Tenses

Present tense : this tense shows action

passasion and state in permanent stuation
Rule: subject + 1st form of verb + object

1) present state :
Structure: subject+helping verb+object
Helping verb:is , am , are
Ex: I am a teacher , your are my friend ,
Pakistan is my country

2) present passasion :
Structure: subject+helping verb + object
Helping verb: has , have
Ex : i have a pen , Ali has a watch

3) present action :
Structure of declarative sentence :
subject+1st form of verb (verb with ‫ ۔‬when
subjest is third form singular) + object
Ex : i go to school
Ali goes to school

Structure of negative sentence:

subject + helping verb+ object
Helping verb: do and does ( do use with
plural noun and does use with singular
noun)
Introgative sentence :( describe)
Introgative/negative sentence:(describe)

Present tense uses

Daily routine
Repeatedly action
Habitual action
Coustom drediation
Universal / general truth
Feeling and emotion

4) Present Continuous Tense:

Structure: Subject + am/is/are + present
participle (verb + ing) + object
Example:
- I am studying for my exam.
- She is reading a book.
- They are playing football.

Use: Present continuous tense is used to

describe actions that are happening at the
moment of speaking, ongoing actions, or
temporary situations.
Usage:
-Middle of an action : i am teaching you now
-temorary action : i am watching a drama
now a days
- arrange future : i am going to lahore
tomorrow

Present Perfect Tense:

Structure: Subject + has/have + past
participle (verb + ed for regular verbs, or
third form for irregular verbs) + object
Example:
- I have finished my homework.
- He has traveled to many countries.
- They have seen that movie.

Use: Present perfect tense is used to express

actions that were completed at some
indefinite time in the past or to describe
experiences or changes that have occurred
up to the present.

6) Present Perfect Continuous Tense:

 Structure: Subject + has/have + been +
present participle (verb + ing) + object
Example:
- I have been waiting for you.
- She has been studying English.
- They have been working on the project.

Use: Present perfect continuous tense is

used to describe actions that started in the
past and are still continuing or recently
completed actions that have relevance to the
present moment.

7) Present Tense with Adverbs of Frequency:

Adverbs of frequency like always, usually,
often, sometimes, rarely, and never are often
used with the present tense to indicate how
often an action occurs.
Example:
- She always goes to the gym.
- I usually eat breakfast at 7 am.
- They sometimes visit their grandparents.
 Use: Adverbs of frequency provide
additional information about the frequency
of actions or events in the present tense.

Remember to choose the appropriate tense

based on the context and time frame of the
action or situation you are describing. Each
tense serves a specific purpose and helps
convey different meanings. Practice using
these rules in sentences to become more
comfortable with them.

**Present Tense:**
Present tense denotes actions, passions, and
states in a permanent situation.

**Rules:**
1. **Present State:**
Structure: Subject + helping verb (is, am,
are) + object
 Examples:
- I am a teacher.
- You are my friend.
- Pakistan is my country.

2. **Present Passion:**
Structure: Subject + helping verb (has,
have) + object
Examples:
- I have a pen.
- Ali has a watch.

3. **Present Action:**
Structure of declarative sentence: Subject +
1st form of verb (verbs with 's/es' when
subject is third person singular) + object
Example:
- I go to school.
- Ali goes to school.
 Structure of negative sentence: Subject +
helping verb (do and does) + object
Helping verb: do (plural noun), does
(singular noun)
*Interrogative sentence and negative
sentence follow similar structures.*

**Present Tense Uses:**

- Daily routine
- Repeated actions
- Habitual actions
- Customary practices
- Universal/general truths
- Feelings and emotions

**Additional Rules:**
4. **Present Continuous Tense:**
Structure: Subject + am/is/are + present
participle (verb + ing) + object
Examples:
- I am studying for my exam.
 - She is reading a book.
- They are playing football.
Use: Describes actions happening at the
moment, ongoing actions, or temporary
situations.

