e-cadernos CES

41 | 2024
Monstrous Genealogies: Reclaiming Queer Lives and
Embodiments

Beyond boundaries: Navigating fluidity, power

dynamics, and erasure in contemporary lesbian
identities
Rompendo limites: fluidez, dinâmicas de poder e identidades lésbicas
contemporâneas

Eduarda Ferreira

Electronic version
URL: https://journals.openedition.org/eces/8877
DOI: 10.4000/12uzl
ISSN: 1647-0737

Publisher
Centro de Estudos Sociais da Universidade de Coimbra

Electronic reference
Eduarda Ferreira, “Beyond boundaries: Navigating fluidity, power dynamics, and erasure in
contemporary lesbian identities”, e-cadernos CES [Online], 41 | 2024, Online since 05 December 2024,
connection on 13 March 2025. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/eces/8877 ; DOI: https://doi.org/
10.4000/12uzl

The text only may be used under licence CC BY 4.0. All other elements (illustrations, imported files) are
“All rights reserved”, unless otherwise stated.
 e-cadernos CES, 41, 2024: 37-58

EDUARDA FERREIRA

BEYOND BOUNDARIES: NAVIGATING FLUIDITY, POWER DYNAMICS, AND ERASURE IN

CONTEMPORARY LESBIAN IDENTITIES *

Abstract: This paper explores the evolving concepts of ‘woman’ and ‘lesbian’ in
contemporary discourse, emphasizing fluidity influenced by spatial, temporal, and power
dynamics. Critiquing rigid identity politics, it advocates for a broader, inclusive perspective
on lesbianism, challenging Western-centric views. Affirming lesbian identities,
incorporating the fluidity of gender and sexual identities, is recognized as revolutionary,
disrupting gender norms, and dismantling patriarchal structures. Lesbian erasure, rooted
in societal expectations and patriarchy, is also experienced in LGBTIQ spaces with biases
in the representation of different sexual orientations and gender identities. This paper calls
for intersectional approaches, recognizing diverse voices, and active efforts to challenge
and dismantle lesbian erasure for a more inclusive society.

Keywords: biological essentialism, gender binary, intersectionality, lesbian erasure,

LGBTIQ community.

ROMPENDO LIMITES: FLUIDEZ, DINÂMICAS DE PODER E IDENTIDADES LÉSBICAS

CONTEMPORÂNEAS

Resumo: Este artigo explora a evolução dos conceitos de “mulher” e “lésbica” no discurso
contemporâneo, realçando a fluidez influenciada por dinâmicas espaciais, temporais e de
poder. Criticando a política de identidade rígida, defende uma perspetiva mais alargada e
inclusiva do lesbianismo, desafiando as visões centradas no Ocidente. A afirmação das
identidades lésbicas, incorporando a fluidez das identidades sexuais e de género, é
reconhecida como revolucionária, perturbando as normas de género e desmantelando as
estruturas patriarcais. O apagamento lésbico, enraizado nas expectativas sociais e no
patriarcado, é também vivido nos espaços LGBTIQ com preconceitos na representação
de diferentes orientações sexuais e identidades de género. Este documento apela a
abordagens interseccionais, reconhecendo diversas vozes, e a esforços ativos para
desafiar e desmantelar o apagamento lésbico para uma sociedade mais inclusiva.
Palavras-chave: apagamento lésbico, binarismo de género, comunidade LGBTIQ,
essencialismo biológico, interseccionalidade.

* This work is financed by national funds through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology

(FCT), within the scope of the project «UIDB/04647/2020» of CICS.NOVA – Interdisciplinary Center for
Social Sciences at NOVA University of Lisbon.

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 Eduarda Ferreira

INTRODUCTION
In the complex landscape of sexual identities, a significant yet frequently overlooked
aspect is the experiences and challenges faced by lesbians. Despite the advances made
in the LGBTIQ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex, and Queer/Questioning)
rights movement, lesbian voices often remain muted and marginalized within the broader
discourse of sexual orientations. This phenomenon, known as lesbian erasure, casts a
shadow over the diverse spectrum of human sexuality, hindering genuine inclusivity
within the community (Forstie, 2020; Wermuth & Canciani, 2018).
Erasure in the realm of sexual identities involves the marginalization or rendering
invisible of particular sexual orientations or gender identities. It operates insidiously,
permeating various aspects of society, from literature and media to legislation and social
discourse. Lesbian erasure specifically denotes the tendency to overlook, deny, or
dismiss the existence, experiences, and contributions of lesbians within the LGBTIQ
community. This erasure stands as a clear testimony to the challenges faced by
individuals whose experiences and narratives are often obscured, minimized, or
invalidated (Enszer, 2022).
The intersection of heteronormativity and the gender binary creates a system where
those who do not conform face discrimination and violence, reinforcing social hierarchies
(Marchia & Sommer, 2019; Regan & Meyer, 2021). The gender binary reinforces existing
power structures and inequalities, leading to the marginalization and oppression of
gender-nonconforming individuals (Darwin, 2017; Suárez & Slattery, 2018).
Addressing the erasure of lesbian identities within the confines of the gender binary
is crucial. This binary view dismisses the rich tapestry of gender identities beyond male
and female, often implying that lesbian relationships and identities are somehow lesser
or deviant because they do not conform to the heteronormative ideal. Lesbians,
especially those not fitting stereotypical images, are frequently made invisible in
mainstream discussions about relationships and identity (Nölke, 2018; Scanlon & Lewis,
2017).
Lesbian identities, especially those that deviate from dominant cultural norms, are
marginalized within both mainstream society and the LGBTIQ community itself.
Paradoxically, in some lesbian communities, the individuals who challenge normative
gender expressions or identities are both marginalized and positioned to question the
very boundaries that exclude them (Butler, 1997). The gender binary and
heteronormative ideals create a framework where lesbians who do not conform – those
who are butch, gender-nonconforming, or of marginalized races or abilities – are seen
as deviant, reinforcing the systems of exclusion and oppression that define who is
included or erased. Lesbians, particularly those who resist traditional gender roles or fail

