Question & Answers for Coating Exams

Q What kind of process is corrosion?

A Corrosion is an electrochemical process.

Q Define corrosion? Why do uncoated steel structures corrode?

A Corrosion is an electrochemical process. In practical terms; iron ore is an oxide of iron in
chemical balance with atmosphere, following conversion with iron ore to iron, the chemical
balance changes and the resulting iron become active but it always have the tendency to revert to
its original state when it contact with the natural environment.

Q What factors influence the rate of corrosion?

A Variation in oxygen content on the material surface. Chlorides and sulfides, higher nobility
materials being in contact with iron, acids, and alkalis.

Q What is a mill scale, and why is it a particular problem with attempting to protect steel?
A When ferrous metal is forged into flat plates, beams and girders. It is worked at temperature often
exceeding 1000°C while the metal is in this white hot state it is in contact with the cool air and
rapidly oxidizes the results in the formation of a thin flaky layer called mill scale. Mill scale must
be removed from the surface of the steel before painting take place; mill scale is noble to steel
therefore in close contact with each other steel will corrode.

What particular problems relate to the splash zone?

A The area of the materials, which are neither in water nor in air due to waves, high tide and low tide
etc are splash zone. There is variation in oxygen level on the surface of the material, due to
medium change. Corrosion rate can be accelerated due to this reason.

Q What is the number of the Swedish standard contained within BS 7079 and list the rust and
blasting grades together with their brief titles?
A The Swedish pictorial standard 05-59-00 is contained with B.S. 7079 Preparation of Steel
Substrates Prior to the application of paint and related products.

The Swedish standard gives visual information on the following:

Rust Grades: - which depict the condition of steel before preparation.
A. Covered in mill scale with little or no rust.
B. A mixture of mill scale and rust.
C. Mill scale gone, rusted with slight surface pitting.
D. Heavily rusted and pitted.

Blast Cleaning Grades:

SA 1 - Light blast cleaning
SA 2 - Thorough Blast cleaning
SA 2 Y2 - Very thorough blast cleaning
SA 3 - Blat cleaning to visually clean steel

Grades of Wire brushing:

ST 2 - Thorough hand & power tool cleaning (manual)
ST 3 - Very thorough hand & power tool cleaning (mechanical)
Q List blast cleaning surface. Give a comparison of blasting grades to SSPC, BS 7079, BS 4232 and
NACE?
A SA. 1 - Light Blast cleaning
When viewed without magnification, the surface shall be free from visible oil, grease, dirt and
from poorly adhering millscale.

SA 2 - Thorough Blast cleaning

When viewed without magnification, the surface shall be free from oil, grease, dirt and from most
of the millscale, rust, paint coating and foreign matter. Any residual contamination shall be firmly
adhering.

SA 2 Y2 - Very thorough blast cleaning.

When viewed without magnification, the surface shall be free from visible oil, grease, dirt and
from millscale, rust, paint coatings and foreign matters. Any remaining traces of contamination
shall show only as light stains in the form of spots and strips.

SA 3 - Blast cleaning to visually clean steel.

When viewed without magnification, the surface shall be free from visible oil, grease, dirt and
shall be free from millscale, rust, paint coatings and foreign matter. It shall have a uniform
metallic colour.

Comparison of Blastin2 Grades

SSPC BS-7079 BS - 4232 NACE
White metal (SP 5) SA 3 1st Quality Grade 1
Near white metal (SP 10) SA 2 Y2 21111 Quality Grade 2
Commercial finish SA2 3ra Quality Grade 3
Light blast & Brush off SA 1 N/A Grade 4

Q What factor influence how clean and how rough the surface becomes after blast cleaning?
A The cleanliness of the steel surface and its amplitude are governed by the abrasive characteristics
and human factors as follows:
ABRASIVE HUMAN FACTORS
Size Speed
Shape Angle
Density Distance
Hardness Time

Q Give the essential requirements for abrasive blasting?

A The equipment required including safety features as follows:
Compressor - providing air supply - 100 psi
Pressurized pot - containing abrasive
Liquid separator i.e. moisture filter
Carbon impregnated hoses & external coupling
Deadmans handle for direct operator control
Blasting nozzle (venturi shaped)
Personnel equipment - Air filled helmet, ear defender, boots, gloves & leather apron.
Q Some metals are hard to prepare and paint? Name three and how you might prepare them?
New Galvanizing: Sweep blasting, hand abrade, etch primer- where above two options are
impractical.
Aluminum: Sweep blast, Hand abrade - for thin guage aluminum, an etch primer is used prior to
intennediate and finish coats. Not to be blast cleaned. Chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent shall not
be used. Etch primer - Polyvinyl butyl.
Stainless steel: Sweep blast - only aluminum used as blasting medium

Q What is rough peak? What problem can it cause?

A Rouge Peaks are peaks, which stand out above the required profile and should be avoided if
applying thin coating as they may lead to spot or flash rusting.

Q How do you measure surface profile? Explain the method?

A The surface profile may be measured by a number of methods including the use of a surface
profile needle guage, surface replica tape (Testex tape) or a surface comparator.

Surface Replica Tape:

Testex tape or Press-a-Film is the commonly used surface replica tape. It is used in conjuction
with a dial micrometer, has the advantage of providing a pennanent record. The procedure for
carrying out this text is as follows.
1. Zero the micrometer ensuring the flat, contact points are clean.
2. Remove paper backing and stick testex tape to the surface to be measured.
3. Rub the Testex paste in to the thorough using a blunt instrument until peaks can be seen
butting up to the transparent plastic.
4. Remove the testex tape from the surface and measure the overall thickness with dial
micrometer
5. Deduct 50 microns from the reading to obtain the amplitude. The plastic layer to which the
testex paste is attached is 50 microns thick.

Q List all Safety Equipment and clothing required for open site blasting?
A Use of Carbon impregnated hosed to reduce the chance of static shock. (Reinforced)
Use of Deadmans handle for direct operator control
Keep hoses straight as possible to prevent kinks, which may lead to a blowout.
Use of external coupling.
Liquid separator.
Hypodennic needle guage - to control the nozzle pressure.
Operator should wear protective clothing, including air fed helmet, boots, gloves, ear defender and
leather apron.
Warning signs at the area, barrier tape
Keep the compressor pressure below 100 PSI

Q Give the three basic ingredients within a solvent carrying paint and list the job each has to do?
A A traditional solvent carrying paint consists ofthree basic ingredients, these are
Binder- It binds the particles together and holds them in suspension, gives the paint its finish,
makes the coating adhere to the surface, gives flexibility to the paint film, converts the coating to a
solid dry film, give resistance to water, chemical and abrasion.
Pigment - Gives colour to the paint, gives opacity to the paint, gives resistance to acids, alkalis
and light.
Solvent - Fonns the evaporative part of the drying process, thins the paint so it can be applied
easily, washes out brushes and equipments, acts as a degreasing agent if approved.
Q Name four Binders / Solvent combination?
~ Binder Solvent
Strongest Epoxy Acetone high power
I Chior. Rubber Xylene I
• Alkyd Resin White spirit •
Weakest Emulsion paint Water low power ( t 0 \I
( D\\ 't
Q Name six opaque pigments and give their respective colou t!. \ (~9\ 't}LH/q, I
A Carbon-Black /)Ov ~~O'
Compound of calcium - red, yellow ) 11'"h0
Compound of cobalt - blue
Compound of chromium - green, yellow, orange
Compound of Iron - brown, red, yellow
Titanium dioxide - white

Rust inhibitive pigment (anti corrosive)

Zinc chromate - Yellow
Zinc phosphate - White
Red lead - Red
Coal Tar - Black
Calcium plumbate - White
Red Iron Oxide - Red

Metallic Pigment
May be used to anti corrosive properties or to give metallic finish.
Cathodic Protection
Zinc and Aluminum

Q Name 5 paints and give their drying and curing methods?

