UNIVERSITY OF KABIANGA

CIM 110 HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION

LECTURE NOTES
1. Background of Health and Physical Education in Schools
Sport as a social-cultural phenomenon has rapidly increased and developed, so it can be said that as
technology and science are advancing, consequently, sports are also needed to keep people’s life in
balance. In addition, sport is an integral part in education which is able to give a valuable
contribution toward the whole human’s development for the rest of their live. It is expected that
education aims at improving the lives of people and developing the citizen of Kenya to be whole.
Who are faithful to God Almighty, well-behaved, knowledgeable, skilful, healthy in terms of physical
and spiritual, personally great and independent, and responsible toward society and nationality.

The development of education is a part of improving the quality of students with the purpose of
enhancing physical and spiritual fitness for society, character, discipline and sportivity building, and
increasing achievements in sports which can evoke the pride of a nation. In relation to these facts,
it is necessary to improve physical education and sport in schools which develop sports, the effort to
socialize sports and making students do it as a habit. It is also to create an environment that support
society to participate responsibly in educating and developing sports, especially in improving the
training of the next candidate of athletes (for athlete’s talent scouting). Thus, it can lead to these
implications:
a. Physical education and sport will enhance the physical and spiritual fitness which led to
improving human’s quality.
b. Physical education and sport in school need to be improved
c. Physical education is a physical activity which leads to the sport activity
d. Aside from enhancing physical and spiritual fitness, Physical and spiritual education also
functions as character, discipline, and sportivity building.
e. Physical Education in school should give a chance to socialize sport and make them do it
as a habit that is reflected in the enhance of physical fitness.
f. Physical education in schools should be related with values of life, such as: sport habit and
healthy lifestyle.
g. Youth stage is the most keen moment in the effort to train athletes. Physical education
teachers should be given a chance and skill as coaches in their schools, which is implemented
in school’s policy.

Physical and health education is a process of education which encourages, guides, develops, and
builds their physical and spiritual also the student’s health and environment for them to live in
harmony and optimally, so they are able to do their duty for themselves and national development.
Those considerations have shown the basic ideas to develop physical education system including the
completion of existing curriculum. A limitation has been created by UNESCO (1974) printed on
International charter of Physical Education, and states that “Physical education is a person’s
education process as an individual or as a member of society which is done consciously and
systematically through various physical activity in order to enhance physical skills, intelligence
growth, and personality build.” A systematically arranged learning material as the part of
curriculum from elements of Athletic games, dance, exercise, martial arts are adapted and chosen so
that it can be implemented to the physical education practice in schools are needed.
According to explanation above, it is clearer to see that to achieve a good physical education teaching
in school, skilful professional educators are needed as qualified teachers on their own field. such
teachers are expected to:
1. Educate the students to be Kenyans who are able to manage themselves and be
responsible to the nation’s development
2. Provide the students with the ability to continue their study to the higher levels
3. Provide the students with the basic ability to live among the society and develop
themselves according to their own talent and interest.

The curriculum or education program of physical and health education which prioritizes on
movements or physical activity based on the growth rates and development of students in the form of
the introduction of Preschool, basic movements, attitudes and habit on primary education as well as
the development of knowledge and the ability on secondary education.

The success of implementation of physical and health education, besides students’ achievements who
have good organic functions; neuromuscular junctions, intellectual and emotional, and psychological
harmony, is highly dependent on:
1. the achievement of a healthy atmosphere / condition in the implementation of the program.
2. the realization of interaction of managers from the level of decision makers to coaches in
the field and students.
3. the availability of adequate facilities and infrastructure as supporting for the
implementation of the curriculum
4. the availability of sufficient numbers of teachers who are accompanied by satisfactory
quality.
In summary, the purpose of what is expected and can be earned in physical and health education is
for students’ ability, namely:

NO Dominant - Dominant covered Physical Education and Health

A Physical domain
1. Strength
2. Durability muscle
3. cardio respiratory endurance
4. Flexibility

B Psychomotor domain
1. The ability of motion perceptual
a. balance
b . kinaesthetic
c . visual
d . auditive
e . eye coordination and movement
f . tactile
2. The basic movement skills
a. manipulative skills
b . manipulative skills associated with the object
c . sports skills

C Cognitive domain
1. Cognitive
2. Reasoning
 D Affective domain
1. The impact of physical activity on health
2. Self-actualization
3. Self-esteem
2. The Basic Human Organ Systems
In the complex network of the human body, there exist 11 remarkable organ systems, each carrying
out essential functions to maintain our physiological well-being. Each system has a unique role, from
the cardiovascular system, which is responsible for oxygenating and circulating blood throughout the
body, to the respiratory system, which allows us to breathe life-sustaining oxygen. The digestive
system breaks down food and extracts vital nutrients, while the nervous system sends signals to every
corner of the human body, facilitating communication and coordination. When an organ system gets
affected, seeking timely and appropriate medical intervention becomes crucial to restoring normal
function and preventing further complications.

