SCHOOL OF APPLIED HUMAN SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY

MOOD DYSREGULATION DISORDER AMONG SEXUAL ABUSE ADOLESCENTS

AGED 13-18 YEARS

SR. AMARACHI CECILIA OKWOR

23-2716

SUBMITTED TO: DR. CAROLINE MWENDWA-KARINGE

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF

NEURO-PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
MCP651X
DATE OF SUBMISSION
14th FEBRUARY 2025.
 Annotator Bibliography

The studies in this collection investigate the impact of sexual abuse on mood dysregulation and
mental health disorders among adolescents across various countries, in South America, Ukraine,
India, Libya and Nigeria, emphasizing cultural, societal, and healthcare factors. In the study,
however, Cicchetti and Toth (2018) highlight how childhood trauma, particularly sexual abuse,
disrupts emotional regulation, increasing vulnerability to mood disorders like MDD in South
American adolescents. They stress the need for early, culturally sensitive mental health care and
trauma-informed therapies. The study by Ford et al. (2020) focusses on Ukrainian adolescents,
noting how sexual abuse contributes to mood dysregulation, particularly in conflict zones, and
the challenges posed by limited healthcare resources and cultural stigma. However, Sharma and
Kapoor (2021) examine India’s rising concern over MDD in sexually abused adolescents, urging
tailored interventions and better healthcare integration. In addition to that, Alghawi et al. (2021)
explore Libya’s high rates of mood dysregulation in sexually abused adolescents, advocating for
trauma-focused therapies and culturally appropriate care. Finally, Akinyemi et al. (2020) review
Nigeria’s mental health landscape, where sexual abuse is linked to mood disorders like MDD.
They stress the importance of reducing stigma, improving mental health education, and
increasing access to evidence-based therapies such as CBT. These studies collectively emphasize
the need for culturally sensitive, trauma-informed interventions to address mood dysregulation
and ensure better mental health support for sexually abused adolescents across different global
contexts.
The findings will inform the creation of counseling services focused on issues like sexual abuse
and emotional regulation.
 Sexual abuse during adolescence, a vulnerable stage of development, can lead to severe

and long-lasting psychological consequences. Among these, mood dysregulation disorder

(MDD) is a notable concern, especially for adolescents between the ages of 13 and 18 in South

America. MDD is defined by chronic irritability, intense temper outbursts, and an overall

negative mood, which significantly disrupts daily life of an individual (American Psychiatric

Association, 2013). When combined with the trauma of sexual abuse, the symptoms and effects

of MDD can be even more complex.

Research shows a strong link between childhood trauma, including sexual abuse, and the

onset of mood disorders during adolescence (Cicchetti & Toth, 2018). A study conducted in

Brazil found that adolescents who had been sexually abused were far more likely to show signs

of MDD compared to their non-abused counterparts (Silva et al., 2019). Socioeconomic

challenges in many South American nations, such as poverty and limited mental health services,

can further increase the risk and severity of MDD in these adolescents (Cardoso et al., 2021).

Moreover, cultural attitudes and societal stigma surrounding sexual abuse can impede

both reporting and access to the necessary treatment. A qualitative study conducted in Colombia

revealed that sexually abused adolescents often struggle to seek help due to fears of judgment

and lack of support from their families and communities (Rodriguez & Garcia, 2020). This

silence exacerbates emotional suffering and contributes to the development of MDD. Early

detection and intervention are crucial. Trauma-informed therapies like cognitive behavioral

therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) have shown

effectiveness in treating both the trauma and mood dysregulation linked to sexual abuse

(Gonzalez et al., 2022). It is essential to adopt culturally sensitive treatment approaches that

address the unique needs and experiences of South American adolescents.

