Communication Elements of Communication

-​ came from the Latin word 1.​ Sender

“communicare” which means working -​ the individual who initiates the
as one. communication process by formulating
-​ We are thinking, feeling, and reacting and transmitting a message.
beings. -​ their purpose is to convey a message
-​ Conflict is the opposite of
communication 2.​ Message
-​ A two-way process by which -​ the core content of the communication,
information is exchanged between or consisting of information, emotions, or
among individuals through a common ideas that the sender intends to share
system of symbols, signs, and with the receiver.
behaviors.
3.​ Receiver
Types of Communication -​ the individual or group who receives and
1.​ Verbal Communication interprets the message. The
-​ most common and familiar form of effectiveness of communication relies
human interaction heavily on the receiver’s ability to
-​ involves the use of spoken words and understand and interpret the intention of
active listening to convey messages the sender.
between individuals.
-​ Sign language is a part of thing 4.​ Channel
-​ refers to the means or way by which the
1.1 Visual message is conveyed from the sender
1.2 Oral to the receiver.
1.3 Written -​ mode/medium of communication.

2.​ Nonverbal Communication 5.​ Feedback

-​ expression through our body language, -​ an essential component of the
gestures, and facial expressions. communication process, as it enables
-​ powerful means of communication that the sender to gauge the receiver’s
can complement, reinforce, or understanding and response to the
sometimes contract verbal messages. message
-​ extend the meaning of words. -​ the switching of roles.

Types of Nonverbal Communication 6.​ Noise

1.​ Facial Expressions -​ any interference, disturbance, disruption
2.​ Gestures that hinders the smooth transmission
3.​ Paralinguistics – vocal communication, and reception of a message between
tone the sender and receiver.
4.​ Body Language and Posture -​ it can disrupt any element.
5.​ Proxemics – space between people
6.​ Eye Gaze
7.​ Haptics – physical touch
8.​ Appearance
9.​ Artifacts
Communication Models 4.​ David Berlo’s Communication model
-​ Linear type of communication
1.​ Aristotle’s Communication Model -​ Shows that each element has certain
-​ Focuses on public speaking specifically components or factors
persuasive means or components such -​ If speaker and receiver do not have the
the ethos, logos, and pathos same level of factors, communication is
-​ It is a one way communication ineffective

2.​ Laswell’s Communication Model

-​ Linear type of communication
-​ It is an oversimplification of any 5.​ Schramm’s Communication Model
communication process -​ Interactive model of communication
-​ Its purpose is to analyze media -​ Communication is circular
propaganda -​ Feedback is now present and is
considered essential
-​ Turn taking and alternating of positions
in the communication process such that
the sender becomes the receiver and
vice versa
3.​ Shannon and Weaver’s
Communication Model
-​ Linear type of communication
-​ It is a technological based
communication model
-​ It is based on wired forms of long
distance communication such as
landline telephones
 6.​ Wood’s Communication Model
-​ Transactional model of communication Semantics – meaning of words in context
-​ Wood emphasized that the Jargons – technical terms in particular fields
communication is dynamic Slang – words that are used in informal context
-​ The closer the communicators are the
bigger the circle overlaps 3.​ Syntactic Barrier
-​ She also said that the time -​ involves grammar mistakes like verb
communicators spent together brings tense shifts or differing sentence
them closer and have more symbolic structure.
interactions and shared experiences
Syntax – grammar

4.​ Physical or Environmental Barrier

-​ any physical limitation that can interfere
with the communication barrier.
-​ examples include noise, poor lighting,
technological issues, or poor signal.

5.​ Physiological Barrier

-​ refers to physical maladies that prevent
messages from being received correctly,
such as blindness, deafness, etc.

Communication Barriers 6.​ Emotional/Psychological Barrier

-​ factors that prevent us from effectively -​ prevents people from fully expressing
exchanging and understanding their emotions or feelings to one another
messages. -​ could be due to lack of trust or fear of
-​ could be physical, cultural, linguistic, or vulnerability.
emotional.