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 Beyond Boundaries: Navigating Fluidity, Power Dynamics, and Erasure in Contemporary Lesbian Identities

to conform to the binary expectations of femininity, are often cast as “monstrous” or

abnormal. These figures embody a broader societal anxiety around non-normative
bodies and desires but also possess transformative potential (Halberstam, 2018).
The struggle faced by lesbian individuals is further complicated when viewed through
the lens of intersectionality. Lesbian women of color, disabled lesbians, and those from
other marginalized communities experience increased levels of erasure due to the
intersection of their sexual orientation with other aspects of their identity. Their voices
are silenced not only due to their sexual orientation but also because of their race,
disability, or socioeconomic status, intensifying the erasure of their experience (Patel,
2019; Van Zyl et al., 2018).
But again, certain identities in lesbian communities – those that intersect with race,
disability, or socioeconomic status – can be rendered invisible to uphold a more
palatable, homogenous vision of lesbian identity. Lesbian erasure, therefore, operates
as a form of abjection (Kristeva, 2024), where lesbians who do not fit the normative mold
– those who are poor, nonwhite, gender nonconforming – are discarded or ignored to
maintain a cohesive community image. However, it is important to understand that
exclusion is not just a mechanism for othering but a constitutive process through which
communities define themselves (Butler, 2015).
The erasure of lesbian identities leads to feelings of isolation, invalidation, and self-
doubt, adversely affecting mental health and overall well-being, and hinders the progress
of LGBTIQ rights movements by perpetuating ignorance and reinforcing discriminatory
attitudes (Valentine & Skelton, 2003).
Affirming lesbian identities is often understood as reinforcing biological essentialism
and gender binarism. On the contrary, I argue that affirming lesbian identities crucially
contributes to questioning the gender binary disrupting pervasive heteronormativity and
patriarchy within society. The specificities of lesbian identities at the intersection of
gender and sexual orientation have the potential to make visible the way in which the
power structures of heterosexism and patriarchy will control people’s lives and to
question the stereotypes that support gender binarism (Sumerau et al., 2020).
The author wishes to clarify that the word “women” used in this text to refer to
lesbians should be understood as any individual who identifies, is read as, or is socialized
as a woman. This paper starts by emphasizing the importance of affirming lesbian
identities to question, challenge, and reshape our understanding of gender. It
acknowledges the intricacies of power dynamics, cultural contexts, and individual agency
by exploring the fluid nature of lesbian identities and the complexity that arises from
diverse experiences. Following this, the interconnections between lesbian identities and
trans-exclusionary radical feminism (TERF) ideology is questioned. The subsequent

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 Eduarda Ferreira

section discusses how biological essentialism and gender binary contribute to the
erasure of lesbian identities, leading to invisibility and discrimination. It moves on to
present a critical examination of lesbian erasure within the broader LGBTIQ movement.
The final part of the paper explores the concept of intersectionality, and how it affects
lesbians, particularly the double bind faced by lesbians who experience discrimination
based on both their sexual orientation and other intersecting identities such as race,
ethnicity, religious beliefs, or socioeconomic status. Finally, it concludes by emphasizing
the need of a paradigm shift, embracing the diversity within lesbian identities, challenging
binary constructs, and fostering inclusivity.

1. LESBIAN IDENTITIES
1.1. CHALLENGING BINARY CONSTRUCTS: THE POWER OF AFFIRMING LESBIAN IDENTITIES
In the realm of identity politics, affirming lesbian identities has long been a topic of
debate. Critics argue that such affirmation reinforces biological essentialism and rigid
gender binaries (Gottschalk, 2003; Greene, 2021). However, I propose a contrary
perspective: affirming lesbian identities is not a step backward into essentialism and
binary constructs but, it is in fact, a revolutionary one. It is a radical act that questions,
challenges, and reshapes our understanding of gender. By embracing and validating
lesbian experiences, we create a space that challenges the very foundations of the
gender binary, disrupting heteronormativity, and dismantling patriarchal structures. It’s
not just about accepting diverse sexual orientations; it’s about embracing a spectrum of
gender identities and expressions. They challenge the status quo, encouraging society
to reconsider its preconceived notions about gender and sexual orientation (Enszer,
2022). This act of validation doesn’t strengthen the gender binary; it dismantles it.
Lesbian identities are uniquely situated at the crossroads of gender and sexual
orientation. They don’t adhere to the traditional norms dictated by a heteronormative
society (Gunn et al., 2021). This deviation from the norm offers a potent lens through
which we can analyze and deconstruct gender binary. At its core, affirming lesbian
identities is an assertion of agency. It is a refusal to be confined within the narrow
boundaries of heterosexuality and challenges the deeply ingrained power structures of
patriarchy (Marchia & Sommer, 2019). By examining the specificity of lesbian identities,
we unravel the complexities of human experiences. Lesbians, by their very existence,
expose the simplistic and erroneous stereotypes that support gender binarism. They
showcase the vast diversity within the spectrum of human sexuality and gender
expression. Through their relationships and lives, lesbians disclose the fluidity and
complexity of gender and sexual orientation. Lesbians may identify as butch, femme, or