5. **Present Perfect Tense:**

Structure: Subject + has/have + past
participle (verb + ed for regular verbs, third
form for irregular verbs) + object
Examples:
- I have finished my homework.
- He has traveled to many countries.
- They have seen that movie.
Use: Expresses actions completed at an
indefinite time in the past or
experiences/changes up to the present.
Short defination: Past action present effect
Note: no mention past date
Use adverb: today , already , just , so far ,
ever never
Possasion: he has been ill since morning
 He has had a book for two days

*Present Perfect Continuous Tense:**

Structure: Subject + has/have + been +
present participle (verb + ing) + object
Examples:
- I have been waiting for you.
- She has been studying English.
- They have been working on the project.
Use: Describes actions started in the past
and still continuing or recently completed
actions relevant to the present.

7. **Present Tense with Adverbs of

Frequency:**
Adverbs like always, usually, often,
sometimes, rarely, and never are used with
the present tense to indicate frequency.
Examples:
- She always goes to the gym.
 - I usually eat breakfast at 7 am.
- They sometimes visit their grandparents.

Use: Provides information

about how often actions occur in
the present tense.

Simple past tense : This tense show that

subject shows its action passasion and state
in previous time.
Structure: subject+did+ object
State
Ex: my father was a soldier
Dhaga was city of Pakistan
I was student
Possasion
I had a car
I had not a cycle
You had a house

Action
Two types of action
1) shows past action that done in one time
Ex: i went to school yesterday
I bought a car ten days ago
2) shows past repeated action
Ex: i went to school always
He helped the poor
He used to help the poor

Past Continueous tense : this tense shows an

action which was happen in the past
Ex: you were preparing for exam
You were reading chemistry
He wasn't going to lahore

Past perfect tense : This tense which shows

double action
Structure: past perfect+conjunction+past
simple
Structure: subject+helping verb+3rd form of
verb+object
Helping verb: had
Ex: The patient had died before doctor came.

He had been ill since for many years

I had had trijer man since 1999

Future simple tense : this tense which shows

action, state and possasion for future time
Helping verb: will
Shall use British , Americans use only will

State verb : will be

I will be an engineer
Possasion verb: will has , will have
I Will have a new car

Action verb: will , shall

I will invite him my birthday

Future Continueous tense: this tense shows

an actio than continue in future
Helping verb : well be
I will be reading a book
Doctor will be suggesting to the patient

Future perfect tense: double action in future

time one action complete after an action
1st action is future perfect and second pres
nt simple

will have helping verb

Ex: the patient will have die before doctor
come
Sure, let's simplify that and provide more
examples with explanations:

The future perfect tense shows an action that

will be completed before another action in
the future. It uses "will have" as the helping
verb, followed by the past participle of the
main verb. The second action is usually in
the simple present tense.

Example:
1. By the time I arrive, she will have finished
her homework.

Explanation: The first action is "she will have

finished her homework" (future perfect),
indicating completion before the second
action, "I arrive" (simple present).

More examples:

2. He will have eaten dinner before the

movie starts.
3. By next year, they will have graduated
from college.
4. I will have read the book before the
meeting begins.
5. By the time you wake up, I will have left
for work.
6. They will have cleaned the house before
their guests arrive.
7. By the time the party starts, she will have
decorated the room.
8. We will have finished the project by the
end of the month.
9. By tomorrow, he will have learned how to
play the guitar.
10. They will have bought a new car before
their old one breaks down.
11. She will have cooked dinner when you
get home.
12. By this time next week, I will have visited
five different countries.
13. The train will have departed before we
reach the station.
14. He will have fixed the leak before the
plumber arrives.
15. By the time the concert begins, they will
have rehearsed for weeks.
16. They will have booked the tickets before
the show sells out.
17. She will have written the report by the
deadline.
18. By the end of the day, he will have
finished all his chores.
19. We will have saved enough money for
our vacation by summer.
20. By the time you finish your meal, I will
have prepared dessert.

Explanation: Each sentence follows the

pattern of future perfect tense, indicating an
action completed before another future
action expressed in simple present tense.