List of 11 Organ Systems in the Human Body and Their Functions

The human body comprises various organs and systems working together to maintain optimum health
and functionality. Each organ system is vital in ensuring the body's proper functioning. Let’s check
out all 11 organs and their functions.
 Integumentary System (protective barrier): The integumentary system comprises the skin,
hair, nails, and glands. It serves as a protective barrier against external threats, regulates body
temperature, and houses sensory receptors for touch, pain, and pressure.

 Skeletal System (support and movement): The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilage,
ligaments, and tendons. It provides support, protects internal organs, allows movement, and
serves as a storehouse for minerals like calcium and phosphorus.

 Muscular System (body movement): The muscular system is responsible for body
movement. It includes smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscles. Muscles maintain posture,
generate heat, and facilitate voluntary and involuntary movements.

 Nervous System (coordination and control): The nervous system is a complex network that
includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It coordinates and controls bodily functions,
relays messages through electrical impulses, and plays a vital role in sensory perception,
motor control, and cognition.

 Cardiovascular System (transportation): The cardiovascular system, comprising the heart,

blood vessels, and blood, transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products
throughout the body. It helps regulate body temperature, pH, and electrolyte balance and
assists in immune system function.

 Lymphatic System (immunity): The lymphatic system is a network of lymph nodes, lymph
vessels, and organs (such as the spleen and thymus). It aids in immunity by filtering and
returning interstitial fluid to the bloodstream and transporting fatty acids from the digestive
system.

 Respiratory System (gas exchange): The respiratory system encompasses the lungs, trachea,
bronchi, and diaphragm. It facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between
the body and the environment, serving as the body's respiratory gas exchange system.

 Digestive System (food processing): The digestive system comprises various organs,
including the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas. It processes and
 breaks down food into nutrients for absorption in the small intestine. This system also
eliminates waste through defecation.

 Urinary System (waste elimination): The urinary system, consisting of the kidneys, ureters,
bladder, and urethra, filters blood, removes waste products, regulates fluid balance, and
assists in maintaining proper electrolyte levels and blood pressure.

 Endocrine System (hormone production): The endocrine system comprises glands, such as
the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and reproductive glands. It produces hormones that regulate
bodily functions, including growth, metabolism, reproduction, and development.

 Reproductive System (reproduction): The reproductive system differs between males and
females. It enables the production of gametes necessary for reproduction and includes
structures such as the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina, testes, seminal vesicles,
prostate, and penis.

Understanding the complexity and functions of the 11 organ systems is essential for comprehending
the human body's functioning. Each system is crucial in maintaining homeostasis and ensuring
overall bodily functions. Taking care of these organs and maintaining their health through proper
nutrition, exercise, and regular check-ups is vital for a healthy and fulfilling life.

3. The Interdependence of The Basic Human Organ Systems

The human body is a complex and highly organized structure composed of multiple organ systems,
each with unique functions and contributions to overall health and well-being. The human body is
organized into several levels of structural complexity, ranging from atoms and molecules to cells,
tissues, organs, and organ systems. At the highest level of organization, organ systems work together
to perform specific physiological functions. These organ systems are interconnected and
interdependent, forming a unified entity capable of maintaining homeostasis and responding to
internal and external stimuli.

The human body is an incredibly complex structure, with cells, tissues, and organs assembled into
highly organized systems that work together to perform an astonishing array of functions—from
seeing and hearing to breathing and digesting food to running, playing a musical instrument, and
problem-solving. Each of the major systems of the body is essential to the survival of the human
organism, and each serves as a critical companion to the others.

The muscle and skeletal systems, for example, act together to move the body. The skeletal system
also protectively houses internal organs, such as the brain, heart, and lungs, while the muscle system
aids in breathing and interacts with the nervous system to coordinate sensory and muscle responses.
The respiratory, circulatory, renal, and digestive systems likewise are interconnected, working
together to supply oxygen and blood to tissues, remove wastes, and break down and utilize nutrients.
Our heart, which is part of our circulatory system, does not beat unless our brain, which is part of our
nervous system, tells it to. Our skeletal system is dependent on our digestive system for increase in
size and strength. Our muscular system needs our respiratory and circulatory systems to supply
energy in the form of oxygen and nutrients. It takes all the systems for human growth and
development.