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 Beyond Boundaries: Navigating Fluidity, Power Dynamics, and Erasure in Contemporary Lesbian Identities

any other gender expression, thereby challenging the traditional masculine-feminine

binary and encouraging a more nuanced approach to gender identity (Ben Hagai, 2023).
Lesbian identities also challenge the male gaze, disrupting the pervasive notion that
women’s sexuality exists primarily for male consumption. Lesbian relationships exist
outside the realm of male desire, asserting that women’s romantic and sexual lives are
valid and fulfilling on their own terms (Browne, 2021).
An intersectional approach to lesbian identities challenges the erasure caused by
simplistic identity frameworks and opens the space for a fuller understanding of lesbian
lives. By accounting for the full spectrum of experiences, it creates the possibility for a
more equitable and nuanced discourse, where all voices can be heard and validated.
This recognition of diversity is thus a critical intervention in both scholarship and activism,
one that is resistant to erasure and insists on the visibility and value of all lesbians in
their multiplicity.
Recognizing the intersections of race, class, gender identity, along with other axes
of identity, highlights how such complexities shape different experiences of
marginalization, resistance, and the formation of identity. The recognition of diversity
within lesbian identities fosters a more inclusive, comprehensive understanding of
identity and oppression. It challenges the very foundations of erasure by making visible
the varied ways lesbians of color, working-class lesbians, and others navigate power,
desire, and exclusion (Lorde, 1995). Failing to account for the multiplicity of lesbian
experiences – whether racial, cultural, or otherwise – results in the erasure of those who
exist at these intersections. Acknowledging and amplifying the voices of marginalized
lesbian identities offers resistance to reductive categorizations and makes visible those
who would otherwise be erased from the broader discourse (Jones, 2021).

1.2. BEYOND BOUNDARIES: NAVIGATING THE FLUIDITY AND COMPLEXITY OF LESBIAN IDENTITIES
In contemporary discourse, the concepts of “woman” and “lesbian” are far from static;
they are fluid and constructed in specific spatial and temporal dimensions. The term
“lesbian”, once perceived as a straightforward label, has evolved into a complex entity
interwoven with power dynamics specific to particular places. No longer confined to a
rigid set of definitions, the term “lesbian” has transcended its traditional boundaries,
morphing into a multifaceted identity that defies easy categorization. In this shifting
landscape, the question of who or what a lesbian “is” becomes entangled with
multifaceted identities, blended into diverse experiences (Ben Hagai, 2023; Forstie,
2020; Sumerau et al., 2020).
The term “lesbian” is not a monolith; it is malleable, used, reclaimed, and denounced
in relation to prevailing power structures. The very essence of being a lesbian is

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 Eduarda Ferreira

intertwined with relations of power that are shaped by spatial and temporal dimensions
(Browne & Ferreira, 2018). There is no universal definition or singular understanding of
this term, for it morphs and adapts based on the contexts in which it is used. Unlike the
static stereotypes of the past, contemporary understandings of lesbianism recognize its
malleability. The once-clear lines that delineated sexual orientations have blurred,
allowing a diversity of experiences to emerge (Ben Hagai, 2023).
Individuals who identify as lesbians, claim the term, however it may be perceived as
such, and navigate a complex terrain where the surrounding context plays a crucial role.
One of the key aspects of navigating lesbian identities lies in acknowledging the power
dynamics at play. The very essence of being a lesbian is intertwined with relationships
of power, which vary significantly among individuals. These power dynamics are not just
external; they exist within communities and even within the individual, shaping desires,
relationships, and self-perception (Valentine & Skelton, 2003). Just as there is no
singular global LGBTIQ culture or identity, there is no singular lesbian culture, identity,
desire, or relationship form. The diversity of human experiences defies the confinement
of a singular definition.
Lesbianism, when approached as identity politics, tends to fix desires, behaviors,
and practices within rigid boundaries, often failing to acknowledge the fluidities inherent
in gender and sexual identities (Chanady, 2022). This fixation not only limits
understanding but also stifles the richness of human experiences that do not neatly fit
within predefined categories.
The categorization of “lesbian” frequently centers around cisgender lesbians within
the context of Western cultures, creating challenges for individuals from diverse cultural
backgrounds, including transgender and intersex people, to identify comfortably as
lesbians (Banerjea et al., 2019; Browne & Ferreira, 2018). This Western-centric lens
obscures the varied ways in which lesbianism is perceived, lived, and expressed in
different cultures, making it essential to broaden our perspectives and challenge these
limitations. Lesbian identities are as diverse as the individuals who claim them,
encompassing a spectrum of gender expressions, sexual orientations, and cultural
backgrounds. The global perspective on lesbian identities is broadening, thus extending
to transgender and intersex individuals, whose experiences as lesbians are valid and
meaningful (Beemyn & Eliason, 2016).
To truly comprehend the complexities surrounding the term “lesbian”, one must
explore how this category is deployed, resisted, and sometimes rendered invisible
(Browne & Ferreira, 2018). It is a journey that demands a nuanced understanding of
power dynamics, cultural contexts, and individual agency.

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 Beyond Boundaries: Navigating Fluidity, Power Dynamics, and Erasure in Contemporary Lesbian Identities

1.3. LESBIAN IDENTITIES, BEYOND TERF

The tensions between TERF (Trans-Exclusionary Radical Feminist) ideology and lesbian
activism stem from differing perspectives on gender, identity, and inclusivity within the
feminist and LGBTIQ communities (Rogers, 2023; Thomsen & Essig, 2022). These
tensions have been a significant point of contention and debate, leading to complex
discussions. TERF ideology often centers on a specific definition of womanhood based
on biological sex. According to this perspective, only those individuals assigned female
at birth are considered women, and transgender women should be excluded from certain
aspects of feminism and women’s spaces. TERF activists argue for women-only spaces
exclusive to cisgender women, believing that the inclusion of transgender women erodes
the specific experiences of cisgender women (Gailey & Brown, 2016). This perspective
is not universally accepted within feminist circles and has sparked significant debate and
disagreement (Thomsen & Essig, 2022).
Many early feminist spaces were inclusive of diverse gender expressions, and trans
women, including trans lesbians, have been integral to various feminist movements. In
fact, transphobia is a relatively recent development within certain feminist ideologies,
rather than an intrinsic part of feminist theory (Stryker, 2007). Transphobia is not a
feminist argument but rather a reactionary stance that seeks to police the boundaries of
gender and identity in ways that mirror patriarchal norms.
Feminism, at its core, advocates for gender equality and challenges societal norms
and expectations related to gender. Within feminism, there are ongoing discussions and
debates about the inclusion of transgender individuals and their experiences. Some
feminists argue for an expansive and inclusive definition of womanhood, welcoming
transgender women into feminist spaces (Rogers, 2023). Others, including some TERFs,
hold more exclusive views. From an inclusive feminist perspective, the focus is on
solidarity among all individuals who experience gender-based oppression. This
perspective acknowledges that despite their different life experiences, transgender
women face unique challenges related to gender identity. Feminism, in this view,
becomes a movement that fights for the rights and dignity of all women, cisgender and
transgender alike. These inclusive feminists argue that the struggle for gender equality
should not exclude anyone based on their gender identity (Nash, 2011). They recognize
the importance of supporting and amplifying the voices of transgender women, who often
face disproportionate levels of discrimination and violence.
Within the lesbian community, a spectrum of viewpoints exists regarding the
inclusion of transgender individuals, particularly transgender women. Some lesbians
may align with TERF ideology, arguing that spaces designated for cisgender women
should exclude transgender women. Their concerns revolve around issues of identity,

