10 Summer2012
Uploaded by
william alachan10 Summer2012
Uploaded by
william alachanSummer 2012
A PUBLICATION OF THE NATIONAL READY MIXED CONCRETE ASSOCIATION
Roller Compacted
Concrete at Jack Daniel’s
Drake Materials: Community Service
Infocus Interview: Amanda Hult,
Brian Killingsworth
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FMI served as the exclusive
financial advisor in the Everett Quarries
following transactions:
*Represented by FMI
Investment Banking for the engineering and construction industry.
Ever
Ev eret
ettt Qu
Quar
arri
ries
es
Mergers and Acquisitions Buy-Side Representation Corporate Divestitures Sell-Side Representation
Will Hill | 303.398.7237 | whill@fminet.com George Reddin | 919.785.9286 | greddin@fminet.com www.fminet.com/ca
summer 12 | vol. 11, no. 3
features
8 An RCC Story: Jack Daniel Distillery
Use of roller compacted concrete on warehouse
roads has resulted in lower maintenance costs.
TONYA ALEXANDER Please check out the
Concrete infocus electronic version of
is published for Concrete Infocus at
10 Play Ball for All
National Ready Mixed
Drake Materials demonstrates outstanding
www.nrmca.org/
Concrete Association
900 Spring Street
news/connections.
commitment to community service. There you’ll find bonus features,
Silver Spring, MD 20910
FRANK CAVALIERE including part 10 of NRMCA’s Concrete
Phone (301) 587-1400 Quality Series, “Concrete Testing at the
Fax (301) 585-4219 Plant”; the winning essay submission
www.nrmca.org 13 Adding Value to the NRMCA for NRMCA’s National High School
President Experience Essay Contest, by London Gibson of
Muldrow High School in Muldrow,
Robert A. Garbini, P.E Concrete Infocus interviews new NRMCA Okla.; and the final section of Amy
Managing Editor additions Amanda Hult and Brian Killingsworth. Miller’s interview with Amanda Hult
Kathleen Carr-Smith and Brian Killingsworth (interview
AMY MILLER starts on page 13 in the print portion
Association Editor of the magazine).
Frank Cavaliere
Published by
departments
Naylor, LLC 6 Corporate Suite
5950 NW 1st Place Seven common sales challenges.
Gainesville, FL 32607
Phone (800) 369-6220 VANCE POOL
www.naylor.com
Publisher 7 Enviro Scene
Jill Andreu PCRs and EPDs.
Editor DOUGLAS RUHLIN
Michael Senecal
Project Manager
Aynsley Salzman
Marketing Research
Lisa Palo
also . . .
Advertising Director 14 Workforce Q&A
Christine Ricci
Account Representatives 15 NRMCA Best Sellers
Lou Brandow, Erin Pande,
Christine Ricci, Rick Sauers, 18 NRMCA Staff
Jamie Williams, Chris Zabel
Layout & Design 18 Index of Advertisers
Sunny Goel
© 2012 Naylor, LLC. All rights
reserved. The contents of
this publication may not be Visit our Buyers’ Guide online at
reproduced by any means, in
whole or in part, without the prior NRMCA.OfficialBuyersGuide.net
written consent of the publisher.
PUBLISHED MAY 2012
NRC-Q0212/7129
13
CONCRETE in focus ı 5
corporate suite
Seven Common Sales Challenges
Part Four: Time Management
Vance Pool
D
epending on the company, the role of percentage of our time. It’s how we prioritize that
a ready mixed concrete salesperson can allows us to focus on the most important issues at
vary signif icantly. Customer babysit- hand. Should we spend time working on the big
ter, truck scheduler, QC tester, customer ser- project versus the smaller one? Usually—but not
vice rep—many non-sales activities can, and always. Your projected odds of success might be
do, devour a salesperson’s time. At the outset of a factor. The point is that our days are fluid and
this discussion I want to be clear that I’m not prioritizing what gets done today can make a big
suggesting that we shouldn’t take care of our difference. Think of it like eating. If you cut a soft
customers. The question is, What do we want drink a day from your diet, you save 150 calories.
our salespeople to do? Some experts suggest that Not much, right? If you do it for a year, you’ve cut
a salesperson should spend at least 50 percent 54,750 calories. Just getting one more important
of his or her time in front of customers. That’s business activity done a day can make a huge dif-
a good place to start. One report cited that the ference. Multiply that throughout your sales force
average salesperson spends 23 percent of his time and now you’re talking big savings!
dealing with problems and challenges, searching Time management is an important key to suc-
for information and expediting orders. Without cess and is worth reading about. There are many
any hard data at hand, I would suggest our great books out there. Look at the time manage-
industry is higher than that average. Prioritizing ment top sellers on amazon.com and pick one up.
or freeing up time for face-to-face selling should Getting our people in front of decision makers,
be a primary goal for sales managers. delivering the right messages at the right time,
Prioritizing or After we allocate more time for pure selling, should be the goal of everyone in our industry. We
freeing up time we need to make sure to use that time to our best have a great, sustainable product and a great mes-
advantage. It is one thing to be face to face with sage. We need to overcome our inertia, convince
for face-to-face a client, building a relationship, but it’s another general contractors that we can compete on price,
selling should be to have a productive discussion that moves your and show engineers how to utilize our product at its
business forward. In other words, spend that fullest potential without wasteful overdesign. ■
a primary goal for face-to-face time uncovering needs and providing
sales managers. solutions. What kind of messages should you be Vance Pool is a senior national resource director at
delivering? The answer to that question lies in your NRMCA. For more information, contact Vance at
company’s goals. Your message could be market- vpool@nrmca.org or (281) 557-8415. This is the
specific or customer-specific, but either way there’s fourth article in a seven-part series on the training
value in seeing to it that everyone in a sales capacity and upgrading of your sales force. Common challenges
in your organization is communicating a consistent we’re focusing on include (1) talking instead of listen-
message to your customers. ing; (2) not having a process; (3) not understanding
Another way to improve your time management the decision making process; (4) time management; (5)
is to develop an effective way of prioritizing work. selling what you want to sell, not what they want to
Obviously there are things that must be done now buy; (6) believing everything you hear; and (7) getting
to meet a deadline, but those tasks comprise only a emotionally attached to the deal.
6 ı SUMMER 2012
enviro scene
PCRs and EPDs:
Are You Ready for the Future?
Douglas Ruhlin
T
here’s an alphabet soup of acronyms going What will the PCR be used for? To generate
around lately that may turn out to have a that concrete “food label,” which in this case will
profound impact on the future of the con- be called an EPD, or Environmental Product
crete industry. What’s it all about? Declaration. The EPD will enable prospective
The easiest way to think of it is to make an anal- users of building materials to make solid “apples
ogy with food labeling, which we’re all familiar to apples” comparisons between building materi-
with. When we go shopping at the supermarket, we als and between methods of construction. It will
have the ability to compare one type of food prod- be a useful tool for those who are looking to build
uct against another, for things like calories, sodium within certain guidelines (such as LEED, perhaps)
content and so on. With this information, we can or restrictions (such as restrictions on the overall
truly compare “apples to apples,” which helps us carbon footprint of a project). The EPD will permit
make smart decisions about our overall program a real comparison based on a systematic approach
for eating and living. that is transparent to all and which follows accepted
Here in the concrete industry, we’ve spent a standards and guidelines.
lot of time lately talking about the green or envi- Since we know that all concrete isn’t the same,
ronmental qualities of concrete—attributes we’re it is likely that different mix designs from differ-
all familiar with now. Things like use of recycled ent plants will likely have their own EPDs. Each
material, locally produced raw materials, short product will require its own EPD, much the same
delivery distances, concrete recycling, concrete’s way that each food product at the supermarket has
The EPD will enable carbon footprint—the whole gamut of activities its own food label. There’s no one generic food label
prospective users than span the life cycle of concrete. for canned vegetables, for example.
