amphora or other
67 Openwork stand (?). Th. 0.014-0.016.
closed vessel. Th. of wall 0.008-0.013. Above,
Found in area between Trenches 1 and 2, im-
horizontal lines. Below, parts of two panels,
mediately below the main Archaic stratum; a
divided by three vertical lines. At right, head
few Mycenaean sherds at the same level. Clay
and part of fore leg ( ?) of horse facing left.
fairly fine, light dusty tan in color, smoothed or
In field, column of M's.
slipped on the outer surface; similar to that of
61 Body of krater. Th. of wall 0.009-0.011. figurine Nos. 130-131 (infra). Paint dark
Interior glazed. On exterior: above, zone or reddish-brown to black, slightly lustrous. Un-
panel with long-legged birds or horses or both; doubtedly of Argive manufacture.
below, three horizontal bands and zone with The original form is uncertain. The frag-
birds. ment preserved suggests part of a trellised sup-

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 175

port for a chair or table, possibly a portable Tan biscuit coated with orange-red slip. The
altar or pot-stand, made as if with wooden rim curves sharply inward. On the rounded
boards ca. 0.07 m. in width. There was a pro- shoulder is a pronounced thickening, probably
jecting piece at the left of the fragment as seen where a handle was attached, and a large horn-
in the photograph. The edges of the " boards" like projection. On upper surface of rim, a
are painted where exposed. On the upright reserved band with hatched meander pattern.
member, a twisting serpent, its body outlined
69 Rim of bowl or small krater. Th. of
on either side with rows of dots and bordered
wall 0.008. Light orange-tan biscuit and slip;
within each curve by an oval enclosing a dot;
paint black with a slightly metallic sheen. In-
the head, portrayed as if from above, is roughly
terior coated; reserved band on inner side of
diamond-shaped, with tassels (horns ?) at
lip; bands, vertical lines, and cross-hatched
either side; the eyes are shown as dots on a
panel on exterior. The fabric is not Argive,
reserved ground; the jaws are open, seen as if
and appears to be distinctly earlier than that of
from the side. Along the horizontal member
the pieces listed above; posibly Laconian (cf.
at the left are zigzags drawn in outline and
protogeometric and geometric wares from the
hatched.
Amyklaion, von Massow, Ath. Mitt., LII, 1927,
68 Rim and shoulder of bowl or deinos. pls. III, IX).

ARCHAIC PERIOD

A stratum varying in thickness from 0.20 m. to a maximum of 0.40 m. was en-

countered throughout the area which we investigated (Fig. 1). It followed a gradual
downward slope from northwest to southeast, like that of the underlying Mycenaean
layer, and dropped away at the east where the hillside descends steeply to the ravine.
Tests made under and behind the displaced blocks of courses 8 and 7 of Wall R (P1.
43 f ) showed that the stratum had been laid down before the construction of this wall.
The earth throughout was of the same color and texture as that observed elsewhere;
it contained no signs of burning or successive accumulations, but was apparently de-
posited during a single short period of time. There were no architectural remains
whatsoever.
The remarkable feature of this stratum was the number of objects that it held:
a silver clasp, many small bronzes and fragments of iron, terracotta figurines, and,
especially, small vases and potsherds in extraordinary profusion. The position of these
objects shows the order in which they were deposited. At the bottom were some
fragments of fairly large pots, including those of Geometric style. Next came the
miniature vessels, in some places very closely packed together (P1. 43 c, d), in others
more sparsely distributed, as if they had been carried out by the basketful and poured
onto the ground, where some rolled down the slope. Immediately above the miniature
pots, and particularly along the outer edge of the terrace, were most of the objects
and fragments of metal.
These divisions were of course not rigidly defined; a few pieces of bronze
appeared deep in the stratum, and one or two Geometric sherds near the top. But th

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 176 J. L. CASKEY AND P. AMANDRY

relative sequence is clear: the small vases were d

Geometric fragments-and, presumably, the few la
ware that have come to light-were already in pl
and iron. We cannot say with certainty how long
were; it seems probable that the scattering of the
after the little pots had been discarded.
Although most of the- objects are of minor artistic merit, their grouping within a
series of stratified layers gives them a not inconsiderable archaeological importance.
This is a " closed " if not actually a "sealed " deposit, and the date when it was made
can be established without much doubt by the latest imported pieces, which belong to
the second quarter of the sixth century B.C. The earliest are at least 100 years older,
and not a few of those locally made preserve features that reflect a more remote
antiquity. The collection provides points of contact with several well known sites,
particularly in the Corinthian sphere, and at the same time illustrates with emphasis
a number of Argive wares whose chronological relationships have not been sharply
defined.8 In one respect particularly, the extraordinary prevalence of the miniature
hydriai, we have furthermore a feature not previously recorded.
An analytical and fairly detailed catalogue is therefore required. In the following
lists the objects are classed by material: the metals, stone, faience, terracotta, and
pottery. Under pottery, the principal examples of imported Protocorinthian and
Corinthian wares are presented first; then follows a more extensive record of the
local Argive wares, listed according to fabric and shape. Total quantities are men-
tioned, but of the whole collection only representative- pieces have received inventory
numbers, and many even of these are omitted from the catalogue. In general, frag-
ments are noted in detail only when whole objects of the same class are lacking or
scarce.
2 mm. apart. On the shaft opposite them was a
SILVER
soldered attachment, apparently tubelike and
CLASP
made up of six small contiguous rings.
70 (M 49.97). Pls. 46,47. L. 0.025. Found
with greenish incrustation but easily cleaned BRONZE

by brushing; metal sound and bright. Specific STATUETTE (by P. A.)

gravity 10. 4; hardness 2. 51+.- The tips,
tapered and sharply pointed, are just over 71 (National Museum 16357). P1. 45. H.

8 Pieces similar to many of ours were recovered by the score in Waldstein's excavation
the Heraion, but the places of finding were noted only in a summary fashion. J. C. Hoppin,
was charged with the publication of the pottery, had to rely upon type and style as sole cr
for dating; his prefatory remarks show that he was aware of inadequacies in the presentat
(A. H., II pp. 57-58).
9 This and several of the following objects of metal and stone were tested for specific
hardness, and other qualities by Dr. Norman Herz, whom we would thank for his cooper
Complete analyses have not been undertaken.

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 177

pres. 0.14. Found in the archaic stratum- at the In the Heraion statuette these two transitions
level of the lowest course of the stepped re- are marked by a strong bulge at the hip (pre-
taining wall, R. served on the right side) and a swelling at the
Fragment of a statuette of a nude man, inside and the outside of the knee. The pelvis
broken at waist and ankles. Solid cast. Surface is, therefore, relatively larger 13 and the narrow-
in excellent condition. ing of the thigh toward the knee is less pro-
This fragment is comparable to the statues nounced, which augments the impression of
of Kleobis and Biton 10 and to no others. It massive power. The front of the thigh, almost
has their thick-set and massive proportions," completely flat in the statue of Kleobis, is
indicating that these are a characteristic of Ar- rounded in the statuette from the Heraion. Al-
give taste. The finding-place of the statuette though the rendering of the musculature has not
and its kinship with the two Delphic statues escaped from the older convention (which was
exclude any doubt that it comes from the shop to last throughout the entire sixth century), at
of an Argive bronze-worker. least it marks an advance over the statues of
Although its relationship with the athletes of Delphi. The muscle of the thigh is no longer
Polymedes is evident, various details point to indicated by two rectilinear and almost vertical
a more advanced stage of evolution for the grooves, but by a wide depression hollowed
H{eraion bronze. The contour of the body of diagonally from buttock to knee, below which it
Kleobis, seen from the front, presents from curves inward and flattens out. The stylization
chest to ankles a sinuous line of three convex of the knee, with the patella surrounded by a
curves (chest, thighs, calves) separated by two deep groove, conforms to archaic usage but is
depressions (waist and knees). The joining of less schematic than in the statue of Kleobis; 14
the legs to the body and the transition from the projection of the fibula is also less sharp. In
thigh to calf are still conceived in the daedalic the Heraion statuette the left leg is only slightly
style 12 and display no anatomical accuracy; advanced beyond the right, and the thighs are
excessive thinness of waist and knee results. joined almost to the knees. The beginning of

10 Cf. the reproductions of these statues in Fouilles de Delphes, IV, Album, pls. I, II (front
view, back and right profile); G. Richter, Kouroi, pL. XVIII, fig. 60 (front view), figs. 59, 6
(right and left profiles, from a cast); P. de la Coste-Messeliere and G. de Mire, Delphes, figs. 34
35 (front view).
"1Detailed measurements of the Heraion statuette: I. Height: from the break at the right ankle
to the upper bulge at the knee, 0.064; to the pubis, 0.115; to the bulge of the right hip, 0.137. II.
Breadth (front view): waist at the break, 0.042; greatest width of the two thighs together, 0.051;
calf, 0.02. III. Thickness (profile): waist at the break, 0.025; buttocks, 0.038; thigh, 0.031; calf,
0.022; ankle, 0.015. If the proportions of the statue of Kleobis are applied to the Heraion statuette,
its total height should be about 0.25 m.
12 Cf. for example the statuette from Dreros, B. C. H., LX, 1936, pl. LXIII B, where the
joining of the torso and the pelvis is still more schematic.
13 It is still, however, narrow in relation to the breadth of the thighs. This detail, which is not
peculiar to Argive art, is the more striking here since the rest of the anatomy is thick and massive.
The same applies to the buttocks, which are rendered in precisely the same manner in the statues
at Delphi and the Heraion. They are rounded in a pronounced projection, joined to the thighs with
no transitional passage, and little developed in height or width in comparison to the bulk of the legs.
14The sinuous line of the bulge above the patella, the treatment, differing for the inside and
the outside of the leg, of the extremities of the thigh muscles; and the modeling of the patella
all indicate that the Heraion statuette belongs to the group of the Apollo of Tenea rather than to
that of the Kleobis. Cf. P. Richer, Le Nu dans I1Art, PArt Grec, pp. 60-66, fig. 84.

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 178 J. L. CASKEY AND P. AMANDRY

a swelling, visible at the break of the right leg, then, to the second quarter, or rather toward
may indicate that the figure was booted, as K. the middle, of the sixth century, which makes
Rhomaios has observed of the Kleobis and it one of the latest objects discovered in the
Biton. archaic stratum in the excavations of 1949.
The Heraion statuette, then, is later by a Among the thousands of bronze ex-votos
generation than the statue of Kleobis. Accord- discovered at the Heraion, only four human
ing to G. Richter's classification, it belongs to figures have been counted thus far.'8 The sites
the Tenea group rather than to the Sounion of Mycenae, Tiryns and Epidauros have been
or Orchomenos groups. The date assigned to no more productive, and the greater number
it will depend on the dating of the kouroi of of the terracotta figurines from these various
Polymedes. These kouroi belong to the end excavations are too casually fashioned to give
of the evolution of " daedalic " sculpture and
a fair idea of Argive art in the archaic period.'19
the beginning of the development of " archaic " Moreover, the terracottas are all female figur-
sculpture; their dating is subject to the varia- ines or isolated heads; the kouros type is not
tions in the chronological systems that have represented. The definition of Argive style, at
been proposed for the seventh as well as for least for representations of nude male figures,
the sixth century. The Argive statues of Delphi is based on a very few documents,20 to which
have been dated to around 600,15 to the first the Heraion statuette must now be added. The
decade of the sixth century,'6 or to the second scope of the present report does not permit us
decade. The latest dating is the most prob- to take up the problems involved in the archaic
able.17 The Heraion statuette is to be dated, art of Argos.2' We must confine ourselves to

15 R. J. H. Jenkins, Dedalica, p. 75.

16 G. Richter, Kouroi, pp. 51-52.
17 In his book Au Musee de Delphes (1936) p. 6, n. 5, P. de la Coste-Messeliere does not
decide between the years immediately before and those following the first sacred war. I
(1943), p. 318, he favors the decade 590-580, and even considers the precise date 582 to be very
probable. In communicating to me various observations used in the preceding lines, he has been
kind enough to inform me that he now rejects any date before 600 because of the post-daedalic
style of the statue of Kleobis, and that a date between 600 and 590 is difficult to accept because of
the sacred war; the second decade of the sixth century is thus the most probable date. We know
that in 586, 582 and 578 the Argives competed successfully at the Pythia; it was in 582 that the
games were reorganized by the Amphiktyons who had conquered Kirrha.
18 A. H., II, pp. 194-197, pls. LXX-LXXI; A. J. A., XLIII, 1939, pp. 430-432, fig. 17.
19 For the Argive terracottas cf. R. J. H. Jenkins, B. S. A., XXXII, 1931-1932, pp. 23 ff.
20 On the development of Argive sculpture in the archaic period cf. Th. Homolle, Fouilles de
Delphes, IV, 1, pp. 13-17; E. Langlotz, Friihgr. Bildhauerschulen, pp. 57 ff.; H. Payne, J. H.S.,
LIV, 1934, pp. 171-174. The list of works attributed to Argos by E. Langlotz is based on very
subjective principles of classification. The rarity of documents whose Argive origin is certain has
recently been re-emphasized by G. Karo, Greek Personcality in Archaic Sculpture, p. 110. Apart
from the statues of Kleobis and Biton, the only male figures whose Argive origin is very probable
are the ephebe of Ligourio and the Herakles figures in the Louvre, the Museum of Thebes, and
the Benaki Museum. To these may be added a bronze statuette of a warrior (Y. Bequignon, B. C.
H., LVI, 1932, p. 175, pl. X), which M. Gjodesen has assigned with considerable probability to
Argos, comparing it with the local terracotta figurines (Acta Arch., XV, 1944, p. 187, fig. 25).
21 These problems are, on the one hand, to determine what products of the workshops of
northeastern Peloponnesus come from Argos, and on the other hand, to distinguish Argive works
from those of Arcadia. Therefore the inclusion by E. Langlotz of bronzes generally considered

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 179

noting that the Heraion bronze proves that in chora is recorded with commentary and refer-
the first half of the sixth century Polymedes ences by T. J. Dunbabin in H. Payne, Pera-
was not an isolated figure, and that the tradi- chora (1940), pp. 148-156. Our phialai cor-
tion of a sculptural type with strongly marked respond with Dunbabin's later type, and should
characteristics was still alive in Argos towards be dated in the first part of the sixth century.
the middle of the century. It is from this that
73 (M 49. 64). Fig. 2. H. 0.023, D. 0.118,
the new document derives all its interest; but
Th. of wall ca. 0.0005. Lip thickened and flat
the rarity of Argive works preserved and the
on top. On outer surface of rim, band of tiny
quality of this fragment make us regret still
tangent circles made with puncheon and, below,
more keenly that the upper part of the figure
band of slanting strokes. On the side and bot-
was not found.
tom, a punched pattern of lotus with radiating
BOWL OR KETTLE petals, single dots between the tips. Two in-
cised lines around the central boss. Cf. A. H.,
72 (M 49.66). P1. 46. L., pres. 0.292.
II, pl. CXIV, 1975; pl. CXV, 1976, 1991.
Fragment of rim of fairly large vessel similar
to A. H., II, pl. CXVI, 1983, 1984. Lip 74 (M 49.65). Orig. D. ca. 0.15. Plain,
thickened. rounded, the lip turned outward.

Fig. 2. No. 73. Bronze Phiale Mesomphalos (1: 1).

Fig. 2. No. 73. Bronze Phiale M

PHIALAI 75 (M 49.95). P1. 46. H. 0.018, orig. D.

Five examples of practical size (as distin- ca. 0.10. Half of rim and side missing. Flat
guished from the miniatures) were found nearly bottom, sharply curving side, horizontal rim
enough complete to be recognizable. Among the projecting outward. Elongated hole in center,
hundreds of fragments of thin bronze recovered punched from above. On the bottom is a ring
from the deposit other phialai are undoubtedly of discoloration, 0.04 m. in diameter, with traces
represented. Two of our five, both mesom- of another metal, perhaps silver or a soldering
phalic, were too badly corroded to be cleaned. material, where the vessel rested on a stand
or tubular object.
Great numbers of similar vessels were found
in Waldstein's excavations (e. g. A. H., II, pls.
MINIATURE PHIALAI
CXV-CXVII), and several came to light in a
shrine west of the sanctuary (C. W. Blegen, Ten examples, 0.03 m. to 0.07 m. in diamet
A. J. A., XLIII, 1939, p. 414, fig. 5, p. 419, were recognizable. Almost all are mesomphalic
fig. 8). Abundant material of the same sort and have a small hole near the rim, by which
from the temenos of Hera Limenia at Pera- presumably they were hung up as dedications.

Arcadian (e. g. by W. Lamb, Greek and Roman Bronzes, p. 88, n. 1; B. S. A., XXVII, 1925-1926,
pp. 133 ff.) in his Argive group has roused lively objections: H. Payne, op. cit., p. 171, n. 25; P.
de la Coste-Messeliere Au Mlusee de Delphes, p. 215, n. 6, and p. 216, n. 5.

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 180 J. L. CASKEY AND P. AMANDRY

Some have incised and punched decoration, X, pls. LXXVII-LXXIX.) Our piece cannot
clearly in imitation of the larger vessels. Many be dated independently but, being found with
of the same type are illustrated in A. H., II, the rest of the archaic deposit, is presumably
pls. CXIII-CXIV; cf. also Perachora, pl. 57. not later than the middle of the sixth century.
As a dedication it is parallelled by the pottery
76 (M 49. 75). P1. 46. H. originally ca.
lids of Corinthian style (p. 191), and the asso-
0.01, D. ca. 0.065. Mesomphalic. Around the
ciation with hydriai (p. 211) is of interest.
boss, a band of radiating lines, two rings of
dots, and a series of rays, all punched from 81 (M 49. 54). P1. 46. D. 0.025. Like No.
interior. Hole near rim. 80, in miniature.