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 Eduarda Ferreira

biology, or societal roles. These individuals often fear that the presence of transgender
women in lesbian spaces might compromise only lesbians’ safe spaces of mutual
identification (Rogers, 2023). However, it’s essential to emphasize that the TERF
perspective is not universally shared among lesbians. Many lesbian activists and the
broader LGBTIQ community embrace a more expansive and inclusive definition of
womanhood that includes transgender women, advocating for transgender rights and
inclusion. They argue that gender identity is not solely determined by biological factors
but also encompasses self-identification and personal experience. TERF ideology often
makes a distinction between gender identity and sexual orientation, focusing primarily
on biological sex. In contrast, many lesbian activists understand and appreciate the
interconnectedness of gender identity and sexual orientation. They acknowledge that
lesbianism is about emotional, and/or sexual attraction to women, irrespective of whether
the individuals involved are cisgender or transgender (Browne et al., 2016; Browne &
Ferreira, 2018). They understand that feminism should be intersectional, recognizing and
addressing the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as gender and
sexual orientation. They advocate for inclusive spaces that welcome transgender
women, recognizing the importance of solidarity among all individuals who face gender-
based discrimination. They emphasize the shared experiences of marginalization and
the need for mutual support within the LGBTIQ community (Banerjea et al., 2019).
There are several non-TERF spaces and organizations within lesbian activism
worldwide that focus on inclusivity, support, and advocacy for all individuals regardless
of their gender identity. In Portugal, there are diverse LGBTIQ associations but only one
specifically lesbian rights association, Clube Safo, created in January 1996. Clube Safo
clearly adopts a non-TERF position, based on an inclusive understanding of women and
lesbians. The association identifies their associates as “women, cis or trans, non-binary
people who have relationships with women or people who are read as women”. Their
mission is to build bridges with other collectives/associations to open the way for people
who identify, are read as, or are socialized as women and not heterosexual, to have a
place where they can exchange ideas, share opinions, meet other people like them and
build community. Some noteworthy examples of their non-TERF positioning are a
brochure on sexual health and the publication Zona Livre. The Lesbian Sexual Health
brochure acknowledges that “lesbians, bisexuals, pansexuals, women who have
relationships with women, people who identify as women, trans women or non-binary
people, among others often do not find information on how to have safer sex lives or
often do not find the information they are looking for” (Clube Safo, n.d.). The issue
number 72 of Zona Livre questions what does it mean to be a lesbian:

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 Beyond Boundaries: Navigating Fluidity, Power Dynamics, and Erasure in Contemporary Lesbian Identities

How to build an inclusive lesbian association, which, without neglecting its identity,
can welcome many others? We also need to understand that lesbians are not a
monolithic identity, we are not all women (trans or cis); on the other hand, how can
we continue to establish an openly lesbian space that gives visibility to women and
in particular to lesbian women, a space that continues to be lacking? (Lima, 2023,
p. 3)

The article proposes a broader meaning of the word “Lesbian”, including realities
such as bi, pan, women who love women, trans women, trans femininity, queer women,
non-binary women, people who experience womanhood/femininity in a non-exclusive
way, and all other realities that embrace the global lesbian reality in an inclusive way
(Gomes, 2023, pp. 27–28).
This a noteworthy example of the importance of lesbian activism to promote an
inclusive understanding of gender-based discrimination by challenging heteronormativity
and embracing intersectionality. Lesbian activism, such as Clube Safo, can advocate for
gender equality, ensure visibility and representation, drive legal and social change, and
build empowerment and community. By addressing these aspects, lesbian activism
contributes significantly to fostering a more accepting and inclusive society for all
individuals, regardless of their sexual orientation and/or gender identity.

2. LESBIAN ERASURE
2.1. THE INTERSECTION OF LESBIAN ERASURE, BIOLOGICAL ESSENTIALISM AND GENDER BINARY
Societal expectations related to biology and gender roles have long played a significant
role in shaping people’s understanding of sexual orientation, often leading to the erasure
of lesbian individuals. This erasure is deeply rooted in traditional beliefs and stereotypes
about gender and sexuality, which can have harmful consequences for those who
identify as lesbians (Podmore & Tremblay, 2015).
There is an intricate interplay between sexual identity, biological essentialism,
gender binary, and oppression. Biological essentialism refers to the belief that there are
innate, fundamental differences between individuals or groups based on biological
factors such as genes, hormones, or brain structure. In the context of gender, biological
essentialism posits that men and women inherently possess distinct traits, behaviors,
and abilities due to their biological makeup. This concept has historically been used to
justify and reinforce rigid gender roles in society (Greene, 2021). The connection
between biological essentialism and rigid gender roles lies in the reinforcement of
traditional norms and stereotypes. When people believe that certain qualities or roles are
biologically predetermined, it can lead to the perpetuation of social expectations and

