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Exploring the Medicinal Plants Wealth: A Traditional Medico-Botanical

Knowledge of Local Communities in Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan.

Article in Middle East Journal of Scientific Research · January 2014

DOI: 10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2014.20.12.21090

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Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 20 (12): 1772-1779, 2014
ISSN 1990-9233
© IDOSI Publications, 2014
DOI: 10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2014.20.12.21090

Exploring the Medicinal Plants Wealth: A Traditional Medico-Botanical Knowledge

of Local Communities in Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan

Sheikh Saeed Ahmad, 1Summra Erum,

1*

1
Saaleha Mehboob Khan, 2Muhammad Nawaz and 2Abdul Wahid

1
Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, The Mall Rawalpindi, Pakistan
2
Department of Environmental Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan

Abstract: Medicinal usage of plants is one of the superior characteristic on which mankind is dependent upon
since ages. Plants are being used for the treatment of various diseases of humans and animals. The Changa
Manga Forest is designated as National Park located in Kasur, District. It consists of vast biological panorama,
constituting many plants of the medicinal values. The purpose of this study was to preserve native traditional
knowledge of plant’s usage, promotion of awareness and its significance to the domestic and international
entrepreneur, identifying the flora, density and conservation of species. Ethno-medicinal survey was conducted
in the periphery of the Changa Manga. The survey identified many plants at study site. Some of them including
their medicinal values are Ageratum conyzoid, Anaglis arvensis, Coronopus didymus, Cannabis sativa,
Fumairia officianalis, Oxalis corniculata, Sonchus oleraceus, Rumex crispus, Euphorbia heliscopia, Prosopis
cineraria, Mentha spicata etc.They are used by the indigenous people for the treatment of ulcers, dysentery,
eye problems, burns, malaria, insomnia, hepatitis, cough, cholera, insect stings, gastric problems respectively.
Plants like Capparis deciduas Cleome Viscosa, Suaeda Fruticosa, Malvastrum coromendelianum are present
in few numbers but surpassing medicinal values, highlighting the need of conservation. Responsiveness of the
botanist is required to focus on the sustainable use, conservation and management strategies are required for
valuable medicinal species so that sustainable production, with the balanced ecosystem and development may
lead the country to sustainable income and other welfare.

Key words: Medicinal plants Ethno-Botanial Survey Changa Manga Forest

INTRODUCTION primary aim of this study conduction.90 species of plants

of ethno-medicinal importance were documented, out of
Medicinal use of plants is being found in earliest 90 spp, 71 spp were used for medicinal purposes, while
history. Studies of wild animal’s show that plants are remaining were used for other important practices like
being used intuitively by them to treat their illness. fodder, wild fruit, fuel wood etc [2].
Therapeutic value of Medicinal herbs has become the The Changa Manga Forest designated as National
possible source for the selection of such plants for Park, consists of vast biological panorama, constituting
biodynamic compounds. Medicinal plants are of many plants of the medicinal values. Ethnobotanical
economic importance they act as antibacterial, antioxidant, studies have given the worth to the advancement in the
anticarcinogenic, antifungal, analgesic and insecticidal [1]. field of health and other conservation strategies in the
Study was conducted to find out the importance of plants world [3]. Harshberger [4] used the term ethnobotany for
in the various parts of Malam Jaaba valley, Swat in 2007. the study to explain the usage of plants by the earliest
Presence of different variety of plants, favorable weather aboriginal people. Allem [5] defined ethnobotany as the
and less accession of human to the plants in that area was inter-relationship between biology, economy, culture and
noticed. Preparation of enthnobotanical inventory of plants, people and environment. Jones [6] described it as
various plant resources of that area and evaluation of the a study of interrelationships between earliest man and
conservation status of important medicinal plant was plant. One of the objectives of ethno botanical study is to