77 (M 49. 80). D. ca. 0.06. Flattened; 82 (M 49. 55). D. 0.10. Much damaged by
nearly half missing. Mesomphalic, like No. 76; corrosion. Decorated with four concentric rings
radiating lines, single ring of dots. of punched dots.
Five miniatures with rings of punched dots
78 (M 49. 47). P1. 46. H. ca. 0.007, D. near the rim: Inv. M 49. 50-M 49. 53 per-
0.045. Part of rim missing. Plain. Tiny boss forated at center, M 49. 49 not perforated.
at center. Hole near rim.
83 (M 49. 73). P1. 46. D. 0.058. Specific
79 (M 49. 48). P1. 46. D. 0.032. Flattened. gravity 8. 66. Pierced projections at two oppo-
Like No. 78. site points on rim. Rosette and boss at center,
Another diminutive piece had a crimped or two rings of punched dots at border. Cf. A. H.,
fluted rim, like A. H., II, pl. CXIV, 1961, 1970. II, pl. CVIII, 1851.

DISKS MIRRORS

About a dozen thin flat disks, varying from

The handle of a large mirror and most of
0.025 m. to 0.10 m. in diameter, were noted, as
one miniature were found. One small handle
well as fragments of other similar objects. belonged probably to a mirror and some mis-
Some are plain, others decorated with punched
cellaneous fragments may come from the disks
patterns. Many are perforated at the center, of others. The type is simple and well known
where a small ring-handle may have been
(e. g. A. H., II, pls. XCIII, XCIV; Perachora,
fastened, making them serviceable as lids (see pl. 80, 9-14).
No. 110, infra). Disks with pierced projec-
tions at the side, like No. 83, may have been 84 (M 49. 94). P1. 46. Fragment. L. pres.
sewn to clothing, as indeed may some of the 0.18. Edges of handle thickened. Plain.
simpler pieces. In general we must assume that
85 (M 49. 77). P1. 46. D. of disk 0.063.
most of these objects, like the small phialai
Bit of rim and end of handle missing. Decora-
which they resemble, were made and sold to
tive border of punched dots.
be dedicated rather than to serve a practical
purpose. They were found in great numbers 86 (M 49. 63). Pl. 46. L. 0.064. Handle
by Waldstein (A. H., II, pls. XCIX-CI). only; one end round and perforated (cf. Pera-
chora, pl. 80, 11).
80 (M 49. 81). P1. 46. D. 0.095, Th. 0.0003.
Hole at center, D. 0.005. Similar disks with RINGS
small ring attached at center were used as lids
for bronze hydriai at least as early as the sixth The deposit yielded six rings, three of a size
century B.C. (One, unpublished, in the museum to fit the finger, three larger. Cf. A. H., II, pp.
at Volo. Cf. also D. M. Robinson, Olynthus, 250 if., pls. LXXXVIII-XCI.

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 181

87 (M 49.83). Pl. 46. D. 0.022. Plain, 94 (M 49.107). Pl. 46. L. 0.102. Disk
round in section. head and five bulbs. Shaft round.

88 (M 49. 118). D. 0.024. Plain, elliptical 95 (M 49.108). L. 0.098. Point missing.

in section. Like No. 94.
Heads of two others, similar, one with five
89 (M 49. 100). Pl. 46. D. 0.02, W. 0.009.
bulbs, one with three.
Plain band.
96 (M 49. 126). Pl. 46. L. pres. 0.04.
90 (M 49.125). D. 0.038. Plain, round in
Type: A. H., II, pl. LXXXII, 585.
section.
97 (M 49. 84). P1. 46. L. as bent 0.278.
91 (M 49. 74). P1. 46. D. 0.031. Specific
Complete. Yellow brass-colored. Top of head
gravity 7.98. Grooved longitudinally.
has small transverse groove, probably acci-
92 (M 49.71). P1. 46. D. 0.04. "Struc- dental. Flat flange and single biconical bulb.
tural ring " (A. H., II, pp. 263 f.). Bottom Top of shaft square, with zigzag tooling. Cf.
flat; top flat and bevelled on either side. Joint drawings, A. H., II, pl. LXXXIV.
Dpen. On top are three flat sinkings, each 4 mm.
wide, evenly spaced, designed perhaps to hold 98 (M 49. 101). P1. 46. L. pres. as bent
legs of a small tripod. 0.105. Specific gravity 8.60. Head complete.
Like No. 97 but bigger; red copper-colored.
PINS Bulb rounded-biconical.

Twenty-five pins more or less nearly com- 99 (M 49. 90). L. pres. as bent 0.072.
plete and fragments of two or three times that Brass-colored. Like No. 97. Five grooves
many were recovered. Only a selection need be around shaft above flange.
recorded to illustrate the types, since this well-
known form is abundantly represented at the 100 (M 49.86). Pl. 46. L. pres. as bent
Heraion and other sites.22 For typology see 0.085. Specific gravity 8.47. Like No. 97.
A. H., II, pp. 207 Hf., pls. LXXVIII-LXXXIV. Bulb rounded-biconical.

Included in the following list are a few long

101 (M 49.91). L. pres. 0.051. Like No.
pieces of the type that De Cou and others have 97.
called spits (A. H., II, pp. 300 Sf., pls. CXXVII-
CXXXIII). In our collection at least part of 102 (M 49.105). L. pres. as bent 0.143.
every shaft is round in section and therefore Red copper-colored. Parts of fine original sur-
not well designed to turn meat over a fire. face preserved. Shaft above bulb octagonal in
Pins of this sort cannot be dated precisely. section; below, square for 0.015 m., then round.
The long type appears on the Greek mainland Others of the same type as No. 97: Inv.
with Geometric pottery at least as early as the M 49. 79, 85, 87, 88, 89, 102, 103, 104, 106,
middle of the eighth century, and both long 109, 110, 112, and uncatalogued fragments.
and short occur in profusion throughout the
103 (M 49.113). Pl. 46. L. pres. (meas-
archaic period.
ured along shaft) 0.315. Two biconical bulbs
93 (M 49. 70). P1. 46. L. pres. 0.03. Simple in square part of shaft, lower end of which is
biconical head. Top of shaft square. round.

22 C. W. Blegen, A. J. A., XLIII, 1939, p. 413, fig. 3, p. 439, fig. 27; A. Furtwnangler,
Olympia, IV, pl. XXV; Ch. Dugas, " Le Sanctuaire d'Alea Athena a Tegee," B. C. H., XLV,
1921, pp. 375 if.; R. M. Dawkins, Artemis Orthia, pls. LXXV, LXXXVI; H. Payne, Perachora,
pls. 17, 74-76; A. Furtwaingler, Aegina, pls. 114, 115; C. Blinkenberg, Lindos, I, pl. 12.

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 182 J. L. CASKEY AND P. AMANDRY

PIN HEADS been inserted in the rims of small phialai (supra,

104 Found by J. Papadimitriou on terrace Nos. 76-79) or in the center of pierced disks
of late,r temple and noted here for comparison. that served as lids for hydriai (supra, Nos.
(Inventory M 49.119). P1. 46. L. 0.051, D. 80-83).

of flange 0.046. Socket at lower end to hold

PYxis (?)
round shaft ca. 0.004m. thick. No examples
of this large type were discovered in the area of
111 (M 49. 82). Pl. 46. D. 0.071. Disk
our excavation but many are recorded by De
very slightly convex, pierced with 8 small h
Cou (e. g. A. H., II, pl. LXXXI). Cf. Pera- probably for rivets, regularly spaced near b
chora, pl. 75, 11, and pp. 172 f. der. Wall of vessel rises at acute inward angle,
105 (M 49.116). P1. 46. H. 0.025, D. as in concave-sided clay pyxis (e. g. No. 167,
0.021. Head in form of cube with rounded infra). Cf. A. H., II, pl. CXXVI, 2240 (which,
corners, surmounted by knob in which a small however, is not ideptical). On exterior of disk
bead was held by claws; haft below with is a ring of discoloration psa. 0.048 m. in di-
socket for shaft of (iron ?) pin. Type: A. H., ameter where a circular object was once in
contact.
II, pl. LXXXIII, 708, 710-712; cf. Perachora,
pl. 76, 32, and p. 174.
BOSS
106 (M 49. 72). P1. 46. H. 0.013, D. 0.017.
Specific gravity 8.27. Melon-shaped, with eight 112 (M 49.67). Fig. 3, Pl. 46. H. 0.021,
D. 0.081. Metal light brass-colored under the
segments. Pierced vertically, possibly as a bead
for stringing but more probably for shaft of
pin. Cf. A. H., II, pl. LXXXIII, 715, 716.

107 (M 49.92). P1. 46. H. 0.026, D. 0.02.

Specific gravity 8.74. Found slightly above the
archaic deposit, not necessarily contemporary.
Ovoid head surrounded by 3 ridges. Socket
0.0045 in diameter; haft pierced horizontally Fig. 3. No. 112. Bronze Boss. Section (1: 1).
to hold toggle. Very neat and regular. De-
signed perhaps for lid of box or other object greenish corrosion. Round boss; flat rim with
rather than as head of pin. crimped edge. Originally not perforated; other-
wise comparable to A. H., II, pl. CXXVI, 2258,
PLAQUE FIBULA 2259 (cf. Perachora, pl. 73, 3-4).

108 (M 49. 76). P1. 46. L. as pres. 0.065,

DECORATIVE ATTACHMENT
L. of backing for plaque 0.045. Specific gravity
8.83. Type: A. H., II, pl. LXXXIV, 813, 814. 113 (M 49.99). P1. 46. H. 0.01; diagonal,
Cf. also Artemis Orthia, pls. LXXXII, XCI ff. corner to corner, 0.109. One corner missing.
Found in loose earth immediately over the
HANDLES archaic deposit; apparently somewhat later in
109 (M 49. 114). L. 0.065. Reel not pre- date. Stepped central part with oblong opening;
served. Type: A. H., II, pl. CXXII, 2165. corners drawn out to end in volutes and 9-
leaved palmettes, each pierced by a short rivet,
110 (M 49.78). P1. 46. D. 0.016. Nearly two of which are preserved in place. The ob-
circular loop of wire, the ends flattened and ject was evidently fastened to a flat metal back-
turned outward. Handles of this sort may have ing not more than 0.0015 m. in thickness. A

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 183

very similar piece, attached to a bronze disk tion, as elsewhere at the site (A. H., I, p. 61).
and much worn in the central opening, was All the pieces were heavily oxidised. By far
found at Olynthos and interpreted as a latch- the greatest number were from long bars, ap-
string plate (D. M. Robinson, Olynthus, X, pl. proximately square in section, from 0.005 m. to
LXXXII, 1248). Ours has volutes of a form 0.015 m. across, which are generally believed
assignable to the fifth century. It shows no to have been spits, 33EX oI, o3,8EXhTKo, of the type
signs of wear. dedicated by Pheidon. Other pieces found in-
clude disks, rings like washers, hooks, loops,
TUBE
and, apparently, blades of knives and chisels.
114 (M 49. 93). L. pres. as bent 0.188, D. None can be identified with certainty. A selec-
0.007. Broken at both ends. Made of strip of tion is illustrated on Plate 47, A-K. Cf. Pera-
bronze nearly 1 mm. thick, tightly rolled to chora, pl. 86 and pp. 187-190; Artemis Orthia,
form a pipe, the seam not soldered. pp. 391-393.

MISCELLANEOUS
STONE
SEALS
Among the hundreds of fragments of sheet
bronze recovered there are many which can- 119 (M 49.30). Fig. 4, P1. 47. D. 0.0155
not be explained or classified. Besides the to 0.0165, maximum Th. 0.0055. Dark slate-
pieces referred to above these include small gray magnetite. Specific gravity 5.2; hardness
strips with rivets (cf. A. H., II, pl. CV, 1831); 6. Lentoid, edge ground at top and bottom;
rectangular " coatings " with punched patterns, perforated from side to side. Possibly bezel
some folded or rolled (cf. A. H., II, pl. CII,
1754-1772), and sheets cut into decorative
patterns. No inscriptions were found.

115 (M 49.61). Pl. 46. L. 0.136 (origin-

ally ca. 0.14). Partly corroded. Thin strip,
pointed at one end, square at the other. Border
of punched dots. Single perforation, if any,
near flat end.

116 (M 49.62). L. 0.138. Like No. 115.

117 (M 49.69). P1. 46. L. pres. 0.09. From

figure of bird or sphinx (?). Cf. A. J. A.,
XLIII, 1939, p. 419, fig. 7. Fig. 4. No. 119. Sealstone (2:1).
118 (M 49. 58). P1. 46. L. pres. 0.095, W.
0.04. Roughly rectangular. Four rows of for a ring. One face plain. On the other,
punched dots. in intaglio, a bull heading right; above its back,
two bucrania, a crescent, and a straight bar
LEAD
with spherical tips; scratches below the chest
One shapeless fragment, fairly flat, once and hindquarters. Eighth or seventh century.
used apparently as bonding between two blocks Cf. A. H., II, pl. CXXXIX, 52-54; Perachora,
of rough stone. pl. 18, 30-32.

IRON
120 (M 49.31). Fig. 5, P1. 47. Flat face
Fragmentary implements of iron were found 0.0245 by 0.0265, maximum Th. 0.0125. Dark
in great numbers in our small area of excava- purplish-brown serpentine, slightly soapy to the

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 184 J. L. CASKEY AND P. AMANDRY

Fig. 6. No. 121. Scarab. Side View (4:1)

TERRACOTTA
FIGURINES (by P. A.)
Forty fragments of archaic terracotta figur-
ines were discovered. Most of them are poorly
preserved and belong to the classes largely
represented in the finds from the Heraion it-
self, from Tiryns, from Epidauros and from
Perachora. It has seemed unnecessary, there-
fore, to mention them all.

FIGURINES OF ANIMALS

122 (M 49.29). P1. 48. Fore-part of a

horse. H. 0.072. Perhaps the right-hand horse
of a team. The head and neck are turned to the
Fig. 5. No. 120. Sealstone (2:1). right; the left side of the animal is cut almost
vertically and shows traces of having been
touch. Specific gravity 2.2; hardness 2.5. broken away from something.
Roughly hemispherical; perforated from side
to side. On the convex surface, a circle with
123 (M 49.23). P1. 48. Dog (?). L. 0.045.
Eyes en pastille.
central dot and a series of five scratched lines
around the border. On the flat surface, a design 124 (M 49.5). Bird (?). L. 0.05. Head
in intaglio consisting of a human figure with missing.
birdlike head and long arms ending in three-
FEMALE FIGURINES
fingered hands; curving lines as filling orna-
ment above and below the arm on the right Only a few fragments will be cited here as
and above that on the left; single line around examples of the well-known type of hand-
modelled female figurine, generally seated, and
border. Cf. A. J. A., XLIII, 1939, p. 433, fig.
lavishly ornamented with crown, earrings, and
19, 2.
necklaces:
FAIENCE
SCARAB
125 (M 49. 26). P1. 48. "Bird-face." H.
0.026. Eyes en pastille.
121 Found on surface near east wall of
South Stoa. (Inventory M 49. 117). Fig. 6, 126 (M 49. 17). Upper part of a figurine.
P1. 47. L. 0.0127, W. 0.009, Th. 0.006. Un- H. 0.062. Eyes en pastille.
glazed. Quadruped heading right toward spray 127 (M 49. 16). Torso. H. 0.05. Traces of
of lotus ( ?); above, crescent; line around bor- a necklace on left shoulder and of a lock of
der. Cf. A. H., II, pI. CXLIII. hair behind right shoulder.

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 185

128 (M 49.28). P1. 48. Body of a seated so worn that no features are distinguishable
figurine. H. 0.08. The bottom of the garment (P1. 48).
and the two back legs of the throne are broken,
as are the head and the right half of the upper PLASTIC HEADS

body. Traces of two necklaces on the breast. 133 (M 49.22). PI. 49. Head and shoulders
of a female figurine fixed to the rim of a
129 (M 49.25). P1. 48. Body of another
stemmed cup or miniature deinos on a pedestal.
figurine in almost the same state of preser-
Total H. from foot of vase to top of head 0.13.
vation. H. 0.08.
H. of face 0.015. Depth of face from forehead
Fifteen fragments (M 49. 32 to M 49. 46) to ear 0.005. Diam. of mouth of vase about
must come from a large figurine of the same 0.055. Reddish-brown paint covers the entire
type. Several flat rods, 0.07 to 0.092m. long, surface of the vase.
probably made up the uprights and cross-bars The hair makes a fringe over the forehead,
of the throne.23 Two of these fragments de- and on each side of the face is parted into
three beaded locks, falling vertically on the
serve mention: left and twisted into a loose ringlet on the
right. Behind, the hair falls to the rim of the
130 (M 49. 32). P1. 48. L. 0.08. Nearly
vase in three large ringlets. A thick roll is set
cylindrical object ending in recurved projec-
like a crown on top of the head; a necklace
tions like fingers. Three rosettes and another
made of a roll of clay crosses the breast from
plastic element in relief. Probably the left arm
shoulder to shoulder.
and shoulder of the female figure, which had a
necklace hanging across the breast.24 134 (M 49.24). P1. 49. Head and shoulders
of a female figurine attached to a fragment of
131 (M 49. 34). P1. 48. Total L. 0.105, a vase. Total H. 0.068. H. of face 0.015.
total H. 0.09. Flat rod 0.03 wide and 0.015 Black paint, with traces of purple, on hair and
high, terminating in an animal (?) head, in- breast.
cised with striations and painted red on the The arrangement of the hair on the forehead,
upper surface. The wide-open jaws, whose to right and left of the face, and behind the
upper edge is broken, display a long tongue, head is the same as on the preceding example.
painted red like the inside of the mouth. This The crown on the head is less thick. Traces
head rests on a vertical support which seems of a necklace are visible on the breast. On the
to be modelled in the form of the head of a back are traces of the rim of the vase, which
bull whose horns turn backwards. At several is missing.
points traces of red paint are visible.
That these two figurines are from the same
Other objects found include a standing mould is proved by the identical dimensions, the
figurine (M 49.18) 0.052 high, coarsely hand- appearance of the faces, and the arrangement
modelled; the lower parts of two standing of the hair. The slight differences observable
statuettes, one cylindrical (M 49.19), the in the height of the crowns and in the modelling
other semi-cylindrical (M 49. 21); and a head of the large locks behind are due to the regular
made in a mold, 132 (M 49.27), 0.039 high, Argive practice of adding these parts, as well as

23 Cf. Tiryns, I, pl. II.

24 Comparable material: A. H., II, p. 25, nos. 83, 84; Tiryns, I, pl. III, 8; Perachora, I, p
244, no. 245, pl. 110. Attempts at interpretation: K. Hadaczek, Oest. Jahresh., V, 1902, pp. 211-
212; A. Frickenhaus, Tiryns, I, pp. 121-125.