Five examples of interrelationships between body systems include:

 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems:
The lungs in the respiratory system take in oxygen, which is then transported by the blood in the
circulatory system to cells throughout the body; carbon dioxide is also carried by the blood to the
lungs to be exhaled.
 Muscular and Nervous Systems:
The nervous system sends signals to muscles to initiate movement, allowing for physical actions like
walking or running.
 Digestive and Endocrine Systems:
Hormones produced by the endocrine system regulate digestion, like insulin from the pancreas
controlling blood sugar levels after a meal.
 Skeletal and Circulatory Systems:
Bone marrow within the skeletal system produces blood cells, which are then transported by the
circulatory system throughout the body.
 Immune and Circulatory Systems:
White blood cells, part of the immune system, are transported by the circulatory system to reach
infection sites and fight pathogens.

4. First Aid and Emergency Treatment of Cases in Sports

Understanding Basic First Aid

First aid is the initial assistance or treatment given to someone who is injured or suddenly taken ill
before full medical treatment is available. In the sports world, basic first aid skills can make a huge
difference. At the very least, timely intervention by a trained first aider can reduce the recovery time
of an injury and get the athlete competing again as soon as possible. More critically, first aid can be
the difference between a minor incident and a serious medical emergency. These skills encompass a
range of techniques designed to stabilise injuries and alleviate discomfort until professional medical
help can be sought.

Common Sports Injuries

Sports injuries come in various shapes and forms, ranging from minor bruises to more severe
fractures. Some of the most common sports injuries include:

Head Injuries
Head injuries are a serious concern in sports, especially contact sports like football and rugby.
Symptoms may include dizziness, nausea, and loss of consciousness.

Sprains and Strains

Sprains involve the stretching or tearing of ligaments, while strains affect muscles or tendons. Both
can occur from sudden movements or overexertion during sports activities.

Fractures
Fractures, or broken bones, can result from falls, collisions, or repetitive stress. They require prompt
attention to prevent further damage and promote proper healing.

Bruises and Contusions

Bruises and contusions are common minor injuries caused by blunt force trauma. While usually
harmless, they can be painful and may require first aid treatment.

Cuts and Scrapes

Cuts and scrapes are inevitable in sports with physical contact or equipment use. Proper wound care
is essential to prevent infection and promote healing.
Heat-related Injuries
In hot and humid conditions, athletes are susceptible to heat-related illnesses like heat exhaustion and
heatstroke. These can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.

Tips for Reducing the Chance of Sports Injuries

While first aid is crucial for addressing sports injuries, prevention is always better than cure. Here are
some strategies to reduce the risk of injuries:
 Ensure proper warm-up and stretching routines before sports activities.
 Use appropriate protective gear, such as helmets, pads, and braces in training as well as
during competitive events.
 Maintain hydration and adequate nutrition to support physical exertion.
 Encourage rest and recovery between training sessions to prevent overuse injuries.
Training and Preparedness
Being prepared for emergencies is essential for anyone involved in sports activities. Coaches,
teachers, and assistants should undergo first aid training to equip themselves with the necessary skills
and knowledge to handle injuries effectively. The best way to do this is by undertaking a first aid
course. Rehabilitation from injury will require specific medical attention and/or physiotherapy, but at
the time of the incident, first aid intervention can be critical. Once trained, regular drills and
simulations can also help reinforce emergency protocols for practitioners and improve response times
during critical situations.

When to Seek Professional Help

While basic first aid can address many sports injuries, some situations require prompt medical
attention. It’s essential to recognise the signs and symptoms that warrant professional help, such as:
 Severe pain or swelling that doesn’t improve with home treatment.
 Inability to bear weight or use the injured limb.
 Persistent dizziness, confusion, or loss of consciousness.
 Signs of infection, such as redness, warmth, or pus discharge from a wound.
In such cases, don’t hesitate to seek medical assistance to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.
Understanding basic first aid for sports injuries is a fundamental skill for coaches, teachers, and
assistants working with sports teams. By knowing how to recognise and respond to common injuries,
you can ensure the safety and well-being of athletes under your care. Remember, prevention is key,
but being prepared to handle emergencies can make all the difference in ensuring positive outcomes.