But how does a consumer of building materials And we might go on from there. We now hear
of building materials compare “apples to apples?” How can we arrive at talk about HPDs—Health Product Declarations.
to make solid a sense of concrete’s true green value in compari- An HPD might evaluate the materials that make
son to competing building materials? Certainly up a product, the chemicals, the gases are emitted
“apples to apples” that requires a sophisticated grasp of the full range over its useful lifetime, and so on. This concept
comparisons of issues involved, so that builders, architects and would follow the same idea behind the EPD, and
developers can make good decisions about the would be constructed around a standardized set of
between building
types of products they wish to incorporate into guidelines—a PCR.
materials and their projects. Some aspects of this transition to comparative
between methods In other words, wouldn’t it be nice if there were standards might not be completely clarified right
“food labels” associated with concrete and other now, but one thing is certain: EPDs are coming.
of construction. building materials, so that prospective users of con- They’re already in use or in development for many
crete could truly judge the overall impact of one products and building materials, and the concrete
material versus another? industry is at the forefront of this movement. In the
Well, food labels for concrete are coming in the near future, EPDs, based on the concrete PCR, will
near future—in the form of a concrete PCR and give us the “food labels” we’ve been looking for and
resultant EPDs! that our customers need in order to make sound
What’s a PCR? It’s a Product Category Rule, decisions. At that time, we can all expect to see that
which is basically a set of standards—a cookbook, concrete’s environmental benefits will really shine
almost—that outlines the boundaries around the through! ■
process of creating and using concrete, across all
steps of the concrete life cycle. One is currently in Douglas Ruhlin is environmental/sustainability con-
development, spearheaded by Kathrina Simonen sultant at Resource Management Associates. For more
of the College of Built Environments in the information, contact Doug at (609) 693-8301 or
Department of Architecture at the University of doug@RMAgreen.com. Visit Resource Management
Washington. Associates on the web at www.RMAgreen.com.
CONCRETE in focus ı 7
roller compacted concrete
An RCC Story:
Jack Daniel Distillery
A decision to use roller compacted concrete on warehouse roads
has resulted in lower maintenance costs
Tonya Alexander
I
f you have never been to Lynchburg,
Tennessee, you know that it’s certainly Jack Daniel’s now knows that RCC has made a strong case
worth the trip. Located 70 miles south-
east of Nashville in a beautiful rural setting,
as its paving product of choice.
Lynchburg features a historic town square
with lots of shopping, dining and other maintained to handle decades of use. That’s Alexander asked. They had previously intro-
friendly sites. Lynchburg also happens to be where roller compacted concrete (RCC) duced RCC to Lee, and that day, sensing
home to the world-renowned Jack Daniel enters the story. an opportunity to grow his business, Lee
Distillery. replied, “Tell me more.” After further dis-
For most folks who visit Lynchburg, Jack Competitiveness of RCC cussion, Lee felt that RCC would bring some
Daniel’s is the main attraction. The oldest On the roads leading to the warehouses and important advantages to Jack Daniel’s, and
registered distillery in the United States (dat- for the paving adjacent to those warehouses, he knew that RCC could be competitive on
ing back to 1866), it’s home to a rich history Jack Daniel’s traditionally used asphalt pav- a first-cost basis with asphalt.
of stories and legends, all intermingled with ing. Annual maintenance on the asphalt Lee pitched Jack Daniel’s on the idea of
the distinctive flavor and aroma of Jack’s infrastructure included repairing potholes, using RCC on an upcoming warehouse pro-
Tennessee whiskey. The Jack Daniel campus, patching and overlaying. In areas of heavy ject as an alternative to traditional asphalt
which is actually three separate tracts of land traffic and abrasion, the firm was using con- pavement. Jim Jeffries and Bill Spraggins
in and around Lynchburg, encompasses a crete to replace failing asphalt pavement. from the Jack Daniel Engineering and
total of about 1,600 acres, and much of this For more than 15 years, Lee Adcock Maintenance Department were open to
space is devoted to warehouses for storing and Construction had been the primary con- learning more about the benefits of RCC.
aging the whiskey (for about four years) until tractor at Jack Daniel’s. Lee is an ardent
it is deemed ready to sell by the master tasters supporter of concrete, and his company Touring RCC Installations
who sample the product before it is bottled is well known for producing high-quality Before committing to RCC, Jim and Bill
and distributed. work. While Lee was pouring on one of the needed to do some research. With the
Those warehouses see a steady flow of bar- warehouses, Irving Materials Sales Manager help of an industry team made up of Lee
rels coming in for aging and going out for bot- Tonya Alexander and local representative Adcock Construction, Irving Materials,
tling. Constant, heavy truck traffic requires Mark Deason saw an opportunity. “Ever and a cross section of concrete indus-
infrastructure that has to be constructed and thought of using RCC on these new roads?” try professionals with RCC experience
8 ı SUMMER 2012
(including Mark Niemuth and Tim RCC and Sustainability On the production side of this pro-
Langelier of Lafarge and Frank Lennox of Jack Daniel’s decision to use RCC reflected ject, IMI was able to convert its local dry-
Buzzi Unicem) Jim and Bill obtained the the company’s investment mindset and it fit batch concrete plant for RCC production
necessary background and technical infor- perfectly with the strong commitment to sus- through the use of a portable twin-shaft
mation. The industry team also arranged a tainability promoted by its corporate owner, mixer developed by Sicoma and assembled
tour of several RCC projects in Tennessee, the Brown-Forman Corporation. Using RCC by Stephen’s Manufacturing. According to
including an RCC pavement installa- meant not using an imported foreign prod- IMI, it took only four hours to “plug in” the
tion at the new Volkswagen plant near uct and RCC, like all concrete pavements, twin-shaft unit to use the existing plant’s
Chattanooga, and an installation at IMI’s provides excellent environmental benefits, batching and scale equipment. The twin-
Fayetteville, Tennessee, plant, which had including cleaner stormwater runoff and bet- shaft unit was fed by the existing plant and
been subjected to very heavy truck traffic. ter nighttime visibility. was able to load the RCC mix directly into
As they learned more, the Jack Daniel’s dump trucks for hauling to Robert Smith
team felt that RCC would provide excel- Construction Phase Contracting’s high-density paver on the job
lent service for their application and that The team now moved forward with the con- site. The twin-shaft conversion increased
the use of RCC for their pavements would struction phase. A five-inch thickness of RCC the plant’s hourly production by more than
dramatically reduce their maintenance on a six-inch-thick compacted, dense-grade 60 percent.
costs going forward. The initial bid for aggregate (DGA) base replaced what would The completed warehouse has been in
the RCC was provided by Robert Smith have been a typical asphalt section of six inches service for more than six months and is
Contracting of Chattanooga, another val- of compacted DGA, three inches of asphalt already full of those special oak barrels con-
uable team member in the education pro- binder and two inches of asphalt finish course. taining that unique Tennessee whiskey. With
cess. The bid was essentially equal to what In a week, more than 18,000 square yards demand growing worldwide and the possibil-
Jack Daniel’s had been paying for asphalt of pavement were placed, with IMI supply- ity of future expansion, Jack Daniel’s now
pavement. While the asphalt contractor ing 2,537 cubic yards of its imix RollerPave– knows that RCC has made a strong case as its
reduced its price after learning that RCC branded product. The total amount of paving product of choice. ■
was being considered, the Jack Daniel’s concrete eventually delivered to the jobsite was
team was convinced that RCC remained within 1 percent of the estimate—a testament Tonya Alexander is a sales manager at Irving
their best option and they chose it for their to Robert Smith’s and IMI’s quality control Materials, Inc. (imi). Learn more about imi at
project. throughout the production phase. www.irvmat.com.
CONCRETE in focus ı 9
concrete cares award
Play Ball for All
Drake Materials demonstrates outstanding commitment
to community service
Frank Cavaliere
A
sk any male of a certain age to recall his fondest memories and invariably a signifi-
cant portion will recall some time spent on a baseball diamond. The pull of the sport
tugs fairly hard on many, so the thought of knowing that some children would not
have the experience of playing ball under a clear blue sky because of disabilities didn’t sit well
with NRMCA Producer Member Drake Materials of Scottsdale, Arizona.
10 ı SUMMER 2012
NRMCA has awarded Drake Materials the 2012 Concrete
Cares Award in recognition of its outstanding commitment to
community service.
Back” Field Building Program of the ‘corporate cultures’ link their operations to
Arizona Diamondbacks Foundation. the human beings that have a stake in them.
“We know Dan Haren Field will go to At Drake Materials, we acknowledge our
great use in having children with special impact on the world around us and recog-
needs play the game of baseball through nize that our ability to operate successfully
Miracle League of Arizona,” said D-Backs is inherently connected to our performance
President and CEO Derrick Hall. as a responsible corporate citizen.”
