FUNCTIONS

Centrosome initiates and regulates the cell

division, forms spindle fibres
with the help of asters

Chromosomes/DNA Carries hereditary

information/genes
G1,S,G2 refer text
Spindle fibres Separates the sister chromatids
,and drawn towards the opposite
pole by shortening of spindle
fibres
Guard cells Regulates the opening and
closing of stomata,regulates
transpiration.
Hydathodes Guttation
stomata Transpiration
Root hairs Absorption of water and
mineralsby plants
Thylakoids/Grana Site of Light reaction
Stroma Site of Dark reaction
Chlorophyll Trap sunlight and provide
energy for photosynthesis
Cortical cells transport water from the root
hairs to the xylem by cell to cell
endosmosis
Phloem To conduct food from the leaves
to all parts of the plant
Xylem To conduct water from the root
to the aerial parts of the plants
Epidermis Protect root
Cuticle Reduce the transpirational loss
of water
Main and lateral root To fix the plant in soil
Root hairs Absorption of water and
minerals by osmosis,diffusion
active transport and imbibtion
RBC/WBC/PLATELETS REFER TEXT
Lymphocytes/eosinophils,Basophil, Refer text
Neutrophils,Monocytes
Antibody Kill /neutralises germs
Anti toxins Neutralise the poisonous effect
 of toxins
Thromboplastin/prothrombin/fibrinogen Refer mechanism of blood
clotting
Coronary rtery Provide oxygenated blood to
heart muscles
Anterior vena cava,posterior Refer circulatory system
veneca,aorta,pulmonary vein,
mitral /bicuspid valve Prevent the backward flow of
blood from left ventricle to left
auricle
tricuspid valve Prevent the backward flow of
blood from right ventricle to
right auricle
Semilunar valve Prevent the backward flow of
blood from pulmonary artery
and pulmonary vein to heart
Artery To carry oxygenated blood away
form the heart
vein To carry deoxygenated blood
towards the heart
Capillaries Provided in the text,refer
circulatory sys
Hepatic portal vein Refer circulatory system
Lymph and spleen Refer circulatory system
Ureter To carry urine from each
kidneys to the urinary bladder
Urethra To carry urine from the urinary
bladder to the exterior based on
micturition reflex
Urinary bladder To collect urine from the ureter
and to store till get micturition
reflex
Renal artery To carry oxygenated blood
containing nitrogenous waste to
kidneys
Renal vein To carry filtered deoxygenated
blood from the kidneys to the
heart
Bowmans capsule/malpighian capsule Ultra filteration
PCT/glomerulous/DCT Refer text book (table)
Kidney Osmo regulation of body fluids,
filter blood and purify it.
Sensory,motor and association Page121
neurone,ganglia
SNS Conveys information to the
skeletal muscles
ANS Control involuntary actions
Cerebrum,cerebellum,medulla, Page123,124
Diencephalon,thalamus,Hypothalamus,spinal
cord
Sympathetic nervous system Prepares body for violent actions
against abnormal conditions
Parasympathetic nervous system Re establishing the normal
situation of a body after a violent
action
Lacrimal glands Secrete tear,which will lubricate
eye,wash away dust
particles,contains lysozyme
which will kill the germs
Choroid layer Richly supplied with blood
vessels for nourishment to the
eye,it contains melanin which
will prevent the internal
reflection of light rays
Cornea Transmit light rays to the pupil
Retina Image formation
Optic nerve To carry the impulse of vision to
the respective centres of brain
Fovea/yellow spot Area of best vision
Blind spot Area of no vision and the point
at which the nerve fibres from all
the sensory ell of retina
converge, bundle together to
leave the eye ball in the form of
optic nerve
Iris The radial and circular muscles
of which regulates the amount of
light entering by widening and
constricting the pupil
rod cells Sensitive to dim light ,helps in
the vision in the dim light
Cone cells Helps in the vision in bright light
Aquous humor TEXT 137
Vitreous humor Text 137
Suspensory ligaments To hold the eye lens in position
Ciliary body Changes the shape of eye lens
for viewing objects at different
distances.
Semicircular canal and ampulla Dynamic balance
Utriculus and sacculus Static balance
Cochlea hearing
Eustachian tube To equalise the air pressure on
both side of the tympanum,so
that it can vibrate freely
Ear ossicle To amplify the sound vibration
received from the tympanum and
to convert to inner ear
Tympanum To convert the sound waves to
vibrations
Auditory nerve To transmit the impulse for
hearing frm the median canal of
cochlea to the auditory centers of
brain
Organ of corti Hearing by converting the
vibrations formed in the
endolymph to impulse
Adrenalin Text150
Insulin,glucagone Text151
Thyroxin Regulates basal
metabolism,growth and
differentiation of body ,mental
development, body temperature
Growth hormone Body growth
Prolactin Secretion of milk from
mammary gland
ACTH Stimulate the secretion of
hormones from adrenal cortex
TSH Stimulates thyroxine secretion
FSH Growth and development of
graafian follicle and oestrogen
secretion in female
spermatogenesis in male
ADH(Vassopressin) Reabsorption of water from the
renal tubule ,contraction of
blood vessels increasing the
blood pressure
LH Ovulation. maintenance of
corpus luteum and secretion of
progesterone
Oxytocin Contraction of uterine muscles
during child birth

All plant hormone Refer table7.1 in text 81

Gonads Produce gamates

testes Produce sperm
Sperm duct/vas deference To carry sperm from testis to
urethra
scrotum Regulate the temperature of
testis to support maturation and
production of sperms,helps to
escape to much body heat
epididymis To store the sperm till they attain
maturity and motility
Seminiferous tubule Produce sperm
Interstitial cells ,Leydig cells testosterone
Seminal/prostate and cowper’s Text164
Corpus luteum To produce oestrogen and
progesterone
Oviduct Fertilization and peristalsis of its
wall will help to push the egg in
to uterus
Uterus Provide all support to the
growing embryo
Acrosome Secrete enzyme hyaluronidase
which will facilitates the entry of
sperm in to egg by dissolving the
wall of ovum
Placenta and amniotic fluid Text 170,171