Future perfect Continueous tense: this tense

show that subjey start work in future and
also continue in future.
Helping verb: will have been
Students will have been waiting for teacher
since 9 clock
He will have been preparing for the exam for
four months

Models verb

Four different types of models

1) ability : shows ability

Can: shows present ability, use v1
Could: shows past ability , use v1
Will be able to: shows future ability but this
is not model

2) formation: shows permission

In formal permission: with friends,use can
formal permission:with elders or respected
person , use may

3) advicebility: shows advice

Should: shows moral advice , for present ,
use v1
You should speak truth
Ought to : legal advice
You ought to follow the traffic rules
Must: force advice
You must work hard
Should have use for past , use v3
Must have use for past , use
4) possiblity : shows possiblity
Might shows 60% possiblity
May shows 50% possiblity
Must shows 100% possiblity
Narration

direct narration two parts of sentence

Reporting speech and reported speech
Reporting speech: consists on speaker and
Lisner
Reported speech: consist on words of
speaker, reported speech always closed in
inverted comma
Ex: i said to him " you will teach now "

I told him that he would teach than

Assertive narration : two types of assertive

1 afermative
2 negative

Covert pattern :cheak sentence , when

sentences are assertive we follow these five
rule
1) change reporting verb covert said to
covert into told , said to tell , says to to tells ,
if to is not present after said , says so no
covert this always same
2) comma covert into that
3) change pronoun by "son" ( s=subject o =
object n= not change ) rule 1st person change
by subject , 2nd person change by object , 3rd
person not change
4) change tense of reporting speech only
when reporting speech in past tense , four
types of prsent. convert four types of past .
Past simple convert past perfect , past
Continueous convert past perfect
Continueous , past perfect not change , past
perfect Continueous also not change . In
future tense will convert would , shall
convert should
5) change extra words related to time , place
etc , changed like
now to then
This to that
These to those
there to here
Hens thens either nither must had thus
 Can could
Ago before
Come go
Today that day
Tomorrow next day
Big list plz give me
extra word change when tense change
Universal sentence no change
Some examples
I said to him, "you will teach me
mathematics to day"
I told him that he would teach me
mathematics that day

He said to ali, "i will not forgive you

tomorrow"
He told ali that he would not forgive him the
next day .
Ali and arslan said to my father , "you can
not punish your's son because he is mature
now"
Ali and arslan told my father that he could
not punish his son because he was mature
then.

Introgative narration:
2 types
1 ) confirmaty Introgative: start with helping
verb
Ex:have you eaten lunch
Can you help me

2 ) informative Introgative: start with wh

word
Ex: what is your name ?
Direct to indirect
Said/said to > asked
Say/say to > ask
Says /says tp > asks
Saying/saying to > asking
(,) Comma or (" ") Inverted comma change
into if / wather in ofermative Introgative
No change way informative Introgative

Note:Introgative sentence change in

affermative sentence

Change pronoun son formula

Change tense

Some examples

I said to him, "have you eaten lunch"

I asked him if he had eaten lunch.

She was saying to Ayesha , "can you give me

your pen"
She was asking to Ayesha if she could give
her her pen.

Ali said to me , "why did you close this store"

Ali asked me why i had closed that store.

Active voice and

passive voice

Active voice : when give the importance to

subject
Structure: subject+helping verb+ verb+
object
Passive voice : when give the importance to
object
Structure: object + helping verb+ 3rd form of
verb + by + subject

Helping verb change active to passive

Present tense: do , does

Present continuous tense : is , am are

Present perfect tense : has have

Present perfect Continueous tense has have

been

Past tense: did

Past continuous tense: was ,were

Past perfect tense: had

Past perfect Continueous tense: had been

Future tense: will

Future Continueous tense: will be

Future perfect tense: will have

Future perfect Continueous tense: will have

been

Not possible active to passive of State and

passasion verb

How convert imperative sentence from

active to passive
Imperative sentence shows order request
and prohibition

Order Passive structure : let object be v3

Ex: Open the door > let the door be opened

Request Passive structure :

Plz open the door > let the door be opened
> You are ordered to open the door
Prohibition Passive structure :
Don't open the door > Don't let the door be
opened
> Let + object + not be + V3
Let the door not be opened

Active passive in model verb

Active voice pattern : subject + model verb +

v1 + object
I can teach you
Passive pattern : object + model verb + be +
v3 + by + subject
You can be taught by me

Converted active to passive

1 She could do this work
This Work could be done by her
2 They can not post this latter
This latter can not be posted by them
3 may i take your pen
May your pen be taken by me
4 we should respect the elders
The elders should be respected by us

5. She might come to school today

Not . Possible

~Wh-introgative voice~: staRt with , what ,

who , where ,when, who etc
 Active pattern: wh word + helping verb +
subject + verb + object

Why have you punchiched him

Passive pattern: wh word same + change
helping verb according to the rule + object +
v3 + by + subject
Exacption : who because in who sentence
subject is missing
Active pattern: who + helping verb + object
Passive pattern: by whom + change helping
verb + object + v3
Who is washing the clothes > by whom are
the clothes being washed
Why have you broken the chair
Why has the chair being broken by you
When did you draw this map
When was the map drawn by you ?

