Ingeniería Mecánica. Vol. 18. No. 3, septiembre-diciembre, 2015, p.

203-210 ISSN 1815-5944

Original Article

The influence of cutting speed and feed rate in surface integrity of aisi
1045
Influencia de la velocidad de corte y la velocidad de avance en la integridad
superficial del acero aisi 1045

Mario Jacas-CabreraI, Tania Rodríguez-MolinerI, José Luís Lopes-Da SilveiraII

I. Instituto Superior Politécnico José Antonio Echeverría, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica. La Habana, Cuba
II. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Mechanical Engineering Department/COPPE and Poli. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
E-mail: jacas@mecanica.cujae.edu.cu
Received: 3 de mayo de 2015 Accepted: 5 de julio de 2015

Abstract

The aim of this research is to study the influence of cutting speed influence of cutting speed as well as feed rate in the behavior of
and feed rate on surface integrity of AISI-1045 subjected to a circumferential and axial stress respectively. From the analysis of
turning process. The specimens were in annealed condition (81 the microstructure was feasible to observe the tertiary deformation
2
HRB). A 3 factorial experiment design was employed using low, zone due to the machining process. The hardness measured by
medium and high levels of the two variables in study, performing 9 nano-indentation showed that the thickness of this hardened zone
experiments with a replica. The surfaces were evaluated through can reach up to 50 µm.
the measurements of surface roughness, surface residual stresses,
nano-indentation hardness and analyzing the deformed layer.
Key words: superficial integrity, surface roughness, nano-
indentation, surface deformation.
Results corroborated the great influence of feed rate on surface
roughness. The results of the residual stresses have shown the

Resumen

El objetivo de esta investigación es el estudio de la influencia de la terciaria. Los resultados determinaron la gran influencia de la
velocidad de corte y la velocidad de avance en la integridad velocidad de avance en la rugosidad superficial. La medición de las
superficial del acero AISI-1045, sometido a un proceso de tensiones residuales mostró la influencia de las variables de corte.
torneado. Las probetas se sometieron a un tratamiento térmico de Del análisis microestructural se observó la existencia de dos zonas
recocidos (81 HRB). En el trabajo se empleó un diseño de deformación determinándose que el espesor de la zona
2
experimental 3 , con dos variables a tres niveles experimentales, endurecida llegó a 50 µm.
para un total de nueve experimentos, los que fueron replicados. La
integridad superficial fue evaluada con la medición de la rugosidad
Palabras claves: integridad superficial, rugosidad superficial,
nano-indentación, superficie deformada
superficial, las tensiones residuales superficiales, la medición de
dureza por nano–indentación y por el análisis de la de formación

Introducción
Soft machining followed by heat treatment processes have been for many years a conventional method for
producing precision parts. Finishing processes with the use of rough and fine grinding is applied most of the
times letting the part in a ready to use condition. In order to increase production flexibility, manufacturers have
realized the potential of replacing grinding operations with hard turning. This process can be a suitable
technology for the production of small lots, Jacobson [1]
The use of hard turning, precise a good knowledge of the integrity of the surface created by the turning
process rather it has been hardened or not. Surface integrity has been defined in the past as the relationship
between the physical properties and the functional behavior of a surface. Surface integrity is formed by
geometric values of the surface like surface roughness, and by physical properties such as residual stresses,
hardness and structure of the surface layer.
Several authors have devoted their efforts to study, in different materials, the effects of the cutting regime on
the surface integrity. Regarding roughness, there is mostly coincidences in the analysis of the influence of
cutting speed and feed rate in this parameter.
Bouacha [2], using bearing steel (AISI 52100), machined at higher cutting speeds, claimed a strong influence
of feed rate and cutting speed and a negligible influence of depth of cut. Asilturk [3] and Bordin [4], declared a
strong influence of feed rate in surface roughness, based on experiments using AISI 4140 steel and CoCrMo
alloy respectively.
In recent studies Aouici [5], using hardened steel AISI H11, concluded that in a machining process the best
roughness results were obtained with high cutting speeds and low values of feed rate.