Drake Materials at a Glance 2012 Concrete Cares Award
Artist’s rendering of the completed field. Drake Materials is a ready mix and aggre- For putting its words into practice, includ-
gate producer with multiple facilities ing helping to build the baseball complex for
A Special Field throughout greater Phoenix. The company special needs children, the Manufacturers,
Drake executives teamed with the Arizona also serves northern and western Arizona, Products & Services (MPS) Division of the
Diamondbacks as part of the baseball with plants southwest of Flagstaff and in National Ready Mixed Concrete Association
team’s “Diamonds Back” Field Building Mohave County near the California border. (NRMCA) has awarded Drake Materials
Program. But the project did not involve a Carving a thriving business in a competitive the 2012 Concrete Cares Award in recogni-
conventional Little League Field, but rather market such as Arizona has its challenges, tion of its outstanding commitment to com-
a special field for some special ballplayers. but company President Daryl Leazier makes munity service. The MPS Division made a
The process began when a local charity, Drake’s social mission explicitly clear. On $1,000 donation to the Miracle League of
The Miracle League of Arizona, received the company’s Web site in “A Letter from Arizona in Drake’s name.
a $250,000 grant from the Arizona Sports the President,” he wrote, “But regardless of “We salute the owners and employees of
and Tourism authority to place toward the our technological and financial resources, Drake Materials,” said John Rabchuk, MPS
construction of a baseball facility for chil- we recognize that our success will ultimately Division chairman. “They have really gone
dren with special needs. The estimated total be defined by how we conduct our business . the extra mile in building this stadium and
cost of the complex was about $1.8 million, . . in the way we treat our employees and our it will provide wonderful memories for the
so the involvement of Drake Materials and customers, our neighbors and the planet.” many children who will use it.”
other local construction companies was crit- The company’s commitment to social Drake Materials is just one of many
ical to making the dream a reality. service is demonstrated by a link from the NRMCA member companies that make a
As the process moved forward with a home page of its Web site titled “Social difference in their communities. From Earth
host of local businesses becoming involved, Responsibility.” It reads, “Companies are Day celebrations to organized volunteering
Drake worked closely with the contractor, more than simply cash machines for their for Boys and Girls Clubs, local schools and
Hunt Construction, providing almost 300 owners—they are gathering places where recreation departments, to raising awareness
cubic yards of colored and regular ready employees spend a significant amount of for breast cancer screenings, ready mixed
mixed concrete and another 28 cubic yards their waking lives, developing relation- producers are at work every day in their
of grout to build what became the Dan ships and deriving benefits to support their communities. The Concrete Cares Award
Haren Miracle League of Arizona Ball Field families . . . Companies are not just build- recognizes these efforts and shines a national
(Haren is a former Diamondbacks’ pitcher ings and plants—they are institutions that spotlight on the positive impact ready mixed
who played a key fundraising role in the pro- fuel the conversations and debates of local concrete companies have in hometowns
ject). Construction began in April 2010 and restaurants and churches. They fill city cof- across the nation. ■
was completed in August 2011. fers with tax revenues, streets with traffic,
About 50 Drake employees dedicated and landscapes with buildings and monu- Frank Cavaliere is director of communications
over 120 man-hours to help build the ments. They consume electricity, fuel and at NRMCA. All ready mixed concrete producers
complex, said Drake Director of Sales and water. They sponsor little league teams, food who are members of NRMCA are eligible for
Marketing Dave McElvain. The special drives, and walks for the cure.” nomination for the Concrete Cares Award. For
adaptive field is smaller in size and uses a “Sustainable companies are those that more information, go to www.nrmca.org/products/
special surface which is wheelchair and recognize their social responsibility, act awards/concretecares.asp or contact Kathleen
walker friendly. The field is the 30th youth accordingly, and as a result garner support Carr-Smith at kcarrsmith@nrmca.org or
baseball field built through the “Diamonds for the ultimate benefits they provide. Their (301) 587-1400, ext. 1145.
CONCRETE in focus ı 11
Stephens Mfg. FALCON
Quality Products
Since 1957
New heavy portable
• Standard
S d d fframe will ill support up to two 100
1000 bbl silos
• Standard frame will support up to 200 ton agg bins
• Optional frame will support up to 400 ton agg bins
• Plant can be designed with 36” belt, water batcher
and holding tank for 200 yph production
• Central dust collector can also mount on plant
“We have used these tough economical to save yard space
times to expand our product list.” • Standard frame to be designed to typical
zone 1 seismic calculations
Two (2) NEW Portable Concrete Plants:
Falcon - New super heavy plant
Mustang - New low-profile portable
The Mustang plant will be exhibited at the ConExpo Show
Petaluma, California Soilland Zone 4 Siesmic\
NEW Stephens RCC Mixer:
The new mixer will allow an existing dry batch plant to be
transformed into an RCC or central mix plant.
NEW Stephens/Inventure Reversing Drum Mixer:
Stephens has acquired the exclusive rights to manufacture and supply
MUSTANG
the Inventure Reversing Mixers in Canada and the USA. The new design
and updated frames will make the mixer even more maintenance friendly. New low-profile
• 400 bbl in truss silo
• 70 ton agg bin
• 30” transfer belt
• Two (2) 10” screws
• Optional: in truss central dust
collector available
• Standard frame designed to
typical zone 2 seismic
calculations
1-800-626-0200 www.stephensmfg.com 1-800-626-0200
New RCC Mixer Includes:
Sicoma MAO-6000 twin shaft mixer
42” transfer belt with 50 hp motor
400 amp 3rd party UL approved power
panel
Optional: Hydraulic Leveling Jacks
Hydraulic Conveyor Fold
Hydraulic Truck Collection
Hopper Fold
Hydraulically Change Incline of
Conveyor
Unique Features:
The newly designed frame will make clean-up
and maintenance easier, and the new design will
allow for a water hose or broom to easily clean
under the mixer.
The patented “swing out” hinged charging chute
also allows for quick and easy access inside the
mixer.
Stephens has added several other options as
standard equipment.
We proudly support
infocus interview
Adding
Value to
the NRMCA
Experience
Concrete Infocus interviews new
NRMCA additions Amanda Hult and Brian Killingsworth
Amy Miller
The fall of 2011 brought two new additions to NRMCA: Amanda Hult and Brian Killingsworth. Just like expectant parents having their first
child, we were no less excited to have added our first two pavement engineers to our association family. Their proverbial birth has brought skill sets
and strengths desperately needed. I recently sat down and talked with the two of them. I have enjoyed having them on our team and getting to
know them. I hope you will too!
Amy: You both come from engineering concrete parking lots. My entire career has for a large toll road project in central Texas.
backgrounds. Tell me a little about your exposed me to different areas of construc- Along with those jobs I’ve also investigated
previous work experience and how that tion, but my years at CEMEX prepared me lots of pavement failures using destructive
has prepared you for your job at NRMCA. most for the challenge of this position at the as well as nondestructive testing and imple-
Amanda: My background is in civil engi- Association. mented pavement management systems. I
neering. I worked for a small engineering Brian: I spent nearly 20 years in the consult- guess you could say that my whole career has
firm in Orange Park, Fla., while in college ing world, where I was fortunate enough been devoted to this important horizontal
and after graduation I spent almost seven to do a wide array of pavement-related infrastructure.
years working in land development in work. I’ve been involved in several research
Please read the rest of this NRMCA
Jacksonville. I joined CEMEX in 2008 as projects, conducted numerous pavement interview on pages 28 of the electronic
a market development manager, promoting designs and even spent a couple of years version of this magazine. To access the emag,
and educating the design community on co-managing a materials testing laboratory go to www.nrmca.org/news/connections.
CONCRETE in focus ı 13
workforce q&a
Q: Why is supervisor and manager training
so important when trying to avoid potential
litigation?
A: In a recent case out of Tennessee an
employee claimed that she was discrimi-
nated against but didn’t report it. Part of the
company’s defense was that the employee
did not follow the appropriate reporting
requirements. The company also showed
evidence that the employee received a copy
of the policy and was directed to read it.
Although the employee admitted receiv-
ing the policy and that she was directed
to read it, she claimed she didn’t read or
understand the reporting requirements. The
court focused on the fact that there was no
evidence presented that the employee or the
supervisor had been trained on the policy or
the reporting obligation.
