Lesson 2.
3 run the risk of being left behind is termed into a phrase
THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM called “Golden Straitjacket” by Thomas Friedman
Globalization and the Nation - States Golden straightjacket
● It refers to the constraints and pressures that
Max Weber, a German social theorist define state as a globalization imposes on nations, even as it
compulsory political organization with a centralized offers economic growth and prosperity.
government that maintains a monopoly of the legitimate ● riedman argues that countries embracing
use of force within a certain territory globalization are often required to follow a set of
economic policies—such as free-market
Hedley Bull, a 20th century international philosopher reforms, deregulation, privatization, and opening
stated that states are independent political communities up to foreign trade and investment—in order to
each of which possesses a government and asserts benefit from the global economic system.
sovereignty in relation to a particular portion of the
earth’s surface and a particular segment of the human 2 things that will happen if a country is in Golden
population Straightjacket
Nation on the other hand is an imagined political ● Economy grows
community and imagined as both inherently limited and ● Politic shrinks
sovereign
Neoliberalism and Economic Sovereignty
Nation
● It is imagined as sovereign because the concept Neoliberalism
was born in an age in which Enlightenment and ● intensification of the influence and dominance
Revolution were destroying the legitimacy of the of capital.
divinely ordained, hierarchical dynastic realm ● political and economic philosophy that
nations dream of being free, and if under God, emphasizes free markets, privatization, minimal
directly so. government intervention, and individual
● The nation is imagined as limited because even responsibility as the best way to promote
the largest of them, encompassing perhaps a economic growth, efficiency, and individual
billion human beings, has finite, if elastic, freedom.
boundaries, beyond which lie other nations
● It is imagined because the members of even the Economic Sovereignty
smallest nation will never know most of their ● the power or national governments to make
fellow- members, meet them, or even hear of decisions independently of those made by other
them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of governments.
their communion ● It emphasizes a country’s right to manage its
● It is imagined as community, because regardless resources, trade, industry, and financial systems
of actual inequality and exploitation that may in a way that aligns with its own interests,
prevail in each, the nation is always conceived values, and development goals.
as a deep horizontal comradeship.
4 different concepts of sovereignty
The State and the Economic Interdependence 1. International legal sovereignty - it refers to the
The rising momentum of global free-market capitalism in given acceptance of a given state as a member
the final decades of the 20th century, the accompanying of the International community
rise in transnational enterprises, and the resulting 2. WestPhalian Sovereignty - It is based on the
disparities between easy flows of money and principle that one sovereign state should not
commodities across international boarders and the legal interfere in the domestic arrangements of
barriers and logistical hurdles that keep most workers another.
tied to their home communities are associated with 3. Interdependence Sovereignty- It is the
globalization capacity and willingness to control flows of
people, goods and capital into and out of the
The belief that globalization imposes a forced choice country.
upon states either to conform to free market principles or
4. Domestic Sovereignty - It is the capacity of a Custom Union
state to choose and implement policies within ● Removal of tariff barriers between members,
the territory together with the acceptance of a common or
unified external tariff against non-members is
Economic and Political Integration - involved.
● Goods inside the union can move freely with no
European Integration - is the process of industrial, additional tariffs.
political, legal, economic, social and cultural integration ● Removing internal barriers to trade and requiring
of states wholly or portially in Europe. European participating nations to harmonize their external
integration has primarily come about through the policy as well as building a free trade area are
European Union and its policies. put up by customs union.
European Union (EU) Common Market (CM)
● is an international organization comprising 28 ● The extension of free trade from just tangible
European countries and governing common goods, to include all economic resources which
economic, social, and security policies means that all barriers are eliminated to allow
● In the early 21st century EU expanded into the free movement of goods, services, capital,
central and eastern Europe with the following and labor, including removal of tariffs and
members: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, reduced non-tariff barriers is the key feature of a
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, common market.
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg,
Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Economic Union
and the United Kingdom ● The trading bloc that has both a common market
between members, and a common trade policy
Economic Integration towards non-members, although members are
● can be described as a process and a means by free to pursue independent macro-economic
which a group of countries strives to increase policies.
their level of welfare ● An Economic Union not only allows for the free
● It is an arrangement between different regions movement of goods, services, labor, and capital,
that often includes the reduction or elimination of but also includes coordinated economic policies,
trade barriers, and the coordination of monetary harmonized regulations, and often a common
and fiscal policies currency or a common fiscal framework.
Seven Stages of Economic Integration Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
● involves a single economic market, a common
Preferential Trade Areas (PTAs) trade policy, a single currency and a common
● happens when there’s an agreement on monetary policy
reducing or eliminating tariff barriers on selected
goods imported from other members of Complete Economic Integration
countries within the geographical region or ● is the final stage of economic integration in
areas. which member states completely forego
● Agreement can either be bilateral (between two independence of both monetary and fiscal
countries), or multi-lateral (several countries). policies.
Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) Political Integration
● are created when two or more countries in a ● refers to the integration of components within
region agree to reduce or eliminate barriers to political systems; the integration of political
trade on all goods coming from other members. systems with economic, social, and other human
● These agreements can be limited to a few systems; and the political processes by which
sectors or can encompass all aspects of social, economic, and political systems become
international trade. integrated
Theories of European Integration
Multi-level Governance (MLG)
Neo-functionalism ● Writers Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks defined
● This theory focuses on the supranational MLG as dispersion of authority across multiple
institutions of the EU of which the main driving levels of political governance.
forces of integration are interest group activity at ● is a concept used to describe the complex,
the European and national levels, political party interconnected systems of decision-making and
activity, and the role of governments and policy processes that occur at different levels of
supranational institutions government—ranging from local and regional
levels to national and international levels.
● The core of neo-functionalism is the use of the
concept ‘spill–over’, situations when an initial Transnational Activism in States
decision by governments to place a certain
sector under the authority of central institutions Transnational activism
creates pressures to extend the authority of the can be defined as the mobilization of collective claims by
institutions into neighboring areas of policy, such actors located in more than one country and/or
as currency exchange rates, taxation, and addressing more than one national government and/or
wages. international governmental organization or another
international actor
Intergovernmentalism
● The main concept of the Intergovernmentalism It is a social movements and other society organizations
is emphasizing on the role of national states in and individuals operating across state borders
the European integration; in another words it
argues that "European integration is driven by It also refers to the the coordinated international
the interest and actions of nation states" campaigns on the part of networks of activists against
international actors, other states, or international
● This theory was suggested by Stanley institutions
Hoffmann.
● The theory proposed the Logic of Diversity Social Movement
a type of group action. It refers to the organizational
structures and strategies that may empower oppressed
Liberal Intergovernmentalism populations to mount effective challenges and resist the
● This a dominant political theory developed by more powerful and advantaged elites
Andrew Moravsik in 1993 to explain European
integration. They are large, sometimes informal, groupings of
● Moravcsik stated that 'state-society individuals or organizations which focus on specific
relations--the relationship of state to the political or social issues.
domestic and transnational social context in
which they are embedded--have a fundamental A social movement is a collective challenges to elites,
impact on state behavior in world politics and authorities, other groups or cultural codes by people with
that the 'universal condition of world politics is common purposes and solidarity in sustained
globalization.' interactions with elites, opponents and authorities
● Liberal intergovermentalists stated that the
bargaining power of member states is important global justice movement
in the pursuit of integration, and package deals
and side payments also occur in the process of describes the loose collection of individuals and groups
making deals. often referred to as a “movement of movements”, who
advocate fair trade rules and are negative to current
New Institutionalism institutions of global economics such as the World Trade
● This theory emphasized the importance of Organization
institutions in the process of European
integration. new transnational activism
● Its three key strands are: rational choice, ● is as multifaceted as the internationalism.
sociological and historical
● New Transnational Activism refers to a shift in most familiar, most internationally represented and most
global activism, where social movements, rather powerful intergovernmental organization in the world
than being confined to national borders, span
across countries and continents, using modern The UN aims to save succeeding generations from the
tools, strategies, and networks to address scourge of war; to reaffirm faith in fundamental human
pressing global issues rights; to establish conditions under which justice and
respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other
Social Media sources of international law can be maintained; and to
is a computer-based technology that facilitates the promote social progress and better standards of life in
sharing of ideas and information and the building of larger freedom
virtual networks and communities.
FOUR MAIN PURPOSES OF THE UN CHARTER
It “empowers” individuals to have a voice a written grant by a country's legislative or sovereign
power, by which an institution such as a company,
In large organizations, social media are often supported college, or city is created and its rights and privileges
because the technology can help foster the sense of a defined.
“digital village” where individuals are able to “see” the
lives of others within their organization and feel closer to
them.
Social media have changed the ways in which this
knowledge is being recorded and passed on
New forms of digital media are accompanied by
globalization in bringing to light the possibilities for
merging new kinds of communities via networks and
creating new arenas for political interaction, identity and
belonging.
Lesson 2.4
The Contemporary Global Governance
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE OR WORLD GOVERNANCE
● is a movement towards political integration of
transnational actors aimed at negotiating
responses to problems that affect more than one
● Nation- state role in globalization is complex.
state or region.
● Sovereignty of individual nations is not abolished
● is viewed as the sum of governance processes
by expanded trade among countries, instead
operating in the absence of world government.
globalization is a force that changed the way
● Both the international organizations (lOs) and
nation-states deal with one another, particularly
the United Nations (UN) being the only universal
in the area of international commerce
membership and general-purpose international
● Globalization has potential effects to
organization, are essential to the understanding
globalization.
of contemporary global governance
● A sense of interdependence is created by
● The two types of International Organizations are
globalization among nations to create among
those with universal membership and those with
nations of differing economic strengths an
limited membership.
imbalance of power.
● The role of the nation-state in a global world is
THE ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE UNITED
largely a regulatory one as the chief factor in
NATIONS
global interdependence
As an intergovernmental organization, the United Nation
is tasked to promote international co-operation and to
create and maintain international order. It is the largest,
Though State is required by globalization to improve its
capacity to deal with greater openness, it must remain
central to the well-being of its citizens and to the proper
management of social and economic development.