Sitio web: http://www.ingenieriamecanica.cujae.edu.cu 203

 Mario Jacas-Cabrera, Tania Rodríguez-Moliner, José Luís Lopes-Da Silveira

Turning is a complex machining process where plastic deformation with the subsequent material work
hardening takes place. Temperature increments constitute together with plastic deformation, sources for
residual stresses. These stresses are part of the machined surface integrity.
It is a well known true; that thermal effects tend to generate tensile residual stresses, while mechanical
influences contribute to compressive residual stresses Axinte [6]. In the literature analyzed, some controversial
behaviors have been reported in relation to the influence of cutting parameters on residual stresses.
Jacobson [1], who studied bainitic steels at a cutting speed of 170 m/minagrees, concluding that an increase
of cutting speed, produces a decrease of compressive stresses due to the increased quantity of heat produced
at the cutting process, Gunnberg [7], machining 18MnCr5 steel (110-230 m/min), refers that an increase in
cutting speed increases tensile stresses in the work piece surfaces, as well as an increase on feed rate
generates high compressive residual stresses. Pawade [8], studying the machining of Inconel 718 indicated that
with an increase in cutting speed in the 125-300 m/min interval, the residual stresses increased in the direction
of traction. However, an increase in the 300 to 400 m/min interval changed the residual stresses direction from
tensile to compression.
Regarding feed rate, Pawade, claimed that increases from 0,05 to 0,1 mm/rev produced a reversal in the
residual stresses from compression to traction, and that further increases to 0,15 mm/rev, produced a small
increment in residual stresses in the tensile direction. Pawade gives a very plausible explanation of these
results, referring that the predominance of the tensile residual stresses are caused by thermal deformation and
compression ones are caused by mechanical deformation. Consequently, they have their origin in the amount of
metal removed and in the rate of heat dissipation through the chip. An increase of cutting speed, with low feed
rate and moderate cutting depth, produces an increase of the heat removed through the chip, which would
result in a smaller amount of heat passed to the work piece, causing a tendency to formation of compressive
residual stresses. These results are in perfect agreement with the previously obtained by Sharman [9]. Recent
investigations Caruso [10], García [11], machining hardened AISI 52100 (75-350 m/min), and AISI 4340 steel
(200-300 m/min) respectively confirm the results obtained by Sharman and Pawade.
Sharman and Pawade [9, 8] obtained similar results machining the same material (Inconel 718). The residual
stress profile was tensile in the near surface layer before rapidly dropping to compressive levels (within 50 µm
depth) and then leveling out with increasing depth (by 200 µm) below the work piece surface.
Few authors have examined and measure the thickness of the deformed layer in the machined surface. Not
many results of micro hardness measurements on the deformed layer are presented in literature either.
Jacobson [1], attempted unsuccessfully to resolve the deformation zone in bainitic machined samples using up
to 1850X augments. Puertas [12], when machining a titanium alloy, observed two deformation zones: a so-
called strain zone (5-60 µm thick) and a great deformation zone (1-5 µm thick) located closer to the machined
surface. Both zones were observed by electron microscopy. Sharman [9], when machining Inconel 718 with
HRC 38 reported that the thickness of the deformed layer reaches a value of 12 µm, with a 440,05 HK 0,05 micro
hardness descending to 385 HK 0,05 at a depth of 50 μm.
The objective of this research is to determine the influence of cutting speed and feed rate on the surface
integrity of AISI 1045 during lathe cutting. For accomplishing this aim surface roughness, thickness of the
deformed layer, hardness as well as the values of the residual stresses in the machined surface were
measured.
The results of this research corroborated the great influence of feed-rate on surface roughness, and made
possible the analysis of the existing relationship between cutting parameters and residual stresses on the
tertiary deformation zone.

Experimental procedure
For the tests, nine rings of AISI 1045 steel, were elaborated with the following dimensions: Ø 57 mm, 15 mm
wide and 8,5 mm thick (See Fig. 1), were submitted o an annealing heat treatment at 850 0C, with a maintaining
period of one hour. The aim of the heat treatment was to remove all residual stresses. The resultant hardness
after the treatment was HRB 81,09.