A Emulsion - Coalescence
Alkyds - Solvent evaporation followed by oxidation.
Chlorinated Rubber - Solvent evaporation only.
2 pack Epoxy - Solvent evaporation followed by chemical curing
Fusion bonded epoxy - Heat cured.

Q State at what condition paint must be stored?

A In a dry, lockable, well ventilated building away from any source of heat. Material should be
stored at least 5 C below the flashpoint and current legislation and manufactures instruction should
be followed.

Q Name 5 methods of applying paints and compare the advantages and limitation of each method?
A Brush application:
Advantages:
Effective for applying primer as it works paint well into a substrate, which gives optimum
coverage and mixes in any dust particles. Thus achieving optimum adhesion. Do not produce
overspray, less environmental hazard, less wastage and less spotting.

Limitation:
Slow production, may not have uniform thickness, high quality brushes quite expensive.
 Roller application:
Advantage:
Quicker than brush for large flat surfaces, with extension poles easy to access at elevated
locations.

Limitation:
Non-uniform paint thickness, paint does not worked in to a surface, some specs not permitting
roller applications.

Conventional Spray:
Advantage:
Suitable for applying thin material, good finish, less operating pressure - move safe, less
equipment and maintenance cost, less over spray, quicker than brush.
Limitation:
Less production, gravity fed guns to be operated at upright positions only, high viscous paint
application not possible.

Airless Spray:
Advantage:
Higher production (more quality production), highly viscous paint easily applied, more portable,
uniform coating can be achieved, High DFT.
Limitation:
More wastage & over spray, higher equipment & maintenance cost, high risk of safety due to high
pressure operations.

Electro static spray:

Advantage:
More uniform thickness can be achieved, good finish, less over spray.
Limitation:
High equipment cost.

Q Give 6 type of anticorrosive primer?

A Zinc chromate - Yellow
Zinc phosphate - White
Red Lead - Red
Calcium Plumbate - White
Red oxide - Red
Coal Tar - Black

Q State the advantages of airless spray over conventional spray.

A High rate of production, Uniform film thickness can be achieved, less fog & rebound, size and
angle of the tip can be easily control the quantity of flow and pattern, high viscous paint can be
easily applied.

Q Which paints have to be considered when brush painting? Or

What method of paint application is performed for primer and why?
A Primers have to be considered when brush painting because bushing works as paint in to a
substrate surface, which gives optimum coverage and mixes in any dust particles, thus achieving
optimum adhesion.
Q Define the tie coat and give an example
A A coat of paint, which can tie two nonnally incompatible systems together, (where adhesion
problem, solvent stripping or bleeding might occur).
Example: Aluminum leafing primer for the application of alkyd over bitumen due to bleeding.

Q Describe barrier paint system and sacrificial paint coating?

A Barrier Paint System:
The substrate is isolated from the environment, which causes corrosion by using a coating of low
penneability. This may be achieved by applying a thick coat of paint having low penneability.
Eg. Epoxy, polyurethane

Sacrificial Coatings:
Sacrificial coating contain pigments, which cathodically protect the iron or steel substrate to which
the paint is adhered, these pigment particles eventually corrode thereby sacrificing themselves to
corrosion. In order to have these properly, the sacrificial pigment must be ignoble to the material
to be coated. Zinc and aluminum are the most common type of pigments employed.

Q Describe, what is Laminar Pigment and name 4 pigments?

A Pigments having a leafing effect like fallen leaves overlapping each other results in excellent
resistance to the passage of water also create a very strong coating.

MIO, mica, glass flakes and aluminum flakes are eg oflaminar pigments.

Q Define the tenn Pot Life, shelf life, and induction period?
A Pot Life:
The pot life is the maximum period of time after mixing in which the paint must be used, this can
vary few minutes to few hours.

Shelflife:
The max. Period of time paint in good condition in its container before opening in its container
before opening and recommended by the paint manufacturer.

Induction Period:
It is the min. period of time during which the mixed components are left to stand before use. This
is to allow for the certain chemical reaction to take place and for the time allowed for air bubbles
to escape. Induction periods are typically up to 30 minutes.

Q What does a fineness of grind gauge measure?

A The fineness of grind gauge measures the degree of dispersion of paint. Also known as Hegman
grind gauge.

Q What does a crypto meter measure and two example of crypto meter?
A A crypto meter measures the opacity or hiding power of paint possesses.
Pfund crypto meter
Hiding power charts.

Q What detennines the degree of gloss of a paint may posses?

A The degree of gloss detennined by
Degree of pigment dispersion
Size of pigment particles
The pigment volume concentration
Binder type - measured by gloss meter.
Q What is a flash point? Describe the procedure for detennining of flash point.
~ Flash point is the minimum temperature at which the vapour of a liquid will ignite if an external
source of ignition was introduced.
Flash point detennination of paints or solvents may be carried out in accordance with BS 3900
part A9 using a closed cup of Abel type

Procedure:
Fix the Abel cup containing the substance for the assessment into a water bath.
°
Activate the source of ignition every Y2 C rise in temperature.
Apply a heat source to the water bath and monitor the air/vapour temperature in the Abel Cup.
The flash point temperature is identified when a blue flame flashes over the substance being
assessed.

Q What is density and how do you assess it? Give two reason for its use?
A Density is weight per unit volume of a substance possess.
Density = mass / volume unit = gm/cc
By using laboratory balance weigh the cup to the nearest decigram with sensitivity of ± 0.19
Remove the cover and fill with paint to within 2.S mm of the brim.
Carefully replace the cover so that air and any excess paint are expelled through the vent.
Wipe off any surplus paint from the cover then reweigh.
Detennine the weight of the paint by subtraction.
Divide the weight by 100 if the density in glcc is required.

Purpose:
To detennine whether two pack paints have been mixed in the correct proportions.
This procedure can be used to detennine the quantity of any added thinner.

Q What is Viscosity and what equipment is used to measure viscosity of the free flowing paint and
thixotropic paint?
A Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. Viscosity of free flowing paints can be
measured by using a flow cup, there are many types including Ford cup, red wood and Zahn flow
cups.

