UNIT-II

Individual & Society

- Intro

- Define

- Elements of society

- Characteristic of society

- Origin society

(i) Divine Origin theory

(ii) Force theory

(iii) Social contract theory

(iv) Evolution theory

- Nature of society

(i) Social contract theory

(ii) Organic theory

- Agencies of social

(i) First source

(ii) Second source

The child agencies

* Family & parents

* School & teacher

* Playmates, poor group/friends.

* Religion

* Literature & Mass media

* State

Elements of Socialization process

1. Heritage of individual

2. Environment

3. Culture

4. Experience of Individual

*Individualization – - Causes of the individual inability to play a satisfactory roles in the society

1. Lack of personal resources

3. Physical deficiency

4. Cultural level

5. Biological inheritance

6. Uncertainty of roles

- Forms of personal disorganization

(i) Juvenile Delinquency

(ii) Crime

(iii) Suicide

(iv) Sex

(v) Drink

(vi) Insanity

(vii) Mental deficiency

Relationship b/w personnel disorganization and social disorganization.

Man is a social animal as he can’t alone and he needs society.

The term society is derived form the satin word. “Societies” means friendship and companionship.

In society the term society refers not to a group of people but to the complex pattern of norms of
the interaction that arise to them. Man needs society enjoy group life, human life individual and
society always live together.

Definition – (Acc to given)

A society is the largest group in which only individual belongs it means all the individuals are directly
or indirectly connect with individual.

Society is the complete of organized association and institution with in the community.

A group of people and the complex pattern of norms of interaction that arise b/w them lapierue.

Society is a wave of social Relationship ‘R.M. Malver’.

The some of formal relation in which individuals associating together or bound together. ‘Gidding’

Collection of individual united by certain relation or modes of behavior which mark them of from
others who don’t enter these relation or who differ from them in behavior.

‘M Ginswerge’

A complex of group in Reciprocal relationship interacting upon one other, enabling human organism
to carry on their life activities and helping each person to fulfill his wishes and accomplish his
interest in association with his fellows.
From functional point of view.

Elements of society

i. Mutual interaction of individual.

ii. Mutual interaction relationship b/w individual.

iii. A pattern of system.

iv. We feeling.

v. Reciprocal/awareness is a essential point of social relationship.

vi. Like mind ness loss (Sympathy)

vii. Society also implies differences/variation.

viii. Interdependent.

ix. Cooperation

Man lives in society for his mental and intellectual development society safe guard our culture and
transmit to the future generation.

Characteristics of society

* It is composed of people.

* People in the society have mutual awanress.

* Continuous Reciprocal interaction and inter relation among social member.

* Society is dynamic.

* Peoples have cooperation and interest.

* Society has likeliness (Similarity and differences)

* Interdependence is observed from the group communities & society. It is essential to meet the
society needs.

* Society has its own way and means of social control.

Men gregarious in nature (tendency to live in group)

* Each society has its own culture.

* It is the expression of human behavior.

Ex. Attitude judgment, morals, values

* Society shape the personality to the individual and met the basic need & provide material comfort.

Origin of society:-

A numbers of theory has been put forward to explain origin of society following are the main
theories or origin of society.

1. Divine origin theory

3. Social contract theory

4. Evaluation theory

1. Divine origin theory – Society is a creation of god as god created is so the god is responsible.

This theory is not explaining anything. Various social phenomena, social relationships are not
explained by this theory which existed in the society.

2. Force Theory – Society is made from the result of superior and physical force.

According to this theory society originated because of exploitation of weaker by the stronger.

Physical strength was playing an imp. Role in primitive years.

3. Social contract theory:- All men are born free and equal. Individual made a mutual agreement and
created society every men was an enemy to other men to protect himself from evil consequences,
men originated and organized in society.

4. Evolution Theory:- This theory offers or generally correct explanation of origin of society.

Acc” to this theory society is a growth. It is a result of gradual evolution. It is a continuous

Nature of society:-

Men is a social human being by nature. There is a closed relationship b/w men and society.

There are two theories which describe nature of society.

(i) Social contract theory.

(ii) Organic theory

(i) Social contract theory:- Acc” to social contract theory. - All human beings are born free & equal. -
Society is created by the mutual agreements of individuals.

Various authors such as Hobbs, Lacke and Adam smith has given their views under social contract
theory.

Community

Community is an organized social life of locality. When member of any group small or large, live
together in such a way that they share food, shelter etc.

A society include many small community like trible, rural, urban community. The term community
denotes the almost uniformly and permanently sharing life of people over a region. It may be as
permanent local aggregation of people having diversified as well as common interact.

Definition:-

Acc” to Bogards “Community is a social group with some degree we feeling and living in a given
area. It means close relationship b/w the member of community and feeling of security and common
residence”.
Acc” to Mgner “A society that inhibits a definitive area is known as community.