Fig. 1. Geometry of the work piece to use for experimental procedure

Ingeniería Mecánica. Vol. 18. No. 3, septiembre-diciembre, 2015. ISSN 1815-5944 204
 The influence of cutting speed and feed rate in surface integrity of aisi 1045

The chemical composition of the material of the test pieces is shown in table 1.
Table 1. Chemical composition of the test sample material (%)
AISI C Mn Si Cu P S
1045 0,46 0,71 0,20 0,14 0,024 0,017
To ensure that all specimens were centered in the lathe, they were all machine initially with the following cut
variables: cutting speed 100 m/min, feed rate 0,1 mm/rev and depth of cut of 0,2 mm. For the tests, all the
specimens were machined in dry conditions, with variable cutting speeds and feed rates and a constant cutting
depth of 0,5 mm. A new insert was used for machining each specimen.
The cutting variables employed for the tests are presented in table 2.
Table 2. Cutting variables used in the different tests*
Cutting speed Feed rate Depth of cut
N0 test.
[m/min] [mm/ rev] [mm]
1 100 0,01 0,5
2 100 0,1 0,5
3 100 0,2 0,5
4 451 0,01 0,5
5 451 0,1 0,5
6 451 0,2 0,5
7 722 0,01 0,5
8 722 0,1 0,5
9 722 0,2 0,5
*A replica was performed of each experiment.
The machining of the specimens was performed on a CNC lathe (ROMI model COSMOS 10U).For the
cutting tool, SANDVIK coated inserts were used (CG 4225 - P25 (P10-P40), with point angle: ε = 550; clearance
angle: α = 70; tip radius; r = 0,4 mm and cutting edge angle χr= 930.
Surface Roughness
The surface roughness was measured in Ra units [µm], using a Taylor Hobson roughness meter, model
FTSI-408 under the conditions of temperature of 20 °C.
The value of cut-off (λc) in the roughness meter is defined in 0,8 for roughness between 0,1 and 2 µm; and
2,5 for roughness higher than 2 and lower than 10 µm.
Three measurements were performed in each specimen, in the machined surface, rotating the part 120o.
Residual stresses
Residual stresses were measured by X-ray diffraction in the axial and circumferential directions on the
surface of the samples. The principle of X-ray measurement was based on Bragg's law, using the method of
sin2Ψ.

For the measurements an Stress tech stress analyzer was used (Stress tech, model stress X 3000, with Cr-
Kα radiation (λ = 2,2897 Ǻ) and values of 2θ = 156 (See in Fig. 2). 30 kV and 6,7 mA were employed in the
equipment.
In all cases, the interplanar spacing was measured on 5 inclinations Ψ and in two orientations φ, ie 10
different orientations relative to the axis of the sample.

Fig. 2. Analyzer of stresses Stresstech, model X stress 3000

Nano hardness
The nanoindentation was performed to samples belonging to the test specimens 1, 4 and 7 which were
machined with a feedrate of 0,01 mm / rev and cutting speeds of 100, 451 and 722 m / min respectively. These

Ingeniería Mecánica. Vol. 18. No. 3, septiembre-diciembre, 2015. ISSN 1815-5944 205
 Mario Jacas-Cabrera, Tania Rodríguez-Moliner, José Luís Lopes-Da Silveira

samples presented the higher values of mechanical deformationaccording to the higher compressive stresses
measured.
The samples were cut in small pieces (dimensions 20x8x8 mm), mounted in resin to facilitate the subsequent
polishment and attack with a solution of Nital at2%.
The nanoindentation tests were performed in a Nanoindenter G200 (MTS) system DCM, with a maximum
load of 5 mN. Indentation was performed using a diamond indenter point type Berkovich, with a loading time of
15 s and a retention time of 10s. For the data processing the method of Oliver and Pharr was used.
55 indentations measurements were performed using an arrangement of (11x 5) along the cross section of
eachmachined-surface sample, with a separation of 15µm between indentations and 3 µm from edge.
Metallography
Some of the samples were observed with the use SEM techniques, to resolve the microstructure in the
deformed zone and to determine the superficial and sub-superficial deformation forms.

Results and Discussion

Surface Roughness Measurement
The curves of the surface roughness behavior in relation to the variation of cutting speed and feed rate are
shown in figure 3 and figure 4 respectively.

