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U1: HOLIDAYS AND TRAVEL

LISTENING
(approximately 30 minutes)
SECTION 1
Questions 1 – 10
Complete the table below.
Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
COOKERY CLASSES

Cookery Class Focus Other Information

● small classes
how to 1………… and
Example ● also offers 2………… classes
cook with seasonal
The Food Studio ● clients who return get a 3…………
products
discount

● includes recipes to strengthen

Bond’s Cookery your 5………….
food that is 4……….
School ● they have a free 6…………. Every
Thursday

● located near the 9…………

The 7……..…. mainly 8…………
● a special course in skills with
Centre food
a 10…………. is sometimes available

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SECTION 2
Questions 11 – 13
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
Traffic Changes in Granford
11 Why are changes needed to traffic systems in Granford?
A The number of traffic accidents has risen.
B The amount of traffic on the roads has increased.
C The types of vehicles on the roads have changed.

12 In a survey, local residents particularly complained about

A dangerous driving by parents.
B pollution from trucks and lorries.
C inconvenience from parked cars.

13 According to the speaker, one problem with the new regulations will be
A raising money to pay for them.
B finding a way to make people follow them.
C getting the support of the police.

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Questions 14-20
Label the map below.
Write the correct letter, A-I, next to Questions 14-20
Proposed traffic changes in Granford

14 New traffic lights …………….

15 Pedestrian crossing …………….
16 Parking allowed …………….
17 New ‘No Parking’ sign …………….
18 New disabled parking spaces …………….
19 Widened pavement …………….
20 Lorry loading/unloading restrictions …………….

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SECTION 3
Questions 21 – 25
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
21 Why is Jack interested in investigating seed germination?
A He may do a module on a related topic later on.
B He wants to have a career in plant science.
C He is thinking of choosing this topic for his dissertation.

22 Jack and Emma agree the main advantage of their present experiment is that it can be
A described very easily.
B carried out inside the laboratory.
C completed in the time available.

23 What do they decide to check with their tutor?

A whether their aim is appropriate
B whether anyone else has chosen this topic
C whether the assignment contributes to their final grade

24 They agree that Graves’ book on seed germination is disappointing because

A it fails to cover recent advances in seed science.
B the content is irrelevant for them.
C its focus is very theoretical.

25 What does Jack say about the article on seed germination by Lee Hall?
A The diagrams of plant development are useful.
B The analysis of seed germination statistics is thorough.
C The findings on seed germination after fires are surprising.

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Questions 26-30
Complete the flow-chart below.
Choose FIVE answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-H, next to Questions 26-30
A container B soil C weight D condition
E height F colour G types H depths

Stage in the experiment

Select seeds of different 26…………… and sizes.
↓
Measure and record the 27……………. and size of each one.
↓
Decide on the 28……………… to be used.
↓
Use a different 29…………….. for each seed and label it.
↓
After about 3 weeks, record the plant’s 30……………… .
↓
Investigate the findings.

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SECTION 4
Questions 31 – 40
Complete the notes below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
Effects of urban environments on animals
Introduction
Recent urban developments represent massive environmental changes. It was previously
thought that only a few animals were suitable for city life, e.g.
● the 31……………. – because of its general adaptability
● the pigeon – because walls of city buildings are similar to 32……………..
In fact, many urban animals are adapting with unusual 33…………….
Recent research
● Emilie Snell-Rood studied small urbanised mammal specimens from museums in Minnesota.
– She found the size of their 34…………….. had increased.
– She suggests this may be due to the need to locate new sources of 35……………. and to deal
with new dangers.
● Catarina Miranda focused on the 36……………. of urban and rural blackbirds.
– She found urban birds were often braver, but were afraid of situations that
were 37……………
● Jonathan Atwell studies how animals respond to urban environments.
– He found that some animals respond to 38……………… by producing lower levels of
hormones.
● Sarah Partan’s team found urban squirrels use their 39…………….. to help them communicate.
Long-term possibilities
Species of animals may develop which are unique to cities. However, some changes may not
be 40…………….. .