Types of Communication Barriers 7.​ Cultural Barrier

1.​ Language Barrier -​ occurs due to differences in culture
-​ people who speak different languages -​ reasons could include poor
attempt to interact. pronunciation, sentence structure, etc.
-​ prevents people from understanding -​ happens when the audience’s culture is
each other and leads to vastly different from the sender’s
misunderstandings, frustration, and -​ results in messages being understood in
even conflict. unexpected ways.

Accent – the way a person talks Cultural Differences

1.​ Kinship
2.​ Semantic Barrier -​ principles generally form the basis of
-​ refers to different interpretations of the societal organization.
meanings of words -​ families consisting of at least one parent
-​ one example is LOL, which is easily and one child are customary in all
understood by teenagers but might have customs.
a gibberish meaning to older readers.
-​ misunderstandings occur because of
ambiguities.
 2.​ Sexuality 2.​ Interpersonal Communication
-​ societies vary significantly in the degree -​ what we normally think of as
to which they encourage or discourage communication since it involves at least
intimacy and its different forms at one other (dyad) or some others (group)
different stages of life.
Contexts of Interpersonal Communication
3.​ Gender 1.​ Psychological Context
-​ categorizing children into the binary -​ what the participants bring to the
categories of female and male is fairly interaction such as needs, values,
common, but there is significant cultural personality, habits, and characters.
variability in the tolerance of switching
categories and the number of genders, 2.​ Relation Context
-​ refers to how close or distant the
4.​ Religion speaker is to those in the interaction. we
-​ religious beliefs and practices are speak differently when interacting with
features of all known societies, but they siblings versus the school principal.
vary significantly between cultures.
3.​ Situational Context
5.​ Cultural Taboos -​ deals with the psychosocial “where” the
-​ while there are some universal taboos, exchange happens.
you’ll notice that some cultures consider -​ the occasion
certain things you consider “normal” to
be very much taboo 4.​ Environmental Context
-​ deals with the physical “where” they are
6.​ Dress Codes communicating.
-​ some cultures encourage conservative -​ the room arrangement, location, noise
clothing, such as covering level, temperature, are examples.
shoulders/knees.
5.​ Cultural Context
7.​ Food and Eating Habits (Foodways) -​ includes all the learned behaviors and
-​ This includes not only what you eat, but rules that affect the interaction. Some
also when, how, and why you eat it. come from a culture where it is
Speech Contexts considered rude to make long, direct
-​ Researchers have classified speech eye contact and will avoid eye contact
contexts into four kinds: Intrapersonal, out of politeness.
Interpersonal, Public, and Mass
Communication.
3.​ Public Communication
1.​ Intrapersonal Communication -​ at the heart of society, whether in
-​ the internal monologue between us. economics, entertainment, or religion.
-​ may be our way of clearing our -​ people use it to preach, get elected,
thoughts, rehearsing a message, or improve business, and promote social
letting off steam. causes.
-​ in film or drama, it is used for
characterization purposes.
 4.​ Mass Communication
-​ refers to the exchange of information or
ideas among large numbers of people
simultaneously through broadcast radio
or television, social media, and print.
-​ traditional mass media: television and
newspapers.
-​ modern mass media: social media,
digital tabloids.

-----------ADDITIONAL INFORMATION-----------

Dyad
-​ two individuals who take turns speaking
and listening in the communication
process.

Group
-​ done in the simultaneous manner of all
people involved speaking at the same
time.

Group vs. Public

1.​ AUDIENCE: Public speaking is done in
front of a large audience while Group
has a smaller audience.
2.​ HIERARCHY: In public speaking, there
is a distinction between the speaker and
listener, whereas grouped people are
more equal.
3.​ PREPARATION: Public speaking
requires extensive preparations. Group
discussions may be less structured and
less rehearsed.
4.​ GOALS: Public speaking’s goal is to
persuade or inform the audience, while
the group discussion is typically to
exchange ideas.
5.​ PARTICIPATION: Public speaking is a
one-way form of communication.