Fig. 3. Behavior of surface roughness vs cutting speed

Analyzing the results presented in figure 3, it is observed that for cutting speeds above 451 m/min and small
feed rates (between 0,01 and 0,1 mm/rev), increases on cutting speed has little influence on surface roughness
, but for higher feed rate values, a distinct behavior is observed. As it is presented in the mentioned figure, for a
feed rate of 0,2 mm/rev, there is a tendency to reduce surface roughness as cutting speed increases. This
behavior coincides particularly with those obtained by Jacobson [1], Rech [13] and in general with those
presented by Devillez [14], Asiltürk [3] and Aouici [5].
For values of cutting speeds below 451 m/min and a feed rate of 0,2 mm/rev, it is observed a large increase
in surface roughness while cutting speed is increased, this trend also holds for a feed rate of 0,1 mm/rev, but
with a less steep slope. For a not usual feed rate of 0,01 mm/rev, surface roughness highly decreases with
increasing cutting speeds. Such behavior has not been reported in the literature yet, possibly due to cutting
conditions bordering extremely low feed rate with high cutting speeds.
An example of very high surface roughness that can be obtained with feed rates of 0,01 mm/rev and low
cutting speeds is the point identified by the letter (a) in figure 3, with a cutting speed of 100m/min and a feed
rate of 0,01 mm/rev, presents a very high roughness value (3,25 µm). According to Rech [13], low feed rates
produce a plastic flow of the material in the direction opposite to the direction of feed rate. Burrs are formed on
the edges of the grooves left by the tool. Also the increase of the temperature causes the solder of particles of
the machined material to the work piece surface. It was also observed, in addition to the above Rech [13], the
influence of the low-rate material removal produced by the low values of cutting speeds and feed rates, which
implies a large amount of generated heat that is not removed along with the chip and gets transmitted to the
machined part, increasing thus its temperature. This is confirmed by the results of Richardson [15].
A point (b) has also been identified in figure 3 for the highest cutting speed and the lowest feed rate.
In figure 4, one can observe that the values of surface roughness for cutting speeds of 451 m/min and
722 m/min are very similar for all the feed rates tested.

Ingeniería Mecánica. Vol. 18. No. 3, septiembre-diciembre, 2015. ISSN 1815-5944 206
 The influence of cutting speed and feed rate in surface integrity of aisi 1045

Fig. 4. Behavior of surface roughness vs feed rate

For both cutting speeds, surface roughness increases as feed rate does. It may also be noted that for feed
rates higher than 0,1 mm/rev an increment of feed rate implies an increase in surface roughness for all cutting
speeds. This agrees with several reported results in literature [3-5, 13, 14]. However, for a cutting speed of 100
m/min the behavior is different for feed rates below 0,1 mm/rev. The graph shows an increment of surface
roughness as the feed rate decreases from a value of 0,1 mm/rev. A plausible explanation for this phenomenon
was given in the paragraphs above based in the results of Rech [13].
In figure 5 the relief some of the machined surfaces are shown. Two samples have been selected for this
analysis, minimum (a) and maximum cutting speed (b) with the minimum feed rate. One can observe the high
level of deformation produced on both surfaces.

a) V=100 m/min and fn=0,01 mm/rev b) V=722 m/min and fn=0,01 mm/rev
Fig. 5. Relief of the machined surfaces corresponding to points
(a) and (b) on Figure 3. (200X)
Measurement of residual stresses
Figure 6 shows the variation of axial stresses with respect to feed rate and figure 7, shows the behavior of the
circumferential stresses with respect to cutting speed.
In figure 6 it is observed that for a feed rate of 0,01 mm /rev, and for any value of cutting speed, the values of
axial residual stresses in the work piece-surface are compressive. However, increases in the values of feed rate
tend to transform residual stresses from the compression to the traction range. For the higher cutting speeds
this occurs above 0,1 mm/rev, although for a cutting speed of 100 m/min the tensile stresses appears at lower
feed rate values. It can be also pointed out, that for all the values of cutting speeds, the lines representing the
change of the stresses from compression to traction show a slope change at 0,1 mm/rev, becoming less steep
for values above it. This behavior fully coincides with the affirmed by [8, 9, 11].
In figure 7, for feed rates of 0,1 and 0,2 mm/rev, it is observed that with increasing cutting speed in the range

Fig. 6. Behavior of axial stresses with respect to Fig. 7. Behavior of circumferential stresses with
feed rate respect to cutting speed
(100-451 m/min), the circumferential residual stresses rise in the direction of traction and above 451 m/min, the
direction of the residual stresses tends to be reversed in the direction of compression, which coincides with
results reported in literature [8-11, 13]. For an extremely low feed rate of 0,01 mm/rev, the prevalence of

Ingeniería Mecánica. Vol. 18. No. 3, septiembre-diciembre, 2015. ISSN 1815-5944 207
 Mario Jacas-Cabrera, Tania Rodríguez-Moliner, José Luís Lopes-Da Silveira

compressive residual stresses indicates that the mechanical deformations produced, predominate over the
thermal deformation, generating compression stresses. At a cutting speed of 722 m/min, these compressive
stresses show a large reduction (point a), reaching similar values to point (b). This can be explained if we
compare the rate of material removal (RMR) of point (a) and (b) in figure 8, which are 3610 mm3/min, and 5000
mm3/min respectively. Comparing the values shown in figure 8 these two values can be considered as nearby
values and could explain the similarity in stresses.