Sure, here are the helping verbs used in

passive voice for each tense:
1. Present tense: is, am, are
2. Present continuous tense: is being, am
being, are being
3. Present perfect tense: has been, have been
4. Present perfect continuous tense: has been
being, have been being

5. Past tense: was, were

6. Past continuous tense: was being, were
being
7. Past perfect tense: had been
8. Past perfect continuous tense: had been
being

9. Future tense: will be

10. Future continuous tense: will be being
11. Future perfect tense: will have been
12. Future perfect continuous tense: will
have been being
These helping verbs are used alongside the
main verb's past participle form to construct
passive voice sentences in various tenses.

Punctuation marks

Full stop ( . ) Long pass

After completing sentences
After full stop use capital letter
Use in abribiation (short form)
Ex: i am a teacher.
U.S.A
 Comma ( , ) short pass

1) to separate congresetive parts of speech

Ex : ahsan ,farhan and mohsin are my
friends
2) separate form ordinal clause to principal
clause
If you work hard, you will succeed
3) to explain something between commas
Farhan, my brother, is I'll today
4) after the end of line of the poem

Simi coulm ( ; ) it used for shorter pass

Manly Use in poem

Coulm ( : )
Use to introduce list
Use to introduce dialogue
Separate hours from mints

Inverted comma ( " " )

Reported speech always in inverted comma

Questions mark ( ? )
Use after Questions

Exlamatory mark ( ! )
It is used end of Interjection and exlamatory
sentence

Hifin ( - )
Use to join compound words

Let's expand on the information about

punctuation marks:

**Full Stop ( . )**: This punctuation mark

indicates the end of a sentence or an
abbreviation. It is followed by a space and is
always capitalized when it ends a sentence.

Example:
- I am a teacher.
- U.S.A.

**Comma ( , )**: This punctuation mark is

used for shorter pauses and has several
functions:

1. **To separate consecutive parts of

speech**:
Example: Ahsan, Farhan, and Mohsin are
my friends.

2. **To separate a subordinate clause from

the principal clause**:
Example: If you work hard, you will
succeed.

3. **To set off additional information within

a sentence**:
 Example: Farhan, my brother, is ill today.

4. **To indicate line breaks in poetry**.

**Semicolon ( ; )**: This punctuation mark is

used for longer pauses and is mainly used in
poetry. It can also connect closely related
independent clauses.

**Colon ( : )**: The colon has several uses:

- **To introduce a list**: Example: There are
three countries in North America: Canada,
the United States, and Mexico.
- **To introduce dialogue**: Example: She
said: "Hello, how are you?"
- **To separate hours from minutes in time
notation**: Example: 6:30 PM.

**Inverted Commas ( " " )**: Also known as

quotation marks, these are used to indicate
reported speech or direct quotations.
**Question Mark ( ? )**: This punctuation
mark is used at the end of a direct question.

**Exclamation Mark ( ! )**: This punctuation

mark is used to indicate strong emotions,
excitement, or emphasis. It is used at the end
of interjections or exclamatory sentences.

**Hyphen ( - )**: This punctuation mark is

used to join compound words or to separate
syllables in a word.

Understanding and using these punctuation

marks correctly is essential for clear and
effective communication in writing. They
help to structure sentences, indicate pauses,
and convey meaning accurately.
Parts of speech

Noun: A noun is a word that names a person,

place, thing, or idea. It's a fundamental part
of speech in any language.

2. **Common Noun**: It refers to general,

non-specific entities, such as "boy," "girl," or
"teacher." These are lowercase unless they
start a sentence and can be pluralized.

3. **Proper Noun**: This denotes specific

entities, like "Ahsan," "Mohsin," or "Karachi."
They always begin with a capital letter and
typically cannot be pluralized.

4. **Material Noun**: Material nouns name

substances that are used to create other
things, such as "rice," "oil," or "salt." They're
lowercase and usually uncountable.