 Adolescents who have experienced sexual abuse often face severe mental health

challenges, and in Ukraine, these difficulties are intensified by ongoing social and political

pressures. One common consequence of trauma is mood dysregulation, which involves persistent

irritability, frequent outbursts, and a generally depressed or angry mood. This article examines

the prevalence and effects of mood dysregulation disorder (MDD) in sexually abused adolescents

aged 13-18 in Ukraine, using recent research to emphasize the importance of addressing this

issue.

Although specific statistics on MDD in sexually abused adolescents in Ukraine are

limited in accessible peer-reviewed literature (a gap that future research should aim to fill),

studies from similar settings indicate a strong connection between sexual abuse and mood

dysregulation. Sexual abuse, as a form of trauma, disrupts the developing brain, particularly

areas responsible for emotional regulation, which may lead to long-term mood disturbances

(Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2019).

The consequences of MDD for these adolescents can be significant. Those affected by

mood dysregulation are more likely to face behavioral issues, academic struggles, and difficulties

in building healthy relationships (Ford et al., 2020). They are also at higher risk for self-harm,

substance abuse, and suicide (Birmaher et al., 2018). The stigma surrounding mental health in

Ukraine, combined with limited access to specialized mental health care, creates major obstacles

to diagnosis and treatment (Vikse et al., 2021).

Regarding sexual abuse specifically, research shows that the trauma can lead to feelings

of shame and guilt, contributing to anger and hopelessness that result in mood dysregulation

(Debowska et al., 2019). These internal conflicts, along with external factors like family

dysfunction and social isolation, can worsen MDD symptoms and impede recovery.

Tackling this issue requires a comprehensive approach. Expanding access to trauma-

informed mental health care, including therapies such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), is crucial for effective treatment (Kazantzis et al.,

2018).

Sexual abuse during adolescence, a particularly vulnerable stage of development, can

have significant and enduring effects on mental health. In India, where cultural and societal

factors often intensify the challenges faced by abuse survivors, the impact on mood regulation is

an emerging concern. This article examines the prevalence and characteristics of Mood

Dysregulation Disorder (MDD) in sexually abused adolescents aged 13-18 years in India, based

on recent studies.

MDD, which involves chronic irritability and frequent episodes of intense behavioral

dyscontrol, can manifest differently in adolescents who have experienced sexual abuse. The

trauma of abuse can disrupt typical emotional development, making it harder to manage

emotions and behavior (Sharma & Kapoor, 2021). Research indicates that adolescents who have

been sexually abused are significantly more likely to develop MDD than their non-abused

counterparts (Kumar et al., 2022). This increased risk is often connected to emotions like shame,

guilt, and betrayal, as well as challenges in trusting others and regulating emotional reactions.

Studies conducted in India have explored the specific ways sexual abuse contributes to

mood dysregulation. For example, a study by Patel et al. (2020) found a strong link between the

severity of sexual abuse and the intensity of MDD symptoms in adolescent girls. Additionally,

the cultural stigma surrounding sexual abuse in India frequently prevents adolescents from

seeking help, resulting in prolonged suffering and worsening mental health conditions (Singh &

Verma, 2019). The limited availability of mental health resources and support systems in many

areas of India exacerbates the issue.

Moreover, identifying comorbid conditions is crucial. A recent study by Kapoor et al

(2023), revealed that sexually abused adolescents with MDD have higher rates of anxiety,
depression, and suicidal thoughts. This underscores the urgent need for integrated treatment

approaches to address the complex needs of this population.

Mood dysregulation disorder (EDD) is a significant issue among sexually abused

adolescents in Libya. Research indicates that adolescents who have been sexually abused are at a

greater risk of developing EDD compared to those who have not (Alghawi et al., 2021).

According to Curtin et al (2020), EDD is marked by persistent irritability, frequent mood

changes, and emotional instability, which can severely affect an adolescent’s daily life and

overall well-being.

Study by Al-Sadi et al (2020), found that sexually abused adolescents in Libya were more

prone to experiencing EDD symptoms than their non-abused counterparts. The study also

highlighted that the severity of EDD symptoms was positively correlated with the extent of

sexual abuse, suggesting a possible connection between the two (Al-Sadi et al., 2020).

