DR.

BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, LONERE

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University
(Established as a University of Technology in the state Maharashtra)
(Under Maharashtra Act No. xxix of 2014)
P.O. Lonere, district. Raigad pin 402103 ,Maharashtra
Telephone and fax. 02140-275142

MINI PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED BY :

MISS RENUKA BALIRAM PANCHAL

Under the supervision of

PROF. V.K. SHAH

Subject : vsat technology
SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Mahatma Bashweshwar education society’s

M.S. BIDVE ENGINEERING COLLEGE LATUR

ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-25

 M.S. BIDVE ENGINEERING COLLEGE LATUR
ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-25

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Miss Renuka Baliram Panchal has successfully her mini
project work entitled VSAT TECHNOLOGY as a part of academic for the second
year of degree in electronics engineering as prescribed by Dr. Babasaheb
Ambedkar technological University of Lonere during
academic year 2024-25

Prof.V.K.Shah Prof.J.S.Hatte Prof.Dr.S.R.Halhalli

GUIDE HOD OF ECE PRINCIPAL
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my guide Prof.V.K.Shah for

his inspiring and valuable suggestions. I am deeply indebted for his valuable
time and step by step successful completion of this seminar

I am also grateful to our principal Prof. Dr.Suresh R. Halhalli and HOD of

Electronic department Prof. Jyoti S. Hatte for encouraging us and constant
support . I express thanks to all the faculty and staff members of the
department.

I acknowledge my gratitude to the authors of the references and other sources

referred in this context .
 ABSTRACT

VSAT technology can be used for many types of data management and high-
frequency trading. It can also be used to transport data for Internet/Intranet
applications, Video, and Voice over IP.

The aim of this paper is to study, analyse VSAT components and architecture
and investigate frequency bands and applications of VSAT and to discuss
orbits type for VSAT. Also to introduce some previous studies that considers
VSAT using descriptive analysis. Keywords: VSAT, ka band, GEO, EHF.

A survey of very small aperture terminal (VSAT) technology is provided, and

systems and services using VSAT technology are described. Trends in VSAT
technology and applications, the three general categories of VSAT networks
(broadcast, point-to-point, and interactive), and system architecture and
design are discussed
 INTRODUCTION
VSAT stands for very small aperture terminal. It is a small-sized earth station
used to transmit and receive data, voice, and video signals over a satellite
communication network; however, it is not used to broadcast television.
A VSAT comprises two components: an external transceiver with a clear line of
sight to the satellite and an inside device that connects the outdoor transceiver
to the end user's communications device, such as a PC. An external satellite
transponder receives or receives a signal from the transceiver. A ground station
computer is the system's hub, sending and receiving signals to and from the
satellite. A star topology is created when a satellite connects each end user to
the hub station.
VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) describes a small terminal that can be
used for two-way communications via satellite. VSAT networks offer value-
added satellite-based services capable of supporting the Internet, data, video,
LAN, voice/fax communications, and can provide powerful private and public
network communication solutions. They are becoming increasingly popular, as
VSATs are a single, flexible communications platform that can be installed
quickly and cost efficiently to provide telecoms solutions for consumers,
governments and corporations.
The benefits of VSAT technology are being realized in many sectors, both
private and public. From banks to administrations, schools, hospitals and rural
telecommunications, VSATs are being seized upon to elevate economic,
educational, and health standards. VSATs have been in use for more than 20
years and, with already millions installed all over the world, VSATs are a mature
and proven technology. VSAT comprises of two modules viz. an outdoor unit
and an indoor unit. Outdoor unit mainly houses Antenna, feed horn,RF
Transceiver,LNA,Power amplifier. The antenna size is typically 1.8 or 2.4 meter
in diameter, although smaller antennas are also in use. The indoor unit
functions as mux-demux, modem and interfaces with the end user equipments
like PCs, LANs, Telephones or an EPABX.
VSAT SUBUNITS

[1] VSAT OUTDOOR UNIT :