Corresponding Author: Sheikh Saeed Ahmad, Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University,
The Mall Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Tel: +92-321 5167726.
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record the native knowledge about plants because people collected plant in water for the different treatments. The
use traditional medicines made up of plants for different anthropogenic activities like deforestation, urbanization,
healing purposes. This can be referred as ethno medicine. introduction of the exotic species, over grazing pose
Ethno medicine is the sub field of ethno botany and it serious threats. Similar study was conducted in salt range
cites the study of customary therapeutic practices which Pind Dadan Khan for the conservation of the indigenous
analyzes different ailments concerning health and it also traditional knowledge for the benefit of the community
addresses the healthcare and healing processes [7].Herbal and environment [16].
medicine is very well acknowledged and practiced In Asia It is well predictable that the difficulties arising from
and due to this most international reputed medicinal conservation and development are connected and so
plants came particularly from China and India. Use of efforts should be made to tackle these problems
herbal medicine is also increasing in Europe and America [17].According to current conservation strategies like the
for the treatment of the problems caused by modern Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Global
artificial diets and hectic lifestyle. The Chinese plant Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) focuses on the
Artemisia annua has become the essential ingredient for need of human’s efforts for the conservation of flora [18,
the anti malarial drug in recent years, [8] Pharmaceutical 19]. Botanic gardens Conservation International (BGCI)
manufacturers are now paying for the plants which are are the world’s largest system for plant conservation
being grown in east Africa for the supply. Sutherlandia, which constitute over 1800 botanic gardens [20]. Botanic
a local plant of South Africa, is being used for HIV/AIDS gardens play an important role for plant conservation and
sufferers as it providing many benefits to them [9] Devil’s links diversity with the betterment in the people’s life [21].
Claw and African Geranium, are the plants of Africa has Intentionally and unintentionally by observing different
gained fame as herbal medicines, in Europe particularly rituals, taboos and beliefs Indigenous communities of
[10]. The motorway proceeding through different regions Pakistan are conserving medicinal plants. Natural
of Pakistan has never been surveyed ethno medicinally resources are being efficiently utilized by numerous
before. So collections of the information about the traditional harvesting methods. Efforts are being made to
traditional use of plants in such areas were considered provide food, nutrition and health care to the local people
valuable before it was vanished. The bunch of ethno along with the recovery of the traditional knowledge and
botanical information intends to provide the remedy to be conservation of those important plants [22]. That
used for the resolution of several limitations and traditional knowledge is being used by different herbal,
conservation of medicinal herbs in that area [11]. homeopathic manufacturing companies. Which are
Ethno-Veterinary Medicine is an interdisciplinary numerous in numbers and this makes Pakistan among the
study of expertise, customary knowledge, techniques, leading countries which are exporting medicinal plants
traditions and ethnic beliefs of the community about the [23]. Many closely related species are usually sold under
healthful conservation, livestock production and health one name, this intentional or unintentional practice may
care [12]. It confines the details of illness and how they result in the overexploitation of the particular species. So
can be controlled; cures and therapeutic procedures for to reduce this proper identification is required consulting
treatment and safeguard; nourishment, management and the trained taxonomist [24, 25, 26].
reproduction planning; spirituality; and the assets that The purpose of this study was to preserve native
consists of the knowledge and skills. [13]. The people of traditional knowledge of plant’s usage, promotion of
Cholistan dessert are the aborigines that keep migrant awareness and its significance to the domestic and
livestock and use plants and herbs as curative medium for international entrepreneur, identifying the flora, density
themselves and for the benefit of their livestock which are and conservation of species. Ethno-medicinal survey was
easily obtained from the pasture. Cholistan desert offers conducted in the periphery of the Changa Manga.
a great scope to the ethno medicinal studies as it is rich in
native herbal resources [14]. Ethno medicinal survey was MATERIAL AND METHODS
conducted for the compilation of data concerning the
various customary uses, including the medicinal plant Study Area: The Changa Manga lies in Latitude of
uses in Nandiar Khuwarr catchment. 156 local taxa were 31.0833° North and longitude of, 73.9667° East extending
found to be used for medicinal purposes. 12 of which are to the area is 50 km² (12,510 acres).it is Wildlife Park, now
reported to be scarce [15]. The plants were primarily taken maintained as national park and one of the biggest
in the form of decoction prepared by boiling freshly planted artificial resource managed forest in Lahore