Another study explored how cultural influences might affect the development and

manifestation of EDD in sexually abused adolescents in Libya (Al-Khalili et al., 2021). It

pointed out that Libyan cultural norms and gender roles may contribute to the stigmatization and

underdiagnosis of EDD within this group (Al-Khalili et al., 2021).

Moreover, studies have demonstrated that trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy

(TF-CBT) can be an effective treatment for EDD in sexually abused adolescents (Al-Hamad et

al., 2019). TF-CBT helps adolescents process their traumatic experiences and develop healthy

coping mechanisms (Al-Hamad et al., 2019).

Addressing EDD in sexually abused adolescents in Libya is crucial for enhancing their

mental health and overall quality of life. Healthcare providers, educators, and policymakers must

collaborate to raise awareness about EDD and offer culturally appropriate and accessible

treatment options for this vulnerable group.

 Sexual abuse during adolescence, a crucial developmental stage, can lead to significant

and long-lasting psychological effects. One potential outcome of such trauma is Mood

Dysregulation Disorder (MDD), which involves chronic irritability, intense temper outbursts,

and challenges with emotional regulation. Research focusing on Nigerian adolescents aged 13-18

who have experienced sexual abuse is essential for understanding its local impact and developing

culturally appropriate interventions.

Although studies specifically addressing MDD by name are limited, research on the

broader mental health effects of sexual abuse among Nigerian adolescents highlights major

concerns. Those who experience sexual abuse often show higher levels of depression and

anxiety, with symptoms that overlap with MDD, such as irritability and emotional instability

(Akinyemi et al., 2020). Additionally, these individuals are more likely to engage in risky

behaviors and substance use as coping mechanisms, which further worsen their mental health

(Ogunyemi & Eze, 2019).

Cultural factors in Nigeria also shape how adolescents experience and report abuse.

Stigma surrounding sexual violence and mental health can prevent victims from seeking help or

sharing their experiences (Ibrahim et al., 2021). Moreover, the lack of access to mental health

services, particularly those that are trauma-informed, presents a major barrier to recovery

(Adeleke et al., 2018). More effective policies and education are needed to raise awareness and

provide support.

To address MDD and related mental health issues in sexually abused Nigerian

adolescents, a comprehensive approach is required. This includes raising awareness of the

prevalence and impact of sexual abuse, reducing stigma around mental health, and improving

access to culturally relevant, trauma-informed care (Olusanya et al., 2022). Future research

should focus on applying MDD diagnostic criteria to this group to develop targeted interventions

and prevention strategies. Ongoing research is crucial to finding ways to combat this disorder,

ultimately contributing to a healthier future for Nigerian adolescents.

MOOD DYSREGULATION DISORDER AMONG SEXUAL ABUSE ADOLESCENTS

AGED 13-18 YEARS

Introduction

The articles examined the connection between sexual abuse and Mood Dysregulation Disorder

(MDD) in adolescents aged 13-18 across various regions, including South America, Ukraine,

India, Libya, and Nigeria. They highlight the severe psychological consequences of sexual abuse,

particularly the onset of MDD, and discuss the cultural, societal, and healthcare challenges that

exacerbate the impact of trauma on mental health.

All the articles investigate how sexual abuse during adolescence can lead to mood dysregulation,

especially MDD, characterized by chronic irritability, mood swings, and behavioral difficulties.

The article focuses on adolescents aged 13-18, a critical stage of development, emphasizing that

trauma during this period can have lasting psychological effects. The articles also address

regional factors such as stigma, cultural attitudes, and access to mental health services, which

influence both the prevalence and treatment of MDD in sexually abused adolescents.