Fig. 8. Rate of removal of material (RRM) vs cutting speed

Nano hardness measurements
Table 3 shows the average values of hardness, modulus of elasticity, and depth of contact.
The graph presented in figure 9, shows that the maximum hardness values are found in the surface and are
in the range of 6,4 to 6,9 GPa, showing a slight increase with increasing cutting speed (sample 1- 100m/min;
sample 2- 451m/min; sample 7- 722m/min). The hardness values decrease as the distance from the surface
increases up to 50 µm. For higher distances, the hardness values show a nearly uniform behavior with most of
the values in the range of 4 to 4,5 GPa. These results agree with those obtained by [8-9].
Table 3. Nanoindentation values of sample 1, 4 and 7
Distance Sample 1 Sample 4 Sample 7
from the Modulus of Depth Modulus of Depth Modulus of Depth
Hardness Hardness Hardness
surface elasticity Contact elasticity Contact elasticity Contact
[GPa] [GPa] [GPa]
µm] [GPa] [nm] [GPa] [nm] [GPa] [nm]
3 6,4 261,54 185,56 6,57 123,38 446,03 6,91 246,37 191,43
18 4,53 284,88 219,61 5,06 248,26 209,60 5,41 263,43 206,93
33 4,35 276,52 226,07 4,49 276,06 222,52 4,56 265,97 218,60
48 4,04 262,65 233,18 4,54 269,22 214,01 4,12 258,01 230,20
63 4,03 268,77 223,39 4,13 242,87 245,73 4,43 263,74 221,47
78 4,04 270,43 222,60 4,79 259,82 210,92 4,54 257,39 219,69
93 4,33 273,77 215,27 4,48 267,41 217,44 4,09 252,51 225,13
108 4,07 266,39 225,77 4,53 249,63 215,38 3,75 255,97 244,33
123 3,91 273,12 222,10 4,29 261,50 221,24 4,07 259,49 226,56
138 3,86 268,27 233,89 4,39 265,38 219,04 3,92 265,07 231,44
153 4,01 271,93 218,07 4,62 259,94 214,53 3,96 253,47 231,33
7,5

6,5
Hardness [GPa]

5,5
Sample 1
5
Sample 4
4,5 Sample 7
4

3,5

3
0 50 100 150 200
Distance from the surface [µm]

Fig. 9. Hardness vs distance from surface, from the nanoindentation

tests. sample 1... Sample 4....., sample7.....

Ingeniería Mecánica. Vol. 18. No. 3, septiembre-diciembre, 2015. ISSN 1815-5944 208
 The influence of cutting speed and feed rate in surface integrity of aisi 1045

Samples were subjected to metallographic examination by a scanning electronic microscope. Two distinctive
zones of plastic deformation were observed in the ferrite - perlite structure (See Fig. 10): A large deformation
zone (a), exactly beneath the surface, with a thickness of about 1-3 µm, and a lower deformation area (b) with a
thickness of approximately 7-12 µm., coinciding these results with those obtained in [12].

I) Sample 1- Vc = 100m/min. 4000X II) sample 4- Vc = 451m/min. 4000X

III) Sample 7- Vc = 722m/min. 2000X

Fig. 10. Zones of plastic deformation of samples

Limitations of the work

Is the wish of the authors to go deeper into the nano-hardness measurement and in the metallography
analysis. In both cases only 3 samples were used due to equipment availability. In the partiality of this analysis
resides the main limitation of the research.

Conclusions
After the tests performed to determine the influence of cutting speed and feedrate on surface integrity of the
1045 steel the following conclusions were reached:

1. For cutting speeds above 451 m /min and small feed rates(in the range 0,01 and 0,1 mm / rev),
increased cutting speed has little influence on the surface roughness, observing a distinct behavior at a
higher feedrate value,(0,2 mm/rev), where there is a tendency to reduce surface roughness with an
increase in cutting speed.
2. With an increase of the feed rate from 0,01 to 0,2 mm /rev, the axial residual stresses tend to change
from compressive stresses and move to tensile stresses.With increasing cutting speeds from 100 to
451m /min, using feed rates in the range of 0,1to 0,2 mm / rev, the circumferential residual stress rises
in the direction of traction, reversing the direction to compression with increases of the cutting speed