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 186 J. L. CASKEY AND P. AMANDRY

other decorative elements such as necklaces, large eyes and flat noses, belong at the end of
earrings, etc., by hand after the molding of the the daedalic style or immediately thereafter,
head.25 that is to say, about the first quarter of the
One would have no hesitation in attributing 6th century B.C.27 One may note the Argive
these two figurines to the same vase, be- taste for beaded locks 28 and ringlets 29 at a
cause of their similarity and because of the time when the other centers of daedalic art pre-
identical curvature of the attached rim, if the ferred the layered arrangement. The fringe of
color of the glaze were the same. Cases are not hair in an arc over the forehead is a trait com-
unknown in which part of a vase turned red mon to both Argive and Corinthian figurines.
in the firing and part black. If these two The two plastic heads from the Heraion, in
figurines did not decorate the same cup, they spite of their poor state of preservation, are
were at any rate affixed to two identical vases. interesting for several reasons.
There was constant exchange of ceramic Among the many Argive terracotta figurines,
products between the Argolid and Corinth. most of which have crudely hand-modelled
Protocorinthian and Corinthian vases have been heads and have no stylistic or chronological
found in great numbers at the Heraion of significance,30 heads made in a mould are on
Argos, while an important group of Argive the whole later than the daedalic period, and
terracottas comes from the Heraion at Pera- for the most part are not to be dated earlier
chora.26 But the Argive origin of the two figur-
than the second half of the 6th century.31 The
ines studied here cannot be doubted. The daedalic schools of Corinth, Laconia, Crete and
hand-modelling in coarse strips of clay of the Rhodes are represented by a far greater num-
crown, locks of hair, and necklace is enough to ber of mould-made heads.
establish this; furthermore, the grayish-tan clay Examples of plastic heads used as ornaments
is not Corinthian. on vases are particularly numerous at Corinth,
Although the surface is very worn, the two where they appeared most frequently on Pro-
heads have certain characteristics which permit tocorinthian aryballoi and Corinthian pyxides.32
their classification and approximate dating. The The same use of plastic heads is attested at
nearly rectangular faces, still very flat, with Sparta and in Crete,33 and in other centers of

25 Cf. R. J. H. Jenkins, B. S. A., XXXII, 1931-1932, p. 27; Perachora, I, no. 238 ff., pp. 242
pIs. 109-110.
26 Cf. H. Payne, J. H. S., LIV, 1934, p. 173; Perachora, I, p. 196.
27 Classes B and C of Jenkins, op. cit., p. 38.
28 Cf. the statues of Kleobis and Biton; a terracotta head from Argos: Jenkins, op. cit., p. 26,
pl. 12, 1.
29 The same arrangement, though more carefully executed, occurs in the locks on the back of a
head of about the same date from the Heraion: Jenkins, op. cit., pl. 12, 2 and 2a. On the ringlet
coiffure in the art of the 7th and 6th centuries, cf. P. Amandry, Syria, XXIV, 1944-45, p. 158, n. 7.
30 Cf. Jenkins, op. cit., p. 24.
31 In Jenkins' classification, loc. cit., the first phases of the daedalic style are represented by four
heads only (pp. 24-26; the head from Aegina mentioned there is reproduced by Jenkins, Dedalica,
pl. I, 2), and the last phase of this style is represented by seven pieces (pp. 27-28). In class C
(first third of the 6th century) six heads are cited (pp. 28-30).
32 Cf. Payne, Necrocorinthia, pp. 232-240, pls. 47-48; Perachora, I, pp. 240-241, pls. 107-108;
G. E. Mylonas, A. J. A., XLIV 1940, pp. 188-189; D. A. Amyx, Univ. of California Publ. in
Classical Arch., I, 9, 1943, pp. 213-215, pl. 32.
33 Artemis Orthia, p. 95, fig. 65, p. 98, fig. 70g, pp. 147-148, pls. VII-VIII, XXVIII, 5, XXIX,
5, 7; E. A. Lane, B. S. A., XXXIV, 1933-1934, pp. 118, 126, 145, 156, pls. XXXI d, f, XXXIII;
P. Amandry, B. C. H., LXII, 1938, pp. 322-329; D. Levi, Early Hellenic Pottery of Crete, p. 15.

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 187

art.34 The cup from the Heraion furnishes the 137 (M 49. 6). L. 0.048, D. at end 0.045,
first certain example for Argos, so far as I D. at center 0.027. Pinkish-buff clay. Ends
know, of attached vase ornament in the form flat.
of a human figure.35
This decoration indicates that the stemmed 138 (M 49. 124). Found in dump but prob-
cup is to be dated in the beginning of the sixth ably contemporary. L. 0.046, D. at end 0.043,
century B.C., whereas by its shape alone the D. at center 0.025. Light greenish-buff clay.
Ends flat.
vase might have been dated to the submy-
cenaean period.36 It is possible that in the
139 (M 49. 2). P1. 47. L. 0.043, D. at end
Argolid, the great center of Mycenaean culture,
0.03, D. at center 0.018. Pinkish-tan clay. Ends
traditions of the Mycenaean period may have
rounded.
been maintained longer than elsewhere, at least
in ordinary pottery.37 140 (M 49.7). L. 0.054, D. at end 0.033,
D. at center 0.021. Light tan clay. Ends
WHORL rounded.

135 (M 49. 3). P1. 47. H. 0.014, D. 0.02. POTTERY

Light brown clay with traces of darker coating.
The pottery recovered from the Archaic
Fattened sphere. On side, three circles with
stratum comprises in all some 900 small vases,
central dots, incised and filled with glass paste
more or less nearly complete, and five basket-
which is white but shows traces of blue-green
fuls of sherds representing, at a conservative
glaze.
estimate, 400 to 500 others of the same sort.
PIERCED DISK About five per cent of the total are imported
136 (M 49. 9). D. 0.042 to 0.047, Th. 0.014. pieces, the rest being of local Argive manu-
Irregularly cut from sherd of coarse tan ware. facture.
Hole at center drilled from both sides. PROTOCORINTHIAN

A late Protocorinthian pointed aryballos and

SPOOLS
a miniature squat oinochoe, somewhat earlier in
Four examples were found, two with flat date, are among the whole pots found in the
ends, the other two smaller and with rounded deposit. Sherds of Protocorinthian fabric num-
ends. Cf. A. H., II, p. 44, Nos. 286-289; ber about a score; these include a few pieces
B. C. H., XXX, 1906, p. 37, fig. 61; Pera- that go back to the end of the eighth century
chora, pl. 111, 268. and are thus contemporary with, or even a little

34 Cf. the information given by G. E. Mylonas, op. cit., p. 188, n. 3. The origin of the vase
in Berlin reproduced by F. R. Grace, Archaic Sculpture in Boeotia, fig. 44, is questioned: cf.
D. A. Amyx, op. cit., p. 229, n. 55.
35 A plastic head from Perachora, Perachora, I, p. 248, no. 270, pl. 109, is considered, with
some probability, to be Argive; it was attached by the neck, like the Heraion heads, and thus did
not decorate a pyxis. In Argive pottery the little vases decorated with animal protomes may be
cited: infra, Nos. 243-245; A. H., II, p. 98, fig. 34.
36 Unless we admit that the shape of the vase is inspired by that of bronze cauldrons set on a
support. As in the little vases mentioned in the previous note, plastic heads may have been fixed
on the rim of a vase in the manner of the animal protomes on bronze cauldrons.
3 P. Demargne, La Crete Dedalique, pp. 341-342, expresses his surprise that Mycenaean sur-
vivals in the Argolid are not more important than they appear to be, among the pieces that are
known at present.

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 188 J. L. CASKEY AND P. AMANDRY

earlier than, the latest Argive Geometric

BROAD-BOTTOMED OINOCHOE sherds
listed above.
148 (49. 91). P1. 50. Fragment of base.
Buff clay with light slip; brownish-black paint.
KOTYLAI
Sprawling pattern on under side; rays on side.
Fragments of about six.
SQUAT OINOCHOE
141 (49.85). P1. 50. Rim fragment; fine
lines in red-brown paint. Shape and decoration 149 (49. 50). P1. 51. H. to rim 0.0515,
like Corinth VII, i, No. 123; V. S., pl. IX, D. 0.064. Handle and bits of rim missing.
5-7. Early Protocorinthian. Pinkish-buff clay; red-brown glaze. Band of
red in throat of vessel. On exterior, bands with
POINTED ARYBALLOI
groups of zigzags in added white.
142 (49.48). P1. 51. H. 0.066, D. 0.038.
Buff clay; black paint, reddish on one side. RING-VASE

Rays between bands on lip; two hounds and

150 (49.92). P1. 50. Fragment. D. of
dotted rosette on shoulder; on side, zone with
opening ca. 0.075. Yellow clay; black paint.
three hounds, swan, and dotted rosettes, be-
On either side, rays.
tween two bands of fine horizontal lines; rays
at foot. Careless drawing. Late Protocorin-
CORINTHIAN
thian.
Pots and fragments of Corinthian ware are
143 (49.86). P1. 50. Fragment of arybal-
much more numerous than the Protocorinthian,
los similar to No. 142, in light greenish clay,
including over 40 vessels complete or nearly
most of the paint lost. Perhaps Argive.
complete. Most of these pieces are assignable
144 (49.87). P1. 50. Fragment. Yellow on stylistic grounds to the Early Corinthian
clay; paint brown to black. Base relatively period and belong to the latter part of the
broad (D. 0.021). Fine horizontal lines above seventh century; Middle and Late Corinthian
solid band. styles are represented but are relatively infre-
quent. The latest pots in the deposit (e. g. No.
145 (49. 88). P1. 50. Fragment of shoulder. 166) are to be dated not far from the middle
Yellow clay; black paint. Hanging spirals and of the sixth century.
fine horizontal lines.
SKYPHOS
146 (49.89). P1. 50. Fragment. Yellow
clay; brownish-black semi-lustrous paint. Solid 151 (49. 76). P1. 51. H. 0.061, D. 0.105.
spreading base (D. 0.025); shape of body un- Buff clay; red-brown glaze unevenly applied,
certain. Band of uneven horizontal lines. Shape blackened in places. Handle zone, inner side
of foot unusual; possibly Argive, but the clay of handles, and under side of base reserved; the
appears to be Corinthian. rest coated. Early Corinthian. Cf. Corinth VII,
i, No. 278.
CONICAL OINOCHOAI

A few fragments. KOTYLAI

147 (49. 90). P1. 50. Fragment of shoulder 152-154 (49.93-95). P1. 50. Numerous
of moderately large vessel. Buff clay; black fragments, chiefly of small and miniature ves-
paint. Fine horizontal lines. sels. Early and Middle Corinthian.

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 189

ROUND ARYBALLOI compressed. Band of drops around neck; large

rosette with impressed center at bottom. In
Three examples (cf. imitations of the shape
body zone, two lions facing. Behind them,
in Argive Monochrome fabric, Nos. 268-270).
under handle, a bearded siren. In the field,
155 (49.47). Fig. 7, P1. 51. H. 0.062, D. incised rosettes. Purple on shoulders of lions,
0.054. Complete. Yellow-buff clay; brownish- on wings of siren. Early Corinthian.-
black paint with added purple. Rays on top
surface of rim, which slopes inward to opening. 157 (49.96). P1. 50. H. to neck 0.05, D.
On outer face of rim, dots; on handle, zigzag; 0.061. Fragments, making up less than half of
band of drops around neck. Most of the body body. Pinkish-buff clay; black paint with added
is covered by a swan, centered on front of pot, red. Radiating strokes on shoulder; rosette at
its wings outstretched and nearly meeting under bottom; front of body covered with large

' "'1/-'z>sX \\'(0-

Fig. 7. No. 155. Early Corinthian Round Aryballos. Design Developed (1: 1).

the handle. Pinions and principal divisions quatref oil pattern of late type (cf. NC, fig. 54,
marked by incised lines. Six large purple dots h). Possibly of local Argive manufacture.
along breast; broad line at center of each wing.
The bird's feet crowd out most of the rosette CONICAL OINOCHOAI

at the bottom. No filling ornament. A bold

Nearly a dozen examples recognized. One-
and pleasing design, not rare in this period.
large:
Early Corinthian. Cf. Corinth, VII, i, No. 194;
NC, No. 585; Perachora, pl. 31, 4. 158 (49. 97). P1. 50. D. of base ca. 0.12.
Buff clay; black paint with added purple and
156 (49.46). Fig. 8, P1. 51. H. 0.058, D.
white. Short rays around base.
0.058. Handle, most of rim, and chips missing.
Buff clay, much of surface burnt gray by acci- Seven small oinochoai (H. 0.08 to 0.10, D.
dent; black paint with added purple. Body of base ca. 0.075) were found moderately well

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 190 T. L. CASKEY AND P. AMANDRY

preserved and there were fragments of two to

four others. The clay varies from grayish-to
pinkish-buff, the paint from dark brown to
black, and there are traces of added purple
and white. All belong to the familiar black-
polychrome class, examples of which occur at
many sites (e.g. Corinth, VII, i, No. 200;
NC, No. 758). They are assignable to the
Early and Middle Corinthian periods. Most
if not all of the present group appear to be of
Corinthian manufacture although one or two
may be local; the distinction is very difficult
to make. The following examples are typical:

159 (49.116). P1. 51. H. to top of handle

0.097, D. of base 0.0715. Buff clay; black glaze
with bands of added purple, mostly lost. Ver-
tical incisions on shoulder.

160 (49. 98). P1. 50. Fragment, comprising

most of body. Like No. 159; paint well pre- 4Nj

served.
0

BROAD-BOTTOMED OINOCHOAI

161 (49. 115). P1. 52. Neck and handle

only. H. pres. 0.055. Grayish-buff clay; most
of paint lost. Vertical incised lines on shoulder. C,,

Early Corinthian. Cf. Corinth, VII, i, No. 198.

162 (49.112). P1. 51. H. to top of handle p 0~~~~~~o

0.081 D. 0.069. Most of trefoil rim missing.
<-K~~~~~~~~b
Buff-tan clay with slip of finer texture, chalky;
black glaze paint with bands and stripes of
added purple and white, much worn. High-
swung flat handle (cf. Corinth, VII, i, No.
224). On shoulder, tongues separated by double
incised lines, every fourth tongue having a
purple stripe. Early Corinthian.

163 (49. 63). H. to neck 0.032, D. 0.049.

Neck and handle missing. Pinkish-buff clay;
black paint with broad band of red. Body squat
and rounded, contracting slightly to disk-base.
Radiating lines on shoulders; dotted checker-
board; rays. Early or Middle Corinthian.

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 191

AMPHORA convex on the upper surface, with knob at top

and short flange below, designed for pyxides.
One fragmentary miniature.
Some of these lids may have been offered
164 (49. 99). P1. 50. Fragment; full D. at with their pots (to which they cannot be as-
shoulder was ca. 0.06. Clay yellowish-buff; signed), but many are larger than any vessels
paint black and purple. Shape probably like recovered from this deposit. One must assume
NC, No. 1074 or 1076, but without the collar- that these were dedicated alone (cf. bronze
like rim. Bands on lip and shoulder; dots on hydria lid No. 80). Most of our pieces are
neck; radiating lines in handle zone. Appar- assignable stylistically to the Early Corinthian
ently of Corinthian manufacture. period. The following are a selection:

PYXIDES WITH CONVEX SIDES Trefoil

Two examples. 168 (49.125). P1. 52. H. 0.036, D. ca.

0.106. One edge restored. Yellow-buff clay;
165 (49. 100). P1. 50. Fragments of rim
originally coated with black glaze on rim and
and underbody. Buff clay; black paint with
most of interior. Spindle-shaped knob at cen-
added purple. Bands, drops, checkerboard, rays.
ter. Cf. No. 253.
Early Corinthian.

166 (49.135). P1. 52. H. 0.0525, D. 0.076. Flat

Yellowish-buff clay; black paint with added
169 (49.78). Fig. 9, P1. 52. Fragment. H.
purple. Top of flat rim coated; rays around
pres. 0.03; D. pres. 0.182, originally ca. 0.215.
base; concentric rings on under side. In prin-
Buff clay; traces of brown-black paint and
cipal zone, file of eight soldiers with shields
added purple, mostly lost. On top, goat, goose,
and spears, marching left; procession inter-
lion, and filling ornaments; elegantly drawn.
rupted once by pair of cross-rosettes. Centers
Checkered pattern on border; dots along outer
of shields purple. Painting and incision careless.
edge of rim. Early Corinthian.
Late Corinthian, near middle of sixth century
(one of the latest datable pots in the entire 170 (49. 79). P1. 52. Fragment. H. pres.
deposit). The squad of infantry is found fre- 0.016; D. pres. 0.10, originally ca. 0.106.
quently on round aryballoi (NC, Nos. 1244- Pinkish-buff clay; black paint with added red.
1249, etc.), rarely on pyxides. On top, broad zone with panther, goat, and
filling ornament. Shoulders and underbodies
PYXIDES WITH CONCAVE SIDES
of animals red. Hasty drawing. Early or Mid-

Fragments of at least two. dle Corinthian.