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District, Punjab, Pakistan [27]. It is located near Chunian Avera javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult.
which is about 70 km south of Lahore. The forest entrance Local name: Unknown : It is used for treatment of
is from a road of Highway which is N-5 near Bhai Pheru. the skin dryness and self cracking of the skin thus
In the beginning it was planted on the uncultivated land acting as an emollient. The seed and infructescence
densely populated with trees and bushes in 1864 for the is used for treating diarrhea. It is diuretic and cures
provision of fuel wood for the steam engine operative urethral discharges, caclculi formation and acts as
from Peshawar to Karachi [28] since then proper helminthic.
systematic planting of the trees is going for many years.
The most important trees that are being planted there are Asclepiadaceae
Dilbergia Sisso (Shisham), Torus Alba (Tooth), Bombax Calatropis procera (Aiton).
Malabarium (Simbal), Acacia Nilotica (Kikar), Populus Local name: Akk: The plant is very bitter, acts as a
Tremula (Popular) [29]. The trees are irrigated from 17 cathartic, cures ulcer, leprosy, vitiligo, tumors, piles,
channels of the main Upper Bari Doab Canal and Vahn disease of the spleen, the liver and the abdomen, relieves
distributary which starts from April till October. Changa stranguary, helminthic. Its ash used act as an expectorant.
Manga is present in the sub-tropical continental plains Its leaves when hot leaves are applied to abdomen to
including the plain of West Pakistan [30]. The
relief the pain. And paste of leaf and flower is mixed with
surrounding of Changa Manga forest has extreme climate,
honey to cure flatulence, worm infestation in intestine.
with high temperature in the summer and low rainfall. But
The root powder along with butter is applied in the form
due to dense population of the trees the temperature in
of ointment on the bite of rabid dog. And this is also
Change Manga forest is comparatively low to its
applied on the paralyzed limbs.
surrounding and has high humidity which results in
providing the favorable environment for the plants to
Asteraceae
prosper creating an ecological island; consisting of such
Ageratum conyzoides L.
herbaceous plants which are economically as well as
medically very important for the mankind. Local name: Not known: It is used as a laxative and has
Field trips have been made to collect the herbaceous antipyretic properties. Its leaves acts as an astringent. Its
plants present in the selected area. The collection of the powder is used for the treatment of ulcers and wounds,
plant’s sample was based on random sampling. They sores and cuts caused by the leprosy. It is used
plants specimen were preserved for the identification. traditionally to cure, headache, rheumatism and cramps. It
Questionnaires and interviews had been conducted to is also used as antibiotic, cures stone formation in urinary
ascertain the traditional medicinal uses of the plants by tract, stings bite, ringworm. A tea is prepared using flower
the local people. The collected information was heads for the treatment of cold and coughs.
crosschecked with literature review of the ethno medicinal
survey and medicinal uses of the plants. Ayapana triplinervis (M.Vahl) R.King & H.Robinson.
Local name: Not known: It cures the stomach related
RESULTS problems. Reduces cough, can be used as anti septic,
styptic, demulcent, antihepatotoxic, cures ulcers. The
The collected data has been arranged alphabetically mixtures, decoction of leaves are used to protect the liver.
according to the family. The scientific names and It can also be used as a digestive tonic and also cures the
medicinal uses have been specified. cold, flu and headaches. It act as antipyretic. It also treats
ear and eye problems.
Amaranthaceae
Achyranthes aspera L. Cirsium arvense L.
Local name: Poth Kant, ludhri: Leaves and roots in the Local name: kandhari: The young flowers are grinded
form of decoction are used for tooth ache. It reduces with water for the induction of vomiting.
abdominal pain. The juice of herb is used for rheumatism,
dysentery, skin diseases. Insects bite is cured by Conyza bonariensis L.
applying root’s paste. The mixture of root is used for Local name: Loosan booti, namkeen booti: The herb is
intestinal problems, skin diseases and night blindness. used as diuretic and styptic. It is used in the cure of
Cough and asthma can be cured by using the ash of the several diseases like diarrhoea, dysentery and
plant with honey. haemorrhage

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Conyza Canadensis L. Brassicaceae