Lesson 3
The world of Regions
Global Divides: The North and the South (Focus:
Latin America)
What is Global South?
● refers to the regions of Latin America, Asia,
Africa, and Oceania mostly low- income and
often politically or culturally marginalized.
● It may also be called the "developing World"
THREE PRIMARY CONCEPTS OF GLOBAL SOUTH
● It refers to economically disadvantaged
nation-states and as a post-cold war alternative
to “Third World”.
● The Global South captures a deterritorialized
geography of capitalism’s externalities and
means to account for subjugated peoples within
the borders of wealthier countries, such that
there are economic Souths in the geographic
North and Norths in the geographic South.
● It refers to the resistant imaginary of a
transnational political subject that results from a
Decision making processes in globalization is complex shared experience of subjugation under
as it takes place in various levels such as sub-national, contemporary global capitalism.
national, and global which lead to the growth of a
multi-layered system of governance. The global South is not a directional designation or a
point due south from a fixed north. It is a symbolic
The State persists because its need grows and because designation meant to capture the semblance of cohesion
of its undiminished local resource pools and that emerged when former colonial entities engaged in
socioeconomic problems on which States are based. political projects of decolonization and moved toward the
realization of a post- colonial international order
The process of globalization places into question
geographically bound conceptions of poverty and
inequality. The increase and intensification of global
flows spread both poverty and affluence. Spaces of
underdevelopment in developed countries may mirror THE REGION-MAKING IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND
the poverty of the global south, and spaces of affluence MIDDLE-CLASS FORMATION:
mirror those of the global north
The Third Wave
ASIAN REGIONALISM ● Regionalization entails complex and dynamic
interactions between and among governmental
Regionalism and nongovernmental actors which resulted to
● refers to the decentralization of political powers hybrid East Asia.
or competencies from a higher towards a lower ● The product of regional economic development
political level. in the post war era are the middle classes in
● it distinguishes between top-down from bottom east Asia. Regional economic development took
up regionalism place within the context of the American informal
● top- down regionalism describes the empire in “Free Asia”, with the US-led regional
decentralization of competencies or the security system and the triangular trade system
establishment of regional institutions by the state as its two major pillars
● bottom-up includes all patterns of endeavors
toward political decentralization from within the The first wave of regional economic development took
particular region place in Japan from mid 1950’s to the early 1970s and
led to the emergence of a middle-class by the early
VIEWS OF GLOBALIZATION IN THE ASIA PACIFIC 1970s.
AND SOUTH ASIA
● Globalization is an external phenomenon being The second wave took place between the 1960s and
pushed into the region by world powers 1980s in South Korea, Taiwan, Hongkong and Singapore
particularly the United States and Europe. and led to the formation of middle-class societies in
● From this perspective, globalization can be these countries by the 1980s.
understood as a process that transforms the
Asia Pacific and South Asia. TWOSALIENT POINTS IN THE HISTORY OF EAST
● It is a force for good bringing economic ASIAN MIDDLE-CLASS FORMATION
development, political progress, and social and
cultural diversity to the region. 1. Middle class formation in Southeast Asia was
driven by global and regional transnational
capitalism working in alliance with national
The Asia Pacific and South Asia states while middle class in Japan, South Korea,
● refer together to the regions of East (or and Taiwan were created by developmental
Northeast) Asia, South Asia, the Pacific Islands, states and national capitalism.
and South Asia. 2. New urban middle classes in East Asia, whether
● It includes some of the world’s most in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, or Southeast
economically developed states such as Japan, Asia, with their middle-class jobs, education, and
South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan, and highly income, have in turn created their own new
impoverished countries such as Cambodia, lifestyles commensurate with their middle-class
Laos, and Nepal. income and status.
● It also includes the largest and most populous
states on the globe including China and India REGIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF MIDDLE-CLASS
and some of the world’s smallest such as the FORMATION IN EAST ASIA
Maldives and Bhutan ● Complex historical forces shaped new urban
middle classes. They are product of regional
Pacific Pivot economic development, which has taken place
● foreign policy shift implemented by the United in waves under the U.S. informal empire over a
States to commit more resources and attention half century, first in Japan, then in South Korea,
to the region. Taiwan, Hongkong, and Singapore, Thailand,
● This shift which is also called “Atlantic Century” Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines, and now in
was termed “Pacific Century” by US Secretary of China.
States Hilary Clinton. ● They are product as well for development states.
Their lifestyles have been shaped in very
complex ways by their appropriation of things
American, Japanese, Chinese, South Korean,
Islamic and other ways of life, often mediated by
the market.
● The political consequences of the rise of East
Asia middle classes vary.
● The cultural and political hegemony of the South
Korean middle classes is embodied by single
generation
● Taiwanese middle classes manifest itself in the
political assertiveness of an ethnic majority.
● Thai middle classes are coherent socially,
hegemonic culturally, and ascend politically; their
counterparts in Malaysia and Indonesia are
socially divided, dependent on the state,
politically assertive and vulnerable; and the
Philippine middle classes are socially coherent,
less dependent on the state, culturally
ascendant, but politically vacillating.