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READING
(approximately 60 minutes)
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1
below.
The Impact of Wilderness Tourism
A. The market for tourism In remote areas is booming as never before. Countries ail across the
world are actively promoting their ‘wilderness’ regions - such as mountains, Arctic lands, deserts,
small islands and wetlands - to high-spending tourists. The attraction of these areas is obvious.-
by definition, wilderness tourism requires little or no initial investment. But that does not mean
that there is no cost. As the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
recognized, these regions are fragile (i.e. highly vulnerable to abnormal pressures) not just in
terms of their ecology, but also in terms of the culture of their inhabitants. The three most
significant types of fragile environment in these respects, and also in terms of the proportion of
the Earth's surface they cover, are deserts, mountains and Arctic areas. An important
characteristic is their marked seasonality, with harsh conditions prevailing for many months
each year. Consequently, most human activities, including tourism, are limited to quite clearly
defined parts of the year.
Tourists are drawn to these regions by their natural landscape beauty and the unique cultures
of their indigenous people. And poor governments in these isolated areas have welcomed the
new breed of ‘adventure tourist’, grateful for the hard currency they bring. For several years
now, tourism has been the prime source of foreign exchange in Nepal and Bhutan. Tourism is
also a key element in the economies of Arctic zones such as Lapland and Alaska and in desert
areas such as Ayers Rock in Australia and Arizona’s Monument Valley.

B . Once a location is established as a main tourist destination, the effects on the local
community are profound. When hill-farmers, for example, can make more money in a few weeks
working as porters for foreign trekkers than they can in a year working in their fields, it is not
surprising that many of them give up their farm-work, which is thus left to other members of

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the family. In some hill-regions, this has led to a serious decline in farm output and a change in
the local diet, because there is insufficient labour to maintain terraces and irrigation systems
and tend to crops. The result has been that many people in these regions have turned to outside
supplies of rice and other foods.
In Arctic and desert societies, year-round survival has traditionally depended on hunting animals
and fish and collecting fruit over a relatively short season. However, as some inhabitants become
Involved in tourism, they no longer have time to collect wild food; this has led to increasing
dependence on bought food and stores. Tourism is not always the culprit behind such changes.
All kinds of wage labour, or government handouts, tend to undermine traditional survival
systems. Whatever the cause, the dilemma is always the same: what happens If these new,
external sources of income dry up?
The physical impact of visitors is another serious problem associated with the growth In
adventure tourism. Much attention has focused on erosion along major trails, but perhaps more
important are the deforestation and impacts on water supplies arising from the need to provide
tourists with cooked food and hot showers. In both mountains and deserts, slow-growing trees
are often the main sources of fuel and water supplies may be limited or vulnerable to
degradation through heavy use.

C. Stories about the problems of tourism have become legion in the last few years. Yet it does
not have to be a problem. Although tourism inevitably affects the region in which it takes place,
the costs to these fragile environments and their local cultures can be minimized. Indeed, it can
even be a vehicle for reinvigorating local cultures, as has happened with the Sherpas of Nepal’s
Khumbu Valley and in some Alpine villages. And a growing number of adventure tourism
operators are trying to ensure that their activities benefit the local population and environment
over the long term.
In the Swiss Alps, communities have decided that their future depends on integrating tourism
more effectively with the local economy. Local concern about the rising number of second home
developments in the Swiss Pays d'Enhaut resulted in limits being imposed on their growth. There
has also been a renaissance in communal cheese production. In the area, providing the locals
with a reliable source of income that does not depend on outside visitors.
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Many of the Arctic tourist destinations have been exploited by outside companies, who employ
transient workers and repatriate most of the profits to their home base. But some Arctic
communities are now operating tour businesses themselves, thereby ensuring that the benefits
accrue locally. For instance, a native corporation in Alaska, employing local people. Is running an
air tour from Anchorage to Kotzebue, where tourists eat Arctic food, walk on the tundra and
watch local musicians and dancers.
Native people In the desert regions of the American Southwest have followed similar strategies,
encouraging tourists to visit their pueblos and reservations to purchase high-quality handicrafts
and artwork. The Acoma and San lldefonso pueblos have established highly
profitable pottery businesses, while the Navajo and Hopi groups have been similarly successful
with jewellery.
Too many people living in fragile environments have lost control over their economies, their
culture and their environment when tourism has penetrated their homelands. Merely restricting
tourism cannot be the solution to the imbalance, because people's desire to see new places will
not just disappear. Instead, communities in fragile environments must achieve greater control
over tourism ventures in their regions, in order to balance their needs and aspirations with the
demands of tourism. A growing number of communities are demonstrating that, with firm
communal decision-making, this is possible. The critical question now is whether this can
become the norm, rather than the exception.