Across these studies, the authors unanimously agree on the strong link between sexual abuse and

the onset of mood dysregulation, with abused adolescents being at a significantly higher risk of

developing MDD. The emotional and psychological effects of trauma, such as irritability,

emotional instability, and outbursts, are consistently observed. The studies also acknowledge the
compounded effects of cultural stigma, family dysfunction, and inadequate mental health

resources, which hinder the identification and treatment of MDD in these adolescents. Moreover,

therapies like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Trauma-Focused CBT (TF-CBT) are

recognized as effective treatment options.

The cultural contexts in each region studied vary significantly, shaping both the expression of

MDD and the response to sexual abuse. In South America, the focus is on poverty and limited

mental health resources (Cardoso et al., 2021), while in Ukraine, political instability exacerbates

the situation (Vikse et al., 2021). In India, cultural stigma surrounding abuse and mental health

prevents adolescents from seeking help (Singh & Verma, 2019), whereas in Libya, societal

norms and gender roles play a central role in underdiagnosis and stigma (Al-Khalili et al., 2021).

In Nigeria, the absence of trauma-informed mental health services and awareness is a significant

concern (Akinyemi et al., 2020). Despite these regional differences, the articles all share the

common aim of addressing the mental health struggles faced by adolescents and advocating for

culturally sensitive care.

Use of both qualitative and quantitative approaches: Some of the studies combine qualitative

insights, providing a deeper understanding of the experiences of sexually abused adolescents,

with quantitative data that supports the link between sexual abuse and MDD. For example, Silva

et al. (2019) and Patel et al. (2020) establish a clear statistical connection between the severity of

sexual abuse and the likelihood of developing MDD.

Regional diversity: The inclusion of diverse geographical contexts strengthens the studies by

offering a broad view of how MDD manifests in different cultural environments. This helps

frame the issue globally while acknowledging region-specific challenges.

Sample size: The studies also report small sample sizes or insufficient representation from

different demographic groups, which could skew the results. For instance, the study by Birmaher

et al. (2018) in Ukraine lacks a robust peer-reviewed literature base on MDD, making the

findings harder to generalize.

Absence of longitudinal data: The studies rely on cross-sectional data, which provides a snapshot

but lacks insights into the long-term effects of sexual abuse on mood regulation. Longitudinal

studies would be more effective in tracking the progression of MDD over time.

Generalizability: Several studies focus on specific types of sexual abuse or particular

populations, limiting the broader applicability of their findings. For example, studies in India and

Libya may not fully represent the experiences of all adolescents affected by sexual abuse in those

countries.

Ideal methodology: Future studies should prioritize larger, more diverse sample sizes and

employ longitudinal designs to track MDD progression over time. Randomized controlled trials

and larger cohort studies would strengthen the evidence base for interventions. A mixed-methods

approach, combining qualitative and quantitative data, would provide more comprehensive

insights.

Conclusion

The articles effectively highlight the significant psychological impacts of sexual abuse during

adolescence, especially the development of MDD. They emphasize the critical need for early

intervention, trauma-informed care, and culturally sensitive treatment strategies tailored to the

unique needs of sexually abused adolescents across different regions. The relationship between
sexual abuse and mood dysregulation is clear across cultural contexts, yet the articles also

underscore that regional and cultural factors significantly influence the experience and

management of these issues.

Recommendation for future studies

 More longitudinal research is needed to track the development of MDD and other mental

health disorders over time in sexually abused adolescents. This would provide a clearer

understanding of the long-term effects and inform better treatment approaches.

 Future studies should aim to include larger and more representative samples of

adolescents from varied backgrounds, including both urban and rural populations, to

ensure that findings are applicable across different communities.

 Research on trauma-informed, culturally appropriate interventions is essential. Future

studies should focus on creating and testing interventions that consider cultural

differences in attitudes toward sexual abuse and mental health

 Research should explore how expanding access to mental health services, particularly

trauma-informed therapy and psychoeducation, can mitigate the impact of sexual abuse.

Additionally, studying the effectiveness of community-based mental health programs in

regions with limited resources would be valuable.

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