World War I (WW I), also known as the Great War, lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11
November 1918.
WW I was fought between the Allied Powers and the Central Powers. The main members of
the Allied Powers were France, Russia, and Britain. The United States also fought on the
side of the Allies after 1917. The main members of the Central Powers were Germany,
Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.
Causes of the War
There was no single event that led to World War I. The war happened because of several
different events that took place in the years building up to 1914.
The new international expansionist policy of Germany: In 1890 the new emperor of
Germany, Wilhelm II, began an international policy that sought to turn his country into a
world power. Germany was seen as a threat by the other powers and destabilized the
international situation.
Mutual Defense Alliances: Countries throughout Europe made mutual defence
agreements. These treaties meant that if one country was attacked, allied countries were
bound to defend them. The Triple Alliance-1882 linking Germany with Austria-Hungary and
Italy. The Triple Entente, which was made up of Britain, France, and Russia, concluded by
1907. Thus, there were two rival groups in Europe.
Imperialism: Before World War I, Africa and parts of Asia were points of contention among
the European countries because of their raw materials. The increasing competition and
desire for greater empires led to an increase in the confrontation that helped push the
world into World War I.
Militarism: As the world entered the 20th century, an arms race had begun. By 1914,
Germany had the greatest increase in military buildup. Great Britain and Germany both
greatly increased their navies in this time period. This increase in militarism helped push
the countries involved into war.
Nationalism: Much of the origin of the war was based on the desire of the Slavic peoples in
Bosnia and Herzegovina to no longer be part of Austria Hungary but instead be part of
Serbia. In this way, nationalism led to the War.
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: In June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the
heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, was shot while he was visiting Sarajevo in Bosnia. He
was killed by a Serbian person, who thought that Serbia should control Bosnia instead of
Austria. Because its leader had been shot, AustriaHungary declared war on Serbia. As a
result:
• Russia got involved as it had an alliance with Serbia.
• Germany then declared war on Russia because Germany had an alliance with
Austria-Hungary.
• Britain declared war on Germany because of its invasion of neutral Belgium - Britain
had agreements to protect both Belgium and France.
Some of the major battles during the war included the First Battle of the Marne, Battle of
the Somme, Battle of Tannenberg, Battle of Gallipoli, and the Battle of Verdun.
Phases of the War
• The conflict developed on several fronts in Europe, Africa, and Asia. The two main
scenarios were the Western front, where the Germans confronted Britain, France
and, after 1917, the Americans. The second front was the Eastern front in which the
Russians fought against Germans and Austro-Hungarians.
• After a brief German advance in 1914, the western front was stabilized and a long
and brutal trench warfare started: it was a "war of attrition" (the western front
remained immovable). Meanwhile on the Eastern Front the Germans advanced but
not decisively.
• In 1917, two events changed the course of the war: the United States joined the
Allies and Russia, after the Russian revolution, abandoned the conflict and signed a
separate peace.
• Finally after the German offensive in the spring of 1918, the Allied counterattack
managed to force a decisive retreat of the German army. The defeat of its Germany’s
allies and the revolution in Germany that dethroned Wilhem II (German Emperor),
brought about the signing of the armistice on November 11, 1918. The Great War
was over.
Consequences of the war Economic consequences: World War I cost the participating
countries a lot of money. Germany and Great Britain spent about 60% of the money their
economy produced. Countries had to raise taxes and borrow money from their citizens.
They also printed money in order to buy weapons and other things they needed for war. This
led to inflation after the war. 3/6
Political Consequences: World War I brought an end to four monarchies: Czar Nicholas II
of Russia, Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany, Emperor Charles of Austria and the sultan of the
Ottoman Empire had to step down. New countries were created out of old empires.
Austria- Hungary was carved up into a number of independent states. Russia and Germany
gave land to Poland. Countries in the Middle East were put under the control of Great
Britain and France. What was left of Ottoman Empire became Turkey.
Social Consequences: World war changed society completely. Birth rates declined
because millions of young men died (eight million died, millions wounded, maimed,
widows and orphans). Civilians lost their land and fled to other countries. The role of
women also changed. They played a major part in replacing men in factories and offices.
Many countries gave women more rights after the war had ended, including the right to
vote. The upper classes lost their leading role in society. Young middle and lower class men
and women demanded a say in forming their country after the war.
Treaty of Versailles: On June 28, 1919, World War I officially ended with the signing of the
Treaty of Versailles. The Treaty of Versailles was an attempt to prevent the world from going
into another war.
Treaty of Versailles
It is organized in several chapters each having different clauses.
Territorial clauses: France regained Alsace and Lorraine Eupen and Malmedy passed into
the hands of Belgium Eastern territories were annexed by Poland which caused East
Prussia to become territorially isolated. Danzig and Memel, former Baltic German cities
were declared free cities Denmark annexed northern Schleswig-Holstein Germany lost all
of its colonies and the victors annexed them Military clauses: Drastic limitation of the
German navy. Dramatic reduction of the Army (only 100,000 troops, prohibition of having
tanks, aircraft and heavy artillery). Demilitarization of the Rhineland region.
Creation of the League of Nations: The League of Nations was an international diplomatic
group developed after World War I as a way to solve disputes between countries before
they erupted into open warfare. A precursor to the United Nations, the League achieved
some victories but had a mixed record of success.
India and WWI
India being a former British colony played a vital role in helping Britain and its allies win
over Germany and allies, a role that is often overlooked. Being a British colony, the Indian
Army contributed a large number of soldiers to the European, Mediterranean and the
Middle East conflicts of war in World War I. The Indian Army fought against the German
Empire in East Africa and also on the Western Front. They served in places as diverse as
France and Belgium, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Gallipoli, Palestine and Sinai. More than 70
thousand of the Indian soldiers who served British in World War I lost their lives. Sir Claude
Auchinleck, Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army once said: " Britain couldn't have
come through the wars if they hadn't had the Indian Army." As high as 100 million British
Pounds was given by India to Britain to fund their war anticipating dominion status and
home rule in return. The British raised men and money from India, as well as large supplies
of food, cash, and ammunition, collected by British taxation policies. In return, the British
promised to award self-rule to India at the end of the war which eventually was not
delivered. However, the “war to end all wars” turned out to be the opposite