Procedure for measuring viscosity using a Ford cup No.4.

Bring temperature of paint to within 20 ±-O.So
Level the apparatus, then with the end of one finger over the orifice of the cup rapidly till it with
paint.
Allow a moment for air bubbles to rise, and then draw a flat edge across the top ofthe cup to wipe
off the paint level with the edges.
Remove the finger from the orifice and start the Stop watch simultaneously with the
commencement of the paint stream.
The watch is stopped when the first distinctive break in the paint stream occurs.
The time in seconds is taken as the Viscosity.

For thixotropic paints, the viscosity can be measured by a rotation. Viscometer or another type of
Viscometer, which works the paints. (Kerb-stonner viscometer, cone and plate viscometer and
rotathinner)
,
Q What is specific gravity and how is testing for specific gravity carried out?
A Relative density or specific gravity is the density of any substance compared to the density of
water.

Specific gravity = density of given substance

Density of water

Q Name 3 adhesion tests and describe how one of them is carried out?
A Adhesion is the force that resists the separation of two surfaces in contact.
1. Cross cut test. 2. Cross hatch. 3. Dolly test (pull of adhesion test)

Procedures for pull of adhesion test:

Clean and degrease the surface to be tested.
Roughen the surface with fine/medium gr. Emery cloth.
Mix regular araldite and stick dolly to the surface, leave for 24 hrs at 25° C
Cut paint around the dolly down to the substrate using a special cutter.
Attach pull off instrument and apply pulling force.
Test result requires careful interpretation; some normal values obtained for acceptable adhesion
are as follows.
1500 psi - epoxy based systems
3000 psi - alkyl based systems
12000 psi - Zinc etch primer

Q Name 4 artificial weathering devices and what are these designed to stimulate?
A Artificial weathering devices are designed to create accelerated weathering to speed up to the
duration of different test to be carried out to determine the coating systems behaviour at specific
condition.
Tropical box - to simulate high humidity environment
Salt spray box - simulates a marine environment
Water soak test - to asses paint systems resistance to water absorption.
Cold check test - test for low temperature contraction cracking.
Temp. Cycling - to assess film flexibility at alternate hot & cold temperature.

Q State 2 drying curing tests and how they are operated?

A Ballotini test:
Tiny glass balls known as ballotini are allowed to fall on to a freshly painted best panel. The test
panel moves slowly beneath the falling ballotini over a preset period of time; the time of the test is
variable and the speed can be adjusted so that a panel 300 mm long can take between 1 to 24 hour
to test, where the ballotini fails to stick, to the painted panel drying has occurred.

Stylus test:
The stylus test employs a series of trailing needles which pass over the wet painted panel, because
the needles are set at different tensions it can be established when the paint is in tack dry, hard dry
and fully cured.

Q What is WFT? How do you measure it? What are the advantages of using it?
A Wet film thickness is the thickness measured immediately after a coating has been applied. The
wet film thickness may be found by using a comb gauge or an eccentric wheel.
 Procedure for measuring WFT using a comb gauge:
Immediately after the application of paint the comb gauge should be firmly placed on to the
surface in such a way the teeth are normal to the plane of the surface.
The gauge should then be removed and the teeth examined in order to determine the shortest one
to touch the wet film. The film should be recorded as lying between the last touching tooth and
first non-touching tooth.
Atleast two further readings should be taken in different places, in a similar manner, in order to
obtain representative results over the painted area.

Advantages:
If the WFT is known, any deviation from the specified thickness range can be immediately
rectified.
If the WFT is known, the approximate DFT can be calculated if the volume of solid is known.
DFT = WFT x VS /100.

Q What is DFT? State the principle of being able to use a banana gauge for taking DFT? State
calibration procedure for a banana gauge?
A OFT is the drv film tbickn~ss of the coated snrface and is measur~d in microns.

The banana gauge is only used for measuring the thickness of non-ferromagnetic coating applied
over a ferromagnetic substrate.
Calibration Procedures:
Choose a magnetically insulated shim of known thickness, close to the thickness of the paint you
expect to find.
Place the shim on the same substrate surface finish as the surface finish on which the paint to be
measured is attached. For eg, if the paint is on a basted surface, calibrate the gauge on a uncoated
blasted surface.
Place the magnet on the shim and press firmly on the instrument, wind the scale wheel forward
(away from yourself) until the magnet is definitely attached to the shim/substrate.
Gradually wind the wheel backwards slowly until the magnet detaches itself. At this point, move
the curser on the instrument to the thickness of the shim as shown on the scale wheel. With some
instrument the scale itself may be moved to line up with fixed cursor.
The instrument is now calibrated and may be used to measure the OFT of any non magnetic film
to within a claimed accuracy of ± 5% in some cases.

Q Describe a destructive test for determining the OFT of paint?

A Paint Inspectors Gauge (PIG)
Paint inspector guage is one such type of destructive test gauge. A small V shaped channel is cut
into the coating at a fixed angle governed by a cutter built into the gauge. The width of the
channel is then measured on a gratitude scale by means of a microscope which is again built in to
the instrument.

Q How do you calculate OFT, WFT & VS%

A OFT = VS% x WFT / 100

WFT = OFT x 100 / VS%

VS% = OFT x 100 / WFT

Q Describe the cathodic disbondment test:
A If the impressed current exceeds the corrosion current, hydrogen gas bubbles are evolved from the
metal substrate i.e. at the interface between the material and coating. This is a significant problem
when curing defects are present due to a stripping action caused by the hydrogen bubbles, the
coating disbondment is known as cathodic disbondment.
The test incorporates a coated test panel with hole drilled into the coating; this simulates a paint
film defect. Surrounding the hole a plastic tube is glued down and filled with sodium chloride
solution to act as an electrolyte. Wires from a battery are attached to the panel and to a metal rod
set into the liquid of plastic tube; a current is then impressed to make the panel cathodic.
The coating is assessed after a period of time. (eg) a few weeks, for the amount of stripping which
has occurred from the boundary of the hole.

Q Name 3 environmental conditions when would you stop painting? Or When shall coating not be
applied.
A 3 Environmental conditions: Rain, Snow & high wind.

It is not permissible to apply paint when the following condition apply:

During rain, snow or high wind.
When the air or metal temperature is down to within 30e ofthe dew point temperature.
When the relative humidity is above 90%.

Q Why are the environmental test carried out during a painting project?
A In order to verify the weather conditions are acceptable to the specification to carry out the
painting operation.

Q Explain RH, DP, Ambient temp and steel temperature?

A RH: Relative humidity is the amount of water vapour in the air expressed as a percentage.
DP: Dew point is the temperature at which condensation would form on a surface.
Ambient Temp: it is the surrounding air temperature also referred as dry bulb temperature.
Steel Temperature: it is the temperature of the substrate prior to painting. (Magnetic steel
thermometer, digital thermometer).