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 Eduarda Ferreira

limitations placed on individuals based on their gender. For example, the belief that
women are naturally nurturing and emotional, while men are inherently aggressive and
rational, can justify restricting women to domestic and caregiving roles, and men to
positions of power and authority. These stereotypes not only limit individual potential but
also contribute to gender inequality and discrimination (Darwin, 2017). Biological
essentialism pathologizes same-sex attraction by framing it as a deviation from the
supposed natural order. This perspective has historically been used to stigmatize and
discriminate against lesbians, reinforcing heteronormativity and undermining the
legitimacy of their relationships (Ben Hagai, 2023).
The gender binary is a social construct that classifies individuals into two distinct and
opposing categories: male and female. This rigid framework oversimplifies the diverse
spectrum of human gender identities, ignoring non-binary, genderqueer, and genderfluid
experiences (Butler, 1999). Non-binary individuals who identify as lesbians often face
erasure within mainstream discourse. Societal structures, across various cultures and
time periods, have consistently marginalized or rendered invisible lesbian identities and
experiences. Lesbian erasure is a global phenomenon due to the pervasive influence of
patriarchy, heteronormativity, and cultural gender roles that marginalize or ignore women
who do not conform to these standards. Though the specifics may differ from region to
region, the patterns of invisibility and denial recur worldwide, making lesbian erasure a
universal issue that requires active recognition and resistance (Banerjea et al., 2019).
Society struggles to comprehend the existence of non-binary genders within the
confines of the gender binary, leading to the erasure of non-binary lesbian experiences
(Suárez & Slattery, 2018). This belief system, rooted in traditional and often patriarchal
ideologies, ignores the complexity of human sexuality, and disregards the validity of
same-sex relationships.
Examining the historical context of lesbian erasure, it becomes evident that the
narratives of LGBTIQ individuals, especially lesbians, have been consistently
overshadowed by societal norms and expectations. Lesbian erasure, characterized by
the marginalization or denial of lesbian existence and experiences, finds its origins in
embedded gender norms and societal expectations prevalent across diverse cultures
and epochs (Browne, 2021).
One of the fundamental roots of lesbian erasure lies in the patriarchal structure of
societies where women were often treated as property and were expected to conform to
prescribed gender roles. Lesbians faced dual discrimination – not only due to their sexual
orientation but also because their very existence challenged established gender norms.
This intersection of discrimination – based on both sexual orientation and defiance of
gender norms – created a hostile environment for lesbians. They were forced to navigate

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 Beyond Boundaries: Navigating Fluidity, Power Dynamics, and Erasure in Contemporary Lesbian Identities

not only their sexual identity but also the deep-rooted societal expectations about how
women should behave and whom they should love. This dual burden illustrates the
complexity of the challenges faced by lesbians within patriarchal societies and
underscores the importance of understanding the intersectionality of oppression in the
context of sexual orientation and gender identity (Banerjea et al., 2019; Browne &
Ferreira, 2018). The challenges faced by lesbians within patriarchal contexts go beyond
mere individual struggles. They are emblematic of a broader societal issue – the
prevailing prejudices and discriminatory practices that perpetuate inequality. Lesbians
often experience a lack of legal protections, limited access to healthcare, and diminished
employment opportunities due to their sexual orientation. When coupled with gender-
based discrimination, these challenges create a challenging barrier, impeding the pursuit
of fulfillment and equal rights for lesbians. Gender-based discrimination is still a
pervasive reality worldwide, inclusively in the European Union that upholds a vast range
of gender equality legislation (Buzmaniuk, 2023). This reality presents an additional layer
of challenges and discrimination to all those who identify as women or are perceived as
women.
Progress in LGBTIQ rights in recent decades did not eradicate lesbian erasure. Even
within the feminist movement, lesbians found themselves marginalized; some feminists
feared that association with homosexuality would undermine the fight for women’s rights.
Lesbians had to battle against patriarchy, heteronormativity, and, at times, within the
feminist movement itself. Despite the shared objective of challenging gender-based
oppression, lesbians often found themselves excluded within feminist circles. One
significant challenge was the pervasive influence of heteronormativity, the belief that
heterosexuality is the norm. This perspective limited the feminist movement’s
understanding of women’s issues to heterosexual experiences, sidelining the concerns
of lesbians (Browne et al., 2016). Additionally, patriarchy, embedded in societal
structures, resisted the inclusion of lesbian voices, perpetuating their marginalization
within broader feminist discussions. Another factor contributing to this exclusion was the
fear among some feminists that associating with homosexuality, particularly lesbianism,
might divert attention from the overarching struggle for women’s rights, leading to a
resistance to fully integrate lesbian concerns into the feminist agenda. Furthermore,
some feminists, adhering to conservative views on sexuality, felt uncomfortable with the
outspoken presence of lesbians within feminist spaces (Podmore & Tremblay, 2015).
The marginalization of lesbians within the feminist movement underscores the
importance of recognizing intersectionality, acknowledging the interconnected nature of
social categorizations such as race, class, sexual orientation, and gender. Lesbians of
color, for example, faced not only sexism and homophobia but also racism within both

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 Eduarda Ferreira

the feminist movement and the LGBTIQ community. Their experiences were often
overlooked, emphasizing the need for a more inclusive and intersectional feminist
approach (Patel, 2019; Van Zyl et al., 2018). Recent years have seen progress, with
feminist movements becoming more inclusive and acknowledging the significance of
LGBTIQ voices and experiences. However, the historical marginalization faced by
lesbians within the feminist movement serves as a reminder of the ongoing work needed
to create a truly inclusive feminist agenda that fights against all forms of oppression.
Society has made progresses in acknowledging that sexual orientations exist along
a spectrum, encompassing various identities beyond the heterosexual norm. Despite this
progress, lesbians’ unique challenges and identities have not been fully acknowledged
or understood. Lesbian visibility has faced challenges related to both sexism and
homophobia.
Lesbian experiences are diverse and intersect with race, ethnicity, class, and other
social factors. However, the gender binary and biological essentialism often overshadow
these intersections, leading to a monolithic and inaccurate portrayal of lesbian lives (Ben
Hagai, 2023; Enszer, 2022).
It is essential to recognize that gender identity and expression are complex and
multifaceted aspects of human experience. Recognizing that individuals can be
marginalized on multiple fronts – in this case, both as lesbians and as women – is
essential for dismantling the patriarchal structures that perpetuate discrimination.