Acc” to Ogburn and Nimkoff “Community is the total organization of social life with a limited area.”

Acc” to Devis “The community is the smallest peritoneal group that can include all aspect of social
life.”

Acc” to Green “Community is a cluster of people living with in a peritoreal radius and share common
way of life.”

Elements of Community

1. Locality

2. Community sentiment

3. Group of people

4. Likeness

5. Permanency

6. Naturality

7. Particular Name

8. Size of community

9. Dependency

10. Legal status

11. Regulation of Relations

12. Differences b/w society & community.

Introduction:-

At birth human being came into the world as biological organism with needs. He is gradually
moulded into a social being and he learn social way of acting & feeling.

Without this process of moulding the society can’t continue itself not can culture exists and nor
could the individual become a person. This process of moulding is called socialization.

Definition

“The development of feeling associate and their growth in capacity and will to act together.

Thus socialization is the process of establishing relationship with each other by social being. It
consist of complete process of interaction through which individual learn the habits, skills, believes
and standard of judgment which are necessary for being a participant of social group and
communities.

In the process of socialization individual comes to acquire the quality learning process start at birth
and continue through life process and end at death.
Characteristics of Socilization

(i) It is a continuous process

(ii) It is a learning process

(iii) Socialization is rule for transmission of culture

(iv) It will helps to establish limits on individual through social interaction.

Aims of socialization

(i) To become social and cultural being

(ii) If helps the person to maintain social order by following social norms and standards.

(iii) It help the individual to develop hidden talent in order to have contended life (struggle full)

(iv) If help the individual to mould and shape total personality of himself.

(v) It help for existence of specific pattern of behavior.

(vi) It help to learn and fulfill social roles.

Factors or Process of socialization

Socialization is the process of learning, group norms, habits and ideas. There are four factors of this
process of learning.

These are:-

1. Imitation

2. Suggestion

3. Identification

4. Language

1. Imitation:- Imitation is copying the act or action of others. The copying is done consciously or
unconsciously.

It has an important role in the process of socialization.

For Eg. A girl child imitate and do the same as her mother does. - A male child attempt to walk, talk
by adopting the personality of his father through imitation.

*Another example is related to language in which a child learn and acquire in language through
imitation.

2. Suggestion:- Suggestion is the way of communication information without logic or self evident. It
can be given through language, pictures or certain media communication and it transform from one
to another.

Suggestion influence once own as well as other individual behavior.

The internal and external conditions which enhance the suggestibility are
External Conditions - Group situations - Public opinion - Prestige of suggester

Internal conditions - Intellectual ability - Emotional excitement - Ignorance – Temperament

3. Identification:- It is sociable in the in the childhood, the activities in childhood are random and
can’t be able to identify b/w organism and environment. As the child grow he will identify the things
which will satisfy his needs. Such things become the objectives of identifications.

4. Language:- It is the powerful medium of social interaction. It is a mede of cultural transmission.

Agencies of Socialization:-

Socialization is an endless process. It starts from the both and continue up to death.

Socialization helps the child to become a useful member of society. It provide social maturity by
means of social learning.

The socialization occur by two sources

(i) First source include those who have authority over him.

Eg. Teachers, Parents, elderly persons.

(ii) Second source include who are equal in authority.

Eg. Friends, playmates, fellows in job and club.

Individualization

Individual and society are closely related. When society is disorganized person is also disorganize.

Definition:-

Professor E.M. Lemert Individual disorganization is a condition or process in which the person has
not stabilized his behavior around major roles. Such disorganization may be transitional or it may be
continues.

OR

Acc” to Mowrer “All personal disorganization represent behavior upon the part of individual which
deviates from the culturally approved norms to such extend as to arouse social disapproval”.

OR

Acc” to Professor Ralph kramor “The individuals are actors in the drama of society and their
relationship are ties that bind them together.

Each person is as strong as his social relationship, for no men lives up to himself alone hence
although social disorganization properly refers only to the failure and dissolution of the relationship
b/w individuals, the actors themselves are invaded in the process.”

Causes of the individual inability to play a satisfactory role in the society.

Following are the main causes:-

1. Lack of personal resources.

3. Physical deficiency

4. Biological inheritance

5. Cultural level

6. Uncertainty of roles

Forms of personal disorganization

These are forms of personal disorganization

(i) Juvenile Deliquency

Relationship b/w Personnel disorganization and social disorganization.

Both are closely related with each other individual disorganization leads to social disorganization. -
One cannot study individual disorganization without social disorganization. - Society consist of
network of relationship that bind individual together on a functioning whole. - Social disorganization
not only disorganize the society but it also disorganize the individual.