Q Explain how environmental test are carried out? What equipment is used to find RH and DP?
Explain its use?
A Environmental conditions like RH and dew point are measured using a hygrometer of which there
are many types. The whirling hygrometer consists of two mercury thermometer set side by side in
a frame which is provided with a handle and spindle so that the frame and thermometer can rotated
quickly about a horizontal axis. The bulb of one thermometer is called Wet bulb thermometer. It
is covered with a closely fitted cylindrical cotton wick, the end of which dips into distilled water
or clean rain water contained in a small cylinder attached to the end of the frame.
The frame is rotated by hand for 30 to 40 seconds as fast as possible so that the bulbs pass through
air at least 4 m/s. This causes the water to evaporate from the wet bulb. The wet bulb cools down
to a constant wet bulb temperature due to the evaporation rate of water from the wet wick.
Always read the wet bulb temperature before dry bulb temperature immediately after the rotation.
Repeat the operation until consecutive readings of each bulb temperature agree to with o.ile.
If it is 100% RH, the wet bulb will be same temperature, because no evaporation can occur, i.e. the
air is saturated. If wet bulb and dry bulb temperature are the same the current temperature is the
dew point. The R.H and dew point can not be read directly from the apparatus, hygrometer tables
or special slide rules must be used.
Q What does BS 2015 - GLOSSARY OF PAINT TERMS refers to and give three examples?
A Faults, which occur with paints, are described in BS 2015 - GLOSSARY OF PAINT TERMS.
These faults are due to three main caused.
1. Fault "in the can". (Manufacturing faults)
2. Problem, which occur due to poor preparation.
3. Problem, which occur due incorrect or poor application or interference by weather.

Examples:
Bleeding: The action of a material in penetrating and discoloring a coating applied on top of it.

Blistering: The formation of dome shaped blister in a paint film. They can be dry blisters which
are usually caused by the expansion and contraction of the paint film against the substrate or
Osmotic blister which can be caused by water/solvent entrapment or hygroscopic salts let on a
blast cleaned surface.

Chalking: The breaking down of a paint film to become chalky or powdery usually due to
disintegration of the binder caused by attack from UV light or severe weather condition.

Q What is BS 4800, and how it is used in construction industry?

A BS 4800 Paint colours for building purpose specify 100 colours which have been selected from the
frame work of the 237 colours contained in BS 5252.
Each colour in BS 4800 is identified by three as follows:

HUE:
The first part signifies HUE or colour and consists of an even number of two numerals and 12
main hues are used and numbered
02 - Red Purple 14 - Greens
04 - Reds 16 - Green Blues
06 - Yellow Reds 18 - Blues
08 - Yellow Reds 20 - Purple Blues
10 - Yellows 22 - Violets
12 - Yellow Greens 24 - Purples

GREYNESS:
The second part signifies greyness, i.e. the apparent amount of difference in greyness between one
colour with other colors. Five grades are used, each defined by a letter.

A - Max. Greyness
B -
C-
D - Min. greyness
E - Pure - No greyness

WEIGHT: (Saturation)
Colours of similar hue and greyness may differ in colour brightness or intensity of colour. This
quality termed as saturation, may be defined as the intensity of any particular hue when compared
with a neutral grey of similar lightless of the spectrum colours being the most intense or of highest
saturation.

* The weight is given in pairs of numbers from 01 to 56. Groups of colours within each of the
five greyness ranges are graduated high to low value.
 Each of these graduation is numbered;
A Greyness - 01 to 13
B Greyness - 15 to 29
C Greyness - 31 to 40
D Greyness - 43 to 45
E Greyness - 49 to 56

BS 4800 - can be used to identify existing colours when maintenance painting and is a method by
which all manufactures can make exactly the same colours.

Q How doBGAS define the following?

A New galvanizing:
A galvanized steed surface upon which cohesive oxide layer has not yet formed. (bright & shiny,
less than 3 months old)
Weather Galvanizing:
A galvanized steel surface upon which a Cohesive oxide layer has formed by natural weathering
(dull & lacking in shine)
Long Term Protection: The estimated period for the corrosion protection is typically 10 years.
Medium Term Protection: Typically 5 years.
Short Term Protection: Typically 2 - 3 years.

Q What is the procedure for removing oil, grease form a substrate after preparation has taken place?
A If oil or grease is found on a surface after it has been prepared that area must be swabbed with an
approved solvent followed by a 2% detergent wash, washing with clean water, thorough drying
and reblasting.

Q What is procedure for removing oil, grease from a surface before preparation commences?
A Small areas of oil and grease shall be removed with an approved solvent, where as large areas can
be given to low pressure detergent washing, which must be followed by rinsing with clean water
and thorough drying.

Q What is the procedure for removing algae & mould growth from pipe work?
A Algae and mould grown shall be treated with a biocidal agent and left for 24 hour at least in order
that biocide can kill the spores. It shall then be removed by scrubbing with stiff bristle brushes
and clean water or by use of high-pressure water wash.

Q What distance must be left at areas to be welded when painting?

A For Zinc rich paint 75mm shall be left from the end preparation.

Q How much new paint overlap required over old repair?

A Minimum 100 mm.

Q What must pneumatically and electrically operated power tool equipment be?
A All equipment whether electrically or pneumatically operated shall be earthed. All equipments
shall be non-spark and flame proof.

Q What type of sheeting mayor may not be used for protection against spillage & spotting?
A Sheeting of a non-flammable nature must be employed to protect areas against spillage & spotting.
Tarpaulins must not be used.
Q What areas of work, does PAlO not cover?
A PAlO not covers painting work of the following:
Below ground (buried) offshore installations, internal coating of pipes & store enamel coating.

Q What is BS 7079?
A Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products.

Q What are BS 3900 & BS 4800?

A BS 3900 - Method of test for paints
BS 4800 - Specification for paint colours for building purposes.

Q What is BS 5493 & 5750

A BS 5493 - Code of practice for protective coating of iron and steel structure.
BS 5750-

Q As an Inspector what do you consider as your main responsibilities?

A To assess the condition of substrate prior to treatment.
To inspect surface preparation in accordance with BS 7079; measure and record amplitude once
daily.
To ensure material used on site are to client specifications.
Relative Humidity, dew point, air temperature and steel temperature to be checked and recorded at
least four times daily.
Wet and dry film thickness to be checked and recorded at frequent intervals.
To witness and inspect application of each coat and inspect competed paint system in accordance
with the client's specifications.
To submit daily and weekly reports, recording all the relevant infonnation as required by client.
Copies to be retained by the inspector.

Q Paint Faults?
A Bleeding:
Discoloration of newly painted surface due to inter penetration of substances by natural
movements

Rust Blooming:
First stage of corrosion process

Blistering:
Fonnation of done shaped blisters or projection in paints in the dry film of a coating material by
local loss of adhesion and lifting of the film from the underlying surface.

Chalking:
The fonnation of friable (easily give away) powdery coating, on the painted surface caused by
disintegration of the binder medium due to ultra violet or moister.

Checking:
Cracking that compress fine cracks which do not penetrate the topcoat and are distributed over the
surface giving the resemblance of a small pattern.