2.2. LESBIAN ERASURE IN THE LGBTIQ MOVEMENT

Lesbian erasure, a complex issue within the LGBTIQ movement, refers to the
marginalization, invisibility, and negation of lesbian identities and experiences within the
broader LGBTIQ community (Podmore & Tremblay, 2015).
Historical accounts of the LGBTIQ rights movement frequently focus on prominent
gay figures while overlooking the significant contributions of lesbian. This selective
storytelling perpetuates the idea that the movement was primarily led by gay men,
erasing the crucial role played by lesbian activists. By omitting the contributions of
lesbian activists, the historical narrative becomes skewed, creating an inaccurate
representation of the LGBTIQ rights movement (Browne et al., 2016). This distortion
perpetuates stereotypes and reinforces societal misconceptions about the roles of
different genders and sexual orientations in social and political activism (Chanady, 2022).
When the contributions of lesbian activists are overlooked, it sends a discouraging
message to future generations of activists. Young lesbians may not find sufficient role
models or historical figures to look up to, hindering their sense of identity, pride, and
belonging within the LGBTIQ community. It also limits the depth of knowledge about the

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diverse experiences within the community, leading to a skewed perspective on the

challenges faced by lesbians in particular. It is crucial to revisit historical accounts with a
more inclusive lens. Recognizing and highlighting the contributions of lesbian activists
and other marginalized voices provides a more accurate and nuanced understanding of
the LGBTIQ rights movement.
The media plays a powerful role in shaping societal attitudes and perceptions.
However, when it comes to representing diverse sexual orientations, mainstream media
frequently falls short, especially concerning lesbian experiences. Lesbian characters and
relationships are significantly underrepresented in mainstream media compared to their
gay male counterparts (Nölke, 2018). This lack of visibility sends the message that
lesbian experiences are less significant or relevant, contributing to their erasure from
public awareness. When lesbian characters are depicted, they often fall into stereotypical
roles, perpetuating harmful clichés and misconceptions. These stereotypes may include
portraying lesbians as overly sexualized objects of desire or as aggressive, masculine
figures (Gunn et al., 2021). Such portrayals not only misrepresent the reality of lesbian
lives but also reinforce harmful biases and prejudices. Media representation, or the lack
thereof, directly influences how individuals perceive themselves and their place in
society. Limited representation of lesbian relationships and experiences hampers the
understanding of the broader society about the complexities of human sexuality. It
creates a skewed and incomplete picture of the LGBTIQ community, reinforcing the false
notion that LGBTIQ experiences are monolithic, which, in reality, is far from the truth.
The erasure of the diversity of lesbian experiences from mainstream media impedes the
progress of LGBTIQ rights movements. When the public is not exposed to diverse and
accurate portrayals of lesbian lives, it becomes challenging to build empathy and support
for lesbian rights and issues, making it harder to push for social and legal reforms that
protect lesbian individuals.
Besides, bisexual individuals, in general, face misconceptions from both the
heterosexual and homosexual communities. Bisexual women, in particular, are
sometimes accused of not being “truly” lesbian or straight, which reflects biphobic
attitudes. This misunderstanding arises from the assumption that a person’s sexual
orientation is solely defined by the gender of their current partner, erasing the validity of
their bisexuality. Bisexual women may feel invisible within both the heterosexual and
LGBTIQ communities. In heterosexual spaces, their relationships with people of the
opposite gender can lead to erasure of their non-heterosexual identity. In LGBTIQ
spaces, they may face skepticism or exclusion because of their relationships with people
of the opposite gender, reinforcing the erasure of their bisexual identity (Serpe et al.,
2020). This double erasure can lead to a sense of isolation and exclusion. When

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discussing issues related to sexual orientation, the experiences of bisexual women are
often overlooked or misunderstood. In conversations about lesbian erasure, the
complexity of bisexuality adds an additional layer of challenge. It requires promoting
understanding and acceptance of diverse sexual orientations, acknowledging that
individuals can be attracted to people of different genders, and rejecting the notion that
relationships define one’s sexual identity. Bisexuality complicates discussions around
lesbian erasure, making it crucial to address the complexities of sexual orientation within
the LGBTIQ community.
Biases within LGBTIQ spaces and organizations perpetuate lesbian erasure. Issues
considered “mainstream” or “marketable”, often related to gay men or transgender rights,
receive more attention, marginalizing lesbian voices and concerns. This biased approach
creates an imbalance in the representation of different sexual orientations and gender
identities (Nölke, 2018). In this scenario, the unique challenges faced by lesbians, in the
intersection of gender inequalities and sexual orientation discrimination, might be
sidelined or overlooked. As a result, the voices of lesbian individuals are drowned out,
perpetuating their invisibility within the broader LGBTIQ discourse. By neglecting the
specific needs of lesbians, the movement fails to address the concerns of a significant
portion of its own community (Ferreira, 2014). This internal division weakens the
collective power of the LGBTIQ movement, making it less effective in advocating for the
rights and acceptance of all its members. This biased approach fosters a sense of
exclusion and alienation among lesbians within LGBTIQ spaces. When their concerns
are consistently overshadowed, lesbian individuals may feel disconnected from the very
community that is supposed to provide support and understanding (Chanady, 2022;
Valentine & Skelton, 2003). This isolation can lead to reduced engagement, limiting the
potential for collaboration and shared advocacy efforts within the broader movement.
Perpetuating lesbian erasure within LGBTIQ spaces and organizations sends a negative
message to society at large. It implies that certain identities and orientations within the
community are more valuable or deserving of attention than others.
Efforts to be more inclusive and recognize diverse gender identities and sexual
orientations sometimes inadvertently neglect the specific experiences and needs of
lesbians. While inclusivity is crucial, it should not come at the cost of erasing lesbian
identities (Beemyn & Eliason, 2016). Recognizing these complexities is vital for creating
truly inclusive spaces within the LGBTIQ community. The intersection of sexism and
homophobia results in unique challenges and discrimination, often the broader LGBTIQ
activism does not recognize and address these intersecting forms of oppression
(Ferreira, 2014). Addressing lesbian erasure requires acknowledging the unique
challenges faced by lesbians and recognizing their contributions. This involves giving