The court rejected the Faragher/Ellerth
Defense, which can be used when the
employer has taken all appropriate action and
the employee declines to avail him/herself of
the policies and opportunity for correction.
Using this defense is helpful for compa-
nies when the company is doing the right
things but keep in mind that document-
ing that you have a policy and having an
employee sign an acknowledgement is not
enough. Management responsibilities extend
beyond just going to training class or just
having an employee sign a sheet of paper.
Managers are responsible for ensuring the
comprehension and understanding of polices.
Management should be aware of protected
categories and know the types of behaviors
that constitute harassment as well as how
to respond to complaints. It’s also extremely
important that the supervisor ensures they
have a workplace free from discrimination
and harassment by monitoring their work-
force. If there is any doubt on how to handle
a situation or whether a situation or behavior
constitutes discrimination or harassment,
supervisors should get human resources
involved immediately. ■
14 ı 524153_coast.indd
SUMMER 2012 1 5/12/11 8:53:49 PM
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PM 1 CONCRETE ı
in2/12/09
focus 8:51:46
17 PM
index of advertisers
NRMCA Staff
LOCAL: 301-587-1400 • TOLL-FREE: 1-888-846-7622 • WEBSITE: www.nrmca.org
ADMIXTURES
BASF Construction
CODES AND SUSTAINABILITY Aaron Laporte (240) 485-1104 Chemicals ................................... Inside Front Cover
Colin Lobo Ph.D., P.E. (240) 485-1160 alaporte@nrmca.org www.basf-admixtures.com
clobo@nrmca.org The Euclid Chemical Company .............................17
MARKETING www.euclidchemical.com
Lionel Lemay, P.E., S.E., LEED AP Glenn Ochsenreiter (240) 485-1140
(847) 918-7101 gochsenreiter@nrmca.org AGGREGATE HEATING EQUIPMENT
llemay@nrmca.org Steam Engineering ...............................................17
MEETINGS
COMMUNICATIONS Nicole Maher (240) 485-1158 www.steamengineering.ca
Frank Cavaliere (240) 485-1141 nmaher@nrmca.org BATCH PLANTS
fcavaliere@nrmca.org
Jessica Walgenbach (240) 485-1152 Stephens Manufacturing Co., Inc. ........................ 12
CONCRETE PROMOTION jwalgenbach@nrmca.org www.stephensmfg.com
Glenn Ochsenreiter (240) 485-1140
gochsenreiter@nrmca.org MEMBERSHIP BRUSHES & HANDLES
Kathleen Carr-Smith (240) 485-1145 RoMix, Inc ............................................................15
Jon Hansen (515) 266-1058 kcarrsmith@nrmca.org www.romixchem.com
jhansen@nrmca.org
Kimberly Pittmon (240) 485-1146 CEMENT
Phil Kresge (610) 966-7220 kpittmon@nrmca.org Holcim ....................................................................3
pkresge@nrmca.org
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT www.holcim.us
Doug O’Neill, LEED AP (585) 436-8310 Robert Garbini, P.E., President
doneill@nrmca.org (240) 485-1139 CONCRETE CHIPPNG
rgarbini@nrmca.org Coast 2 Coast.......................................................14
Vance Pool (281) 557-8415 www.c2c-chipping.com
vpool@nrmca.org Deana Angelastro (240) 485-1138
dangela@nrmca.org CONCRETE CURING EQUIPMENT
Amy Miller, P.E. (904) 264-8850 Kemco Systems, Inc. ............................................14
amiller@nrmca.org OPERATIONS/EQUIPMENT
www.kemcosystems.com
MAINTENANCE
ENGINEERING Gary Mullings (240) 485-1161
Colin Lobo Ph.D., P.E. (240) 485-1160 CONCRETE REMOVERS
gmullings@nrmca.org RoMix, Inc ............................................................15
clobo@nrmca.org
PUBLICATIONS www.romixchem.com
Lionel Lemay, P.E., S.E., LEED AP Jacques Jenkins (240) 485-1165
(847) 918-7101 jjenkins@nrmca.org
ENVIRONMENTAL
llemay@nrmca.org Enviro-Port, Inc. ...................................................17
RMC RESEARCH & EDUCATION www.enviro-port.com
Karthik Obla, Ph.D., P.E. (240) 485-1163 FOUNDATION
kobla@nrmca.org Julia Garbini (240) 485-1150 FLY ASH
REGULATORY AFFAIRS jgarbini@rmc-foundation.org Headwaters Resources ........................................16
Gary Mullings (240) 485-1161 www.flyash.com
Jennifer LeFevre (240) 485-1151
gmullings@nrmca.org jlefevre@rmc-foundation.org LUBRICATING SYSTEMS
FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES SAFETY Groeneveld US......................................................16
Michael Olivarri, CPA (240) 485-1130 Gary Mullings (240) 485-1161 www.groeneveldusa.com
molivarri@nrmca.org gmullings@nrmca.org MERGERS & ACQUISITIONS/
Nick Muzzatti (240) 485-1131 TRAINING/EDUCATION/ INVESTMENT BANKING
nmuzzatti@nrmca.org CERTIFICATION FMI Corporation .....................................................4
Tamara Waugh (240) 485-1132 Eileen Dickson (240) 485-1164 www.fminet.com
twaugh@nrmca.org edickson@nrmca.org
SPRAY SYSTEMS
GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS Brian Killingsworth, P.E. RoMix, Inc ............................................................15
Kerri Leininger (240) 485-1159 (830) 438-2690 www.romixchem.com
kleininger@nrmca.org bkillingsworth@nrmca.org
TRANSMISSIONS (TRUCK/AUTOMATIC)
Kevin Walgenbach (240) 485-1157 Tien Peng, LEED AP, CGP, PMP
Allison Transmission ................. Outside Back Cover
kwalgenbach@nrmca.org (206)-913-8535
tpeng@nrmca.org www.allisontransmission.com
INDUSTRY RELATIONS
Amanda Hult (720) 648-0323 WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT
Nicole Maher (240) 485-1158
nmaher@nrmca.org ahult@nrmca.org Heatec, Inc. ..................................Inside Back Cover
www.heatec.com
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Shawnita Dickens (240) 485-1154 Kemco Systems, Inc. ............................................14
Lawrence Afable (240) 485-1167 sdickens@nrmca.org
www.kemcosystems.com
lafable@nrmca.org
Steam Engineering ...............................................17
www.steamengineering.ca
18 ı SUMMER 2012
TRIAL BY FIRE
Here is a water heater with a proven performance water all day for the mixes and also for the trucks.
record in the ready mix concrete industry. Those The following three months had several days with
who bought these heaters have nothing but praise temperatures below 20 degrees. They produced
for their performance. Keith Thornton, Kinsley 75 degree concrete using water heated by the
Construction, Inc in York, PA lauded his Firestorm® Firestorm heater. Their production costs fell from
heater in a lengthy letter he sent us. $2.38/yard to $0.63/yard, including the cost of the
His company purchased a Firestorm heater late heater. The heater’s thermal efficiency exceeded
2007 when their existing water heaters failed to expectations.
keep up with increased production demands. The Thornton went on to say that this one piece of
temperature of their city water drops to 38 degrees equipment had cut production cost, reduced
F in January, but mix temperature has to be 70 loading times, raised driver morale, increased
degrees F. customer satisfaction and pleased management.
After the Firestorm heater was delivered, it was up We rest our case.
and running in two days. The first day of production
for the new heater enabled them to make 1,200
yards of concrete in eight hours. They had hot HEATEC ®
H E AT E C , I N C . an Astec Industries Company
5200 WILSON RD • CHATTANOOGA, TN 37410 USA 800.235.5200 • FAX 423.821.7673 • heatec.com
ALLISON AUTOMATICS.
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On the jobsite, Allison Automatics deliver the controlled
power and traction to keep your trucks rolling through
challenging ground conditions.
On the highway, Allison Automatics provide superior
acceleration to speed up your duty cycles. The more work
your trucks accomplish, the more you deliver to your bottom line.