Cissing:
Due to contamination, the wet paint tries to slope backwards from small areas of the surface
leaving no coating.
Cratering:
The fonnation of small bowl shaped depression in the film of a coating material.

Crazing:
Cracking that resembles checking but the cracks are deeper and broader.

Cracking:
Generally the splitting of a dry paint or varnish film usually as a result of ageing.

Dry Spray:
The production of a rough or slightly bitty film from sprayed coating material where the particle
are insufficiently fluid to flow together to fonn a unifonn coating.

Flaking:
Lifting of the coating material from the substrate in the fonn of flakes or scales.

Flocculation:
The development of loosely coherent solid aggregates in a pigment - vehicle dispersion. Which
will not mix back even after re-stirring.

Grinning:
The showing through of the substrate due to the inadequate opacity (hiding power) of a paint film
which has applied to it.

Holidays:
Missed or poorly coated areas on a painted surface.

Chemical Curing:
A part from the oxidation, paint is cured due to the presents of a catalyst in the paint when they
mix together.

Lifting:
Failure caused by the swelling of a dry film of paint or varnish when another coat is applied over
it. It may be due to stronger solvent, when new coat is applied over the old one.

Orange Peel:
The unifonn pock marked appearance in particular of a sprayed film resembles the peel of an
orange due to the failure of the film to flow out to a level surface.

Osmotic blister:
Fonnation of dome shaped blister, which can be caused by water entrapment solvent entrapment,
or hygroscopic salts left on a blast-cleaned surface.

Pin holing:
The fonnation of minute holes down through a paint coating caused by escaping air bubbles.

Ropiness: (Brush Marks)

A finish in which the brush marks have not flowed out, or due to continuing to brush the paint
after the film has begun to set.

Saponification:
The fonnation of soapy layer by the reaction between a fatty acid ester and an alkali.
 Wrinkling:
The development of wrinkles in a film - a coating material during drying mainly due to the initial
formation of a surface skin.

Compliant Coating:
A coating which complies with the environmental protection act of 1990.

Fully Weathered Galvanizing:

A galvanized steel surface upon which a cohesive oxide layer has formed by natural weathering.

Dew Point:
The temperature at which condensation would form on a substrate.

Relative Humidity:
The amount of water vapour in the air expressed as a percentage.

Induction period:
The length of time paint is required to stand after mixing and before application. This time allows
air bubbles to escape and chemical reaction to take place and is specified by the paint
manufacturer.

Pot life:
The length of time that paints remains in an applicable condition according to the manufacturer's
instruction.

Twash:
An etch primer for zinc metal surfaces. Blue in color it turns black upon drying if it has been
applied successfully.

Sheeting for protection:

Sheeting of a non-flammable nature must be employed to protect areas not being prepared or
painted from contamination.

Masking out:
Cover out items which are not to be prepared and painted.

Oxidation:
After the painting, when the surface IS coming In to contact with the oxygen the binder
polymerized and form a strong layer.

A.G.I.: Above ground installations.

Q What is Bgas PA-9

A Refers to paint properties and performance requirements.

Q What is Bgas PAlO

Refers to the technical specification for New and Maintenance Painting at works and site for
above ground pipeline and plant installations.
Q Conditions for final surface preparation.
A When conditions in the working area are such that metal surfaces are moist, damp or wet, final
preparation shall not be carried out.
Any surface preparation, procedure or method of cleaning shall not be allowed to contaminate wet
paint film.
Equipment used shall be of non-sparking type.
Electrically operated tools are not permitted.
Power tools operated by compressed air shall have oil and vapour trap fitted to the compressed air
lines.
All contaminants shall be removed by means of an approved solvent.
Algae and mould growth when in evidence shall be treated with a biocidal agent and left for at
least 24 hrs in order that the biocide can kill the spores. It shall then be removed by scrubbing
with stiff bristle brushes and clean water or by use of a high pressure water wash.
All surfaces shall normally be dry before painting commences.

Q What document state health & safety at work?

A Health and Safety at Work act 1974 - (H.A.S.W.A)

Q What year was the Health & Safety Act passed?

A The control of substances hazardous to health regulations 1988 came into force on 151 October,
1989. (COSHH regulation).

Q How long records of personnel exposed would be kept?

A Employers must keep records of examination! monitoring test for 5 years; 30 yrs for identifiable
employees.

Q EPA & VOC

A Environmental Protection Act & Volatile Organic Compound

Q What is the difference between thermosetting & thermo plastic.

A Paint which melt when heat is applied are known as thermoplastic coatings.
Coating which do not melt after the application of heat is known as thermo set coating.

Q What is impressed current and what problem can arise from its incorrect use?
A Impressed current is a type of Cathodic protection system e.g. Used for large areas of pipes. If the
impressed current exceeds the corrosion & current, hydrogen gas bubbles are evolved from the
metal substrate i.e. at the interface between the material and the coating. This is a significant
problem when curing defects are present due to a stripping action caused by the hydrogen bubbles
leads coating disbondment is known as cathodic disbondment.

Q What does B.Gas class as a hot duty service?

A Metal surfaces that will reach a temperature in excess of 99°C when in service is classed as hot
duty service.

Q Advantage & Disadvantage of Polyurethane

A Polyurethane finish coats are often used to replace epoxy finish coats. They have the following
qualities:
High Gloss, Retain the gloss, Hold the colors, Abrasion resistance, Easily cleaned, Good
resistance to UV Light, chemical and weather resistant, Cures down to O°c.
Disadvantages:
Two Component
May cause skin problem
Q Advantage & Disadvantage of Epoxy
A Advantage
More Flexible
Used on Damp surfaces
Chemically cured and hard
Mechanical resistance

Disadvantage
It is difficult to over coat
Poor UV resistant, chalk in sunlight
Temp Dependent.
Epoxy is not cured by oxidizing. Cured by chemical reaction between two components.

Q What additional infonnation you should when maintenance painting a pipeline without removing
the existing coating?
A The following additional infonnation to be recorded are:
Nature of the existing system must be established to decide the type of preparation to be carried
out.
Amount of surface contamination.
Extent of paint breaks down.
Extent of corrosion
Compatibility of the existing system with the new system. If not compatible select the appropriate
Tie-coat.
In service environmental condition.
 I. Etch Primers And their Uses.
Etch Primer is one kind of surface Preparation Material which is used instead of
abrasive blasting. Etch primed surfaces will be slightly rough and they will
Provide, key for the succeeding Painting application.

2. Functions &Uses of Solvents.

Solvents fonn the evaporative part of the drying process. Thins the Paint so it
can be easily applied. Washes out brushes & Equipment. Acts as a degreasing
Agent if approved.

3. Different Types of Surface Preparation.

a. Areas which are inaccessible for mechanical Buffers (Grinding machine) we go
for Hand abrade with Emery paper Grit 80/120/200.
b. Areas very small and for spot repairs we go for Mechanical Power tool
cleaning.St2, St3.
c. Larger areas we go for open site abrasive blasting, depending on the type of
system we go for Sal, Sa2, Sa2.5, and Sa 3.