The Outdoor unit is usually mounted near the antenna systems outside hence
the name. It consists of RF frequency converters (Up/Down converter), Power
Amplifier, Low Noise Amplifier(LNA), OMT and Antenna system. The Up/Down
converters convert frequencies IF to RF frequencies and vice versa. For example,
Up converter converts 70MHz to 6175 MHz and Down converter converts
3950MHz to 70MHz for C band application. Power Amplifier will amplify the
signal before transmitting to the feed horn of the Antenna system. LNAs are
designed to amplify the noise added received signal received from the satellite.
It is designed such that it will amplify the signal and not the noise. Noise
temperature defines LNA performance. Antenna system houses reflector,feed
horn,mount and cables. VSAT antenna usually varies from 1.8 meters to 2.4 or
3.8 meters. Feed horn is mounted at focal point of the antenna. The feed horn
guides transmitted power towards the antenna.
[2] VSAT INDOOR UNIT:

The IDU consists of MUX/DEMUX, EDU (Encryption Decryption Unit), modem

(modulator-demodulator). MUX will interface with end user equipments viz.
telephone, computers and sometime with EPABX and LAN or router, if it has to
carry more information. MUX will multiplex all the channels connected with it
using TDM.
On receiver side DEMUX is used to de-multiplex the channels and passed on to
respective end user equipments. EDU is basically the Encryption-Decryption unit
which provides security by modifying the information to be transmitted. On
receiver side encryption technique will be conveyed so that the information can
be retrieved back again. MODEM is basically performs modulator-demodulator
functionality on transmit and receive side respectively. Modulator inserts
information on intermediate frequency (IF), usually called carrier.

VSATs are connected by radio frequency(RF) links via a satellite, with a so-called
uplink from the station to the satellite and a so-called downlink from the satellite
to a station,The overall link from station to station, sometimes called hop, consist
of an uplink and a downlink. A radio frequency link is a modulated carrier
conveying information. From any telecommunication services there are three
basic implementation services:
1. One-way
2. Split-two-way
3. Two-way implementation.
Futherdivision of two-way implementation are star and mesh network
architectures.
1.One-Way implementation:
One-way implementation mode of satellite is used in the BSS(broadcast satellite
service).This digital
technology allows the user and provider much flexibility in the operation
of broadcasting.
By using different software in the user terminal, different subscriber can access
different parts of the downlink according to programs offered by supplier. This
channel selection from is called
2.Split-two-way:
This implementation is used when there is no normal return channel as,e.g.
The KU-BSS system that carry internet traffic.From the user end terminal uplink
capability is not complemented by high capacity downlink stream relatively.If
the BSS downlink is used as the download channel from an ISP(Internet service
provider), the only option left for users return link is via another
telecommunications channel, such as telephone line.
The internet protocol is therefore split between terrestrial telephone channel
and satellite downlink channel.VSAT terminal does not require a transmit
capability due to this approach, which significantlyreduce its complexity and
cast.The disadvantage of this approach is that the terrestrial telephone
connection must usually be through a modem, with a bit rate generally less
than or 56kbps.
3. Two-Way implementation:
A return link is designed in this implementation method so that two-way
communication can be set up over the same satellite, from the user to hub and
from the hub back to the user.The architecture selected is the key to the
economics of two-way connection; it can be either star or mesh.
Basically, the satellite receivers the uplinked carriers from the transmitting
earth stations within the field of view of its receiving antenna, amplifier those
carriers, translates their frequency to a lower band in order to avoid possible
output/input interference and transmits the amplified carriers to the station
located within the field of view of its transmitting antennaVSAT network
architecture is the way Hub station and/or VSATs are interfaced with satellite to
provide the services.
Star Topology:
In star topology, there are three entities hub station,VSATs and satellite.All the
communication between VSATs happen through Hub station; hence,here if
VSAT1 and VSAT2 need to communicate then link is VSAT1-satellite-Hub-
Satellite-VSAT2.Hence,two-hop communicate between any two VSATs in the
network. The star-shape network comprise N VSATs and a hub. The most
popular of these is star topology. Here we have a big, central earth-station
known as the hub.
Generally, the hub antenna is in the range of 6-11 meter in diameter. This hub
station controls,monitors and communication with a large number of dispersed
VSATs.Since all VSATs communicate with the central hub station only, this
network is more suitable for centralized data applications.Large organization,
like banks, with centralized data processing requirements is a case in
point.Every VSAT can transmit up to K carriers, corresponding to connections
between terminals attached to the VSAT andthe corresponding application at
the host computer connected to the hub station.
Mesh Topology:
In Mesh topology,VSATs can communicate with one another directly and no
Hub station is needed. But, each VSAT need to be complex owing to more
functionality required similar to the hub station. Also antenna specification
need to be different than star type of topology.The meshed network comprises
N VSATs. Every VSAT should be able to establish a link to any other one
across the satellite.
In a mesh topology, a group of VSATs communicate directly with any other VSAT
in the network going through a central hub. A hub station in a mesh network
performs only the monitoring and control functions. These network are more
suitable for telephony application. These have also been adopted to deploy
point to point high speed links.
 FEATURES :
VSAT networks uses very small dish antennas therefore, in order to employ the
6/4 –GHz frequency band it has to utilize the spread spectrum also called
CDMA code division multiple access) technique to reduce the signal power
spectral density. This is due to the interference produced for using the same
band as terrestrial microwave transmission does. Alternatively the 14/12 GHz
frequency band may be utilized (if available) which provide satellite capacity
with much more efficiency although as we available using Single Channel Per
Carrier (SCPC) access which is provided by most of the vendors however,
occasionally , TDMA (Time division multiple access) technique is also used.
VSAT are connected by radio frequency link via satellite. Those links are radio
frequency link with a so-called uplink from the station to the satellite and so-
called downlink from station to station, sometime called hop consists of an
uplink and downlink.
1. Ability to target small dish audiences from space and meet specialized
services requirements.
2. High powered, fully steerable Ku-band spot beams
3. Applications include POS, banking, SCADA, LAN/WAN networking internet
/intranet, video conferencing , remote site networking .
4. End users with 90cm to 120 cm dish can downloaded internet data 20 times
faster than PSTN.
5. Uplink
A radio frequency link is modulated carrier conveying information. Basically
the satellite receives the uplink carriers from the transmitting earth station
within the field of view of its receiving antenna
6. Downlink
Within the field of view Transponder amplifies those carriers, translates their
frequency to a lower band in order to avoid possible output/input interference,
and transmits the amplified carrier to the station located of its transmitting
antenna.
 Advantages of VSAT technology .