Questions 1-3
Reading Passage 1 has three sections, A-C. Choose the correct heading for each section from the
list of headings below. Write the correct number i-vi in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i. The expansion of international tourism in recent years.
ii. How local communities can balance their own needs with the
demands of wilderness tourism.
iii. Fragile regions and the reasons for the expansion of tourism there.
iv. Traditional methods of food-supply in fragile regions.

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v. Some of the disruptive effects of wilderness tourism.

vi. The economic benefits of mass tourism.

1. Section A ………….
2. Section B ………….
3. Section C ………….

Questions 4-9
Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 4-9
on your answer sheet, write:
YES if the statement reflects the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

4. The low financial cost of setting up wilderness tourism makes it attractive to many countries.
5. Deserts,mountains and Arctic regions are examples of environments that are both ecologically
and culturally fragile.
6. Wilderness tourism operates throughout the year in fragile areas.
7. The spread of tourism in certain hill-regions has resulted in a fall in the amount of food
produced locally.
8. Traditional food-gathering in desert societies was distributed evenly over the year.
9. Government handouts do more damage than tourism does to traditional patterns of food-
gathering.

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Questions 10-13
Complete the table below. Choose ONE WORD from Reading Passage 1 for each answer. Write
your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.
The positive ways in which some local communities have responded to tourism
People/Location Activity
Swiss Pays d’Enhaut Revived production of (10) ……………….
Arctic communities Operate (11) ………………….. businesses
Acoma and San lidefonso Produce and sell (12) ……………………
Navajo and Hopi Produce and sell (13) ……………………

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READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2
below.
The Lost City
An explorer’s encounter with the ruined city of Machu Picchu, the most famous icon of the Inca
civilisation
A. When the US explorer and academic Hiram Bingham arrived in South America in 1911, he was
ready for what was to be the greatest achievement of his life: the exploration of the remote
hinterland to the west of Cusco, the old capital of the Inca empire in the Andes mountains of
Peru. His goal was to locate the remains of a city called Vitcos, the last capital of the Inca
civilisation.
Cusco lies on a high plateau at an elevation of more than 3,000 metres, and Bingham’s plan was
to descend from this plateau along the valley of the Urubamba river, which takes a circuitous
route down to the Amazon and passes through an area of dramatic canyons and mountain
ranges.

B. When Bingham and his team set off down the Urubamba in late July, they had an advantage
over travellers who had preceded them: a track had recently been blasted down the valley
canyon to enable rubber to be brought up by mules from the jungle. Almost all previous
travellers had left the river at Ollantaytambo and taken a high pass across the mountains to
rejoin the river lower down, thereby cutting a substantial corner, but also therefore never
passing through the area around Machu Picchu.