5. **Collective Noun**: These nouns

represent groups of people or things, like
"class," "army," or "flock." They can be
singular or plural depending on the context.

6. **Abstract Noun**: Abstract nouns denote

ideas, qualities, or states that cannot be
perceived with the senses, such as
"happiness," "intelligence," or "pain." They're
often identified by suffixes like "ness," "tion,"
or "ment" and are typically uncountable.

7. **Concrete Noun**: Unlike abstract nouns,

concrete nouns are tangible and can be
perceived through the senses. Examples
include "boy," "gold," or "army."
8. **Compound Noun**: These are formed by
combining two or more words to create a
new noun, like "inkpot," "notebook," or "ice
cream."

9. **Countable Noun**: Countable nouns are

those that can be counted and have a
singular and plural form, such as "boy"
(singular) and "boys" (plural).

10. **Uncountable Noun**: Uncountable

nouns cannot be counted individually and
usually represent substances, concepts, or
qualities. Examples include "water," "salt," or
"information."

Similarities and Differences:

- Both common and proper nouns name
entities, but common nouns are general
while proper nouns are specific.
- Material and abstract nouns both refer to
intangible concepts, but material nouns are
tangible substances while abstract nouns
represent ideas or qualities.
- Concrete nouns are tangible, while abstract
nouns are intangible.
- Countable nouns can be quantified,
whereas uncountable nouns cannot.

Clearing Concepts:
Understanding the different types of nouns
helps in effective communication and
language comprehension. Identifying and
using nouns correctly enriches writing and
speech, making expressions more precise
and meaningful.

Pronoun : pronoun is word which is used on

place of noun .

1. **Personal Pronoun**: These are used to

replace specific people or things in a
sentence. For example, instead of saying
"John is a doctor," you could say "He is a
doctor." "He" replaces "John."

2. **Demonstrative Pronoun**: These are

used to point out specific people or things.
For instance, "this," "that," "these," and
"those" are demonstrative pronouns. For
example, "This is my book."

3. **Interrogative Pronoun**: These are used

to ask questions. Here are some examples:
- What: What is your name?
- Why: Why are you sad?
- When: When is your birthday?
- Who: Who is at the door?
- Which: Which car is yours?
- Whose: Whose bag is this?
- Where: Where are you going?
- How: How are you feeling?
- Whom: Whom did you meet?
4. **Relative Pronoun**: These are used to
link or join two clauses in a sentence. For
instance, "who," "whom," "whose," "which,"
and "that" are relative pronouns. For
example, "The man who is wearing a blue
shirt is my brother."

5. **Indefinite Pronoun**: These are used to

refer to nonspecific people or things.
Examples include "someone," "something,"
"anyone," "anything," "everyone,"
"everything," "no one," and "nothing." For
example, "Someone left their keys on the
table."

6. **Distributive Pronoun**: These are used

to refer to members of a group individually.
Examples include "each," "either," and
"neither." For example, "Each of you will get
a prize."

Now, let's apply these concepts to a simple

scenario:

Scenario: There are three friends, John, Mary,

and Peter, who went to the zoo.
- John saw a lion and exclaimed, "That is
scary!"
- Mary asked, "Where is the elephant?"
- Peter replied, "It is over there."
- John pointed at a monkey and said, "Look,
it's eating a banana!"
- Mary asked, "Which monkey is the
naughtiest?"
- Peter answered, "The one that is jumping on
the branches."

In this scenario:
- **Personal Pronouns**: "He" (replacing
John), "She" (replacing Mary), "It" (replacing
the lion and the elephant), "They" (replacing
monkeys).
- **Demonstrative Pronouns**: "That"
(referring to the scary thing), "There"
(pointing to a location).
- **Interrogative Pronouns**: "Where"
(asking about location), "Which" (asking
about a choice).
- **Relative Pronouns**: "That" (connecting
two clauses in Peter's sentence).
- **Indefinite Pronouns**: None in this
scenario.
- **Distributive Pronouns**: None in this
scenario.

Adjective: A word that adds meaning to a

noun or pronoun.

Examples of adjectives: good, bad, red, many,

brave, etc.

Qualities: Positive, negative, or properties.

- Positive: good, brave, beautiful, intelligent,

etc.
- Negative: bad, dull, ugly, stupid, etc.
- Properties: red, green, white, etc.
Proper Adjective: Derived from a proper
noun.