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visibility to lesbian voices, highlighting the achievements of lesbian activists, and

challenging biases and stereotypes within the broader LGBTIQ movement.

3. INTERSECTIONALITY AND THE DOUBLE BIND

Intersectionality provides a vital framework for understanding the erasure of lesbian
identities within diverse social contexts. By acknowledging the intersections of race,
class, gender, and sexuality, it is possible to work towards dismantling the systemic
barriers that contribute to this erasure. Lesbians who belong to marginalized groups often
experience compounded forms of erasure and discrimination, emphasizing the
intersectionality of their experiences (Sumerau et al., 2020; Thomsen & Finley, 2019).
In diverse social contexts, individuals are not defined solely by their sexual
orientation. They carry diverse identities and affiliations that intersect and interact. For
example, a lesbian woman of color not only faces heterosexism and homophobia but
also racism. In predominantly white feminist or LGBTIQ spaces, racial discrimination can
be particularly pronounced. Despite being part of a community advocating for
acceptance and equality, lesbian women of color might face racism from peers, making
it difficult to find genuine support (Patel, 2019). Their experiences might be invalidated
or overlooked, and their voices might be silenced in these spaces due to racial
prejudices. Being a lesbian woman of color requires navigating the complexities of
identities. Balancing racial and sexual orientation identities can be emotionally and
mentally exhausting. Lesbian women of color might feel pressured to conform to societal
expectations, struggling to find acceptance within their own communities. Experiencing
racism within the LGBTIQ community and homophobia within their racial or ethnic
community can lead to profound emotional distress. The constant need to defend
identities, explain experiences, and fight against stereotypes can have a significant
impact on well-being.
Economic factors significantly influence the experiences of lesbians. Working-class
lesbians often face economic challenges that can limit their ability to access resources
and establish support networks. Limited financial resources can translate into reduced
access to quality education, healthcare, and mental health services. Economic instability
can also result in unstable housing, making it difficult to find safe and accepting
environments where they can openly assert their identity. Working-class lesbians might
face limited access to education and employment opportunities, which can perpetuate a
cycle of economic disadvantage (Frost et al., 2019). Discrimination in the workplace
based on sexual orientation can lead to job insecurity, lower wages, and limited career
advancement. Limited access to education and job opportunities can make it challenging
to escape economic hardship, further hindering the ability to assert one’s identity openly.

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The intersection of economic status and sexual orientation creates a unique set of
challenges. Working-class lesbians often experience compounded forms of
discrimination, where economic vulnerability intersects with homophobia and
heterosexism (Budge et al., 2016). In contrast, wealthier lesbians may have financial
privilege that allows them to navigate societal biases more easily. Financial stability can
provide access to better education, healthcare, legal support, and housing options. With
economic resources, they have the means to access LGBTIQ-inclusive spaces and
events that provide a sense of community and belonging. These spaces can offer vital
support networks, mental health resources, and opportunities for activism and advocacy.
Economic privilege can grant access to safe spaces where one’s identity is accepted
and celebrated, fostering a sense of empowerment and confidence. The economic
disparities between working-class and wealthier lesbians can have a significant impact
on mental health and overall well-being. Economic factors deeply influence the
experiences of lesbians, shaping their access to resources, acceptance, and support
networks, and as such it is crucial to acknowledge and address economic disparities
within the LGBTIQ community (Frost et al., 2019).
Lesbians, like individuals of any sexual orientation, are profoundly influenced by their
religious and cultural backgrounds. In many conservative or traditional communities,
where religious beliefs and cultural norms are dominant, the intersection of these factors
with sexual orientation can lead to complex and challenging experiences. Some religious
doctrines explicitly condemn same-sex relationships, including lesbian relationships.
These teachings can create a hostile environment for lesbians within religious
communities, fostering stigmatization and ostracism. Lesbians might face religiously
motivated discrimination, making it difficult to openly express their identity or form
relationships within these communities. Cultural norms, often closely tied to religious
beliefs, can also perpetuate prejudice against lesbians. Traditional expectations
regarding marriage, family, and gender roles can clash with the existence of lesbian
identities. Lesbians might find themselves at odds with cultural expectations, leading to
rejection and isolation within their own communities (Wilkinson & Johnson, 2020).
While the LGBTIQ community strives for equality and acceptance, it is not exempt
from its own set of power dynamics and hierarchies. These dynamics can lead to
different forms of erasure and discrimination, even within the community itself. One
prominent example of these intersecting dynamics is the experiences of cisgender
lesbians and transgender lesbians, each facing distinct challenges. Transgender
lesbians might experience transphobia in addition to homophobia, making their struggles
even more complex (Gailey & Brown, 2016). Transphobia can be pervasive even within
the LGBTIQ community. Transgender lesbians may find themselves marginalized or

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erased due to both their gender identity and sexual orientation finding their experiences
and identities underrepresented or misrepresented within both the broader society and
the LGBTIQ community. The media, for instance, may not accurately portray the diversity
of sexual orientations and gender identities within the transgender community. This lack
of visibility can lead to further erasure, making it difficult for transgender lesbians to find
relatable role models or community support (Nash, 2011). Acknowledging and
understanding the intersecting power dynamics within the LGBTIQ community,
especially concerning transgender lesbians, is essential for fostering a more inclusive
and supportive community.
Understanding lesbian erasure through an intersectional lens highlights the
importance of amplifying diverse voices within the LGBTIQ community. By recognizing
the unique challenges faced by lesbians with different intersecting identities, it becomes
possible to address their specific needs and concerns. The fight against lesbian erasure
is not isolated; it is linked to broader struggles against sexism, racism, classism, and
other forms of oppression. Recognizing these intersections fosters solidarity among
different social justice movements.