And when it comes to low maintenance and high uptime,
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If you want your trucks to do more work and have the rugged
endurance to do it, specify Allison Automatics.
allisontransmission.com
concrete quality series
Concrete Testing
at the Plant
Part 10 of the NRMCA Concrete Quality Series
Karthik Obla
Parts 1 and 2 of the Concrete Quality series1,2 discussed that a good measure and benchmark of concrete quality is the standard deviation
(SD) of compressive strength test results. The primary factors that impact the SD are variability associated with materials, production and
testing. In order to reduce the strength standard deviation the concrete producer needs to manage those aspects of variability that can be
controlled. This article discusses regular concrete testing at a ready mixed concrete plant as a means to measure and to quantify and reduce
concrete variability.
A
variety of ingredients, including some extent the producer can make con- concrete mixtures belonging to similar
cement along with supplementary crete with consistent slump and air con- strength level (± 1500 psi), and using the
cementitious materia ls (SCM) tent regardless of delivery time variation. same cement/SCM type, and aggregate
such as f ly ash, slag cement etc., aggre- However that becomes more difficult if type (crushed or rounded) and geologi-
gates, water and chemical admixtures the concrete temperature rises. Poor job- cal origin are considered as belonging to a
are used in concrete. Concrete producers site testing practices such as sampling, cyl- mixture class. Since our purpose is quality
use a wide range of methods to measure inder fabrication, improper initial curing control as opposed to acceptance testing
or quantif y the variability of ingredi- and transportation to the lab can further it is suggested that concrete producers use
ent materials, including reliance on test- add to the overall variations. In summary, the following methodology to select one to
ing performed by material suppliers. Past variability of concrete indicated by jobsite fi ve mixture classes for each plant.
articles have addressed how concrete pro- tests includes several factors that are not Air entrainment: Select at least one
ducers can develop relations with cement, controllable by the concrete producer. non air-entrained concrete mixture class.
f ly ash and aggregate suppliers, and use Variations in the concrete tested at In addition select at least one air-entrained
timely material test data to make adjust- the plant helps the producer pinpoint the concrete mixture class if more than 35
ments to concrete mixtures to take into causes of variation on which it has more percent of concrete produced at the plant
account the material variations. 3,4 It is control. It also helps the producer com- is air entrained.
important that concrete producers con- pare diff erent plants, understand the best Slump: The selected mixture class (es)
duct concrete testing at the plant on a practices at plants having low variation should have target average slumps greater
regular basis so that the cumulative mate- and establish best quality control practices than 2 in.
rial, manufacturing and testing variation at all the plants. SCM type and source: If the plant
at the plant can be determined. produces concrete with various SCM
Selection of Mixture Classes types, sources and SCM blends (not dos-
Why Test at the Plant? Concrete producers should identify one age), select two or more mixture classes as
Jobsite testing, typically performed by to fi ve mixture classes at each plant that follows: (1) Portland cement–only mix-
independent laboratories for acceptance, would cover the broadly diff erent concrete ture; (2) Mixture with SCM types/sources
includes delivery time variations which types and materials at the plant, account- and blends. The selected mixture classes
can lead to further variation in mixing ing for at least 35 percent of total concrete should account for at least 70 percent of
water content and air content. Delivery production. In Australia and the United total plant production.
time variations depend on traffic and on Kingdom testing performed by concrete Cement type and source: If the plant
the contractor’s time schedule, factors over producers are used for determining the produces concrete with various ASTM
which the producer has little control. To acceptability of concrete.5,6 Typically all C1507 portland cement types and sources
CONCRETE in focus ı 21
Table 1. Selection of mixture classes
Variable Mixture classes
Air entrainment At least one non-air-entrained concrete mixture class. At least one air entrained concrete mixture class if more
than 35% of concrete produced at the plant is air entrained.
Slump Target average slumps should be greater than 2 in.
SCM type and source If the plant produces concrete with various SCMs Select two or more mixture classes as follows: (1) Portland
cement only mixture; (2) SCM mixture(s). Selected mixture classes should account for at least 70% of total
plant production.
Cement type and Selected mixture classes should include the various ASTM C150 portland cement types and sources that
source account for at least 70% of total plant production.
Aggregate type and Selected mixture classes should include the various aggregate types (crushed versus natural) and geological
origin origins that account for at least 70% of total plant production.
Admixture type Use the most common admixture type/dosage used in the plant.
Strength level Categorize the mixtures produced at the plant based on two strength levels, ≤6000 psi and 6000 psi, and select
the more commonly used one.
Note: If above approach yields more than five mixture classes, select the five most commonly produced mixture classes. At least 50% should be
non-air-entrained concrete mixture classes.
the selected mixture classes should utilize cement–only mixture with and without of tests to be conducted. Th is will depend,
cement types and sources that account air entrainment, and fly ash mixture with to some extent, on the personnel resources
for at least 70 percent of total plant and without air entrainment. If very little available at diff erent plants. Ideally, it
production. air-entrained concrete is placed with just is desirable to do concrete testing every
Aggregate type and origin: If the portland cement as the cementitious mate- time a new material shipment is received.
plant produces concrete with various rial, this producer may decide to elimi- However, that may happen several times/
aggregate types (crushed versus natural) nate that mixture class and test only the day in some high volume plants and only
and geological origins, the selected mix- remaining three mixture classes. a few times/month in low volume plants.
ture classes should utilize aggregate types At some plants due to the variety of So the following testing is suggested and
and origins that account for at least 70 materials the above approach may yield is summarized in Table 2.
percent of total plant production. more than fi ve mixture classes, in which • For concrete plants that produce on
Admixture type: Use the most com- case the fi ve most commonly produced average more than 1000 yd 3 /week:
mon admixture type/dosage used in mixture classes should be selected. At least Test one mixture class every day and
the plant. 50 percent of the selected mixture classes ensure that each of the selected mixture
Strength level: Categorize the mix- should be non air-entrained concrete mix- classes are tested at least once a week.
tures produced at the plant based on two ture classes. Mixtures that are shipped more often
strength levels: ≤6000 psi, and 6000 psi can be selected for testing more than
and higher. Select the more commonly Frequency of Testing once a week.
used strength class. In most plants this The next step is to decide how often to test • For concrete plants that produce on
will be the ≤6000 psi strength level. the selected mixture classes and the type average between 500 to 1000 yd 3 /
The above discussion is summarized in
Table 1. A concrete producer in a Northern
climate may be faced with the following: Table 2. Frequency of testing
• More than 35 percent of concrete pro- Average weekly Frequency of testing
duced at the plant is air entrained production at plant
• Out of the concrete produced 55 percent
has f ly ash, 20 percent has portland > 1000 yd3 Test every day and each mixture class at least once a week
cement only, 15 percent has slag cement, 500 to 1000 yd 3
Test twice a week and each mixture class at least once every
and 10 percent has fly ash+slag cement two weeks
blends
< 500 yd3 Test once a week and each mixture class at least once every
• 70 percent of concrete produced was of
four weeks
strength level ≤6000 psi
Th is producer may be faced with Note: At the time of testing any change in material shipments since the previous test should be
four potential mixture classes: portland noted.
22 ı SUMMER 2012
Table 3. Types of testing
and making changes to quality practices it
Types of mixture classes Types of testing is possible to maintain slump, air content,
density and compressive strength within
All Slump (C143), density (C138) and temperature (C1074) the control limits, thereby ensuring low
Air-entrained only Air content (C231 or C173) variability concrete. In the beginning, the
control limits may be frequently exceeded.
Non-air-entrained only Compressive strength (C39) But with time this should reduce. After six
months of testing if no improvements are
Note: After thorough mixing in the truck the sample should be taken prior to any water addition
observed it could be due to the following
at the slump rack. Compressive strength test specimens need not be done more than once a week.
reasons—poor choice of mixture classes,
insufficient testing, inadequate analysis,
week: Test twice a week and ensure that strength variation. Therefore, compressive causes not properly identified or failure in
each of the selected mixture classes are strength is not tested for air entrained adopting improvement in quality practices
tested at least once every two weeks. concrete mixtures. Compressive strength suggested.