Ingeniería Mecánica. Vol. 18. No. 3, septiembre-diciembre, 2015. ISSN 1815-5944 209
 Mario Jacas-Cabrera, Tania Rodríguez-Moliner, José Luís Lopes-Da Silveira

above 451m/ min.For an extremely low feedrate (0,01 mm / rev) and any of the tested cutting speed,
residual stresses were compressive.
3. The nanohardnessmeasurements in the surface layer of samples subjected to compressive stresses, ie
with a high mechanical deformation, reached values of maximum hardness near the surface of the
sample in the range from 6,4 to 6,9 GPa. These maximum values were decreasing up to 4 – 4,5GPa at
a depth below the surface of approximately 50μm.
4. The samples subjected to metallographic analysis showed two deformation zones: a large deformation
zone (1-3 µm thickness) and a minor deformation zone (7-12 µm).

Acknowledgements
The authors wish to express their gratitude to CAPES for the funding provided for this research.
The authors express their sincere thanks to Dra. Lavinia María Sanábio Alves Borges, coordinator of project
CAPES-MES 125/11, of Federal University of Rio Janeiro.

References
1. Jacobson M. Cutting speed influence on surface integrity of hard 8. Pawade R. Effect of machining parameters and cutting edge
turned bainite steel. Journal of Materials Processing geometry on surface integrity of high-speed turned Inconel 718.
Technology. 2002;128:318-23. ISSN 0924-0136. International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture.
2008;48:15-28. ISSN 0890-6955.
2. Bouacha K. Statistical analysis of surface roughness and cutting
forces using response surface methodology in hard turning of 9. Sharman A. An analysis of the residual stresses generated in
AISI 52100 bearing steel with CBN tool. International Journal of Inconel 718TM when turning. Journal of Materials Processing
Refractory Metals & Hard Materials. 2010;28:349–61. Technology. 2006;173:359–67. ISSN 0924-0136.
ISSN 0263-4368.
10. Caruso S. An experimental investigation of residual stresses in
3. Asilturk I. Determining the effect of cutting parameters on surface hard machining of AISI 52100 steel. Procedia Engineering.
roughness in hard turning using the Taguchi method. 2011;19:67-72. ISSN 1877-7058.
Measurement. 2011;44:1697–704. ISSN 0263-2241.
11. Garcıá V. Effect of cutting parameters in the surface residual
4. Bordin A, Bruschi S, Ghiotti A. The effect of cutting speed and stresses generated by turning in AISI 4340 steel. International
feed rate on the surface integrity in dry turning of CoCrMo alloy. Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture. 2012;61:48-57.
Procedia CIRP. 2014;13:219-24. ISSN 2212-8271. ISSN 0890-6955.
DOI 10.1016/j.procir.2014.04.038.
12. Puerta J. Sub-surface and surface analysis of high speed
5. Aouici H. Analysis of surface roughness and cutting force machined Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Materials Science and Engineering.
components in hard turning with CBN tool: Prediction model 2010;527:2572–8. ISSN 0921-5093.
and cutting conditions optimization. Measurement.
13. Rech J. Surface integrity in finish hard turning of case-hardened
2012;45:344-53. ISSN 0263-2241.
steels. International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture.
6. Axinte DA, Dewes RC. Surface integrity of hot work tool steel 2003;43:543–50. ISSN 0890-6955.
after high speed milling experimental data and empirical
14. Devillez A. Dry machining of Inconel 718, workpiece surface
models. Journal of Materials Processing Technology.
integrity. Journal of Materials Processing Technology.
2002;127:325–35. ISSN 0924-0136. 2011;211:1590-8. ISSN 0924-0136.
7. Gunnberg F. The influence of cutting parameters on residual
15. Richardson DJ. Modelling of cutting induced workpiece
stresses and surface topography during hard turning of 18 temperatures for dry Milling. International Journal of Machine
MnCr5 case carburised steel. Journal of Materials Processing Tools & Manufacture. 2006;46:1139-45. ISSN 0890-6955.
Technology. 2006;174:82-90. ISSN 0924-0136.

Ingeniería Mecánica. Vol. 18. No. 3, septiembre-diciembre, 2015. ISSN 1815-5944 210
Copyright of Ingenieria Mecanica is the property of Instituto Superior Politecnico Jose
Antonio Echeverria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to
a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may
print, download, or email articles for individual use.