5. General principles of health and physical fitness

There are five components of physical fitness:
(1) body composition,
(2) flexibility,
(3) muscular strength,
(4) muscular endurance, and
(5) cardiorespiratory endurance.

Fitness is a reliable indicator of a person’s health status. Health-related fitness tests assess how
we’re tracking in this area and allow individual goals to be set. Health-related fitness monitoring is a
useful way of bench-marking where you are now, motivating you to improve, and guiding how that
improvement can be achieved.
 Health-related benefits General fitness benefits Performance-related benefits
 Greater resistance to  Increased muscle,  Improved performance in a
illness and disease. heart and lung fitness. specific sport or activity
 Better ability to perform  Better body through structured and
more work and recover composition. consistent training for a
faster.  Improved overall certain goal, i.e. marathon
 Improved energy. fitness (i.e. runner or weight lifter.
 Greater enjoyment and endurance, flexibility  Improved skill and capability
quality of life. and strength) through enhanced training for
 Better maintenance roles, such as combat roles.
body physique.

Components of fitness
Physical training that is required for performance or specific outputs require certain components to be
developed.
1. General Endurance (Cardiovascular Endurance) is the measure of a person's aerobic
capacity and can be trained through regular brisk walks, jogging, running, cycling, rowing,
swimming, HITT etc… - the lower the heart rate the longer the distance/ duration required.
2. Muscular Strength and Endurance is the force that a muscle or muscle group is able to
exert in one maximum effort (strength) or repeatedly/for a sustained period (endurance) and
can be trained through body weight and resistance training, Pilates, yoga, etc.
3. Flexibility and mobility is the range of motion of a joint or group of joints and the ability to
work effectively through that range of motion. Training methods include gymnastics,
dynamic/ static stretching, yoga, dance, and Pilates.
4. Speed and agility refer to the rate of the execution of a movement or the ability to move
quickly and easily and is highly relevant in playing a variety of sports and also in the
application of battlefield maneuverability
5. Power is the rate at which muscular strength/force can be applied and can be trained through
specific power training and sports skills, etc.

6. Variety of sports in the school environment

The contribution of sports to the educational process in educational institutions cannot be overstated.
Sports are important in educational institutions as it supports academic objectives. However, it has
been viewed in two different perspectives in schools as far as their contribution to academic
performance is concerned. Some consider sports to have positive effect on student-athletes’ academic
performance while others view it as a hindrance to academic success and a waste of students’
precious time.

Benefits of Sports
 Improving physical fitness Enjoyment of participation
 Improving agility/activity
 For good health
 Acquiring certificates for future use
 Socialization with others
 Release of tensions that develop during school day
 Self-confidence outside sport situations
 Good use of leisure time
  Development of talents
 Independent thinking
 Keeping away from immoral activities
 Appreciation of one’s limitations and potentials
 Preparation for future life
 For prestige
 Developing positive attitude towards authority
 Developing a sense of responsibility

Most modern sports in Kenya owe credit to the British colonization. Professional teams in form of
clubs were formed by colonial British settlers and Asian contractors as early as 1922 before the
establishment of formal schools. Sports were introduced in schools in 1925. The syllabus for teaching
sport through physical training in schools (extracurricular activity) was produced in 1935. Football
(soccer) and athletics (track and field) respectively were the first sports to be professionally
organized.

Today, many sports are popular in Kenya, played both professionally and as recreational physical
activities. Among the sports played in Kenya today include athletics (track & field and other running
events), cricket, motor sports, football (soccer), rugby, volleyball, basketball, swimming and diving,
handball, netball, rounder, baseball, shooting, softball, cycling, martial arts (boxing, karate,
kickboxing, judo, and taekwondo), Lawn Tennis, Table Tennis, Squash, Badminton, Golf, Canoeing,
Chess, Goal Ball, Horse Riding/Equestrianism, Polo, Weightlifting, Wrestling, Archery, Roller
Sports, and Mountain Sports - Kenya.

Globally, Kenya is mainly known for her dominance in middle-distance and long-distance races,
Rugby specially the Rugby Sevens and swimming. Kenya has also been a dominant force in ladies'
volleyball within Africa, with both the clubs and the national team winning various continental
championships in the past decade

7. Appropriate Methodology of teaching Health and Physical Education:

8. Methods of Teaching

8.1 Direct Teaching

8.2 Indirect Teaching

8.3 Limitation Method.

9.0 Plan for Teaching:

9.1 Schemes of Work

9.2 Lesson planning

9.3 Assessment methods for skill acquisition

Resources
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