4. c.P.V.c.
Critical Pigment Volume Concentration refers to the amount of Pigment
contained in paint and how this affects its Characteristics, i.e.
A Paint containing a lot of Pigment and a little Binder will be a Primer or a
Midcoat, will have a good Opacity and a flat finish whereas a Paint
Containing very little Pigment and a lot of binder will have a Poor Opacity but
will carry a high gloss.

5. Preparation of Two pack Paints for Use.

a. Plastic paper to be used underneath of paint tins,
b. All dust to be removed.
c. Lid to be opened without damaging of the rim.
d. All sediments at the bottom of the tin are to be mixed by stirring.
e. Solvents or Catalysts to be added slowly and gradually and mixed thoroughly
in paint.
f. Up to 5 Litres Paint may be mixed by Manual, above 5 litres by Mechanical
mixing to get homogeneity.
g. Tin should be covered without Opening.

6. Purpose ofB.S.4800.
I. B.S. 4800 Paint Colours for Building Purposes Specifies 100 Colours which
have been selected from the framework of the 237 Colours contained in
2. B.S.5252 It is standardised. B.S.4800 can be used to Identify existing Colours
when Maintenance Painting and is a method by which all manufacturer
Can make exactly the same Colour.
7. Qualities of Polyurethane Finish Coats.

Polyurethane coats have a finish which is of High Gloss) they are abrasion
resistant, c) Polyurethane coats can be cleaned easily well resistant to UV.

8. Advantages &Disadvantages of Epoxy Paint system.

Epoxy coatings are one of the strongest Binders. They provide High Build
coating suitable for Airless Spray Application. They can be modified form for
High Temperatures and Damp surfaces, Disadvantage. Epoxy coatings will
make a Poor finish coat because they will chalk easily.

9. Detail operation of Airless & Conventional Spray System?

Airless System works by Pumps (pneumatic/Electrical) which pressurize the

airline Paint at high pressure hoses to the spraying gun. The high pressure
paint which comes out through the small orifice of the gun hits the air and
atomizes, which produces good/efficient patterns 30 times more efficient than
brush. This method is suitable for applying paint to very large areas, it produce
very little overspray, has a large spray pattern and applies a thick coating at one
application.

Conventional Spray- the mixture of air and paint comes out of the gun, at low
pressure and get atomize due to the sudden fall of pressure. Conventional Spray
set ups operate at relatively low pressure so are only suitable for applying
relatively thin materials. In addition they hold only small quantities of paint so if
applying large areas constant refilling of the container would be required. Also
the Gravity Suction versions only are used with the gun in an upright position.

10. Action taken when coatings are applied out of Sequence.

Stop the job. Inform the Engineer or Clients representative. If a wrong type of
paint is applied as primer, it must be blasted off and the system should
Be started correctly. If the applied primer is ok, start the system from where the
error started and apply the correct system.

II. Risk Assessments when Blast cleaning & Painting.

A) Fire Risk due to Inflammable nature of substances of paint.
B) Fumes &Inhalation of Toxic gases
C) Heat from the Sun
D) Working in confined space
E) To obtain work permit for the job. To use appropriate P.P.E .To Display
boards. Barricading the Area. To have a Fire watcher.

2
12 What Problems occur When Density & Viscosity of paint are not correct?
a) Poor opacity.
b) Poor Gloss & slow drying,
c) Poor durability.
d) Paint not be applied to the defined D.F.T. Drying problem may occur. It may
create the surface defects like Runs, Sags or Thixotropic points
13. Visual Examination-Surface Preparation, Dry Paint films
Visually examine the surface i.e. the Substrate prior to blasting for any inherent
defects or detrimental contaminants such as oil. Mud etc.
Check blast cleaning air i.e. compressor feed air is free from traces of oil or water.
Check the oil traps are functional. Observe the surface for unusual discoloration;
Check the abrasive being used for size and for dryness.
Measure the surface profile.whether the prepared surface meets the standard.
Surface profile pattern. Look for unblasted areas.
Make scotch test to ensure that the surface is free from dust particles.
On Dry Paint films- a) Uniform in appearance b) Free from Paint Faults c) Missed &
skipped areas d) low DFT areas e) no grit sand embedded on the paint film surface

14. Sequence of Events leading to Clients Inspection

a. Their reasons are mainly due to malpractices of contractor personals and also in
the lapse of the painting Inspector responsibility.
b. Surface preparation is very important, may not been carried out as per
requirement. Could be contaminants present like oil, grease, &dust.
c. Painting carried out in adverse weather conditions.
d. Application of subsequent coat without previous coat not fully cured.
e. Coating intervals not adhered.
f. Skipping or missing out a coat
g. Use ofjelled paints. Paint shelf life expired.
h. Not following the coating system sequence.
r. Materials used are not the approved ones& doesn't meet the specification.

15. Factors which cause poor adhesion of Paint system;

a. Surface preparation is poor.
b. Surface containing detrimental contaminants
c. Overpowered Burnished areas,
d. Surface Profile very less
e. Over thinning of Paints
f. Paint applied over rust or unprepared areas
g. Not proportionately mixing of Two Pack Paints.

3
 16. Profile Reduction a)If the profile of the blasted surface is very much higher than
the specified range to overcome it while on job corrective action to overcome are
1. Change the blasting Nozzle i.e. from a Venturi goes for straight bore.
2 .Reduce the Abrasive Size.3.Increase the distance between the Substrate and the
Nozzle.

17. Purpose of Working to Quality plan-

a) Setting out specific Quality practices achieve the desirable Quality to meet the
Specification requirements, following the various stages of inspection at every
stage ensuring that each activity is performed aiming at quality ,doing things
rightly at the first time .To follow I.T.P.

18. Recording of information following Project Completion.

a. To have record of work stoppage due to adverse weather conditions (down time)
b. To have record of Materials consumed.
c. Manpower deployed and Equipment used.
d. Record of wastage material.
e. Estimation of project cost for future tendering purpose.

19. Advantages of Epoxy coating system

A) One of the strongest Binders available. They provide High build coating suitable
for application by airless spray b) they can be used in modified form for
High Temperatures and Damp surfaces - Limitation Epoxy coating will make a
poor finish coat because they chalk easily.

20 Client/ Contractor Relationship.

Good working relationship helps to resolve Problems.
To arrive at an amicable Solution. To express Concern, practical
Difficulties and work related problems to resolve. To ensure safe working methods
are adopted. Co-ordial relationship will contribute to understand the job more
precisely.
21. Rust Inhibitive Properties of Paint System-
To protect the piping by the use of rust inhibitive primers which have the chemical
Properties to retard corrosion.

22 . Use of Electro static Spray System-

This method of Spray paint application needs a Special Spray gun which applies a
charge to the paint particles.
The Substrate is positively earthed and the paint particles are given a negative
charge at the tip as they leave the gun. The result is that the Paint particles which
are drawn to the earth can wrap themselves completely around small
tubular components, an even thickness coating is
Obtained and there is little Wastage through Overspray. This Equipment is very
expensive to purchase.