167 (49. 151). P1. 50. D. at base originally 171 (49. 80). P1. 52. H. without knob 0.02,
ca. 0.07. Buff-tan clay; black paint with added D. 0.15. Knob and chips missing. Buff clay;
purple and white. Early Corinthian. Cf. Pera- traces of black paint and added purple, mostly
chora, pl. 33, 14; NC, Nos. 665-667. lost. On top, rays around knob and broad zone
with lion, panther, two goats feeding, and filling
LIDS ornament of incised rosettes. Drawing hasty
but competent. Early or Middle Corinthian.
Fragments of a score of lids of Corinthian
fabric were found. A few are trefoil, designed 172 (49.81). P1. 52. H. without knob
to fit the mouths of oinochoai. The greater 0.016, D. 0.124. Knob and chips missing. Buff
number are of the common flat type, slightly clay; black paint with added purple. Linear

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 -

Fig. 9. No. 169. Fragment of Early Corinthian Lid. Design on Upper Surface (1:1)

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 193

pattern. In the main zone are four groups of and large dotted rosette; below band, floral
five vertical panels divided by incised lines, the
pattern. Late seventh or early sixth century.
second and fifth panel purple in each group; For similar design cf. oinochoe from Nisyros,
and a lone purple panel completes the field. Clara Rhodos, VI-VII (1932-33), p. 509, fig.
Early Corinthian. 36.
ARGIVE
173 (49.82). P1. 52. Fragment. H. with
knob 0.035, D. ca. 0.066. Buff clay; brownish- Of the pots that made up the Archaic deposit
black paint. Linear patterns. Early Corinthian. by far the greater number were of local manu-
facture. The shops which produced them have
174 (49. 152). P1. 52. Buff clay; red paint.
not been discovered, but it would not be sur-
Early Corinthian or Protocorinthian.
prising to learn that they were near the sanctu-
175 (49. 153). P1. 52. Buff clay; black ary, where their products could be offered
paint with added purple. Early Corinthian. conveniently for sale to visitors. Few of the
pots appear ever to have been used; almost
176 (49. 154). P1. 52. Conical knob. Gray-
all indeed are miniatures that could serve no
ish-buff clay; black paint.
household purposes.
177 (49. 155). P1. 52. Flanged knob. Buff In the following catalogue, shape is used as
clay; red paint. the principal factor in classification. The wares
might be subdivided into many groups if one
STOPPERS
made close distinctions among the colors of the
clay, the fineness and coarseness of the biscuit,
178 (49. 126). P1. 52. H. 0.047, D. pres. the treatment of the surfaces, and the types of
0.036. Chips missing. Buff clay; traces of decoration; but these differences are not of
paint, apparently black with added purple. Rays primary significance, and to take account of
descend from top. Designed for mouth of them under many separate headings would ob-
oinochoe (cf. V. S., pl. XIX, 4), but too large scure the facts that are of interest. Therefore
for our largest. Probably Early Corinthian. we divide the wares into only two groups, list-
179 (49. 156). P1. 52. H. 0.007, D. 0.018. ing in one series of pots of types which always
Buff clay; black paint. Bevelled disk, to fit or frequently bear painted patterns or are wholly
mouth of a miniature oinochoe. coated, and in another 'those whose buff or tan
surface is left unpainted (the " Argive Mono-
EAST GREEK OR CYCLADIC
chrome " fabric).

One sherd in the collection, obviously from DECORATED WARES

an imported vessel, is reminiscent of the Rho-
dian style but has not been certainly identified.
A total of about 575 vases, whole or nearly
enough complete to make identification of the
KRATER
shape certain, are of types that normally had
painted decoration. The clay varies in color
180 (49. 157). P1. 52. Th. 0.007. From from light buff, sometimes with greenish or
lower side of bowl. Dusty grayish-buff clay, pinkish tinges, through warm light tan to darker
unslipped or treated with thin coating of same orange, brown, and grayish-brown. It is in
clay as makes up the biscuit; black and purple general non-micaceous, though a magnifying
paint, much worn. Interior painted black. On glass reveals here and there a tiny particle of
exterior, above, part of principal zone with some shiny substance. The biscuit in most in-
three legs of stag or wild goat walking right, stances is moderately fine in texture, occasion-

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 194 J. L. CASKEY AND P. AMANDRY

ally very fine, sometimes gritty and rather cluding the coarser pieces, no trace of paint has
porous. Very few of the pieces are carefully been preserved.
made; most are hastily turned, on the wheel or
181 (49. 122). H. 0.015, D. 0.059. Chalky
in the hand, and there are many irregularities.
orange-tan clay, unpainted. Pan-shaped. Hand-
The paint, which appears in shades of red,
made.
orange, brown, and black, is rarely lustrous;
added red, purple, and white, in the Corinthian 182 (49. 123). H. 0.018, D. 0.069. Chalky
manner, are always dull. Incised lines occur light buff clay; orange-red paint. Pan-shaped.
very seldom, impressed patterns scarcely at all. Band on flat rim, cross on interior. Wheel-
Many of the shapes are familiar in other made.
parts of the Greek world and are particularly
typical of Corinth. Indeed a few of the pieces 183 (49.65). P1. 53. H. 0.018, D. 0.046.
listed below may have been made in Corinthian Tan clay, light red paint. Small hole near rim.

shops; when in doubt (and even those experts Cross on interior. Handmade.

who are most familiar with Corinthian clay 184 (49. 128). P1. 53. H. 0.02, D. 0.054.
sometimes hesitate to speak), we have tended Buff clay, unpainted. Reflex handles at rim.
to call the pot local and Argive. The very Handmade.
number of the pieces, and the slightness of the
gradations among them, indicate that this is the 185 (49. 129). P1. 52. H. 0.025, D. 0.058.
only prudent course to follow until more exact Tan clay; black paint. Reflex handles at rim.
methods of testing the fabrics can be applied. Crosses on interior and exterior. Handmade,
crude.
SHALLOW DISHES OR SAUCERS
186 (49. 156). P1. 53. Fragment of bottom
Miniature vessels of this sort, which served with cross-hatching of lines in black paint on
as votive offerings and perhaps as toys, were interior and exterior. Handmade.
more or less common in all ages but especially
in the Geometric and Archaic periods.38 They BOWLS

were undoubtedly dedicated as substitutes for

Fragments of half a dozen open vessels
bronze bowls or phialai of similar form. The
which cannot be classified elsewhere may be
shape is not standardized but shows numerous
noted under this heading. They include the
variations.
following:
Twelve examples were found in the Archaic
stratum. The form in general is broad and 187 (49. 157). P1. 52. Fragment of rim
shallow; the rim plain or flattened on top. Most and side. Original H. ca. 0.05, D. ca. 0.15.
are handmade. Four of our twelve have op- Fine light tan clay, well baked; lustrous paint
posed horizontal reflex handles at the rim. Two shading from red-brown to black. Body shal-
have small holes near the rim, like the minia- low, sharply rounded at side; rim flaring to
ture bronze phialai noted above (Nos. 76-79). flat sloping lip. On lip, running spiral formed
Four are decorated with crosses painted on the by repeated impressions of puncheon. Inner
interior from side to side, and two of these side of rim painted; on interior, fine horizontal
have crosses on the exterior also. On six, in- lines below rim and around bottom; on exterior,

38A. H., II, pp. 96 f.; Schliemann, Tiryns, pl. XXVII b; Fr6din and Persson, Asine, fig. 2
P. E. Legrand, "Antiquites de Trezene," B.C. H., XXIX, 1905, p. 310; Corinth, VII, i, Nos.
14, 15, 50; C. Dugas, " Le Sanctuaire d'Alea Athena a Tege'e," B. C. H., XLV, 1921, fig. 48, Nos.
215, 216, fig. 61, No. 241.

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 195

broad band bordered by fine linessame on shape,

lower partblack with a band of added
painted
of side. Early seventh century. purple at the base, which had a handle set
vertically from rim to side.
188 (49. 158). P1. 52. Fragment of rounded
shoulder. Tan clay; reddish-brown paint.
cuPs
Horizontal straight and wavy bands, reminis-
cent of Submycenaean style. Seventh century. Fragments of two simple cups, hastily daub
with dull paint of poor quality, mottled black
189 (49. 159). H. 0.046, D. 0.073. Buff-tan
and red. The bottoms are flat, the sides spread
clay, orange-tan paint. Flat bottom, angular
in a convex curve to plain rims. Each piece pre-
sides drawn in at shoulder, plain rim flaring
serves a single vertical handle, its upper part
slightly. Two handles (now lost) were attached
projecting flatly from the rim, like those of the
horizontally on shoulder. Whole interior and
kantharoi listed below.
exterior of rim coated; vertical strokes on side
between handles. A similar bowl, somewhat 194 (49.160). P1. 53. H. 0.046. Buff clay,
broader in proportions, is illustrated in A. H., black paint. Wheel-made.
II, fig. 65.
SKYPHOI

RALATHOI
Six miniature examples: four wholly coated
Four small or miniature examples with solid with brownish black paint, one with light red,
sides and fragments of another with a network one decorated with bands and strokes of red-
of triangular openings. All wheel-made. Cf. dish-brown. The following are typical:
A. H., II, pp. 124-125; Corinth, VII, i, Nos.
195 (49.161). P1. 53. H. 0.033, D. 0.052.
148-150, 169; Perachora, pl. 30, 12, 19-23, pl.
Part of rim and handle missing. Buff clay,
31, 6.
wholly coated with slightly lustrous brownish-
190 (49.74). P1. 53. H. 0.045, D. at rim black paint, some of which has been lost. Flat
0.093. Fine buff clay; black paint, reddish on disk base; lower sides gently convex, sharply
interior, with bands of added white. Flaring drawn in at shoulder, above which is flaring
base, the under surface slightly concave; sides offset rim. Two small handles, horizontallv
curve outward to overhanging rim. Interior attached, project and rise slightly from shoulder.
and lip coated; exterior plain. Wheel-made.

191 (49.62). H. 0.039, D. 0.085. Greenish- 196 (49.162). P1. 53. Like No. 195 but
gray clay. Like No. 190 but simpler. smaller and squat, with flat bottom.

192 (49. 133). P1. 53. H. 0.039, D. of base KOTYLAI

0.03, original D. at rim ca. 0.055. Buff clay;
Five examples, and fragments of six or
purplish and orange-red paint. Plain flaring
others, all miniatures. Crude and hastily made,
sides. Horizontal bands on interior and exterior.
with simple linear patterns in red, brown, pur-
193 (49.61). H. 0.035, D. at rim 0.056. ple, and black paint, they resemble the thou-
Like No. 192, but pattern includes rows of sands of diminutiye kotylai that have been
dots and reserved band with vertical strokes. found at almost every sanctuary of the archaic
In addition, there is one small vessel of the period.39 They cannot be closely dated but are

39 A. H., II, p. 133; Muller and Oelmann, Tiryns, I, fig. 40; C. W. Blegen, "Excavations at
Nemea," Art and Archaeology, XXII, 1926, pp. 131-133; Dugas, Delos, XVII, pls. LV, LVIII,
Nos. 87-109; etc.

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 196 J. L. CASKEY AND P. AMANDRY

at home in the seventh and sixth centuries, as with single row of dots, second zone with three
well as later. rows of dots suggesting checkerboard pattern;
197 (49.132). P1. 53. H. 0.032, D. 0.05. bottom like No. 200. Cf. Perachora, pl. 30, 25.
One handle and part of rim missing. Light buff
OINOCHOAI
clay; black paint, much worn. Disk-like base;
sides slightly convex; arched horizontal handle. Only two miniature examples of the p
Interior and base coated; vertical lines on rim, trefoil oinochoe were noted:
horizontal bands on body. Wheel-made. Pos-
202 (49. 163). P1. 53. H. to top of ha
sibly imported from Corinth.
0.067, D. of body 0.053. Part of handle
198 (49.130). Pl. 53. H. 0.018, D. 0.03. sing. Pinkish-tan clay; exterior coated
One handle and part of rim missing. Tan clay, light orange-brown paint, worn. Well fo
brownish-black paint. Decoration like that of trefoil rim, cylindrical collar neck, low
No. 197 but cruder. Handmade. body, flat base. Wheel-made.

203 (49.164). Pl. 53. H. 0.052, D. 0.052.

KANTHAROI
Part of rim missing. Coarse buff clay; red-
Five examples, all wholly coated with dull brown paint. Bands on neck and on low piri-
paint: four black (one red on the interior), and form body. Handmade.
one light orange-tan. The bases are disk-like,
slightly concave on the under side. The lower SQUAT OINOCHOAI

body is nearly conical and is drawn in sharply Four examples, of varying contours, all
at the shoulder, above which is a relatively high trefoil rims:
concave rim. The upper part of the handle is
flat and horizontal, not rising above the rinm. 204 (49. 53). P1. 54. H. to top of han
0.089, D. 0.075. Light greenish-yellow
199 (49. 73). P1. 53. H. 0.053, D. at black glaze paint with three bands of
shoulder 0.059. One handle restored. Grayish- red, much worn. Flat handle. Body swell
buff clay; black paint partly worn off. greatest diameter near the bottom, then
tracts to low ring base.
ROUND ARYBALLOI

205 (49. 113). P1. 54. H. to top of ha

Two examples, made in imitation of the
0.09, D. 0.077. Intact. Buff clay; whol
Corinthian type:
terior daubed with red-brown paint. Smal
200 (49.45). P1. 53. H. pres. 0.057, D. mouth, high-swung handle, torus mouldi
0.055. Rim and handle missing. Greenish-buff base of neck, squat piriform body, flat
clay; brownish-black paint. Radiating tongues base.

on shoulder; on body, four horizontal bands

206 (49.164). H. to top of rim 0.046,
marked with vertical incised lines and, in the
0.053. Handle and part of rim missing. L
topmost, two cross-hatched triangles; on the
tan clay; red paint fired black on one side
bottom, petal rosette around central indentation.
proportionately large rim grows from sh
Wheel-made. Careless workmanship. of very small squat body.
201 (49.49). P1. 53. H. 0.06, D. 0.048. 207 (49. 52). P1. 54. H. to top of rim 0.
Intact. Light buff clay; brown paint. Rela- D. 0.062. Handle and part of rim miss
tively high concave neck. Ring of dots on Buff-tan clay; black glaze paint with two
top of rim; zigzag on handle; radiating tongues of added purple. Shape like that of No
on shoulder; on the body, four bands, a zone but lower. The throat of the vessel was c

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 197

then pierced with four holes, one at the middle of added purple. High-swung flattened handle;
and three symmetrically at the edge, to form a concave collar-neck; rounded shoulder and tall
sort of strainer. body, tapering slightly to flat bottom.

214 (49.118). P1. 54. H. 0.033, D. 0.036.

CONICAL OINOCHOAI
Handle and part of rim missing. Buff-tan
One or more of the pieces listed above under clay; dull red paint. Tiny miniature. Squat
Corinthian wares (pp. 189 f.) may have been piriform body, wide flaring rim. Band around
manufactured in the Argolid. neck; radiating lines on rim and shoulder.
Handmade.
ROUND-MOUTHED OINOCHOAI

HYDRIAI
This heading is used loosely to include seven
small jugs or pitchers, five of which certainly, Not less than 475 miniature three-ha
two probably, had plain round horizontal rims. vessels were found nearly enough com
be counted individually, and at a mos
208 (49. 165). H. to rim 0.079, D. 0.087.
servative estimate half that many aga
Like No. 205 but cruder.
represented by smaller fragments. Th
209 (49. 166). H. of body 0.055, D. 0.07. gory thus makes up more than 50 per
Narrow neck and round handle missing. Pink- all the pots recovered from the Archaic d
ish-tan clay; brown-black paint with bands of local and imported, decorated and mon
added purple and white. Body globular. together.
With few exceptions the vessels were
210 (49. 167). H. of body 0.045, D. 0.064. made, and some are very crude indeed.
Broad neck and round handle missing. Like glance they appear monotonous, but cl
No. 209. spection and analysis reveal a not inco
able variety of form and decoration;
211 (49. 114). P1. 54. H. 0.068, D. 0.05.
mass-production of humble, inexpensive
Handle and part of rim missing. Light pinkish-
like these the Argive craftsman, as G
tan clay; wholly coated with glaze paint of poor
any, showed his impatience of standar
quality, mottled red and black, much worn.
We shall not attempt to classify them he
Baggy shape like that of Nos. 204, 207, though
types are local, and a new nomenclatur
relatively taller. Wheel-made.
not be applicable elsewhere. The distin
212 (49. 168). P1. 54. H. 0.06, D. of rim features are the handles, one set verticall
0.043, D. of body 0.053. Part of handle mis- rim to shoulder, the other two horizon
the sides of the body.
sing. Tan clay; red-brown paint. Disk base,
ovoid body, broad flaring neck, handle swing- Almost all are wheel-made, though a
ing up from rim. Paint on handle and lip; or so resemble those of the handmade
three groups of three vertical strokes on chrome fabric (p. 205). The clay is fai
shoulder. Wheel-made. Like some of the much refined; in some instances it is baked
commoner hydriai (infra) but lacking the side firm, in others it has become soft and
handles. In color the biscuit is light tan or bro
buff, with a few variations toward ye
213 (49.77). P1. 54. H. to rim 0.125, D. or greenish-gray or white and toward
0.08. Restored; fragments missing. Clay varies brown and red-brown. Slip was rarely
from light pinkish-tan to greenish-gray; paint applied. The paint is black, brown, or bro
from dull reddish-brown to black; three bands red and is only slightly lustrous at be

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 198 J. L. CASKEY AND P. AMANDRY

a few cases the pattern is enlivened by bands semi-lustrous glaze paint, which was applied
of added red or purple. with a brush. In six instances this was fired
In nearly 90 per cent of the total number red, in 18 black, though, the ingredients were
the body is roughly ovoid, its greatest diameter presumably the same.
coming well above the mid-point, the lower All the rest of the pots in the present group
sides tapering in a convex curve to the base. bear linear patterns of a simple sort. These are
Next commonest (ca. seven per cent) is a composed of horizontal bands, short vertical
globular body of spherical or depressed spheri- strokes, zigzags and wavy lines, and rows of
cal shape. A few of the vessels are piriform, dots; occasionally there are fields of dots, dotted
with greatest diameter below the mid-point. rosettes, quirks, crosses, and rays. Decoration
Finally there are some with broad mouth and of this sort occurs rarely on the neck (which
squat contour, jars rather than hydriai except in a few instances is wholly coated), more
for the persistent appearance of the three char- commonly on the body. The latter was often
acteristic handles. The bases of more than 80 divided into three zones, one on the shoulder
per cent are flat disks projecting slightly in a above the handles, a second at the level of the
torus; very rarely the center was pressed up to side-handles and the lower end of the vertical
leave a standing ring. Less than one-fifth of handle, the third on the side of the pot below the
the total have plain flat bottoms; and these handles. One or another of these zones might
pots usually, though not invariably, have a be left blank, or the first and second, or the
broad neck and mouth. The necks, clearly set second and third, might be combined. Rarely
off from the shoulder, are of three general one or more of the zones were divided into
types: A, flaring outward in a slight curve, panels. Bands occur not infrequently on and
often with a plain unmoulded rim (ca. 60 per inside the rim. The handles are generally
cent); B, more or less concave, tapering inward marked with straight or wavy lines, occasionally
from the shoulder and then curving out sharply with dots; on one flat handle there is an X
to a thickened rim (ca. 30 per cent); C, ap- in a reserved space between horizontal lines.
proximately cylindrical, curving outward at The best of these little pots have pleasing
the top to a thickened rim (ca. 10 per cent). qualities, their contours trim, the patterns neat
In a very few instances there is a narrow and restrained; and there is a certain humorous
ledge at the base of the neck. The handles are charm about reproductions of familiar objects
normally round in section or slightly flattened. at miniature scale. More praise they do not
One of them runs out and curves down to the deserve. They are works of mediocre craft,
shoulder, rising little if any above the level of made at a time when artists were producing
the rim (contrast the Late Corinthian type, works of much greater excellence.
NC, fig. 188). The side-handles, often crudely Hydriai of the same sort were recovered by
fashioned, are set horizontally, low on the the score in Waldstein's excavations, but the
shoulder; a few project straight outward and a finding places are not recorded and few are
few stand almost upright, but the greater num- illustrated in the publication.40 At other sites
ber rise obliquely. the hydriskai seem always to have been of dif-
Twenty-four of the hydriai are completely or ferent form.41 Closer parallels come, surpris-
almost completely coated on the outside with ingly, from late Mycenaean times.42

40 A. H., II, pp. 100-101 (" Three-handled Jugs ") .

41 E. g., those from Laconia: Ath. Mitt., LII, 1927, p. 59; B. S. A., XLV, 1950, p. 273.
42 B.S. A., XLII, 1947, pl. 15, Nos. 7, 11; Hesperia, X, 1941, p. 8, fig. 7. Cf. also a Proto-
corinthian Geometric example from Delphi, V. S., pl. XIII, 4.