• For concrete plants that produce on test specimens need not be done more Slump: Control limits of ± 1.5 in. are
average less than 500 yd 3/week: Test than once/week for the selected non air suggested for slump. The target at the
once aweek and ensure that each of the entrained concrete mixture classes. plant may also be higher than the speci-
selected mixture classes is tested at least On each occasion the suggested sam- fied slump to allow for anticipated loss
once every four weeks. pling and testing should not take more of slump during delivery. If the slump
Testing should be conducted in the than 10 min. and there is no need to retain measured exceeds the control limits it sug-
morning, possibly avoiding the fi rst two the mixer truck during that period. gests that either the mixing water content
batches of the day. At the time of testing (batch water and aggregate moisture) is
any change in material shipments since Data Analysis: Control Charts not within tolerance or the water demand
the previous test should be noted. Test results can be evaluated in a variety for that mixture has changed due to a
of means using spreadsheets. Plotting change in characteristics of the materials,
Sampling and Types of Testing the results on control charts9 is an eff ec- batched quantities, concrete temperature
After thorough mixing in the truck at least tive and visual means of evaluating data. or air content. A step-by-step investigation
one ft 3 of concrete should be discharged Separate control charts should be plot- as outlined elsewhere10 can be carried out
in a wheelbarrow. The sample should be ted for each property: slump, air content, to understand the cause of this. Frequency
obtained after discharging the fi rst 1/4 yd 3 density, temperature and compressive of testing should be increased to every load
of concrete that will typically not provide strength. Control limits can be estab- belonging to the selected mixture classes
a representative sample. The sample should lished to trigger an investigation if any until the slump is within control limits.
be taken prior to any water addition at the result falls outside these limits. For each A control chart with 30 random con-
slump rack. property all the test results should be plot- secutive test results is shown in Figure
The following tests are suggested and ted on a single control chart. Since the 1. For the fi rst 15 data points the slump
summarized in Table 3: mixture classes may have diff erent tar- results exceed the control limits. It varies
• For all mixture classes: Slump (ASTM gets of that property it is suggested that within ± 3 in. and between points 16-30
C143), 8 density (ASTM C138) and the control chart be plotted as measured the slump results vary within ± 1 in., sug-
temperature (ASTM C1064) property minus the target average value. gesting that better mixing water control
• For air entrained concrete mixture Th is target value may be from a trial batch is being practiced from point 16 onward.
classes: Air content (ASTM C231 or or calculated from at least 30 test results Possibly better quality control practices
C173 if using lightweight aggregates or of that mixture class from a past project. such as frequent calibrations of moisture
high absorption) Once at least 15 test results are available probes and batching accuracies led to the
• For non air entrained concrete mix- the target average value for that mixture improvement.
ture classes: Compressive strength class can be calculated and used for subse- Air content: Air content tests are con-
(ASTM C39) quent data. In this manner all the mixture ducted only for air entrained concrete.
Compressive strength tests should classes can be plotted on a single control Control limits of ± 1.5 percent are suggested
be conducted at 28 days. The average of chart for that property which helps to for air content. If the air content measured
two 4 X 8–inch cylinders is taken as the make the analysis in a shorter duration. exceeds the control limits it suggests that
compressive strength test result at that Control charts should also be plotted sep- air entraining admixture (AEA) dosage has
age. The primary aim of strength testing arately for each mixture class. Th is helps changed or AEA demand has changed due
is to be able to track material and ingredi- to identify if only certain mixture classes to a change in characteristics of the mate-
ent variability and their eff ect on concrete frequently exceed the control limits. It rials, batched quantities, concrete tempera-
quality as measured by the strength vari- can also help assign causes for these data ture or slump. Causes for this should be
ation. In air entrained concrete the varia- points. By drawing the control charts over investigated systematically as follows:
tion in air content between batches alone an extended period (up to 1 year), inves- 1. Was the air entraining admixture dos-
can significantly influence the compressive tigating results that exceed control limits age out of tolerance by more than ± 20
CONCRETE in focus ı 23
percent? According to ASTM C948, evaluated. Frequency of testing should be characteristics of cementitious materi-
admixture dosages are supposed to be increased until the air content is within als, organic impurities in fi ne aggregate,
within ± 3 percent of batch admixture control limits. coarse aggregate dust/bond, mixing water
amount or ± dosage required for 100 lb Density: Control limits of ± 2 lb/ft 3 are content, air content, cementitious content,
of cementitious materials, whichever is suggested for density. Changes in density mixing, sampling, curing and testing.
greater. Batching accuracy of dispensers for same batch quantities impact yield. If If the 28-day strength measured falls
of liquid admixtures should be checked the density measured exceeds the control outside the control limits a systematic
at least every six months. Periodically, limits it suggests that water content, air investigation should be conducted as fol-
it may be desirable to collect admixture content or aggregate relative density (spe- lows to understand the underlying cause
at the point of discharge into the mixer cific gravity) for that mixture has changed. with a view to reduce that in future:
to verify the accuracy of the dispensing A low density along with a high slump and 1. Did the corresponding density test result
system. This process checks the integrity high air content suggests possibly higher also fall outside the control limits? A low
of the lines through which the admix- mixing water content. If slump is the same compressive strength in conjunction with
ture flows in addition to the dispenser or low the high air content by itself could a low density will suggest a high mixing
meter accuracy. have contributed to the low density. water content and/or high air content.
2. Is the strength change occurring only Temperature: As discussed else- A high slump and/or high temperature
for a specific mixture class and not where,11 concrete temperature has a sig- will suggest high mixing water content.
the other? For example, is air content nificant influence over slump/mixing 2. Is the strength change occurring only
lower only for the f ly ash mixture water demand, air content and set time. for a specific mixture class and not the
class as opposed to the straight cement Therefore, concrete temperature control other—for example only for the fly ash
mixture class? charts should be closely analyzed with the mixture class as opposed to the straight
3. Did the corresponding slump test result other control charts. Two sets of control cement mixture class?
also exceed control limits? If two truck limits are suggested at ± 50F and at ± 100F. 3. Were the batch weights out of tolerance
loads are batched one after the other If the ± 50F limit is exceeded, setting time (particularly, were the cementitious con-
and the only difference between the two can be aff ected thereby requiring change tents low or the water content high)?
is a difference in mixing water content in mixture proportions if consistent set 4. Does the seven-day C9177 data from
(greater than 10 lb/yd 3) the truck load times are expected for a concrete applica- the cement manufacturer show a similar
with lower mixing water content will tion that needs fi nishing such as slabs. If strength change, suggesting a change in
have lower slump and lower air content. the ± 100F is exceeded, water demand and the quality of cementitious material?3
4. Was the concrete temperature more than air content can be aff ected and therefore The cement manufacturer conducts C917
10°F different from the concrete tem- mixture adjustments may be needed to tests 10 times a month and typically
perature that that mixture was designed ensure concrete of consistent workability, reports the most recent fi ve-test run-
for? Higher concrete temperatures will air content and strength. ning average. It is important to ensure
require greater amounts of air entraining Compressive strength: Compressive that the reported average includes the
agent to attain a given air content. strength tests are conducted only for non time corresponding to the production
If the answer to these questions is air entrained concrete mixture classes at date of the cement shipment received
“no,” then changes in material character- the rate of no more than once/week for at the concrete plant. Th is may be hard
istics, such as excessive fi nes in aggregate, each mixture class. Control limits for to ensure if cement is procured from a
dust on the aggregate surface, variations compressive strength of ± 600 psi are terminal.
in fly ash and other cementitious ship- suggested for strength. Primary causes 5. Was there a change in fly ash (if used)
ments or batched quantities should be for strength variations are variations in fi neness or seven-day strength activity
Figure 1. Control chart of slump test results. Figure 2. Control chart of compressive strength test results.
24 ı SUMMER 2012
Figure 3. Cusum chart of slump test results. Figure 4. Cusum chart of compressive strength test results.
index (SAI) data reported by the fl y so that the 28-day strength test results Figures 3 and 4 are corresponding
ash manufacturer? The reported results stay within control limits. However, it is cusum charts for the slump, and strength
should be on samples corresponding to suggested that the producer spend at least test data plotted in Figures 1 and 2 respec-
the production date of the fly ash ship- 12 months doing the analysis discussed tively. Even though the control charts
ment received at the concrete plant.4 earlier and start producing consistent con- do not show trends, the cusum chart for
6. Has there been any change in concrete crete before resorting to mix adjustments strength clearly shows a rising trend from
sampling and testing techniques and based on seven-day strength test results. point 1 to 10 and then a decreasing trend
personnel? Ken Day12 states that if the from point 21 to 26. Similarly, the cusum
average cylinder pair difference exceeds Data Analysis: Cusum chart for slump shows a rising trend from
150 psi and/or average cylinder pair Ken Day12 has been a major proponent point 9 onward. Cusum charts for seven-
density difference exceeds 1.0 lb/ft3, it is of cusum charts. Cusum analysis is com- day strengths can be used to predict
indicative of poor fabrication and testing mon in UK and Australia. A cusum graph 28-day strengths and make adjustments to
techniques. If pair differences are noted works in the following manner. With mixture proportions if they are too high
in excess of 9 percent of average strength any large data set (the larger the bet- or low.
and 1.85 lb/ft3 more than 5 percent of ter) an average is calculated. The differ- Cusum observations of one property
the time, it suggests sampling and testing ence between each individual value and should not be done in isolation. It should
techniques need to be improved. the average is cumulatively summed and be combined with cusum charts of other.