Examples: Pakistani, Indian, German, etc.

Quantity: Definitive, Indefinitive.

- Definitive: Countable numbers.

- Two types: Cardinal (one, two, three, four,
etc.) and Ordinal (first, second, third, fourth,
etc.).
- Indefinitive: Uncountable numbers.
- Examples: much, many, few, little, etc.

Usage of many/few with countable nouns

and much/little with uncountable nouns.

Degrees of Adjectives:

1) Positive: Basic form.

 Example: She is an intelligent girl.

2) Comparative: Comparing two nouns.

Examples: Ahsan is better than Peter. India
is bigger than Pakistan.

3) Superlative: Comparing more than two

nouns.
Example: Aslam is the best in this class. Use
"the" before the superlative degree.

Suffixes that indicate an adjective:

- "-ful": beautiful, colorful, helpful, etc.

- "-able": remarkable, respectable, lovable,
etc.
- "-some": awesome, handsome, etc.
- "-ous": famous, etc.

Degrees of Comparison:
- One-syllable words: add "er" and "est."
- Two or more syllable words: use "more"
and "most."
- Exceptions: good, better, best; bad, worse,
worst; many, more, most; much, more, most;
little, less, least.

A verb is a word that expresses an action,

occurrence, or state of being.

There are three main types of verbs:

1. **Action Verbs**: These verbs denote

actions or activities. They show what
someone or something does.
 Example: She **plays** the piano.

2. **Linking Verbs**: Also known as state

verbs or "be" verbs, these verbs connect the
subject of a sentence to a noun or adjective
that renames or describes it. They describe a
state of being or condition rather than an
action.

- **Present Tense**: am, is, are

Example: I **am** your teacher. You
**are** my students.
- **Past Tense**: was, were
Example: I **was** a student.
- **Future Tense**: will be
Example: You **will be** a doctor.

These verbs have three forms:

- Present: am, is, are
- Past: was, were
- Present Participle: being
3. **Auxiliary Verbs**: These verbs are used
along with other verbs to form various
tenses, moods, and voices. They include:
- **Present**: has, have
Example: I **have** a book.
- **Past**: had
Example: My brother **had** a car.
- **Future**: will have
Example: You **will have** a big house.

These verbs also have three forms:

- Present: has, have
- Past: had
- Present Participle: having

Action verbs represent physical or mental

actions.

Example: She **writes** novels.

An adverb is a word used to provide
information about a verb, adjective, or
another adverb. It can modify or add
meaning to these parts of speech.

Examples:
- He walks *slowly*.
- He is *very* intelligent.
- She walks *very* *slowly*.

Types of adverbs:

1. **Adverbs of Time**: These adverbs

indicate when an action takes place.
Example: I am teaching *now*.

2. **Adverbs of Place**: These adverbs

indicate where an action takes place.
Example: I am teaching here.
3. **Adverbs of Manner**: These adverbs
indicate how an action takes place.
Example: I am teaching slowly.

4. **Adverbs of Frequency/Number**: These

adverbs indicate how often an action takes
place.
- **Definite**: Specifies an exact number.
Example: Muslims pray five times a day.
- **Indefinite**: Does not specify an exact
number.
Example: He always speaks the truth.

5. **Adverbs of Degree**: These adverbs

indicate the intensity or degree of something.
Example: She is a very tall girl. The tea is
very hot.

These adverbs help provide additional

information about the action, state, or quality
described by verbs, adjectives, or other
adverbs. They enhance the meaning of the
sentence by providing details about time,
place, manner, frequency, or degree.
A preposition is a word that indicates the
relationship between a noun or pronoun and
other words in a sentence. For example, "on,"
"under," "at," and "in" are prepositions.