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE 'HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 199

The following are typical of the present lot: 226 (49.104). P1. 55. H. 0.072, D. 0.064
to 0.07. Two handles missing. Orange-tan
215 (49.22). P1. 54. H. 0.072, D. 0.055.
clay; wavy band in red paint. Wheel-made but
Intact. Buff-tan clay; red-brown paint.
very crude and irregular.
216 (49.26). P1. 54. H. 0.088, D. 0.072.
227 (49.29). Pl. 55. H. 0.098, D. 0.078.
Chips missing. Buff clay; paint brown to black,
One handle missing. Tan clay, possibly slipped
with two stripes of added purple.
black paint. Flat vertical handle.
217 (49. 169). H. 0.079, D. 0.071. Bits 228 (49.30). P1. 55. H. 0.092, D. 0.078.
missing. Like No. 216. Chips missing. Buff clay; paint red-brown to
black, with stripes in added purple. On
218 (49. 101). P1. 54. H. 0.085, D. 0.07.
shoulder, zone with row of dots.
Tan clay, the surface apparently coated with a
thin wash of lighter color; light brown paint. 229 (49. 170). P1. 55. H. to neck 0.039,
Handle rises slightly above level of rim. D. 0.045. Neck and handles missing. Like No.
228; diminutive.
219 (49. 108). P1. 54. H. 0.057, D. 0.049.
One handle missing. Grayish-buff clay; wholly 230 (49.31). Pl. 55. H. 0.09, D. 0.07.
coated with brownish-black paint. For the Intact. Buff-tan clay; dark brown paint.
shape cf. the miniature amphora No. 235.
231 (49.27). H. 0.073, D. 0.061. Intact.
220 (49.17). P1. 55. H. 0.095, D. 0.085. Buff clay; light brown paint. Narrow neck;
Side-handles and most of rim missing. Light squat body; concave base.
tan clay; paint brown to red. On front in 232 (49. 110). H. 0.063, D. 0.053. Handles
upper zones, zigzags, dot-rosette, dependent missing. Buff clay; brown paint with added
rays; X on top of flat vertical handle. purple.

221 (49. 109). P1. 55. H. 0.092, D. 0.082. 233 (49. 111). H. pres. 0.041, D. 0.043.
One handle missing. Light grayish-tan clay; Rim and handles missing. Pink clay; deep red
black paint. Cluster of dots on front of paint. Handmade.
shoulder.
234 (49.18). H. pres. 0.09, D. 0.072. Two
222 (49.24). P1. 55. H. 0.074 D. 0.074. handles and rim missing. Tan clay; orange-
One handle and bit of rim missing. Buff-tan brown paint.
clay; red-brown paint. High shoulder.
AMPHORA

223 (49. 107). P1. 55. H. 0.061, D. 0.058. One miniature:

One handle and bit of rim missing. Light
greenish-buff clay; purplish-brown paint. Hand- 235 (49.69). P1. 55. H. 0.058, D. 0.043.
made. Part of one handle restored. Buff-tan clay;
black paint.
224 (49.21). P1. 55. H. 0.047, D. 0.054.
One handle and bit of rim missing. Buff clay; COLUM N-KRATERS

somewhat lustrous black paint. Pronounced Fragments of one large vessel and one
ridge on shoulder; body very squat. miniature:

225 (49.19). P1. 55. H. 0.052, D. 0.052. 236 (49.171). P1. 53. Handle plaque. W.
Two handles and parts of rim missing. Tan 0.058, projection from rim 0.035. Handle was
clay; wavy band in orange-red paint. Jar shape. attached below extreme edge of plaque. Red-

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 200 J. L. CASKEY AND P. AMANDRY

dish-tan clay, coated with brownish black glaze 242 (49. 173). H. 0.023, D. 0.048. Buff
of poor quality; four bands of dull red and, clay; undecorated. Plain incurving rim.
apparently, one of white, added on top of rim.
DEINOI WITH ANIMAL PROTOMES
237 (49.172). Handles of miniature, one
shown on P1. 53. Original height of krater Three diminutive deinoi are precisely like
estimated 0.06. Arched handle attached below those of the preceding group in shape but each
outer edge of small plaque. Pink biscuit with had three small plastic heads of animals, pre-
buff surface; red-brown paint. Bands on rim, sumably cows, rising and looking outward from
neck, and shoulder; strokes on handle. the shoulder. These miniatures are humble
versions of the great bronze vessels that bore
DEINOI heads of griflins or other monsters. Miniatures
like ours are not rare in the Argolid.44
Eighteen miniatures were found complete or
nearly complete and there were fragments of 243 (49.121). P1. 56. H. to rim 0.026, D.
three or more others.43 They range between 0.044. Tan clay, unpainted. Two of the heads
0.023 and 0.035 in height and between 0.043 are intact, one was broken off but seems to join.
and 0.061 in diameter. Almost all have a small Each consists of an elongated muzzle and two
rim, flat on top and projecting outward slightly large ears or horns curving forward.
to form a ledge. The bottoms are usually
244 (49.119). P1. 56. H. to rim 0.025, D.
rounded, sometimes flattened, rarely quite flat.
0.043. Almost identical with No. 243. One
In two there is a small hole in the shoulder
head missing.
just below the rim (cf. the Dishes, p. 194).
Two are handmade, the rest roughly turned 245 (49.120). H. to rim 0.029, D. 0.042.
on the wheel. Eight bear simple painted pat- Almost identical with No. 243. Heads missing
terns: bands, wavy lines, dots. The following
In addition, there are three heads (M 49. 8,
are characteristic:
M 49. 12, M 49. 20) that belonged to other
238 (49. 43). H. 0.024, D. 0.043. Tan clay; vessels of the same type; two considerably lar-
brown paint. Pierced below rim. Wavy band ger, one slightly larger, than those listed above.
on shoulder. One bears traces of brown paint, another has
remains of a white coating.
239 (49.42). P1. 56. H. 0.033, D. 0.047.
Tan clay; red-brown paint. Pronounced rim. STEMMED DEINOS WITH HUMAN PROTOMES
Wavy band on shoulder.
A small deinos, similar to those listed above
240 (49. 149). P1. 56. H. 0.032, D. 0.053. but mounted on a tall hollow pedestal and
Grayish-tan clay; black paint, with trace of dull bearing plastic figures of women's heads on
purple on rim. Flat bottom. Narrow bands and the shoulder, is discussed under Terracotta
row of dots on shoulder. Figurines, No. 133 (p. 185).

241 (49.40). H. 0.028, D. 0.043. Reddish-

PYXIDES WITH CONCAVE SIDES
tan clay; two spots of red paint, apparently
accidental. Pierced below rim. Fragments of two were found, clearly of

43 Cf . H., II, p. 98 (" Bowls ").

44A. H., II, p. 98, fig. 34; C. W. Blegen, A. J. A., XLIII, 1939, p. 424, fig. 12, 1227. M
John Cook has shown me a number of similar pieces-some slightly larger than ours-that wer
found recently at a shrine at Mycenae.

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 201

local manufacture and somewhat different from Buff clay, red-brown paint. Pyxis only; similar
the normal flat-bottomed Corinthian type. to No. 248.

246 (49.174). P1. 56. H. pres. 0.055, D. TRIPOD PYXIS

0.072. Upper part missing. Buff clay; black
One fragmentary example. For the shape cf.
paint with reddish streak. The sides are gently
NC, fig. 149 (Middle Corinthian); cf. also the
concave but contract at the bottom to a low
large tripod vessel published by Miss Hersom
ring base. On one side there was a small hori-
(pp. 275-278).
zontal handle, now lost. Interior and exterior
decorated with horizontal bands; just above the 250 (49. 127). Pls. 53, 56. H. 0.052, D.
handle, a row of dots. ca. 0.11. One leg and part of bowl preserved.
Soft buff clay; black and red-brown paint.
247 (49. 175). Pl. 56. Similar to preceding;
Bands and dots. Probably Argive, possibly
slightly smaller.
Corinthian.

SQUAT PYXIDES
PLASTIC VASE

Two examples, low and broad, designed for Fragment of one example:
flat lids; apparently an Argive type.
251 (49.176). P1. 53. H. pres. 0.046, D. of
248 (49.150 a, b). Fig. 10, P1. 56. Pyxis rim 0.036. Pinkish-tan clay; glaze paint mottled
(a): H. 0.023, D. 0.058. Lid (b): H. 0.011, brown and black, with added purple. Rim,
D. ca. 0.062. Half of lid missing. Pinkish neck, and handle are those of an aryballos.
Immediately below, the body widened in an
irregular shape (longer from front to back
than from side to side) where we may guess
that there was probably a woman's head. On
top of rim, a petal rosette. On back of handle,
a palmette with incised divisions.

POMEGRANATE (?)

One fragment noted:

252 (49. 177). P1. 53. H. pres. 0.048, origi-

nal D. ca. 0.055. Buff clay; purple paint on
knob, black on body. Attachments of small
horizontal handle on shoulder. Torus motuld-
Fig. 10. No. 248. Argive Squat Pyxis
ing at base of knob. Fine bands on body; ver-
and Lid (1:1).
tical strokes in handle zone. The vessel wac
completely closed. For an earlier version of
buff clay; paint slate-gray with added red.
the shape cf. V. S., pl. VIII, 1.
Pyxis has large torus base, cylindrical body,
outturned lip. Lid is flat but with raised center; LIDS
flange on under side fits inside the rim of the
pyxis. Painted horizontal bands on interior and About 20 lids of various types were found,
exterior of pyxis; concentric rings on top of lid. whole or fragmentary. Some are trefoil, de-
signed for oinochoai; the greater number are
249 (49.60). P1. 56. H. 0.026, D. 0.07. conical, flat, or deep-flanged, to fit pyxides.

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 202 J. L. CASKEY AND P. AMANDRY

Tref oil inside the rims of pyxides (cf. No. 248, fig.
10).
Two complete examples and fragments of at
least five others, in shape and size resembling 257 (49. 56). P1. 56. H. 0.01, D. 0.051.
No. 168, which is listed above as Corinthian. Buff clay; orange-red paint. Three horizontal
One or more of the present group may also with fine spiral groove from center to rim.
have been made in Corinth, but the fabric 258 (49. 179). H. 0.009, D. 0.062. Pinkish-
appears to be Argive. The paint, black, brown, buff clay, apparently with thin white coating
or red, covers most of the upper surface and on upper surface; concentric rings in dull red.
in some instances part of the lower also. These
lids are too big for any of the oinochoai found 259 (49.180). H. pres. 0.015, D. 0.076.
with them; they were probably dedicated by Knob missing. Soft buff clay; concentric ring
themselves, a part in token for the whole. in brown and black paint, dotted checkerboar
patterns in brown filling the zones.
253 (49. 58). P1. 52. H. 0.03. Intact. Pink
clay; orange-red glaze paint. For Powder Pyxides

Conical Two examples. For the shape see NC, p.

293.
Two examples nearly complete and frag-
ments of others. The flanges are designed to 260 (49.59). P1. 56. H. 0.021, D. 0.065.
fit outside the rims of pyxides or other vessels. Bits missing. Grayish-buff clay; black paint
with added purple on rim. Rings on upper and
254 (49. 75). P1. 56. H. 0.058, D. 0.107.
under surfaces of top, bands on deep vertical
Restored; bits missing. Tan clay; black paint
flange. This piece may well be the pyxis itself
with bands of added purple. Knob and rim
rather than the lid.
coated; rays on shoulder. Larger than any
pyxis represented in this collection. 261 (49.181). Original D. of lid ca. 0.085.
Buff clay; orange-red paint. Three horizontal
255 (49.124). P1. 56. H. 0.032, D. 0.061.
grooves above rim.
Part of rim missing. Buff clay; brown paint.
Shoulder rounded. Horizontal bands and ver-
MONOCHROME WARES
tical strokes.
About 250 of the whole or nearly whole
256 (49. 178). P1. 52. H. pres. 0.041.
miniature vases in the Archaic deposit, and
Large flanged knob of Corinthian type (cf.
fragments of almost that many again, belong to
No. 177). Reddish-tan clay; brownish-black
a familiar and characteristic class of light-
paint. Cf. A. H., II, fig. 75, 3.
colored unpainted wares. Pots of the same
or closely related kinds have been found in Geo-
Flat
metric and Archaic contexts at sites through-
Four nearly complete; fragments of at least out the Greek world, but particularly in the
five others. They are quite flat or very slightly Argolid, and the fabric is generally called Ar-
convex. Most had central knobs, but a few give Monochrome. It has received mention in
lacked them. The rim of one turns downward many publications but, being unpretentious in
at the edge; the rest have, or probably had, quality, has not been extensively recorded or
small flanges on the under side, designed to fit illustrated.45

45 In A. H., II, pp. 99-100, Hoppin records " a special class of hand-made undecorated vases,"
but dates them far too early. See also E. Pfuhl, Malerei und Zeichnung der Griechen, par. 75

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 203

The typical color of these pots is a light buff;

somewhat rounded bottoms, not separately fash-
in a few it verges toward yellowish orioned greenish,
bases. The conical oinochoai suggest a
in others toward pink or brown.46 The biscuit general kinship with their Corinthian counter-
varies greatly in texture and quality: at best parts, but they are in no sense imitations. Close
it is exceedingly fine and hard, but in many in- copying is seen in the round aryballoi (e. g.
stances it has become friable or even powdery. No. 268, P1. 57), and in the form of the neck
The clay of some pieces is very coarse, con- and rim that were carried over from the ary-
taining many rough particles of stone that make ballos to pots like No. 300 (P1. 59) and No.
a nubbly surface (e. g. No. 312). Broken edges 306 (PI. 57).
not infrequently reveal a gray core. Some of There are few traces of decoration, which
the pots appear to have been coated with a thin is limited to incised lines or punched dots (see
slip or wash, but this is usually of the same Nos. 300, 303), plastic additions (Nos. 263,
color as the underlying biscuit and is difficult 308), and an occasional ornamental handle
to distinguish with certainty. The surfaces were (Nos. 300, 301). Rouletted patterns, which
often pared with a knife or similar instrument, appear fairly frequently on the pots of this
and the marks, which are visible particularly class found elsewhere, do not occur in the
on the necks, are a most characteristic technical material from this deposit.
feature of the class (see Nos. 277, 280, 286).
One must assume that most, if not all, of
A fine polish was given to the pots and in many
these monochrome vases were manufactured
instances is still preserved (e. g. No. 268).
and dedicated in the period represented by the
Almost all these vessels were made by hand.
majority of the other pieces, i. e. the late
Wheel-made pieces like Nos. 264, 265, 307,
seventh century and, quite possibly, the early
and 309 have a different look about them, and
sixth. If the class is indeed as homogeneous
ought perhaps to be classed in a separate cate-
as it appears to be, the present lot marks the
gory; here they may be thought of as variants.
culmination of a long tradition. Many of the
By far the commonest shapes represented
pieces from other sites are dated by their con-
are the oinochoe with squat-conical or depressed
texts to the eighth and even the ninth cen-
globular body and the hydria of similar type,
which differs only in having a pair of horizontal turies, and, as has been pointed out before,
handles. Among the pots of these principal the finest of all yellow monochrome ware was
shapes there are many variations in form of made in the Argolid in the Mycenaean period
lip, in height and breadth of neck, and in minor (e. g. the sherd No. 44, supra). The present
details. The handles in most cases are moder- collection undoubtedly reinforces the opinion
ately flattened rather than truly flat or round in that small vases of this sort were an Argive
section; and most of the vessels have flat or speciality,47 although it does not reduce the

(" Monochrome argivische Gattung "), with bibliography; remarks on " lekythoi," K. F. Johansen
V. S., pp. 22-23; P. N. Ure, Aryballoi and Figurines from Rhitsona, pp. 18-19; H. Payne, Per
chora, pl. 14, 3 and p. 63; S. S. Weinberg, Corinth, VII, i, Nos. 16-18, 51, 66, 81, 89-96 (al
Geometric); R. S. Young, Hesperia, Suppl. II, p. 86, No. XVII 22; C. Dugas, Delos, XVII, pl
LXIV, 1-12, and pp. 115-116; Delos, X (Les Vases de L'Heraion), pl. XLV, No. 539, and remar
on the related group, pp. 153-155.
4 In our collection are a few fragments of oinochoai in a dark gray ware which seems identical
to the buff in all but color. I assume that the fabric was in fact the same and that it was turned
dark by being fired under reducing conditions. Mr. Dtunbabin has shown me more numerous pots
of this sort from Perachora, not yet published.
Is it not possible that a perfume or some other pleasing and magical liquid was exported
from Argos, originally and over a long period of time, in simple containers of this type?