A control chart for 30 consecutive graphed against a timeline. As long as the For example, if cusum charts show rising
compressive strength test results is shown slope of the graph is zero (f lat) the per- slump, rising temperature, rising air con-
in Figure 2. The target standard deviation formance of the concrete for that prop- tent and decreasing density it would point
for the plant is set at 300 psi, which cor- erty plotted is constant. If the slope of to lower strengths. Day says that mixture
responds to excellent quality control for the graph changes, it indicates a change adjustments with a view to reduce the
non-air-entrained concrete. The dotted in that property. Cusum graphs are very strength should generally await confi r-
lines correspond to two standard devia- effective to quickly identify “change” mation from 28-day strength test results,
tions above and below the target aver- points as opposed to “random” variations. but mixture adjustments to increase the
age strength. If the system is in control, Random variations exist in the process strength should be made on low seven-day
95 percent of the test results should plot due to variation in the raw materials, strength test results or even low density
within the two control limits. A quick batching accuracy, plant performance, test results, particularly if confi rmed with
look shows that 10 test results (33 percent) sampling and testing, etc. Change points high slumps and/or air contents.
fell outside the limits, clearly suggesting are outside of the random variations and
that the actual standard deviation at the could be due to changed constituent Summary
plant was much higher than the target materials being used/material shipments Conduct regular concrete testing at the
value of 300 psi. In fact it can be calcu- widely variable in performance, weigh- plant. Use the data to compare plants and
lated to be 600 psi! scales losing accuracy, a new batcher/ to better understand the causes of concrete
In addition to the above analysis of the tester, problems with testing equipment variation and ways to reduce it.
28-day strength test results, testing and etc. Change points are different from ran- Select 1 to 5 mixture classes at each
analysis can also be done on seven-day dom variations and lead to a change in plant that would cover the broadly dif-
compressive strength test results. Seven- the mean value of that property. Control ferent concrete types and materials at the
day compressive strength test results can charts of running averages of 3 or 5 can plant accounting for at least 35 percent
help predict 28-day strengths and make spot change points, however cusum charts of total concrete production. At least 50
small adjustments to mixture proportions are supposed to be more effective.12,13,14 percent of these mixture classes should
CONCRETE in focus ı 25
be non air entrained concrete. The sam- References
ple should be taken after thorough mix- 1. Obla, K.H. “How Good Is Your QC:
LET US FIND ing prior to any water addition at the
slump rack. Slump, temperature and den-
Part 1 of Concrete Quality Series.”
Concrete Infocus 9, no. 3 (May-June
WHAT YOU’RE sity should be measured for all mixture
classes. Air content should be measured
2010), pp. 17-18.
2. Obla, K .H. “Sources of Concrete
LOOKING FOR. only for air entrained concrete mixture
classes. Compressive strength should be
Strength Variation: Part 2 of Concrete
Quality Series,” Concrete Infocus 9, no.
NRMCA’s Online Buyers’ measured only for non air entrained con- 4 (July-August 2010) pp. 21-23.
crete mixture classes. Frequency of test- 3. Obla, K.H. “Variation in Concrete
Guide helps you run your ing varies between once/day and once/ Strength Due to Cement.” Concrete Infocus
business more efficiently. week depending on the average weekly 9, no. 6 (Nov.-Dec. 2010), pp. 8-12.
plant production. Compressive strength 4. Obla, K.H. “Variation in Concrete
test specimens should be made no more Strength and Air Content Due to Fly
than once/week for the selected mixture Ash.” Concrete Infocus 10, no. 3 (May-
classes. At the time of testing any change June 2011), pp. 21-27.
in material shipments since the previous 5. AS 1379–1997. “Specifications and
test should be noted. On each occasion Supply of Concrete.” Standards Australia,
the suggested sampling and testing should 1997.
http://nrmca.officialbuyersguide.net/ not take more than 10 minutes, and there 6. E N 2 0 6 –1. “ C o n c r e t e , Pa r t 1:
is no need to retain the mixer truck dur- Specification, Performance, Production
Browse for products such as ing that period. and Conformity.” European Committee
batching equipment, automated For each property (slump, etc.), test for Standardization, 2000.
control systems, admixtures results belonging to all the mixture 7. ASTM C150, C917. Annual Book of
and services such as classes should be plotted on a single con- ASTM Standards, Volume 04.01: Cement,
consulting and training. trol chart using the methodology dis- Lime, Gypsum. West Conshohocken,
cussed in this article. Control charts for Penn.: ASTM International, 2010.
Search to find vendors by each property should also be plotted sepa- 8. ASTM C39, C94, C138, C143, C172,
product/service, company
rately for each mixture class. Control lim- C173, C231, C1064. Annual Book of
name, contact name, keyword
its are suggested for each property. Test ASTM Standards, Volume 4.02, Concrete
or location.
results that exceed control limits should and Aggregates. 2010.
Add the Online Buyers’ Guide to be investigated methodically as discussed
in this article and elsewhere. As part of
9. NRMCA Quality Control Manual: Section 1:
Outline of a Quality Control Plan. NRMCA
your browser’s search toolbar
and have the ability to find local, this investigation control charts of vari- Publication 190, www.nrmca.org.
building management-specific ous properties should be viewed together. 10. Obla, K.H. and Lobo, C.L. “Mixing
search results any time you’re The key is the investigation should lead Water Control: Part 5 of Concrete
surfing the Web. to improved quality practices that help to Quality Series.” Concrete Infocus 10, no.
maintain slump, air content, density and 2 (March-April 2010), pp. 23-27.
compressive strength within the control 11. Obla, K.H. “Variation in Concrete
limits, thereby ensuring low variability Performance Due to Manufacturing:
concrete. Part 6 of Concrete Quality Series.”
Once the random variations are Concrete Infocus, communicated.
reduced it may be useful to do mix adjust- 12. Day, K.W. Concrete Mix Design, Quality
ments based on density or seven-day com- Control and Specification, 3rd edition.
pressive strength results so that the 28-day 2006.
strength variation is reduced and low 13. Gibb, I., and Harrison, T. “Use of
breaks are avoided. Cusum charts are very Control Charts in the Production of
eff ective in identifying change points that Concrete.” ERMCO, 2010.
lead to a change in the mean value of that 14. A C I 214 R - 0 2 . A C I M a n u a l o f
INTERESTED IN property. Concrete Practice. Farmington Hills,
ADVERTISING? There is a cost associated in sampling, Mich.: American Concrete Institute,
testing and data analysis, but the benefits www.concrete.org.
Contact: Christine Ricci are reduced variability of concrete with
(352) 333-3356 consistent slump, air content, strength Karthik Obla, Ph.D., P.E., is vice president,
and quality. Th is can pay back by reducing technical services, at NRMCA. For more
cricci@naylor.com the overdesign of concrete mixtures rela- information, contact him at (240) 485-1163
tive to specification requirements. ■ or kobla@nrmca.org.
26 ı
589275_Editorial.indd 1 2012
SUMMER 23/05/12 2:31 AM
essay contest
Building Roads:
Should You Use Concrete?