CONCLUSION
The concept of “lesbian” has evolved from a simple label to a fluid and complex identity
shaped by spatial, temporal, and power dynamics (Sumerau et al., 2020). No longer
limited by strict definitions, lesbianism is now seen as a multifaceted identity that resists
singular categorization, reflecting a variety of experiences across different contexts. Both
internal and external power relations significantly shape these identities, with dynamics
varying greatly among individuals and communities. The traditional, Western-focused
perspective on lesbianism often marginalizes non-cisgender and non-Western
experiences, underscoring the need for a more inclusive understanding that
encompasses transgender, non-binary and intersex individuals. To fully grasp lesbian
identities, one must explore how they are shaped, contested, and sometimes rendered
invisible within various power structures (Browne & Ferreira, 2018).
Affirming lesbian identities is not regressive but revolutionary. Validating lesbian
experiences incorporating the fluidity of gender and sexual identities, challenges gender
norms, disrupts heteronormativity, and dismantles patriarchal structures. Lesbians,
existing outside traditional norms, provide a lens to deconstruct the gender binary and
reject societal constraints. Affirming lesbian identities asserts agency, challenging power
structures and stereotypes (Darwin, 2017). Lesbianism becomes truly revolutionary
when it not only seeks access to power but also aims to transform the very systems of
power. For example, while the visibility of lesbian politicians may signify progress, it often

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 Eduarda Ferreira

coexists with entrenched oppressive frameworks that continue to suppress queer

activism. This dynamic reveals the tension between representation and systemic
change. True transformative power lies in community-building and solidarity, acts of
resistance that create alternative spaces and relationships in defiance of dominant
societal structures (Forstie, 2020). Lesbianism becomes even more radical when it
engages with broader struggles, such as those involving race, class, and other identities.
In this way, lesbianism retains its revolutionary potential by challenging interconnected
systems of oppression through solidarity, community, and intersectional politics (Murib,
2023).
The tensions between TERF ideology and lesbian activism arise from differing
perspectives on gender, identity, and inclusivity within feminist and LGBTIQ
communities. Within the lesbian community, there are varying opinions on including
transgender women, with some supporting TERF ideology and others embracing
inclusivity, understanding the interconnectedness of gender identity and sexual
orientation (Thomsen & Essig, 2022). Clube Safo, a non-TERF lesbian rights association
in Portugal, is an example of an inclusive approach towards individuals of diverse gender
identities and sexual orientations, emphasizing the importance of such activism in
challenging heteronormativity, promoting gender equality, and fostering an inclusive
society. 1
The erasure of lesbian individuals due to societal expectations is rooted in traditional
beliefs about gender and sexuality, linked to biological essentialism, gender binary, and
oppression (Greene, 2021). Lesbian erasure is deeply connected to patriarchal
structures, where women challenging gender norms face dual discrimination based on
both sexual orientation and gender nonconformity. By asserting autonomy over women’s
bodies and desires, lesbianism defies the structures of male authority, making it a radical
form of resistance.
The complexity of lesbian experiences within patriarchal societies, emphasize the
need for an intersectional feminist approach to address discrimination. However, it is
noteworthy that even within feminist movements, lesbians have historically been
marginalized due to heteronormativity and conservative views on sexuality (Podmore &
Tremblay, 2015). The sexualization of lesbian relationships in mainstream media further
distorts their reality contributing to the erasure of diversity in lesbian lives (Scanlon &
Lewis, 2017).
At the same time, the lesbian erasure within the LGBTIQ activism is particularly
significant. It can be perceived by looking at how historical accounts and mainstream

1 Cf. https://clubesafo.pt/.

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 Beyond Boundaries: Navigating Fluidity, Power Dynamics, and Erasure in Contemporary Lesbian Identities

media often marginalize lesbian identities and experiences, leading to a lack of

representation, visibility, and understanding (Browne et al., 2016). Biases within LGBTIQ
spaces further perpetuate this erasure, highlighting the need for recognizing the unique
challenges faced by lesbians and advocating for their visibility and acceptance within the
broader movement. Efforts to be inclusive must consider the specific experiences of
lesbians and address the intersecting forms of oppression they face due to both gender
and sexual orientation discrimination. It is crucial to recognize and support diverse voices
within the LGBTIQ community and highlight the interconnectedness of various social
justice movements.
Unpacking the ways in which the gender binary contributes to the erasure of lesbian
identities is vital for fostering a society that celebrates diversity. Actively supporting,
educating, and amplifying lesbian voices are key steps in resisting and deconstructing
the erasure of lesbians. Promoting inclusive representation in media, advocating for
comprehensive LGBTIQ education, and fostering a culture of respect and understanding
can contribute to breaking free from the systems that sustain erasure. By addressing and
dismantling lesbian erasure, society can create a more inclusive society, where every
individual is recognized based on self-identification, overcoming the restraints of erasure
and prejudice.

Edited by Scott M. Culp

EDUARDA FERREIRA
Centro Interdisciplinar de Ciências Sociais, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa
Av. de Berna, 26 C, 1069-061 Lisboa, Portugal
Contact: e.ferreira@fcsh.unl.pt
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7482-9362

Received on 27.11.2023
Accepted for publication on 18.10.2024

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