C. On 24 July they were a few days into their descent of the valley. The day began slowly, with
Bingham trying to arrange sufficient mules for the next stage of the trek. His companions showed
no interest in accompanying him up the nearby hill to see some ruins that a local farmer,
Melchor Arteaga, had told them about the night before. The morning was dull and damp, and
Bingham also seems to have been less than keen on the prospect of climbing the hill. In his book

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Lost City of the Incas, he relates that he made the ascent without having the least expectation
that he would find anything at the top.
D. Bingham writes about the approach in vivid style in his book. First, as he climbs up the hill, he
describes the ever-present possibility of deadly snakes, ‘capable of making considerable springs
when in pursuit of their prey’; not that he sees any. Then there’s a sense of mounting discovery
as he comes across great sweeps of terraces, then a mausoleum, followed by monumental
staircases and, finally, the grand ceremonial buildings of Machu Picchu. 'It seemed like an
unbelievable dream the sight held me spellbound ’, he wrote.

E. We should remember, however, that Lost City of the Incas is a work of hindsight, not written
until 1948, many years after his journey. His journal entries of the time reveal a much more
gradual appreciation of his achievement. He spent the afternoon at the ruins noting down the
dimensions of some of the buildings, then descended and rejoined his companions, to whom he
seems to have said little about his discovery. At this stage, Bingham didn’t realise the extent or
the importance of the site, nor did he realise what use he could make of the discovery.

F. However, soon after returning it occurred to him that he could make a name for himself from
this discovery. When he came to write the National Geographic magazine article that broke the
story to the world in April 1913, he knew he had to produce a big idea.
He wondered whether it could have been the birthplace of the very first Inca, Manco the Great,
and whether it could also have been what chroniclers described as ‘the last city of the Incas’.
This term refers to Vilcabamba the settlement where the Incas had fled from Spanish invaders
in the 1530s. Bingham made desperate attempts to prove this belief for nearly 40 years. Sadly,
his vision of the site as both the beginning and end of the Inca civilisation, while a magnificent
one, is inaccurate. We now know, that Vilcabamba actually lies 65 kilometres away in the depths
of the jungle.

G. One question that has perplexed visitors, historians and archaeologists alike ever since
Bingham, is why the site seems to have been abandoned before the Spanish Conquest. There

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are no references to it by any of the Spanish chroniclers - and if they had known of its existence
so close to Cusco they would certainly have come in search of gold.
An idea which has gained wide acceptance over the past few years is that Machu Picchu was a
moya, a country estate built by an Inca emperor to escape the cold winters of Cusco, where the
elite could enjoy monumental architecture and spectacular views. Futhermore, the particular
architecture of Machu Picchu suggests that it was constructed at the time of the greatest of all
the Incas, the emperor Pachacuti (1438-71). By custom, Pachacuti’s descendants built other
similar estates for their own use, and so Machu Picchu would have been abandoned after his
death, some 50 years before the Spanish Conquest.

Questions 14-20
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G. Choose the correct heading for each paragraph
from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 14-20 on your answer
sheet.
List of Headings
i. Different accounts of the same journey
ii. Bingham gains support
iii. A common belief
iv. The aim of the trip
v. A dramatic description
vi. A new route
vii. Bingham publishes his theory
viii. Bingham’s lack of enthusiasm

14. Paragraph A
15. Paragraph B
16. Paragraph C
17. Paragraph D
18. Paragraph E

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19. Paragraph F
20. Paragraph G

Questions 21-24
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes
21-24 on your answer sheet, write:
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

21. Bingham went to South America in search of an Inca city.

22. Bingham chose a particular route down the Urubamba valley because it was the most
common route used by travellers.
23. Bingham understood the significance of Machu Picchu as soon as he saw it.
24. Bingham returned to Machu Picchu in order to find evidence to support his theory.

Questions 25-26
Complete the sentences below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 25-26 on your answer sheet.
25. The track that took Bingham down the Urubamba valley had been created for the
transportation of.....................
26. Bingham found out about the ruins of Machu Picchu from a ..................... in the Urubamba
valley.