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204 J. L. CASKEY AND P. AMANDRY

probability that imitations or kindred vessels Coarse dark tan clay; surface smoothed. Flat-
were made elsewhere. tened bottom, globular body, concave neck,
In the following catalogue we list representa- flaring rim, high-swung handle roughly rect-
tive examples of all the shapes noted. angular in section with groove along outer edge.
Handmade.
BOWLS

ROUND ARYBALLOS
Four miniature examples, all handmade.
Three examples:
262 (49.148). P1. 57. H. 0.033, D. 0.061.
Fairly coarse buff clay. Two vertical handles 268 (49.64). P1. 57.' H. 0.056, D. 0.055.
stuck against the rim and sides. Part of rim missing. Buff clay with gray core;
Similar: several fragments, one with trace smooth surface, pared. Handmade. The hole
of horizontal handle at rim. in'the neck was cut with a hollow cylindrical
punch, which left a plug of clay inside.
263 (49.182). P1. 53. Fragment of irregu-
lar rim with plastic decoration. Very small ves- 269 (49.137). H. 0.06, D. 0.058. Buff
sel, possibly a cup. clay; smooth surface. Handmade.

270 (49.140). H. 0.041, D. 0.041. Part of

PHIALE MESOMPHALOS
rim missing. Buff clay with pinkish core.
One miniature: Wheel-made.
264 (49.66). P1. 57. H. 0.015, D. 0.043.
Part of rim missing. Red-tan clay. Wheel- SQUAT-CONICAL OINOCHOAI

made. With Trefoil Rim

At least 45 examples could be counted. They

KOTHON
are all handmade miniatures, buff in color, and
One miniature:
in shape approximately imitating standard Co-
265 (49.67). Pl. 57. H. 0.016, D. 0.04. rinthian conical oinochoai but with certain
Horizontal handle missing. Red-tan clay. marked differences. The bottom is flat or nearly
Wheel-made. flat, but there is almost always a curve, not a
sharp edge, where it joins the body. The body
KANTHAROS (?) is more nearly hemispherical than conical, and
in most'instances it bulges to a greater diameter
One fragmentary miniature:
than that of the bottom. The neck is normally
266 (49. 147). P1. 57. H. to rim 0.041,
very short, never long' as in the Corinthian
D. ca. 0.05. One side missing. Buff clay. Flat-
type. The handle is flat; it curves outward and
tened bottom, depressed globular body, out-
very slightly upward from the trefoil rim be-
turned rim, high-swung handle. Handmade.
fore turning down to meet the shoulder about
Presumably had a second handle of the same
half way from neck to base. On the bodies of
kind opposite. Cf. late Geometric example,
two of these oinochoai there are pairs of small
Corinth, VII, i, pl. 13, 81. rounded knobs, probably vestigial representa-
tions of breasts. No other decoration has been
JUG OR TANKARD
observed. The following are characteristic ex-
267 (49. 3). H. to rim. 0.078, D. 0.076. amples: 48

48 Cf. C. Dugas, B. C. H., XLV, 1921, p. 401, fig. 51, No. 226 (Tegea). There is anothe
presumably from the region of Tanagra, in the museum at Schimatari.

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 205

271 (49. 144). P1. 57. H. 0.06, D. 0.068. bottom, more like the squat-conical type. Cf.
Intact. Yellowish-buff clay; surface pared and A. J. A., XLIII, 1939, p. 424, fig. 12, No. 1231.
smoothed.
281 (49.7). H. 0.073, D. 0.065. Handle
272 (49. 12). P1. 57. H. 0.047, D. 0.055. missing. Buff clay; surface pared and smoothed.
Intact. Buff clay; surface pared and smoothed. Body roughly piriform, tapering to wide neck.
Bottom slightly concave.
With Round Rim
273 (49. 139). P1. 57. H. 0.048, D. 0.052.
Intact. Soft buff clay. Two small knobs on Eighteen examples recorded. In this type the
shoulder under spout. base is slightly flattened, the body approximately
spherical or slightly depressed. Necks are short
274 (49. 138). H. 0.041, D. 0.037. Handle and usually narrow. Most of the handles are
missing. Surface pared and smnoothed. flat and curve downward to the shoulder, but
at least one is nearly round in section and rises
With Round Rim above the rim.
Nine examples recorded. This group re-
282 (49. 1). P1. 58. H. 0.097, D. 0.092.
sembles the preceding in all respects except
Intact. Buff clay; surface pared and smoothed.
that the rim was left round, not pressed up at
Cf. examples from Geometric context, Corinth,
the sides to form a trefoil outline.
VII, i, Nos. 51, 66, 89 (there called aryballoi).
275 (49. 10). P1. 58. H. 0.053, D. 0.05.
283 (49. 146). H. 0.068, D. 0.065. Intact.
Chip missing. Buff clay; surface pared and
Buff clay with particles of brown matter; sur-
smoothed. Rim rises slightly toward front;
face pared and smoothed.
handle makes wider curve than most.
284 (49. 8). P1. 58. H. 0.053, D. 0.056.
276 (49. 183). P1. 58. H. 0.058, D. 0.057.
Intact. Clay as in No. 282, worn. Squat body,
Chips missing. Buff clay; surface pared and
broad mouth, handle curving above rim.
smoothed. Neck longer than the average.
285 (49. 188). P1. 58. H. 0.032, D. 0.038.
277 (49. 184). P1. 58. H. 0.055, D. 0.056.
Handle and part of rim missing. Pinkish-tan
Intact. Grayish-buff clay. Broad rim.
clay with buff slip. Squat, with broad mouth.
278 (49. 185). H. 0.04, D. 0.042. Handle
and part of rim missing. Buff clay. HYDRIAI

Under this heading we record all the small

GLOBULAR OINOCHOAI
jugs that have a single vertical handle from
With Trefoil Rim rim to shoulder and a pair of horizontal han-
Three examples, varying in details: dles on opposite sides of the body. A total of
147 could be counted, more or less nearly com-
279 (49. 186). P1. 58. H. 0.094, D. 0.083.
plete, and almost an equal number appeared to
Handle and part of rim missing. Soft buff
be represented by fragments.
clay with particles of brown matter; surface
But for the side-handles, most of these pots
pared and smoothed. Cf. B. C. H., XLV, 1921,
are like the round-mouthed oinochoai listed
p. 399, fig. 50, No. 225.
above. They are handmade and the clay is of
280 (49. 187). P1. 58. H. 0.089, D. 0.087. the usual buff color, except in rare instances.
Handle and part of rim missing. Buff clay, For purposes of comparison they may be classi-
mottled pink; surface apparently slipped, crack- fied like the oinochoai, certain variant forms
led. Similar in shape to No. 279 but with flat being noted in a miscellaneous category.

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 206 J. L. CASKEY AND P. AMANDRY

Squat-conical handle missing. Buff clay. Fairly squat body;

narrow neck; flat handle.
Seventeen examples, all apparently with
round rims, though one or two possibly trefoil. 297 (49. 196). P1. 58. H. 0.051, D. 0.045.
Handles flat. Intact. Soft buff clay. Disk base.

286 (49.6). P1. 58. H. 0.055, D. 0.055. 298 (49. 143). P1. 59. H. 0.04, D. 0.04.
Chips missing. Buff clay; surface pared and Intact. Light tan clay.
smoothed. Horizontal handles set upright,
299 (49. 141). P1. 59. H. 0.039, D. 0.035.
pressed against shoulder of pot, not open.
One handle missing. Buff clay; surface pared
287 (49.189). H. 0.053, D. 0.055. Chip and smoothed.
missing. Buff-tan clay. Like No. 286; one
handle open. Miscellaneous

300 (49. 32). Pl. 59. H. 0.071, D. 0.059.

Globular
Vertical handle missing. Light buff clay; sur-
At least 124 examples. Most have narrow face pared and smoothed. Broad disk base and
mouths and handles nearly round in section. cylindrical pedestal. Depressed globular body.
Cylindrical neck and broad flat rim. Horizontal
288 (49.190). H. 0.089, D. 0.084. Chips
handles with reflex tips rise obliquely and are
missing. Buff clay; surface pared and smoothed.
decorated with incisions. Series of incised
Baggy contour. Flat vertical handle.
marks at collar and at top and bottom of
289 (49. 191). H. 0.083, D. 0.083. Handles pedestal.

missing. Buff clay. Depressed globular body.

301 (49. 145). P1. 59. H. to neck 0.044,
Short cylindrical neck.
D. 0.049. Neck and two handles missing. Light
290 (49. 2). P1. 58. H. 0.081, D. 0.082. tan clay. Broad ovoid body. Moulding at base
One horizontal handle missing. Light grayish- of neck. Horizontal handles had vertical cylin-
buff clay. Groove at junction of neck and drical attachments at either end. Wheel-made.
shoulder.
302 (49. 136). P1. 59. H. to rim 0.046, D.
291 (49.192). H. 0.078, D. 0.076. Bits 0.061. One handle missing. Light greenish-
missing. Very light buff clay; surface pared gray clay. Body as of a fairly squat jar with
and smoothed. Shape like No. 289. Vertical short collar neck. Vertical handle flat and high-
handle rises above rim. swung; small horizontal handles flat.

292 (49. 5). P1. 58. H. 0.07, D. 0.07. Bits 303 (49. 197). P1. 59. Fragment; D. of rim
missing. Light tan clay. Surface pared. 0.05. Tan clay. Incised linear decoration on
inner side of rim, and on neck, handles, and
293 (49. 9). H. 0.066, D. 0.063. Intact.
plastic ridge around shoulder.
Soft buff clay. Short concave neck.
304 (49. 4). P1. 59. H. 0.085, D. 0.07. Bits
294 (49. 193). H. to neck 0.052, D. 0.07.
missing. Coarse buff clay. Raised base and
Neck and handles missing. Red clay with
roughly cylindrical neck.
brown slip, coarse.

295 (49.194). H. 0.063, D. 0.073. Intact.

305 (49. 198). P1. 59. H. 0.06, D. 0.057.
Brownish coarse clay. Squat; broad mouthed. Handles missing. Very coarse pinkish-tan clay
Walls thick and uneven, the interior quite un-
296 (49. 195). H. 0.052, D. 0.052. One finished.

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 207

AMPHORAE perhaps imitate the form of great storage

pithoi.
Two miniature two-handled vessels:
309 (49. 72). P1. 57. H. 0.056, D. 0.061.
306 (49. 36). P1. 57. H. 0.078, D. 0.056.
Buff clay; surface pared. Handles round in One handle restored. Buff clay. Globular body,
flaring rim. Wheel-made.
section. Handmade. The broad flat rim, ovoid
body, and tapering foot are reminiscent of
310 (49.38). P1. 57. H. 0.04, D. 0.065.
pointed aryballoi, but may also be compared
Coarse pinkish-buff clay. Squat body, broad
with features of the miniature pithoid jars
mouth; two small flattened vertical handles.
listed below.
311 (49. 37). P1. 57. H. 0.054, D. 0.057.
307 (49.199). Pl. 57. H. of body 0.041, D.
Coarse buff clay. Globular body.
0.05. Neck and parts of thin round handles
lost. Buff clay. Biconical body with relatively 312 (49.33). P1. 57. H. 0.081, D. 0.062.
broad ring base. Wheel-made. Coarse pinkish-buff clay. Ovoid body tapering
to narrow foot. Handmade. Cf. the shape of
DEINOI
the "amphora," No. 306.
Fragments of two or more squat rounded
A few others, including 49. 34 and 49.35,
are like No. 312.
jars with rims, decorated with small plastic
rings (suggesting handles ?) on the shoulder:
LIDS
e. g. No. 308 (49. 200), P1. 53.
Two diminutive lids of trefoil shape with
JARS arched handles, designed for miniature oino-
choai:
Seven miniatures, complete or nearly com-
plete, and fragments of several others. One
313 (49.83). Pl. 57. H. 0.015, L. 0.042,
(No. 309) is wheel-made, the rest are of coarse
W. 0.036. Buff clay.
clay and handmade. The former and one of
the latter have pairs of vertical handles; five 314 (49.84). Similar.

SURFACE DEPOSITS,

PRINCIPALLY OF THE FIFTH AND FOURTH CENTURIES

The topmost layer, which covered the Archaic deposits, was made up of brown
earth firmly packed. It was about 0.50 m. thick in most places but fully 1 m. thick
at the brow of the terrace, along the east side of the area excavated. It appeared that
the ground had never been occupied after the Archaic objects had come to rest here.
No architectural remains were encountered.
Potsherds of various dates were found in this earth: a few fragments of My-
cenaean wares, Geometric and Archaic pieces in considerable numbers, and nearly a
basketful of black glazed fragments which include Attic and provincial wares of the
late fifth and fourth centuries B.C. Of pieces datable to later ages there were almost

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 208 J. L. CASKEY AND P. AMANDRY

none: one or two small sherds of Hellenistic wares, and the foot of a Knidian wine
jar which Miss Virginia Grace assigns to a period not earlier than the second century.
Some thirty per cent of the total are fragments of coarse undecorated wares that
cannot be dated with accuracy. As noted in the preceding catalogues; a few of the
bronze objects that were found just at the top of the Archaic stratum and appear to
be somewhat later than the rest of that deposit (e. g. Nos. 107, 113) may perhaps
belong properly to the debris of the final period.
On the basis of this rather inconclusive evidence it seems most reasonable to
suppose that the latest stratum was the result of filling or dumping which occurred
in the latter part of the fourth century, and that only an occasional sherd was dropped
on the hillside thereafter.
Many, if not most, of the pots that can be recognized were dedications, some
having the name or initial of Hera scratched upon them. They offer several interesting
and somewhat tantalizing problems, and point to the need of a systematic study of the
distribution and influence of late classical Attic wares in regions like the Argolid. The
present group of sherds is obviously inadequate as material for a study of that sort
and does not require exposition in detail. A few representative pieces are set forth
in the following list 4 and are illustrated on Plate 59:

315. From side of bell-krater or other open barian costume: possibly an Amazon, or an
vessel. Th. of wall 0.007. Glaze on interior is Arimasp among griffins, or a dancer like the
fine, hard, fired light red; on exterior good one appearing on a bell-krater from Al Mina
black, but mottled dark brown in patches. A bit (Beazley, J. H. S., LIX, 1939, pp. 23-25, fig.
of drapery is preserved at left; the end of a 60). Very coarse relief lines. Probably Attic.
staff, presumably a raised thyrsos, at right; Early fourth century.
meander and checkerboard below. The thyrsos
317. From side of bell-krater, near rim. Th.
is bordered by strong relief contours. Attic;
of wall 0.006. Clay light buff. Interior glazed
not far removed from the Semele Painter. Late
black, but with narrow horizontal reserved band
fifth or early fourth century. Cf. Bell-krater,
which is painted pink. Exterior apparently
Athens 1442: Beazley, ARV, p. 851; Metzger,
coated with thin orange-buff slip, over which
Les representations dans la ceramique attique
traces of fairly heavy miltos wash are visible
du IVe siecle, pl. XXII.
on reserved areas. Sherd preserves part of
316. From side of open ( ?) vessel. Th. of head and left shoulder of satyr crowned with
wall 0.006. Interior coated with thick but dull ivy. A band in red, apparently with added dots
black glaze, suggesting that the pot may have in white, encircles the head. There are no relief
had a contracted mouth, like a pelike, rather contours. Probably Corinthian, though the
than the wide opening of a bell-krater. On draftsmanship is reminiscent of highly compe-
exterior, body and left leg of a figure in bar- tent Attic work. End of fifth century. Cf. P.

49 I am indebted to Mr. Cedric Boulter, Mr. Peter Corbett, and Miss Lucy Talcott for going
over these sherds with me and making many comments and provocative suggestions. They had not,
however, the leisure to pursue a thorough investigation of the material, and may not share any of
my responsibility for errors and omissions. J. L. C.

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 209

Corbett, Hesperia, XVIII, 1949, pl. 76; W. vertical lines in black; red wash and black
Hahland, Vasen un Meidias, pl. 23 b. rings on under side of base. Fifth century.

318. From side of small open vessel. Th. 323. From base of skyphos of Attic type.
of wall 0.0045. Dull grayish-tan biscuit. In- Profile, Fig. 12. Th. of wall 0.0035. Biscuit
terior glazed black. On exterior, a pair of bare grayish-buff. Black glaze streakily applied on
feet appear above the draped knees of a seated interior and exterior. At left, bit of drapery
figure. Traces of preliminary sketch; no relief and lower end of staff or thyrsos. At right,
contours. Place of origin uncertain; not Attic. handle-ornament. Red wash on under side of
base. Place of origin uncertain. Early fourth
319. Fragment of lamp of Type 23 A.5" century.
H. pres. 0.028. Wholly coated with black glaze,
mottled reddish. On the rim, graffito: BE
- (hepa). Attic. Late fifth or early fourth
century.

320. From side of small open vessel, pre-

sumably a skyphos. Th. of wall 0.005. Light
buff clay. Interior and exterior glazed black.
On exterior, graffito: 2 or H. Probably
Corinthian.