1. Full availability –all sites on the same network .

2. Flexible network topology –easy to add , relocate or deleted sites.
3. Transmission cost not distance dependent as with terrestrial network.
4. Predictable cost.
5. One point of contact for all network issues.
6. More cost-effective than leased or dedicated phone lines to remote
location .
7. Performance is insensitive to terrain or distance.
8. Cost effective emergency backup for critical data flow.
9. Reliable connectivity
10.VSAT networks can provide stable internet connections in areas where
other telecommunication infrastructure is unavailable or unreliable.
11.Global coverage
12.VSAT networks can connect to geostationary satellites to serve almost any
location on the planet.
13.Easy to deploy
14.VSAT networks require less infrastructure to service remote locations
because the ground station communicates with satellites.
15.Independent of local telecommunications networks
16.VSAT networks can function independently of local telecommunications
networks, making them ideal for backup systems.
17.Customizable
18.VSAT technology allows businesses to create a custom satellite internet
infrastructure that meets their unique needs.
19.Guaranteed bandwidth
20.VSAT systems can provide a guaranteed level of bandwidth for data and
voice transmission.
 Applications OF VSAT
Important applications of the VSAT technology include:

1. The highly versatile nature of VSAT allows all types of communications

with satellites in geostationary and geosynchronous orbits.

2. The small size of VSATs allows them to be used for transportable, on the
move, and mobile communication purposes in addition to being used in
stationary locations.

3. The dish antenna used for Direct to Home satellite television broadcast is
the most common example of the VSAT terminals.

CONCLUSION:

VSAT is crucial in providing internet connectivity to areas with limited or

unavailable terrestrial infrastructure. VSAT systems are used to monitor and
control equipment, devices, and systems remotely. Vsat is a data transmission
technology used for many types of data management and in high-frequency
trading. VSAT can be used in place of a large physical network as it bounces the
signal from satellites instead of being transported through physical means like
an ethernet connection. Satellites have become most famous
telecommunication technologies because it can reach the largest number
of users easily and without noisy losses. The Rapid development in the
field of communications and applications using satellite led to the
development satellites dramatically. In this paper we studied the evolution
of satellite and constraints that faces this development, also the
techniques that have been used in this development.
 Reference
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[2] Satellite Communications (David Hart, dhart@cis.ohio-state.edu)
[3] VSAT Networks Second Edition G ́erardMaral
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angol.pdf
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Senior Member IEEE