4
 23. Functions of Primers, Midcoats, & Finish Coats.
Primer- To provide maximum lasting adhesion to a substrate for the next paint
layer and retard corrosion.
Midcoat- Barrier to prevent the passage of Water.
Finish Coat - Gives Final appearance, degree of gloss & colour. Resistance to
abrasion, UV rays, Weather .To aid the flow from the surface of the metal.

24. Barrier & Sacrificial Coating.

A. Barrier- This isolates the substrate from the environment by means of a low
Penneability coating system. This type of system is usually made up of from
around four coats and contains an M.I.O. which helps give the paint system its
low penneability.
B.Sacrificial- This involves making appoint whose pigments particles
(ZINC/ALUMINIUM) are less noble than the steel onto which it is coated.
The result is that the less noble coating will sacrifice (Anode) itself to the more
noble steel (cathode)

25. Paint FILM TESTING

a. Salt Spray Box- Marine Condition
b. Water Soak Test- Film Penneability
c. Tropical Box - High Humid Environment.
d. Temperature Cycling- Film Flexibility.
e. Cold Check Testing- Low temperature contraction cracking

Practical

1). Checks & use of Whirling Hygrometer.

A. It turns freely.

B.Chamber contains distilled water.

a. Bulbs-Figures are clear (Readable).
b. Fluid is intact and Continuous. Bulb is not cracked.

C.Cotton Wick-a) clean b)Not Frayed c) Covers Wet Bulb d) Must be Wet.

1. Procedure:-
a. Hold the Hygrometer Straight facing the Wind direction. In the Wind
direction and start rotating to 30 -40 rotations per second.
S.First read the wet bulb temperature immediately then the dry bulb
temperature.

2. Repeat the operation to get two consecutive readings within 0.2 c

Calculate using Dew point calculator for RH &DP.

5
2).Calculation of Dew Point and Relative Humidity.

For Dew Point- Set dry bulb temperature to wet bulb temperature and read in the
window against the Wet bulb for Dew Point.
For RH %- Dry bulb temperature set to dew point temperature. Look in the
Window for RH %.

3). Environmental Limits for Paint Application

a. The Air or Metal Temperature is at least 3 c above the Dew point Temperature
b. The Relative Humidity is less than 90%.
c. The Temperature for Application is Within the Manufacturers given limits.

4). Identification of Abrasives.

a) Look for what the material is.
b) Observe for things contained in it.
c) Check whether it is used one or not, whether it is grit /shot.
d) Proportion in which it is mixed.
e) Look for spent abrasives- contaminated one. A) Copper slag B) Gamet
C) Shot Grit D) Used ones.

5).Identification of Rust Grades &Blast Cleaning Grades.

Rust Grade - A - Covered in Mill scale with little or no rust

B - A Mixture of Mill scale and rust.
C - Mill scale gone, rusted with slight surface pitting.
D - Heavily rusted and pitted.

Blast Cleaning Grade- Sa 1 - Light Blast Clean

Sa 2 - Thorough Blast Cleaning.
Sa2 ~ - Very Thorough Blast Cleaning.
Sa 3 - Blast Cleaning to Visually Clean Steel.

6).Calibration of Dial Micrometer.

Clean the anvil tip by paper. Ensure that there are no Dust particles in the Jaws
of the micrometer. Release the top screw.
Make rotations to check against readings. When it is done, set the Zero to the
Needle point where it indicates and fix it.
Then take readings. It is precisely what is shown in the Micrometer. Deduct 2
mils for Mylar thickness from the reading observed.

6
7). Selection of Comb Gauge & Reading of it.

When a Comb is selected for the range for the thickness will be obtained from
the Specification. This thickness should fall in the centre of the teeth as this
should eliminate the possibility of an error in reading..
Reading ofW.F.T. Comb Gauge- WFT is pushed firmly into the wet paint so
that the outer most teeth make contact with the substrate.
Held at right angles to the Surface. Gauge is removed and the teeth are
examined. WFT lies between the last tooth i.e. Coated and the first
Tooth that is Uncoated. Midpoint between this is WFT.

8). Limits for Testex Tape

For 20 to 50 microns, use Coarse 0.8to 2.0 mil

For 40 to 115 microns, use X-Coarse 1.5- 4.5 mil.

9) .Reduction of a Blast Cleaned Surface.

If the blasted surface has the profile more than the Specified i.e. higher range
then to have less value opts for I.Change the Blast Nozzle Type.
2. Reduce the Abrasive Size. 3. Increase the distance between the substrate and
the nozzle.

10). State the Principle for Use of Banana Gauge. Narrate the steps for Calibration of
a Banana Gauge.
Must have a Ferrous Substrate and a non-ferrous coating.
Works on magnetic principle.
Calibration of Banana Gauge.
1. Choose a magnetically insulted shim of known thickness, close to the
thickness of the paint you expect to find.
2. Place the shim on the same substrate surface finish as the surface finish on
which the paint film to be measured is attached, e.g.-if the paint
Is on a blasted surface, calibrate the gauge on a uncoated Blasted surface.
3. Place the magnet onto the shim and press firmly on the instrument, Wind the
scale wheel forwards (away from you).Until the Magnet is
Definitely attached to the shim substrate.
4. Gradually wind the wheel backwards slowly until the magnet detaches itself.
T At this point, move the cursor on the instrument to the
thickness of the shim as shown on the Scale wheel. With some instrument the
scale itself must be moved to line up with a fixed cursor.
When using the later type of instrument .rotate the wheel to zero to locate the
position of the scale adjuster.
6. The instrument is now calibrated and may be used to measure the D.F.T of
any non magnetic paint films to a claimed accuracy of

7
 •
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WAUGH TECHNICAL & EDUCAnON SERVICES June 1999

SELF ANALYSIS PAPER

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Ql!, What IS the name of any mstrument which measures opacity and give two-, . I

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WAUGH TECHNICAL & EDUCAnON SERVICES. June 1999

COURSE RESEARCH PAPER

Ql, What kind of process is corrosion.?

COlJYe>Sic.·'" I~ 0..,.., (£\<2C.~h.cf'l'.iU:>Jl.. ?"6"C(.~ u..\bA. t.'ec~~S.

m, What particular problems relate to the maintaining of an effective coating

system in the splash zone.