321. Rim of small skyphos of Corinthian

shape. Th. of wall 0.002. Black glaze of poor
quality. On rim, wreath of myrtle leaves and Fig. 12. No. 323. Base of Skyphos.
berries, the latter originally white. Below, head, Section (1: 1).
left shoulder and arm of figure facing left,
reclining on striped cushion, over which is a 324. Rim of krater or very large hydria.
spiral ornament. Place of origin uncertain. Profile, Fig. 13. D. of rim calculated ca. 0.23,
Late fifth or early fourth century. Th. of wall 0.008. Glazed black, inside and out.
Elaborately moulded rim with stamped ovules
322. Base of Attic skyphos of Corinthian on outer face. On the neck, incised stem and
shape. Profile, Fig. 11. D. of vase 0.052, Th. tendrils, ivy leaves and dotted rosettes in added
of wall 0.002. Excellent black glaze. Above white. On upper surface of rim, graffito:
base, reserved band with red wash and fine - ] P A [ -. The clay and glaze might well
be Attic; but the scratched letters and the fine
modelling of the rim suggest a date not later
than the beginning of the fourth century,
whereas incision of ivy tendrils can scarcely be
earlier than the third century in Attica (H. A.
Thompson, " Two Centuries of Hellenistic Pot-
tery," Hesperia, III, 1934, pp. 438 ff.).
Fig. 11. No. 322. Base of Skyphos. 325. Base of Corinthian skyphos. D. of
Section (1: 1). base 0.05, Th. of wall 0.003. Buff clay. Glaze

50 In the revised classification of Greek lamps from the Athenian Agora now being prepared
by R. H. Howland.

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210 J. L. CASKEY AND P. AMANDRY

Fig. 13. No. 324. Rim of Krater. Section (1:1)

fired dark red-brown. Reserved areas show 328. Fragment of base and lower side of
coating of light red wash. On under side of closed vessel, perhaps a squat lekythos. Th. of
base, graffito: B. wall 0.005. Grayish-tan biscuit. Exterior coated
with black glaze of poor quality. Panels of
326. Base of Corinthian skyphos. D. of
base 0.036, Th. of wall 0.0015. Buff clay. A vertical ribbing on side of body. Rough groove

spiral of black glaze survives on the interior. on resting surface of ring-base. Not Attic;
On exterior, most of black has peeled off but Argive? Probably fourth century. For a
parts of draped male figures can be made out on similar arrangement of ribbing cf. D. M.
either side, where reserved areas preserve thick Robinson, Olynzthus, XIII, pl. 190, 521 B.
miltos wash.
329. (Not illustrated.) Handle and part of
327. Fragment of foot of large bell-krater.
rim and wall of black glazed skyphos of Attic
Th. of wall 0.008 to 0.01. Pinkish-buff clay.
Red wash on recessed band at top of vertical shape. Line of impressed palmettes just under
face and on under side of foot; the rest glazed rim; below them, vertical ribbing. Not Attic;
black. Corinthian. place of origin uncertain. Late fifth century.

SUMMARY

Conclusions to be drawn from the material that has been described at consider-
able length in the preceding pages may be summarized briefly.
Our small excavation of 1949, an international enterprise that was carried out
in the happiest and most harmonious spirit of cooperation, produced a number of
interesting results, two of which may fairly claim some archaeological importance.
In the first place, we are able to set forth in appropriate sequence the pottery and other
objects that were recovered from a series of superposed and chronologically successive
layers; and secondly, we have a surprisingly large collection of archaic ex-votos,
among which are an excellent though fragmentary bronze statuette and objects of
several other types that were previously not well known. The interest of these dis-
coveries is heightened, furthermore, by their association with one of the greatest
sanctuaries of ancient Greece.

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 211

The history of the small area which we investigated may be reconstructed as

follows. Unless some elusive sherd of Neolithic ware has escaped our notice, the first
evidence of habitation is provided by pottery of the Early Helladic period.5' Although
these pieces are not of the earliest types, they must still go back to the third millenium
B.C. Next in chronological order are the sherds of Middle Helladic wares, which are
of the familiar kinds assignable to the early centuries of the second millenium. In the
Late Bronze Age our terrace was occupied by houses, and the considerable accumula-
tion of debris around and under them contained pottery of second and third Late
Helladic periods, datable to the fifteenth, fourteenth, and thirteenth centuries.
No traces of the latest Mycenaean and earliest Geometric periods were observed.
The area apparently began to be used as a dumping ground for rubbish around the
end of the eighth century, as was attested by the presence of late Geometric and early
Protocorinthian pottery. Most of the vessels of that period were of medium or large
size; we may assume that they had been dedicated to the goddess and were thrown
out after being broken. Only scattered fragments survived.
At a date that cannot be determined precisely, but certainly not earlier than the
.middle of the sixth century, a large collection of votive offerings was brought out
and dumped, all at one time. From what shrine or temple they came we are unable
to say; they are unpretentious and very small but so numerous -that they must have
taken up a good deal of space, ultimately requiring one of those " periodical cleanings
out of the sanctuary " that Hoppin recognized (A. H., II, p. 64). Once desanctified,
they seem to have been treated with little respect, being poured onto the ground by
the basketful and allowed to lie there. Perhaps some earth was spread over them at
the time, but they were not accorded even the honor of burial in a pit or favissa, to
say nothing of the more elaborate care that was granted to venerable offerings in
temples like the Heraion of Delos.
The most striking feature of this deposit is the preponderance, among the pots,
of miniature hydriai; or rather of vessels with three handles set like those of hydriai,
for many of these jugs and jars are of shapes that are otherwise unrelated. In a total
of about 900 whole pots recovered, more than two-thirds (475 with painted patterns,
147 in monochrome ware) are three-handled. Quite evidently it was believed that a
hydria was most acceptable to the divinity, at least from a certain class of dedicants
or on certain occasions. That these worshippers were women, and probably poor
women who could afford no richer gifts, we can have little doubt.52 In any case, this
is not primarily a men's shrine, where kantharoi and kraters-masculine accoutrement

51That the region around the Heraion had been occupied in Neolithic times was clear
established in the course of Professor Blegen's excavations (Prosymna, pp. 22-29).
52 Purely in speculation one might guess that they were girls or even quite young children
with whom the toy-like miniatures would be in keeping. Mr. Papadimitriou suggests with reaso
that there may be a connection between the hydria and the rites of the Water of Freed
(Pausanias, II, 17, 1 ) .

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212 J. L. CASKEY AND P. AMANDRY

would normally predominate.53 The point need

the nature of the hundreds of objects that were
including bronze dress pins, mirrors, and the like,
here under review.
The accumulation of this group of objects evidently extended over a considerable
period of time. The earliest of the datable whole pots, e. g. the Protocorinthian
oinochoe No. 149, must have been made before the middle of the seventh century;
the latest, e. g. the Late Corinthian pyxis No. 166, near the middle of the sixth. Many
of the objects cannot be dated precisely. The bronze pins with knobs and flanges are
known to occur elsewhere in Geometric contexts; they are durable, and it is quite
possible that some of the present lot may go back to that period. It seems improbable,
however, that many of the bronzes are later than the fragmentary statuette No. 71,
which belongs to the years around 560 and is contemporary with the latest pots. The
mid-point in the series appears to be marked by the relatively numerous vases in Early
Corinthian style, and it is probably safe to assume that the majority of the Argive
vases were manufactured in the same period, i. e. during the latter part of the seventh
century.54
The body of material recovered in our excavation of this deposit is large enough
to be regarded as representative, even if more still lies in the ground further north.
Therefore there is no reason to suppose that it ever contained objects later in date
than those recorded above. If its original place of dedication was a large building
like the archaic temple of Hera, this group of objects may conceivably have been
pushed aside and left untouched for many years. In a small shrine that would
scarcely be possible, and even in a large one it seems improbable that no new offerings
would be added. Thus we find it most reasonable to suppose that the whole lot was
cleared out and discarded around 550 B.C.
For a time thereafter the terrace appears to have remained untouched or to have
received only a little rubbish from the sanctuary above. Then the retaining wall, R,
was built; and finally in the fourth century, on one or more occasions, earth con-
taining fragments of other votive offerings-black glazed and red figured pots-was
deposited along the terrace. From that time on, except for a small amount of natural
accretion and erosion, no further changes occurred.
JOHN L. CASKEY
AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL
STUDIES AT ATHENS
PIERRE AMANDRY
UNIVERSITE DE STRASBOURG

53 This observation has been made by Mr. John Cook, and is strongly supported by the objects
from an heroon at Mycenae, which he will publish shortly.
54 In general the closest parallels to our material, in publications now available, are from Tegea
(Dugas, B. C. H., XLV, 1921, pp. 335 ff.) and from the " South-east Deposit " at Perachora
(Payne, Perachora, pp. 98 ff.).

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 213

APPENDIX

INSCRIPTIONS [by P. A.]

I. (P1. 60). Right edge of a base of black limestone.

Height 0.267. Maximum length 0.22. Maximum depth 0.24. Height of letters
and space between the lines 0.025. Ruled.
Between the North Stoa and the Second Temple.

--] T8a

av] wev
End of the fifth century or first half of the fourth century B.C.

II. (P1. 60). Fragment of a base of black limestone, broken on all sides except
the upper surface (where the trace of a recess for the feet of a statue is visible).
Maximum height 0.225. Maximum length 0.30. lVJaximum depth 0.28. Height
of letters 0.015. Space between lines 0.009. Ruled.
Between the North Stoa and the Second Temple.

IIT - -

Second half of the fourth century B.C.

III. (P1. 60). Fragment of a base of black limestone, complete on the right
and on the lower surface.
Maximum height 0.19. Maximum length 0.35. Maximum depth 0.30. Height
of letters 0.035; height of omicron 0.022. Space between the lines 0.012. Ruled.
In the western part of the North Stoa.

--0-

First half of the third century B.C.

IV. (P1. 60). Base of grey limestone, preserved on all faces, with three cuttings,
0.04 to 0.045 m. deep, on the upper surface, for the feet of a tripod.
Height 0.295. Length 0.80. Depth 0.615. Letters not deeply cut, and partially

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 214 J. L. CASKEY AND P. AMANDRY

effaced. Remnants of two lines can be distinguished. Height of letters 0.022; height
of omicron 0.018. Space between the lines 0.012.
In front of the bases located between the North Stoa and the Northeast Stoa
(A. H., I, pl. XII), to the northeast of the Second Temple.

['Hpat Ev? ?] TrparEiS8a [,g

1,rpa'TwvoT

Good characters of the third century B.C.

The tripod may have been the offering of a victor in a competition or of a

choregus. According to the relative position of the letters of the two lines,' the first
line must have contained about sixteen letters. The restoration [`Hpac Ev] o-,rparEt8a [s]
would satisfy these conditions and conform to the usual formula.2 The name
[EV]o-rparE&t8a[] seems not to occur in Argive prosopography. The name 1rparcov
on the other hand, is met with repeatedly from the fourth to the first centuries B.C.3

V. (P1. 60). Fragment of grey limestone picked up by a peasant on the Heraion

site in the winter of 1948-49. Taken to the Epigraphical Museum in Athens: Inv.
EM 13138.
Broken on all sides except the reverse. Maximum height 0.195. Maximum
length 0.16. Thickness 0.114. Height of letters and space between the lines 0.0075
o slightly smaller. Ruled. The first inscribed line is 0.046 m. from the top of the
fragment.
The fragment is opisthographic. The reverse (face B) is much effaced. No trace
of ruling can be distinguished on it. The letter height and the space between the
lines is identical with those of face A.

Face A TOIAIIOT
NOIENIKA

vacat
-]TEoq A&Fwv [vno] q A - - -
5 vacat
- - -]os KX4Eo8a&8a3 I ---
vacat

1 The second X of LrpaTrvos is exactly in the middle of the inscribed face and falls betwee
the T and the p of -- -]rrpaTretSaFs].
2 Here I use the suggestions of J. Pouilloux.
3 For this Argive name, the most recent information and a bibliography are given by J. Ma
cade, B. C. H., LXXIII, 1949, pp. 141-142. (Cf. M. Mitsos, 'ApyoAtXcV 7rpoxoroypaOta, 1952, p
163-164).

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 215

-- -] oOcrEvEo 'ApaXvaa [s - - -
vacat
10 vacat

Face B OH
traces of letters ?
---Oy]8oqKovra---
--- EKaTov OTP - --

5 vacat
---] vos Av
vacat
-- e Q1 N -- -

Characters of the end of the fourth century or the first half of the third
century B.C.

VI. (P1. 60). Fragment of grey limestone, found in 1949 to the east of the
North Stoa. Taken to the Epigraphical Museum in Athens: Inv. EM 13137.

Broken everywhere but at the bottom and on the back. Maximum height 0.27.
Maximum length 0.33. Thickness 0.115. Height of letters and space between the
lines 0.008. Ruled. The last inscribed line is 0.11 m. from the bottom of the stone.
The lowver part of the block forms a slightly raised band 0.05 m. high.
No trace of letters on the reverse.

EA,
vacat
-- -] vo Av,iAfid8ag 'EXcaF ['V ---
vacat

5 vacat
- - -S AVKCT&a8a loXI ta K---
- - i.qt] 8a MOKXag lloo-i8ao&v V A ---a
vacat
IKATANTIMAN
10 -- -],j,i&8a MoKXag lloo4Saov 0'pog Ev AaO[---
Script the same as in No. V.

The quality of the material (chalky, brittle limestone), the thickness of the block,
the characters and the arrangement of the text leave no doubt that fragments V and

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 216 J. L. CASKEY AND P. AMANDRY

VI belong to the same slab or to two identical slabs. The fragment published in 1911
by 0. Walter, which has since disappeared, must also belong to the same series.'
Fragment V occupied the upper part of a slab, as is proved by the unruled space
above the first line and by the traces in lines 1 and 2 of face A of a formula differing
from the text which follows. Fragment VI, on the other hand, comes from the lower
part of a slab. According to the drawing published by 0. Walter, the lost fragment
might be set to the right of fragment V, since the fourth line inscribed on each
permits the restoration $rtXE'XELtOV.5 But the arrangement of the incised lines
the first inscribed line on the lost fragment does not agree with that on fragment V.
The relief band at the bottom of fragment VI proves that the slabs were recessed
like stelae. The inscribed lines on the reverse of fragment V exclude the possibility
that the stelae were placed against a wall. The text takes the form of a number of
paragraphs, each mentioning the name of a person, his patronymic, his phratry, and
his place of origin. The vacant lines (V, A, lines 3, 5, 7; V, B, lines 5, 7; VI, lines 2,
8) probably indicate that the second line of each paragraph did not extend as far as
the preserved portion of the slab. The two vacant lines after line 8 of V, A and line
3 of VI are more difficult to explain. The sketch of the vanished fragment seems to
indicate that the text was arranged in columns.
The two fragments are too badly mutilated to let us determine the nature of the
text. The remains of lines 1 and 2 of V, A are difficult to interpret. The words rtnkav
(VI, line 9), 0y80orKovTa (V, B, line 3), and EKarov (V, B, line 4) suggest that a
statement of payments was recorded on the stone. Several texts of Argos or of the
Heraion mention sums of money: inventories, lists of contributions or of offerings,
manumissions of slaves.6 It is impossible to choose among these various possibilities.
Although the general meaning of the text escapes us, the interest of the two
fragments lies in the additions and corrections that they enable us to make in the list
of Argive phratries and places.
The name of the phratry of the ALFcOt0rtot is established. This name is nowhere
preserved entire. The text I. G., IV, 529, gives in lines 20 and 21 A FCov- and AFCV-,
and the text I. G., IV, 553, gives in line 8 -vvo-t-. Since the names of members of
Argive phratries most frequently terminate in -as and sometimes in -EVs, the restora-

40est. Jahresh., XIV, 1911, p. 142, no. III. Mr. 0. Walter informed me that he left the
fragment in the wall where it had been reused; it was no longer there in 1949.
5 On the name of this place, the reading of which is not quite certain, cf. W. Vollgraff,
Mnemosyne, XLIII, 1915, p. 366, A, line 8 and p. 367.
6 For example: I. G., IV, 530; B. C. H., XXXIII, 1909, pp. 455-458, no. 23. Mr. W. Vollgraff
suggests to me, purely as an hypothesis, another interpretation. The stone may have been a list
of victors in a contest; the letters ENIKA (V, A, line 2) and IKA (VI, line 9) would be the
remnants of forms of the verb vwaiv or a dialectal word of the same root. In this hypothesis, Tqua"
could designate a prize of honor (cf. Hesychius, S. V. VTIA . . . aVTCKTtCFl 4 Kvp'a).

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 217

tions ALF&wvvo-[da8afl and AtFcFvvO-tL[Ev] have been prop

out by the text of fragment V, A, line 4; the lacuna can contain four letters only, not
five. It is necessary, therefore, to admit the restoration ALF(OvI[v' o]s.8
This will help to distinguish the man's name Atovvo-toa from the indication of
membership in the phratry of the AF1fOO. Thus in the inscription from Argos,
I. G., IV, 530,9 it is probable that in line 21 Awwvv-iov is the name of a member of the
phratry, as several others of this sort in the genitive are encountered in the same text.
Undoubtedly line 18 of the text I. G., IV, 553 has been restored correctly with
[At1c[o1]vlot[o1]. Perhaps the name AtFOvvo- (I. G., IV, 512), cut in large
letters on a block from the Heraion which was re-used in a late repairing of the North-
east Stoa (P1. 63b),10 can be explained in the same way.
The name of the phratry of the Avpqaiaac, attested by texts V, B, line 6 and VI,
line 3, is new. It should be restored in the inscription from Argos, B. C. H., XXXIII,
1909, p. 456, no. 23, line 9: Av/]8aaa. In two decrees of Argos, Mnemrosyne, XLIII,
1915, pp. 366-367, A, line 2, and B, line 2, W. Vollgraff proposed, although with
reservations, after the name 'Apto-ravcpoa 'Apto-?rog the reading 4vpai[vg 1] EXXty
and Avu [av]s 5 EXX [ ty] 6iv. He himself emphasized " that the indication of the nam
of the tribe instead of that of the phratry was a unique exception, not only in these
two texts, but in all Argive epigraphy. Verification made on the stone 12 gives in
decree A: &v.pq8ag 'EXatFcLV, and in decree B: AvqaJ8ag 'EXaWFC )V.
Thus EXXtycL7v, which was based on these two examples only, should be deleted
from the list of Argive place-names, and the name 'EXaLF'v should be substituted.
This same name should probably be restored in text VI, line 1, and in another text
from Argos.13
The phratry name of the AVK&cWra'a (VI, line 6) is also attested for the first ti
It should be restored in the text Mnemosyne, XLIII, 1915, p. 375, F, line 4: Ioiv t
AVKCW[r]a [8ac]. In the Argive inscription of the fifth century concerning the rela-
tions between Knossos and Tylissos,4 the phrase in lines 43-44, a'FP&EtE AVKorT6a

W. Voligraff, B. C. H., XXXIII, 1909, pp. 182 and 190, n. 1.

8 W. Vollgraff thought that he recognized another phratry name ending in -ot in the termination
-o8acItot, Mnemosyne, LVII, 1929, p. 246, no. XXIX; S. E. G., XI, 339, line 4.
'Republished by W. Vollgraff, B. C. H., XXXIII, 1909, p. 183, n. 2.
'OA. H., I, pI. XXIX, M.
1Mnemosyne, XLIV, 1916, p. 54.
12 In August, 1950, with the cooperation of our Greek colleagues Messrs. J. Papadimitriou
and Ph. Petsas.
13 Mnemosyne, XLIII, 1915, p. 375, E, line 10.
14 This text has often been reproduced: Schwyzer, D. G. E., 83; Syll.3, 56; Inscr. Cret.,
I, p. 56, no. 4; Tod, Gr. Hist. Inscr., 12, 33; S. E. G., XI, 316. The most recent studies are those
of U. Kahrstedt, Klio, XXXIV, 1942, pp. 72 ff. and of W. Vollgraff, Verhand. d. kon. Nederl.
Akad. van Wetenschappen, LI, 1948; cf. J. and L. Robert, R. E. G., LV, 1942, p. 355, no. 54;
LXII, 1949, p. 116, no. 65.