NRMCA 2012 National High School Essay Contest Winner
London Gibson
A
s you drive around the country you can there is not as much resistance and your vehicle
see the use of concrete in almost all moves more efficiently.”
major new road construction. You still That seemed to make sense. But in this world of
see the use of asphalt at the same time. So what’s “going green,” do concrete roads have any advan-
the difference? I asked that question of several tage to asphalt regarding our stewardship of our
local sources. On Interstate 40 near my home, a earth and its resources, I wondered. So . . . knowing
construction crew is replacing the roadway with that concrete is produced using cement and cement
concrete. These guys should know. According to is produced from limestone, I traveled to the north-
a road foreman that I spoke with, he cited that ern part of our county to visit with the supervisor
the primary advantage to building this section at the limestone quarry. He was happy to give me
of highway with concrete was “durability.” The a tour of the quarry to show me the process from
foreman said “concrete roads provide you with start to finish. During the tour I found that lime-
a relatively maintenance free life. The concrete stone is in abundant quantity in our country and
road can give you a service life of 40 years or for that matter around the world. The process
more while asphalt maybe 10. You may have for extracting limestone and processing it is very
some repair during that time but not nearly as clean and environmentally friendly. He also added,
I now get a great frequently as asphalt.” “Asphalt is made from petroleum and much of that
Interesting information. He should know is imported. The reserves of which are rapidly being
deal of enjoyment
since he builds roads for a living. But what about reduced. Many of the countries that we import the
out of driving on someone who uses the road for a living? In the oil from are not the best to be partners with.”
a nice smooth nearest city to my home I had the opportunity to It was interesting to get the different perspec-
visit with an executive with a nationally known tives on the use of concrete in roadways. I found
concrete road. trucking company and asked him if he knew of that a concrete highway is more durable. It is more
any advantages or disadvantages of concrete high- efficient to drive on and it helps us save our natural
ways. He said, “In the trucking industry they see resources. With that said, I find that I now get a
a big advantage to concrete roadways. Vehicles use great deal of enjoyment out of driving on a nice
less fuel. In trucking if you save a penny for every smooth concrete road. ■
mile you travel you could add millions of dollars
to your bottom line.” According to this executive, London Gibson is from Muldrow High School,
when you have hundreds or maybe even thousands Muldrow, Oklahoma. The Oklahoma Ready Mixed
of trucks on the road traveling thousands of miles Concrete Association submitted this winning essay
each week, the miles per gallon issue is huge. He in this year’s contest. The winner receives a $5,000
said that vehicles traveling over a concrete high- college scholarship if she chooses a concrete-related cur-
way will consume up to 20 percent less fuel than riculum or $2,000 for a curriculum of her choice. For
on an asphalt road. “Why?” I asked. “The con- more information on how your state can participate
crete road does not give as much as asphalt,” he in NRMCA’s National High School Essay Contest,
explained. “In other words, the wheels of a loaded please contact Nicole Maher at (240) 485-1158 or at
truck do not deflect as much as on asphalt and so nmaher@nrmca.org.
CONCRETE in focus ı 27
This NRMCA interview is continued from page that really is our main goal in serving our with a weak or poor draining subgrade, I
13 of the print-only version of this magazine. membership. would encourage designers to look at using
Thank you for visiting www.nrmca.org/news/ Amy: Absolutely! The “free” you mention various chemical stabilization techniques
connections to access the emag.
is the case of our National Account clients so (i.e., lime, cement, fly-ash, etc.) to strengthen
Amy: Amanda, that tattoo of Albert on for our readers, projects on this list are of no the subgrade and forego using a subbase
your shoulder tells me you are a UF grad. charge: http://nrmca.org/PROMOTION/ material or at least cut down on the thick-
Okay, just kidding, but we are kindred Doc u ment s/ N R MC A _ PR I M A RY_ ness that may be required. This can reduce
spirit in that regard and I think you might NATIONAL_ACCOUNTSlist7-19-11.pdf. cost and still allow the pavement to achieve
look nice with a little more orange and blue. Okay, Amanda, your turn. its performance requirements.
Amanda: I pass out when I see needles . . . Amanda: I talk all things parking lots! Amanda: OVERDESIGN!!! If five inches
no tattoos for me! I do fly my UF/FSU house- Whether you have a general question on pervi- of concrete is sufficient, six inches is even bet-
divided flag proudly out here in Denver. I am ous or conventional paving or need a detailed ter! So not true! Also, a base layer of aggregate
a little bummed that most people here think I pavement section, I’m your woman! Our does not always provide the results the designer
am cheering on the Broncos (which I am) but Parking Lot Design Assistance Program is a is expecting.
my first love is the Gators! great opportunity to get assistance and pro- Amy: Yes, we still have a long way to go
Amy: Brian, do I hear a reveille . . . or vide your clients value. Within the DAP pro- in terms of educating the industry . . . one
wait—maybe that was a dog bark? gram, we will design the parking lot, but as the engineer at a time! Speaking of engineers,
Brian: Gig ‘em Aggies! When I was at expression goes, “the devil is in the details.” I what do you enjoy most about being an
Texas A&M University as an undergraduate, will also provide a joint plant done digitally. engineer?
I was introduced to the pavement materials Along with providing an ACI 330 design, we Brian: That’s easy. I love solving problems
curriculum and decided that pavement-related also want to provide proper details for jointing and the challenges that come along with it.
work was to be my calling. I stayed on at Texas and construction. A quality constructed con- There’s nothing better than coming up with
A&M and received a master’s degree while crete parking lot is the best advertisement we an innovative solution to a complex situation
working for the Texas Transportation Institute have for our product and too often proper joint in a manner that is cost-effective while serving
as a graduate assistant. I feel very blessed to be detailing is overlooked. the public well. To me that is what being an
associated with that university and the aca- Amy: We are thrilled to have someone engineer is all about.
demic staff there. Those in the pavement com- like you on board who is able to speak the Amanda: I like defying the odds. I don’t
munity think very highly of the research and AutoCAD language and teach others how consider myself a typical engineer . . . that’s
education program at A&M, and I consider to do joint layout. I couldn’t agree with you why I love this position with NRMCA. I am
it an honor to have my degrees from there. more about the details. This is an area that able to use my engineering in a different way.
I think a shout out to the parents would be is most often overlooked in concrete pave- Amy: So besides integrating func-
appropriate here! ments but tends to create the biggest issue tions and admiring the periodic table
Amy: Thanks, Brian. Now to the real with aesthetics. By the way, aren’t you start- what do enjoy doing in your time away
questions. Brian, would you mind briefly ing a Webinar for engineers on how to pre- from work?
explaining some of the services you offer pare joint plans? Brian: My family and I really enjoy being
and what members could expect to learn Amanda: Why yes, Amy, I am. I am hoping outdoors, so we spend a lot of time at the soccer
from you? to have a Webinar soon to discuss the details fields, where I coach a team of eight-year-olds,
Brian: I would encourage our members to of proper jointing. Having a proper pavement at the pool or just with friends. Along with
utilize the services NRMCA can provide to section is only one part of the design. The these activities as well as church and other
them. One of the most important services we jointing plan is absolutely crucial to having a family fun, we seem to stay pretty busy.
can provide is our Design Assistance Program successful concrete parking lot project. Amanda: I’m a busy mom to three girls and
(DAP) for both parking lots and local roads. Amy: When the two of you are review- wife to an engineer. We are involved in orches-
For a nominal fee—and in some cases it’s ing other engineers’ designs, what are the tras, sports, church and exploring the western
even free—we can provide a concrete pave- most common mistakes you see? U.S. After spending 32 years in Florida, there’s
ment design that can be used as an alternate Brian: Generally the biggest issue I run so much to explore out here!
bid or maybe as a means to start a dialog with into with pavement designs is inconsistent Amy: Thanks to both of you for your
an owner or consultant about considering a application of design criteria between pave- time today. Most of all, we are glad to have
concrete pavement. We even have guide speci- ment types which causes an apples to oranges you on the team. We are looking forward
fications for materials and construction control comparison when an owner or engineer is to seeing many parking lots converted and
that can be tailored to the needs of a specific assessing which pavement type would best many roads flipped as a result of your con-
project, be it a parking lot or local road. We serve his or her purposes. Additionally, engi- tributions. ■
are also available to provide technical educa- neers tend to include unneeded design details
tion and training to our industry partners to concrete pavements. In most medium to Amy Miller is senior national resource director at
via Webinar, conferences or even face-to-face low traffic volume situations, reinforcing steel NRMCA. If you have any questions or comments,
meetings. Suffice it to say, we are here to do and subbases are not needed, but tradition please contact Amy at amiller@nrmca.org, Amanda
whatever is within our capabilities to get more or reliance on the “old way of doing things” Hult at ahult@nrmca.org or Brian Killingsworth
concrete on the ground, because in reality forces them to include them. Also, on projects at bkillingsworth@nrmca.org.
28 ı SUMMER 2012
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