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READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3
below.
What is exploration?
We are all explores. Our desire to discover, and then share that new-found knowledge, is part
of what makes us human – indeed, this has played an important part in our success as a species.
Long before the first caveman slumped down beside the fire and grunted news that there were
plenty of wildebeest over yonder, our ancestors had learnt the value of sending out scouts to
investigate the unknown. This questing nature of ours undoubtedly helped our species spread
around the globe, just as it nowadays no doubt helps the last nomadic Penan maintain their
existence in the depleted forests of Borneo, and a visitor negotiate the subways of New York.

Over the years, we’ve come to think of explorers as a peculiar breed – different from the rest of
us, different from those of us who are merely ‘well travelled’, even; and perhaps there is a type
of person more suited to seeking out the new, a type of caveman more inclined to risk venturing
out. That, however, doesn’t take away from the fact that we all have this enquiring instinct, even
today; and that in all sorts of professions – whether artist, marine biologist or astronomer –
borders of the unknown are being tested each day.

Thomas Hardy set some of his novels in Egdon Heath, a fictional area of uncultivated land, and
used the landscape to suggest the desires and fears of his characters. He is delving into matters
we all recognise because they are common to humanity. This is surely an act of exploration, and
into a world as remote as the author chooses. Explorer and travel writer Peter Fleming talks of
the moment when the explorer returns to the existence he has left behind with his loved ones.
The traveller ‘who has for weeks or months seen himself only as a puny and irrelevant alien
crawling laboriously over a country in which he has no roots and no background, suddenly
encounters his other self, a relatively solid figure, with a place in the minds of certain people’.

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In this book about the exploration of the earth’s surface, I have confined myself to those whose
travels were real and who also aimed at more than personal discovery. But that still left me with
another problem: the word ‘explorer’ has become associated with a past era. We think back to
a golden age, as if exploration peaked somehow in the 19th century – as if the process of
discovery is now on the decline, though the truth is that we have named only one and a half
million of this planet’s species, and there may be more than 10 million – and that’s not including
bacteria. We have studied only 5 per cent of the species we know. We have scarcely mapped
the ocean floors, and know even less about ourselves; we fully understand the workings of only
10 per cent of our brains.

Here is how some of today’s ‘explorers’ define the word. Ran Fiennes, dubbed the ‘greatest
living explorer’, said, ‘An explorer is someone who has done something that no human has done
before – and also done something scientifically useful.’ Chris Bonington, a leading mountaineer,
felt exploration was to be found in the act of physically touching the unknown: ‘You have to have
gone somewhere new.’ Then Robin Hanbury-Tenison, a campaigner on behalf of remote so-
called ‘tribal’ peoples, said, ‘A traveller simply records information about some far-off world,
and reports back; but an explorer changes the world.’ Wilfred Thesiger, who crossed Arabia’s
Empty Quarter in 1946, and belongs to an era of unmechanised travel now lost to the rest of us,
told me, ‘If I’d gone across by camel when I could have gone by car, it would have been a stunt.’
To him, exploration meant bringing back information from a remote place regardless of any
great self-discovery.

Each definition is slightly different – and tends to reflect the field of endeavour of each pioneer.
It was the same whoever I asked: the prominent historian would say exploration was a thing of
the past, the cutting-edge scientist would say it was of the present. And so on. They each set
their own particular criteria; the common factor in their approach being that they all had, unlike
many of us who simply enjoy travel or discovering new things, both a very definite objective
from the outset and also a desire to record their findings.

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I’d best declare my own bias. As a writer, I’m interested in the exploration of ideas. I’ve done a
great many expeditions and each one was unique. I’ve lived for months alone with isolated
groups of people all around the world, even two ‘uncontacted tribes’. But none of these things
is of the slightest interest to anyone unless, through my books, I’ve found a new slant, explored
a new idea. Why? Because the world has moved on. The time has long passed for the great
continental voyages – another walk to the poles, another crossing of the Empty Quarter. We
know how the land surface of our planet lies; exploration of it is now down to the details – the
habits of microbes, say, or the grazing behaviour of buffalo. Aside from the deep sea and deep
underground, it’s the era of specialists. However, this is to disregard the role the human mind
has in conveying remote places; and this is what interests me: how a fresh interpretation, even
of a well-travelled route, can give its readers new insights.