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218 J. L. CASKEY AND P. AMANDRY

hvXXEv15 presents a problem. AVKO0-65ag is not the name of a man, as has been believed
up to the present, but that of a phratry. M. Guarducci has noted 15 that the use of
the tribe name hvXXEvl applied to the president of the assembly is exceptional, and that
it is in contrast with the formula employed in line 45, where the name of the president
of the ,&Xa is accompanied by the mention of his phratry only. For the presidency
of the assembly, was the indication of the phratry, supplemented by that of the tribe,
sufficient, just as the mention of the tribe holding the prytany sufficed at Athens?
Fragment VI testifies to the existence of a place called IIoXELEta (line 6) and
confirms that of one called lloo-8aov (lines 7, 10).16 The letters which follow this
name, Ev AaO-, undoubtedly carried a topographical specification. Because of the
identical length of name and patronymic, the same individual of the tribe of the
MSKXca must be meant in both instances. What does the insertion of the word
add in line 10? It appears not to have reference to boundaries.17 In one inscription
from Argos 18 the word o'pos occurs ten times, each time accompanied by the name
of a place in the nominative; but the interpretation of this text is uncertain.
It is impossible to restore the patronyrnics of which only the last letters remain.
One can conclude at most from the shifted position of the name of the phratry in the
text V, A, line 8, as compared with those in lines 4 and 6, that the name of the indi-
vidual or of his father was particularly long; in addition to KXE0o-r0EV, the name
'E1E8o0-O&V1 is attested at Argos (Syll.3, 704 E, line 8; 826 B II, line 10).
The lists of phratry and place names established by W. Vollgraff in 191619
should be brought up to date. The name of the phratry of the AtFwv5o-vvot is n
in its correct form; the fragments from the Heraion acquaint us with the phratries
of the Av/.y6a&a and the AVKCOIatLa; an inscription of the fourth century from Ep
dauros has revealed the existence of the phratry of the AEVKVp&aU (rather than
Evi'vpia&)20 and has confirmed the existence of the phratry of the KEpKa6a.

15Annuario, N. S., III-V, 1941-1943, p. 144, n. 5.

16 In the Argive arbitration between Melos and Kimolos, the text of lines 15-17 was inac-
curately cut and inaccurately interpreted in I. G., XII, 3, 1259, and Syll.3, 261. In line 15 IIoatUa6v
is considered as the name of the secretary of the council, and in line 17 2rEt'ov as a participle. W.
Vollgraff in Mnemosyne, XLIV, 1916, pp. 62-64, proposed that lloataov and IlIetov be recognized
as place-names. This interpretation was adopted by F. Hiller von Gaertringen in Sitz. Akad. Berlin,
1919, p. 661, Schwyzer in D. G. E., 85, and Tod in Greek Hist. Inscr., II, no. 179, p. 236. It is
confirmed by the fragment from the Heraion.
17 When it has this meaning, the word is written Wpog in Argive dialect.
18 Vollgraff, Mnemosyne, XLII, 1914, p. 332.
19 Mnemosyne, XLIV, 1916, pp. 56, 232. Lists reproduced by M. Mitsos, lottTtK1q IaTOpta TOV
'Apyovs (1945), p. 66, notes 4, 5.
20 M. Mitsos, Hesperia, XVI, 1947, p. 82, has read: A EViKVpt' aS. W. Vollgraff, Mnemosyne,
Ser. 4, II, 1949, pp. 1-4, has proposed the correction to AcEvKvpt'a3 (correction adopted in S. E. G
XI, 400). In sending me a squeeze of the inscription, which leaves room for doubt, M. Mits
informed me that verification made on the stone at Epidauros by Mr. J. Papadimitriou seems
confirm the correction of W. Vollgraff.

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 219

The establishment of the list of phratries has been complicated by a certain

confusion between the names of the cantons of the Argolid and the phratry names
derived from them.21 It is now established that Nauplia is not the only locality which
gave its name to a phratry, and that several phratry names in -5ac and 48a& are
derived from place-names in -as' and -4. Thus the mention of the place-name KEp
in a decree of Argos 22 confirms Suidas' indication, s. v. 'AKov0iXaos Ka/3a vuio,
'ApyEZos airo KEpKa6os ToAsXE&); 23 but the name KEpKaLat designates the members of a
phratry and not the inhabitants of this region.24 The place-name IDoXvyag 25 and the
name of the phratry of the iDoXvyaLat 26 are likewise attested, and the same is true of
'ApaXvac 27 and 'ApaXva6at, of Ho qtvwtg 28 and llotpxovt8at, of llatovtg and Hatovi8at.
Two place-names in -is, K6Xovpts and IKX-qpti, for which there are at present no
corresponding phratry names, have recently become known.29
It has been ascertained that an individual from Kerkas belongs to the phratry
of the lovpijt&at, that an inhabitant of Arachnas is a member of the phratry o
['OXL_ ?] jOT8at, that a citizen of Pholygas belongs to another phratry than that o
IDoXvyacat, while a member of that phratry comes from Prosymna. These examples
could be multiplied. They give the impression and permit the hypothesis, already
formulated, notably by W. Vollgraff and M. Guarducci, of a reform analogous to that
of Kleisthenes, which would have broken down the ancient territorial limits.

VII. (P1. 60). Ten fragments of a base of bluish marble, all in the Epigraphical
Museum in Athens, can be regrouped as follows:

A. EM 13136 and 587 and 597 and 596 and 13141. Maximum height 0.50.
Maximum length 0.56. Maximum thickness 0.14. Part of the bearing surface is
preserved. First line inscribed 0.075 m. from the upper edge.

21 For example in Mnemosyne, XLIV, 1916, p. 54, W. Vollgraff interpreted 3ApaXva3 as t

genitive of 'ApaXva, and lloqxwv(s and 4FoXvyac as the names of the phratries themselves; Hot/Awaias
and boXvya8as being a kind of patronymic designating members of the tribe.
22 M. Guarducci, Annuario, N. S., III-V, 1941-43, p. 141, line 4.
23 The gloss adds: orVsn3 Av3t%8os 7rX-Xqov. The mention of Aulis is a result evidently of a
copyist's error. Guarducci, op. cit., p. 148, suggests that AvAkXos be corrected as #Apyovs. The cor-
rection Navrmktas, proposed by J. and L. Robert in R. E. G., LXIII, 1950, p. 159, is better justified
palaeographically.
24 The notes of M. Mitsos, JloX. Tlopt'a TOV 'Apyovs, p. 66, note 4, and of M. Guarducci, op. c
p. 148, note 4, seem obscured by the confusion, mentioned above, between the names of places
and of phratries. KEpKa6 and KEpKa&at are both attested in both uses: cf. J. and L. Robert, loc. cit.
25 Mnemosyne, XLIII, 1915, p. 375, F, line 6.
26 For example Mnemwosyne, XLIV, 1916, p. 221, line 4: T/LAoKXAr 4)oXvyaas llpo'cvp-va.
27 Mneinosyne, XLIII, 1915, p. 372, D, line 3: ['OXto-?]o-E(&at 'ApaXv[a']f.
28 Mnemosyne, XLIV, 1916, p. 221, line 32; text correctly interpreted by Guarducci, op. cit.,
p. 150.
29 M. Guarducci, op. cit., p. 142, lines 26-27, 40-41, and p. 150.

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220 J. L. CASKEY AND P. AMANDRY

B. EM 619 and 611 and 605. Maximum height 0.35. Maximum length 0.21.
Maximum thickness 0.09. Upper right corner of the base.

C. EM 603 and 590. Maximum height 0.30. Maximum length 0.32. Maximum
thickness 0.15. Very small part of the left lateral surface preserved, at 0.14 m. from
the sign <.

Fragments 13136 and 13141 were picked up on the site of the excavations at the
Heraion, the first in 1949, the second around 1930 (deposited since then in the
museum at Nauplia, it was recognized by M. Mitsos, after comparison with the other
fragments, as belonging to this group, and was taken by him to the Epigraphical
Museum in Athens in 1950). The eight other fragments, according to their inven-
tory numbers, come from the excavations of 1892; fragments 587 and 590 were
published separately in I. G., IV, under the numbers 534 and 536; the others seem
to have remained unpublished.
Height of letters 0.03 to 0.036. Space between lines 0.016 to 0.02. Ruled.
The total length of the base was about 0.65.

[A] vTOKpctOpa [K] aio-apa <

[OE] ov Tpatavo [iv] lIap6LKOv
[vtov, 01 ]ov NEpo [va vho] vov,
[Tp] ac [ avov 'A] 8pta [vov I] E/3a-
5 [or] orv, ap [XEPy] Ea p, [E'yrro] v,
[&,]VHap [XLK] 4s 'tovu4tas]
[<0 [vv] aTov T[o' y' - --
[**NAIIO [6-8 J QN [ 3-5'
[. Q1 fINT [13-15]
10 [ -.] 'Al
Line 10: B or P. A, A or A. H, I or K.

The statue of Hadrian was set up at the Heraion in the seventh year of his
tribunician power, i. e. in A.D. 123. The statue in the sanctuary of Asklepios at Epi-
dauros was not erected until the following year (I. G., IV2, 606).
The two first letters of line 2 are missing; the third is an 0 or an Ql, the fourth
is surely an N. According to the usual formula, one would expect OEov in this position
(as in line 3, OEOV NEpova). OECov being excluded, the restoration EoEv seems to be
required. Except that Tpatavovi is normally accompanied by OEM, the title can only
apply to Hadrian; but the emperor was not deified during his lifetime.30 Unless we

30 The title of EoAs applied to a living emperor is exceptional: cf. G. Daux, B. C. H., LII, 1
p. 61, note 1; G. Klaffenbach, Mus. Helveticum, VII, 1949, p. 223. L. Perret, Titulature imp,eri

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 INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949 221

postulate an error on the part of the stone-cutter, the word OEov remains unexplained.
In lines 8 and 9 the restoration a' v6 [Xv a' r] 6hv ['ApyEt] Wv seems too short; never-
theless it is not to be dismissed. In this case, however, the N preserved in the third
space of line 8 would be the last letter of a title of Hadrian, placed at the end of the
list, after the mention of his third consulate; but the emperor did not receive the
cognomina of 'OAXv41nto and llaVEXX4vMos until after 129; o KVPtOg is improb
this place, and a'pwC-ios is rarely used.3'
In lines 9 and 10 the restorationT [Ov &cvTr o MT'] pa K[cat OLKur7T 7V], based on the
text of the dedication of the statue of Hadrian at Epidauros, also seems too short.
The name of Hera or of her sanctuary can as easily be recognized in the traces of
letters in line 10.
The length of the inscription, and consequently the height of the base, cannot be
determined. They depend on the number and extent of the considerations listed, on
the basis of which the Argives justified their honoring of the emperor.32

d'Hadrien (1929), cites two examples of the epithet REO's coupled with the name of Hadrian before
his death, in an inscription from Thrace, I. G. Rom., I, 785, after A.D. 129, where the word is
moreover restored, and in an inscription of Asia Minor, I. G. Rom., IV, 751, of A.D. 136-137, where
the expression Owiot 1,cfacrroi designates Hadrian and his adopted son L. Aelius Caesar. An insc
tion from Thasos, B. C. H., LII, 1928, p. 61, no. 14, in which Hadrian bears the title of REO'S
'OAv'7rptos, may date before his death; but it is in any case later than A.D. 129.
31.Cf. L. Perret, op. cit., p. 28, note 1. On the other Greek surnames of Hadrian: ibid., p. 31,
note 1.
32 Perhaps Hadrian acquired some title to the recognition of the Argives by financing various
public works; some inscriptions, badly mutilated, commemorate certain of these donations, whose
objects remain uncertain: W. Vollgraff, B. C. H., LXVIII-LXIX, 1944-1945, pp. 397-401, nos. 8
and 9; S. E. G., XI, 340-341; on the nature of these works, cf. the observations of R. Paribeni,
Dioniso, 1947, pp. 314-316. If, in text no. 8, one grants that the letters I H furnish an indication
of the date [S&w/AapXuKz3 fovata] s ', i. e. A.D. 124, one hesitates to restore 7raTT 7raTpt8o, since this title
was not officially accepted by Hadrian until A.D. 128, and its mention before that date was excep-
tional: cf. L. Perret, op. cit., pp. 62-73. (Cf. W. Volgraff, Mnemosyne, 4th ser., IV, 1951, pp.
193-203).

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 PLATE 43

a. Area of Excavation, from Southwest b. Area of Excavation, from South

-.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~cW M#~~~

c. and d. Archaic Deposit. Miniature

s?. t~~~. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~!

~~~~ ~~~~~~~4~4

e. Trench 1, ShowingWalls of Mycenaean f. Excavation Behind Course 7 of Wall R,

Period, from East from North

JOHN L. CASKEY AND PIERRE AMANDRY INVES

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 10 p~~~~~~~~.

68

Middle He

Early Helladic Wares

4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

32. Head of Mycenaean 35. Fragment of Mycenaean Animal Figurine (1:1) Mycenaean
Female Figurine (1 :1)

JOHN L. CASKEY AND PIERRE AMANDRY: INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAIO

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 Vt

71. Bronze Statuette (1:1)

JOHN L. CASKEY AND PIERRE AMANDRY: INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGO

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PLATE 46

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7v8

17~~~1

310

75J87 8910
98 100 , _92 - -|

218 81113

Silver Clasp, No. 70, and Obje

JOHN L. CASKEY AND PIERRE AM

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 PLATE 47

70. Silver Clasp (2 :1) 119. Sealstone (2 :1)

120. Sealstone (2:1) 121. Scarab (2:1)

135 Whorl (2 1)

139. Terra-cotta Spool (1:1) Objects of Iron (ca. 1:3)

JOHN L. CASKEY AND PIERRE AMANDRY: INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION

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PLATE 48

123 (1:1) 125 (1:1)

122 (1:1)

* t~~~~~~~~~~~

1 32 (1.1) 1 28 (1:1) 129 (11)

130(1l :1) 1)8 (1 :1) 131 (1 21)

Terra-cotta Figurines

JOHN L. CASKEY AND PIERRE AMANDRY: INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949

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 V-U

133 1

.s~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o.

1 33

134 1

Plastic
JOHN L. CASK

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PLATE 50

68 (1:2)

69 (1:2)

Geometric Wares (ca. 1:3)

1 ~~~~145 146

141

Protocorinthian

JOHN L. CASKEY AN

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 PLATE 51

:~~~~~~:

7,.-.
142 (1:1) 149 (1:1)

15 (12'5 12 6 12
_~~~~~~PoooitinadCrnha ae
JONL AKYAD IREAADY INETGAIN AT TH HEAO OFAGS14

155 (1:1) 156 (1:1)

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PLATE 52

188 (2:5)
161 (1:2) 166 (1:2) 180 (1:2)

fe ~~~~~169 f-. .SE ~~~ ~ ~~1 68 _

253 (1:2) 185 (1:1) 187 (D2)

JOHN L. CASKEY AND PIERRE AMAND

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 174 7
w~~~~~~~~isofCrnha n rieFabi (c. 1:2)

Lids of Corinthian and Argive Fabric (ca. 1:2)

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 PLATE 53

190 (1:2) 192 (P2) 195 196 (1

197 (1:2) 198 (1:2) 199 (1:2)

200 (1:2) 201 (1:2) 202 (1 2) 203 (1 2)

184'18 194' 236

\ 0 0 : 4 ; ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~263
250 ~~~251 D: 252;: 308

Vases and Sherds of Argive Wares.

JOHN L. CASKEY AND PIERRE AMANDRY: INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949

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PLATE 54

204 (1:2) 205 (1:2) 207 (1:2) 206 (1:2)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.0 -' X - 17

211 (1:2) 212 (1:2) 214 (1:2)

215 (1:2)

216 (1:2)

213 (1 :2)

218 (1 :2) 219 (1 :2)

JOHN L. CASKEY AND PIERRE AMANDRY: INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949

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 PLATE 55

222 (1:2)

220 (1:2) 221 (1:2)

223 (1:2)

224 (1:2) 225 (1:2) 226 (1:2)

227 (1:2)

228 (1:2) 229 (1:2) 230 (1 2) 235 (1 2)

JOHN L. CASKEY AND PIERRE AMANDRY: INVE

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PLATE 56

239 (1:1) 240 (1:1)

.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.

~~~~~~
244 (1:1) 243 (1:1)

247 (1:2) 246 (1:2) 249 (1:2) 248 (1:2)

255 (1:2)

250 (1:2) 254 (1:2) ' _257 (1:2)

260 (1:2)

JOHN L. CASKEY AND PIERRE AMANDRY: INVESTIGATIONS AT THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 1949

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 PLATE 57

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PLATE 58

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 PLATE 59

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JOHN L. CASKEY AND PIERRE AMANDR

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PLATE 60

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JOHN L. CASKEY AND PIERRE AMANDRY: INVESTIGATIONS OF THE HERAION OF ARGOS, 194

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