Types of prepositions:

1. Prepositions of time: "at," "on," "in."

- "At" is used with clock time and specific
points in time:
Example: Your school starts at 8:00 am.
 - It's also used with certain expressions of
time:
Example: At break time, at playtime.
- "On" is used with single days:
Example: I will celebrate a lot on my
birthday.
- Exceptions include words like "today,"
"tomorrow," "yesterday," "every Sunday,"
"last Sunday," where no preposition is used.
- "In" is used with longer periods, such as
weeks, months, seasons, years, decades, and
centuries.
- It's also used with parts of the day,
although "at" can also be used:
Example: In the morning, at noon, in the
afternoon, in the evening, at dusk, at night, at
midnight.
- "In the night" is used to refer to a specific
night:
Example: I ate biryani in the night.
- However, "on" is used with certain
expressions like "Sunday morning" and
"Sunday night."
2. Prepositions of place indicate the location
or position of something in relation to other
objects or places. Here are some common
prepositions of place:

1. **In**:
- "In" is used to indicate that something is
enclosed or contained within a larger area.
- Example: The cat is in the box.

2. **On**:
- "On" is used to indicate that something is
in contact with a surface.
- Example: The book is on the table.

3. **At**:
- "At" is used to specify a point or location.
- Example: She is waiting at the bus stop.

4. **Under**:
 - "Under" is used to indicate that something
is below or beneath another object.
- Example: The keys are under the mat.

5. **Above**:
- "Above" is used to indicate that something
is at a higher level than surface

A conjunction is a linking word used to

connect words, phrases, or clauses within a
sentence. It joins two words, phrases, or
sentences to show their relationship or to
combine their meanings.

Examples:
- Waseem and Waqar are good friends.
(*and* is a conjunction)
- Waseem is my friend, and he is a good
student. (*and* is a conjunction)
There are three main types of conjunctions:

1. **Coordinating Conjunctions**: These

conjunctions join two independent clauses,
also known as principal clauses.

Examples:
- He is a doctor, and his father is a lawyer.
- Coordinating conjunctions are often
remembered by the acronym FANBOYS:
- For
- And
- Nor
- But
- Or
- Yet
- So

2. **Subordinating Conjunctions**: These

conjunctions join a principal (main) clause
with a subordinate (dependent) clause. They
are used to establish a relationship of
dependence or hierarchy between clauses.
Subordinating conjunctions are placed
between the clauses or at the beginning of
the sentence.

Examples:
- You will succeed if you work hard.
- If you work hard, you will succeed.

3. **Correlative Conjunctions**: These

conjunctions work in pairs to join words,
phrases, or clauses of equal grammatical
rank. They connect similar elements within a
sentence.

Examples:
- Both biryani and pizza are my favorite
dishes.
- Correlative conjunctions include pairs like
"both...and," "either...or," and "neither...nor."

These conjunctions play a crucial role in

structuring sentences and clarifying the
relationship between different parts of
speech or clauses. They help to create
coherence and cohesion in writing by linking
ideas together effectively.

Certainly! Let's delve deeper into

interjections:

An interjection is a word or phrase used to

express a sudden or strong feeling, emotion,
or reaction. It often stands alone and is
punctuated with an exclamation mark (!) to
indicate its expressive nature.

Interjections can convey a wide range of

emotions, including happiness, sadness,
surprise, excitement, or even irritation.

1. **Interjections of Happiness**: These

interjections express feelings of joy,
excitement, or triumph. They are used to
celebrate positive events or
accomplishments.
 Examples:
- Hurrah! We won the game!
- Yahoo! It's my birthday today!
- Bravo! You did an excellent job!
- Yippee! We're going on vacation!

2. **Interjections of Sadness**: These

interjections convey feelings of sorrow, grief,
or disappointment. They are used to express
sympathy, regret, or empathy.

Examples:
- Alas! The show got canceled.
- Oh! I forgot my keys at home.
- Oh my God! What a tragic accident!

3. **Interjections of Surprise**: These

interjections indicate feelings of
astonishment, wonder, or disbelief. They are
used when something unexpected or
remarkable occurs.
 Examples:
- Wow! That's an incredible magic trick!
- Wonderful! You've done it again!
- Great! We've won the lottery!
- What! How did you manage to do that?

Rules for Using Interjections:

- Interjections are often placed at the
beginning or end of a sentence for emphasis.
- They are standalone words or phrases and
do not require grammatical connection to
other parts of the sentence.
- Interjections are punctuated with an
exclamation mark to convey the speaker's
strong emotion or reaction.
- The choice of interjection depends on the
specific emotion or feeling being expressed
in a given context.

Interjections add color, emotion, and

personality to language, allowing speakers to
express their feelings and reactions vividly in
conversation or writing. They play a vital
role in communication by conveying the
speaker's immediate emotional response to a
situation.