Local name: Not known: Its steam is taken by boiling it Coronopus didymus L.
with water; this opens the blockage of nose during cold. Local name: Thandi Booti: This plant has cooling
Its smoke is used to repel the insects. It also treats the properties; it induces feeling of coolness in the body. It is
diarrhea and dysentery. It has diuretic, antirheumatic, used as fumigant to repel the insects.
astringent, anthelmintic properties. It is used for the
treatment of tonsils and inflammation of throat. Sisymbrium irio L.
Local name: saag booti: The seeds are used as
Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf expectorant. The ground seed powder is taken for the cure
Local name: Drabh: Roots are applied on the carbuncle in of hepatic problems, including Jaundice, cirrhosis,
the form of poultice. They are also grinded along with Hepatitis-C.
water and little amount of milk is added and given during
painful urination and plies. Roots are also used for the Cannabinaceae
treatment of cholera. For this they are grinded with few Cannabis sativa L.
black pepper along with water and they are taken orally. Local name: Bhang: The plant consists of soporific
properties. It is used for malaria, blood poisoning, sting
Galinsoga ciliata (Rafin.) Blake. bite, dysentery and anthrax, dried and its leaves are
Local name: Not known: It is used for the wound’s crushed and drink is prepared which is taken as sedative.
treatment. It heals up the wound faster. The sap helps in It is also as coolant. The leave’s juice is used to remove
coagulation of blood. And act as antibiotic. dandruff from hand, burns. It is also used top remove
pests.
Parthenium hysterophorus L.
Local name: gajar booti: It is applied directly and Capparidaceae
externally for the curing of skin diseases. The decoction Capparis decidua L.
of plant is taken for the cure of internal problems like Local name: not known: It is used for diabetes,
antipyretic etc. it also prevents from the amoeba asthma, skin infection, tooth ache, ear pain. Bark
infestation in the liver. in the form of powder is used for indigestion
and rheumatism. Shoot and fruit is crushed and
Sonchus arvensis L. mixed with mustard oil and applied on the boils and
Local name: Dodh Bhatal: It is taken as tonic and treats swellings.
phthisis
Cleome viscosa L.
Sonchus oleraceus L. Local name: chaskoo: Drops of leaf’s juice are used for
Local name: Not known: An infusion is made to treat ear, pain, infection and deafness. Piles and dysentery are
diarrhea. The latex present in the sap is usually applied on cured by using its leaves as potherb. Leaves dipped in
the warts. The stem juice is used as laxative; but care sesamum oil and warmed up with fire and applied on the
should be taken as it causes cramps and tenesmus. area of pain, boils and inflammation. Ringworm can be
Poultice is made from leaves and applied on the swellings cured by applied seeds paste.
causing inflammations. An infusion of the leaves and
roots is antipyretic and tonic. Caryophyllaceae
Stellaria media L.
Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. Local name: not known: It treats the pinkeye,
Local name: Kanfhul: It is used in the treatment of constipation, bites of insects. Acts as a laxative.
bacterial infection, hepatitis. It is useful in hydrops and Skin disorders can be treated by making its poultice.
used as a remedy for chronic liver’s obstruction and It gives soothing effect to the skin rashes, burns and
bowels, result in curing of the dyspepsis and irritations. It is also used for the cure of respiratory
constipation. It enhances urination in calculus. It is very disorders including asthma, bronchitis and
popular in case of hepatic congestion. congestions.

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Chenopodiaceae Malvaceae
Chenopodium album L. Abutilon theophrasti L.
Local name: Bathu: This plant meliorates the hunger Local name: Not known: People have been using it for the
so usually used as tonic, useful in irritability of cure of eye diseases. The tea made from this plant is very
stomach, pain, eye problems, throat infections, blood helpful in curing dysentery and fevers. The seed is
diseases, spleen and heart.. It is anthelmintic, diuretic crushed and its powder is taken for stomach ache. The
and aphrodisiac, cathartic. It is also in the form of an bark has diuretic and styptic properties. The decoction of
infusion for the enema used for intestinal Ulceration. root is used for transient fever.
the infusion is also used for the treatment of rheumatism.
The juice of this plant is applied for the prevention of Malvastrum coromendelianum (L.) Garcke.
sunburn and freckles. Its decoction is used for the teeth Local name: patakha: It is a poisonous plant but has
cavities. many medicinal values. It acts as anti bacterial, anti
fungal. Plant is used for Inflamed sores, Wounds,
Suaeda fruticosa (L.)Forsskal. Cooling. Its decoction is used for relieving cough, curing
Local name: boi booti: It acts as an antibacterial. Dysentery and as an Emollient. Flowers are used as
Poultice is made using leaves for the treatment of sudorific.
conjunctivitis. It is used as vomitive when it is brewed
with water. Mimosaceae
Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce.
Convolvulaceae Local name: pirasoo: Plant consists of helminthic,
Convolvulus arvensis L. antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer, pharmacological,
antiviral properties. It has been used for the treatment of
Local name: Lali: The dried powder of plant is mixed with
has been used for dysentery, asthma, bronchitis, muscular
molasses (gurr) and taken with milk to cure constipation.
tremors, leprosy. Its stem bark has pain relieving and
The leaves in the form of paste are applied on the boils.
febrifugic properties. Bark has been used for the treatment
of rheumatism. The Leaf in the form of paste is applied on
Euphorbiaceae
boils, mouth ulcers and blisters open sores on the skin.
Euphorbia helioscopia L.
Leaf’s Smoke is usually used for the cure of eye troubles.
Local name: Chhatri dodak, Gandi booti: The plant has
laxative properties. Seeds are roasted with peppers and
Myrsinaceae.
used for the treatment of cholera. The roots act as a Anagallis arvensis L.
vermifuge
Local name: not known: It act as a skin moisturizer and
helps in the treatment of warts. Reduces headache, gouty
Fumariaceae
or rheumatic pains,
Fumaria officinalis L.
Local name: not known: It purifies the blood, act as a Oxalidaceae
febrifuge. It can be taken as tonic. Slightly sudorific and Oxalis corniculata L.
laxative, Cures liver diseases along with stomach upset, Local name: Khati Booti: It is used in insomnia. Plant’s
gallbladder, infection of bacteria, constipation. It is juice is usually used for skin diseases. Leaves are used for
traditionally used for the eyes and for the removal of snake bite, as refrigerant and coolant for stomach
spots on skins. Uses for pain relief. It cures skin diseases disorders, headache and fever. Plant crushed along with
like eczema, acne. cumin seeds used with water for the cure of dysentery. It
is also used for teeth sensitivity. Decoction of this plant
Lamiaceae is made for the cure removal of worms. This may also be
Mentha spicata L. used as tonic which boosts up the immune system. It is
Local name: jangli podina: Tooth powder is made by used for the treatment of many respiratory disorders like
drying leaves, which is usually used for tooth ache. It also bronchitis, asthma. It is suggested to use in gastric,
has carminative properties. Cures diarrhea, Nausea, kidney problems, urine inflammation. It is also used as
vomiting, sickness and stomach diseases. carminative.