8>L1'IST £lef\~.!r\lc. c~o~~

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D - ~ "'0 Q..u s~ c"r .()\ ~ . oS A "" - 54J:>t"ClQM\·f;... VI SIP
QQ,. _Name three tests for locating Hygroscopic salts and millscale on a blast cleaned az.-...,c ~
substrate. .. ~yc;.~oS( oP:TC SAL'i . (V M!\.l. .sC"U' .
0)~5CLJJAP-.l£ :U!er: SAt-'- - ' Pt>~ ...,.., ~~.~~ 'T~r' Coppr;.1- ~~¥
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QJ.., What factors influence how clean and how rough the surface becomes after blast
cleaning. QJ. A b .~ $\ ~ a Ov-<'<-C'1<.)l.( !)-t" cs '2) t-\vO/l rJ f''' c -toR c:..
o 5" ~ C0~-f\mQ..
0) S"'-'l.~ g> clL.s-\-e>-"CJ2-
(3) Per'S\-\~a @ o..~
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~ Regarding hand and power tool cleaning state what always concludes this
process and to what standards.
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Q2, What three basic ingredlenfs make up a traditional solvent carrying paint.
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Ql.Q. What are the functions of each ofthese three in a solvent carrying paint.
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 023, Name two types of paint mi~ '"give two examples of each.
C)~h-ect- C~Q.l't.<r- wlL _ e>o.u. Ml-ll, \-\\~ ~~ ~f'\'(O.~"C" I

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024, What is the title ofB.S. 3900 : tJ\~o() IOF 'TE.sT FoR, 'P~I'I"'s .w-

How many test sets are in B.S.3900: 8 .set-S ¢

How are the tests identified (name, number, letter) which.

~ '~/\·ti-JieJ DO -\ -\-s ~'4k- ~ A. ~ ?om A to H l/""

025, What does a fineness of grind gauge measure.

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026, What is a "FLASHPOINT' and in what apparatus is it determined.
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o ,r 027, What is viscosity and what equipment is ~edto measure the viscosity of A. II
free flowing paint. B, a thixotropic paint.
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Q2! What is a density cup and give an example of its use.

eto~ , 'a Of ~~
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~p~ct-k.4 Cb ~ooec. 0X\.el i.r top Ob ~ ,~ ~~;,.~~..;:.r:r- I
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029, Calculate the volume solids ofa paint if the W.F.T. was 186 ~ and the .F.T. \() .... ,,"'" '
was 93 ~. D FT;. V.s 'f )( \rJJ: T
d/~VS :::,~ ~'b)'. \OD iOO
~ 18(, >. _S"O t . .....--·

QIQ, Calculate the W.F.T. of a paint if the vs% was 66% and the D.F.T. was 88 ~.
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%8 =- 66>< WF1' '::: ~)(.l\:)o = 1.'00 = 13;;3fu,.,.,
jOe.::> -r --_ . . . . . .
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Calculate the D.F.T. pfa paint ifvs% was 44% and the W.F.T. was 234J.1m.

Qll, Calculate the density of a paint if a 5 ltr. Tin weighed 15 Kg.

Dc>" $ i-ty '= CO Ic.rY\ '""
w'%ol\Jff'I .;J"

= ~~I'QO'b~ ra/t.Ml'l> -:. 3"~/ ~'1.

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033, Calculate the density ofa two pack material ifpart A (paint) was 1.5g!cm3 and

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QH, Name an example ofa non destructive D.F.T. gauge." B>~ ~ ~
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00., Name three methods of applying paint and compare the advantages and
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disadvantages of each in terms of quality and cost effectiveness.

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044, What does B.S. 2015 "GLOSSARY OF PAINT TERMS" refer to and give .....:,
three examples. ~::2-4-
1) PlUI'lT I="ALT$ . :....,

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Medium term protection. ..
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Short term protection.
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, "<~ 'ch L.l - o.A\..:Q..~~
New galvanising. _ .L + i 5 ~ 5"Wo.
1'\ ,sed .6\,)~~ In"'" ""'-. V"Y- •

e>:x.Ad..... ~ l.P-~e...>-t. hAA- "Ct-" bw.r> ~........,.,l("r..~ looK~ ~~e::J.

Weathered galvanising. _ b..-:.~~. Tk \.J> )~ ~ ~ ....... e~YV"'> old.. • C"'~v-e...
'J-+ IS ~ S""\vo.......:s~ ~Q~\:fccz. on ~Cln ~ ~
CPc...':c'v:. 't--l ~':I e..>'l Rev> ~ 10" rrv:>oL Cl'J12. \h w-e... Iit<>.n •
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00, What is the procedure for removing 011 and grease from a surface before
preparation commences. ~
N~n 0;\ c!o-r) S'YQA.Se. i6 PTeSR"'+ b.erNl. p~p"""1.....+\eD ~ TYlv..!..... ~c~ 1\-

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048, What is the procedure for removing oil and grease from a surface if found after
preparation has taken place. wev.:>t)
J,b 0 1' cr g.....e.a.!>e. 0:>"'2 p...-e berJ- a..o+ru1 f'~.pcO'\.o..+\ O~ ~ -1' "-!or ~ ~~
t- W1 in OI..fP~ ~'O\~ ~\"-OVVEJ b~ 0\. 2..~, . ck~~ Cf.N\.cA ~'1S'~ W~~ v...":' ~
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049, What is the procedure for removing algae and mould growth from pipework.
:!j- ~,~ l-.:r6 O")O\)\d,. ~w~ II'!> ?1re-~ \n ~ ~UotDl.CL. on Ru. "'9~uJ"O-r\<:.
~ ~\- bA- ~ ~ "'-~~ 'o,oc..' c\..ojL ~~\ h:>~c.\J..oJ... CU')ct \.Q.(l~ \1- ~ ~~OJ)
It)c"ckn +0 ~~ ~ ~.l:>:X--b. ~\.~ ~~l;~:t~ un#' ~jj b<r\S+\e.~
@, Under what condItIons must pamt be stored. A oPO ~ leY')
Pc ' J\)"1fl'hQS\ c..~. . . \M-"-h ... ""'~ ~~ \N-ctw-
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J. "(j • Lo <.l<.g.I.Ie.. (Will

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, L 1...1_.>tt .:zt..Wq,.N·QN~ ~~
What is it used for.·- :.lA.. \1.> \J ~ ~ 00..'" Of-KC n 'J"''' l? ~ 0. '1
S~ ~ •
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What colour is it:- E, \v e.. ~

How do we check for a correct reaction when using it: 'T + Vorl \\ ~ ~ ~C"\ 'Q}( (el
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~ What two coats of paint are applied "at works".
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@ \J\ .-:l- £"'0 f\A:I:fol 755 M. "" ~ •
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.Qll, What distance must be left at areas to be welded when painting.
At\e.~~ 7~ ton........ hr~~ ~CJ~ b~ ~
@, How much must new paint overlap old on repairs.
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@, What is the maximum allowed time for priming to take place following
preparation and by what method is primer applied.
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Q2.Q, What doB:Gas ~i~~~ a hot duty service. f""~ ~\>..~

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060, Give the rules for the mixing of paints regarding sizes.
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.QQl, What are Osmotic Blisters and what can cause them. ~h> '

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062, Some metals are difficult to prepare name three and describe how you might
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069, !fa pipeline was in direct"contaet with Accoustic Cladding, what paint system
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Q74, Give one advantage of using Testex tape and plastic disposable W.F.T. combs.
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®, Describe what you know ofH.A.S.W.A. and C.O.S.H.H.

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