Questions 27-32
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write the correct letter in boxes 27-32 on your answer
sheet.
27. The writer refers to visitors to New York to illustrate the point that
A. exploration is an intrinsic element of being human.
B. most people are enthusiastic about exploring.
C. exploration can lead to surprising results.
D. most people find exploration daunting.

28. According to the second paragraph, what is the writer’s view of explorers?
A. Their discoveries have brought both benefits and disadvantages.
B. Their main value is in teaching others.
C. They act on an urge that is common to everyone.
D. They tend to be more attracted to certain professions than to others.

29. The writer refers to a description of Egdon Heath to suggest that

A. Hardy was writing about his own experience of exploration.

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B. Hardy was mistaken about the nature of exploration.

C. Hardy’s aim was to investigate people’s emotional states.
D. Hardy’s aim was to show the attraction of isolation.

30. In the fourth paragraph, the writer refers to ‘a golden age’ to suggest that
A. the amount of useful information produced by exploration has decreased.
B. fewer people are interested in exploring than in the 19th century.
C. recent developments have made exploration less exciting.
D. we are wrong to think that exploration is no longer necessary.

31. In the sixth paragraph, when discussing the definition of exploration, the writer argues that
A. people tend to relate exploration to their own professional interests.
B. certain people are likely to misunderstand the nature of exploration.
C. the generally accepted definition has changed over time.
D. historians and scientists have more valid definitions than the general public.

32. In the last paragraph, the writer explains that he is interested in

A. how someone’s personality is reflected in their choice of places to visit.
B. the human ability to cast new light on places that may be familiar.
C. how travel writing has evolved to meet changing demands.
D. the feelings that writers develop about the places that they explore.

Questions 33-37
Look at the following statements (Questions 33-37) and the list of explorers below. Match each
statement with the correct explorer, A-E. Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 33-37 on your
answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.

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33. He referred to the relevance of the form of transport used.

34. He described feelings on coming back home after a long journey.
35. He worked for the benefit of specific groups of people.
36. He did not consider learning about oneself an essential part of exploration.
37. He defined exploration as being both unique and of value to others.
List of Explorers
A. Peter Fleming
B. Ran Fiennes
C. Chris Bonington
D. Robin Hanbury-Tenison
E. Wilfred Thesiger

Questions 38-40
Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for
each answer. Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.
The writer’s own bias
The writer has experience of a large number of 38………………., and was the first stranger that
certain previously 39………………… people had encountered. He believes there is no need for
futher exploration of Earth’s 40…………………., except to answer specific questions such as how
buffalo eat.

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WRITING
(approximately 60 minutes)
WRITING TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The chart and table below give information about tourists at a particular holiday resort in
Australia. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and
make comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

WRITING TASK 2
Some people believe that to protect local culture, tourism should be banned in some areas
whereas others think that change is inevitable and banning tourism will have no benefits.
Discuss both sides and give your opinion.
Write at least 250 words.
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SPEAKING
(approximately 60 minutes)
PART 1
1. Do you like travelling?
2. Whom do you often spend the holiday with?
3. Have you done much travelling?
4. What kind of places have you visited in your life?
5. When you visit new places, what do you like to do?
6. Do you prefer travelling alone or in a group?
7. Would you say your country is a good place for travellers to visit?
8. What would you recommend a foreigner to visit in your country?
9. What places would you like to visit in the future?

PART 2
Describe an unforgettable trip you have had.
You should say
• When and where you went
• Who you went with
• What you did there
And explain why you think it was enjoyable

PART 3
1. Is it important for travelers to carefully plan the trip?
2. Do you think there are any differences between men and women when they plan a trip?
3. People with different personalities sometimes plan or prepare for a trip differently. Can
you give some examples of this?
4. Do you think the tourism industry is very important?
5. What effects do you think international travel has on the different countries involved?
6. How has international travel changed in the past 20 or 30 years?
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