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Poaceae DISCUSSION
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Local name: humrik booti: Fresh leaves paste is used for The use of plants is usually very common in the rural
cuts, bleeding wounds and piles. Few drops of plant juice area as compare to the urban area. The ethno medicinal
are inspired to stop nose bleeding. Its Juice is also is used survey elucidates that 37 species of plants has significant
to cure fever and diarrhea. medicinal value belonging to 22 families. The local people
are usually ignorant to the high medicinal values of some
Polygonaceae plants. The traditional uses are usually passed on from
Rumex Crispus L. the forefathers. Only 11 plants were the main plants
Local name: palak booti: Used in various skin diseases, commonly known to the people and have constant usage
cures rheumatism, cough, Used as laxative can be taken as by the people. Some of the species were very rare in that
tonic. specific area although they had exceptional medicinal
value. The identified plats cured many diseases which are
Ranunculaceae usually very common including throat infections,
Ranunculus muricatus L. intestinal infections, skin diseases, liver disorders, eye
problems, stomach problems, fever, different types of
Local name: not known: It is poisonous a bit. Its
body pains etc. The surveyed area is rich in the
decoction is made for asthma treatment, constant fever.
herbaceous plants having marvelous medicinal
importance. But less importance is given to them. Grazing,
cutting and fire activity was very frequent in that area
Rhamnaceae
which results in the loss of many economical importance
Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.)
herbs. There are many plants which are poisonous in
Local name: not known: Powder of dried root is used to nature but if they are used in control manner they will not
cure vomiting and other diseases related to abdomen. Its have any harmful effect. The recipes and use of the plants
bark is used to cure the cold and flu and teeth diseases. It has been passed on from parents to children so people are
also cures skin diseases like scabies, boils. It purifies the now experienced and they know that how to use certain
blood, cures diabetes, dysentery. And act as a vermifuge. herbs. The study determines that these plants can be
used in creating new drugs which can create a storm of
Solanaceae development in the pharmaceutical industry. But along
Datura stramonium L. with this it is paramount importance to conserve the
Local name: dathura: It has anti- incendiary, spasmolytic, precious medicinal plants [31] as fascination for the usage
anesthetic, antibiotic, helminthic, emollient, soporific of the plant is increasing globally [32] conservation doent
properties. It can also be used for the cure of cough, not only involve the protection and preventing the access
bronchitis and asthma. It act as analgesic in rheumatism, to the plant but it also involves gathering of baseline data
muscle spasm, sciatica , toothaches, earaches and of economic, social and ecological constraints which
headaches etc. it treats enuresis, malarial fever, reduce should be assembled in a effective management strategy.
hair loss and dandruff. Poultice is made from leaves and it also requires awareness about the importance of the
applied to treat boils. plants along with the cultivation under organized manner
along with the involvement of the loca community which
Verbenaceae will reduce the stress on the plant and hence will prevent
Lippia nodiflora L. it from washing away from the environment [33].
Local name: not known: It is used for the treatment of
hepatitis. Plant is placed in water overnight and then that REFFERENCES
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