LESSON 3 The Family, Education, and Travels of Rizal

June 19, 1861- Birthdate of J. Rizal at Calamba,Laguna

NAME: José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda

Father: Francisco Mercado
Mother: Teodora Alonso
Jose Rizal was the seventh of the eleven children of Francisco Mercado and
Teodora Alonso.
Jose Protasio: Saints, First Name
Rizal: Claveria Decree, 1849
Mercado:Real surname, 1731
Alonso: Father of Dona Teodora (Rizal’s Grandfather Surname on her Mother
Side)
Realonda: Mother of Dona Teodora (Rizal’s Grandmother Surname on her
Mother Side)
Nickname: Pepe

JOSE: from his mother, solid Catholic, Saint Joseph = San Jose (Spanish
Period), Adoptive father of Jesus Christ. His nickname comes from Jose. San
Jose P.P.(P.P. = Padre Putativo which means ‘The recognized father of Jesus
Christ’ ) How come P.P. becomes Pepe? P is pronounced as ‘peh’ during
1861 in Spanish Alphabet.

Protasio: Saint Protasius or Saint Protase from Milan. Whenever you lose
something of your possession, you pray to Saint Protasius or Saint Protase.

Rizal: Risal in the Catalogo-from the Spanish Ricial that means a green field
ready for harvest) in school. No Rizal in Jose’s Clan. Cames from a decree by
Gobernador Heneral ng Pilipinas Narciso Claveria y Zaldua (1844 – 1849).
Issued two decrees that still affect us in 2024.He changed the calendar so
that after Monday, December 30, 1844, the next day would be Wednesday,
January 1, 1845.Because there is an error in Magellan’s expedition on
1521,late ng one day ang Pilipinas.1884 International Meridian Conference
confirmed that Claveria is right that we are one day late.
Claveria Decree of 1945, CATALOGO ALFABETICO DE APELLIDOS.
Claveria decreed that all Filipinos should take a surname as a step to improve
census data and tax collection.

Mercado: Real surname of their clan, Which was adopted in 1731 by Rizal’s
great-great-grandfather, Domingo Lamco. Came from Spanish ‘mercado’
which means market because his clan is half-Sangley and half-Filipino.
Sangley are Chinese.

Alonso: Lorenzo Alberto Alonso (The Father of Doña Teodora, Mother of J.

Rizal)

Realonda: Comes from Quintos. Brigida de Quintos becomes Brigida

Realonda (mother of Doña Teodora changed her surname during the time of
the Claveria Decree.)
BLOODLINE OF JOSE RIZAL ON FATHER’S SIDE
From Southern District of China, Fujian.
Rizal’s Lineage: From Siang-co and Zun-nio they have their son Domingo
Lamco.
Lam-co migrated to the Philippines in the late 1690s.
In 1697, he was baptized in Binondo, adopting Domingo as his first name.
He married Ines de la Rosa of a known entrepreneurial family (Half Chinese)
in Binondo.
In 1731,they give birth to Francisco Mercado. Francisco Mercado became one
of the richest in Biñan.He became Capitan del Pueblo of Biñan (1783). Owned
the largest herd of carabaos in Biñan.He had son named Juan Mercado who
was also elected as Capitan del pueblo in 1808, 1813, and 1823.Juan
Mercado married Cirila Alejandra, a native of Biñan.Jose Rizal’s father
Francisco Mercado was the youngest of 13 children of Juan and Cirila
Mercado.
Don Francisco Mercado: He was born in Biñan, Laguna.He studied in San
Jose College of Manila.From Biñan he moved to Calamba to become a tenant
farmer of the Dominican Owned Hacienda.He owned a personal library,
carriage, and could afford to send his children to schools in Manila.
BLOODLINE OF JOSE RIZAL ON FATHER’S SIDE
Doña Teodora Alonso
Lorenzo Alonso + Brijida de Quintos = Doña Teodora Alonso
She was born in Sta. Cruz, Manila.
She studied at the Colegio de Santa Rosa in Manila.
Rizal described her as “a woman of more than ordinary culture” and “a
mathematician and has read many books.”
In 1848, Don Francisco and Doña Teodora got married.
From Biñan they went to Calamba, Laguna where they leased land from the
Dominican Hacienda.They are Inquilinos, nangungupahan at nagpapaupa.
Inquilinos
 Also called “lessees” or “tenants”.
 Inquilinos are leaseholders of agricultural land owned by friars.
 They also sublease parcels of the land to sharecroppers.
Inquilinos are divided into two:
Big Inquilinos
 Employed overseer/katiwala.
 They had numerous sharecroppers (kasama).
Small Inquilinos
 Often in debt to big Inquilinos.
 They also pay fixed rent but rent smaller plots of land.
 Their condition of life is more on those sharecroppers than being an
Inquilino.
 This type of Inquilino pass their land to their heirs for generations.
Hierarchy

Friar- Dominicans don’t know how to cultivate crops, so Inquilinos will be the tenant. Friar will
only receive the payment/crops for payment, they are not included in the process or whatever
is going on with the land.
Inquilino- nangangalaga ng lupa, and pinapaupahan ang natitirang space sa mga
sharecropper. (Rizal’s Status)
Sharecropper- nagbabayad din sa Inquilino and at the same time sila yung mismong
nagtatanim.
Because of them being Inquilino, they established/became:
Bahay na bato: Belongs to the Principalia class :Plaza Complex: The closer
one’s house was to the plaza, the more influential the person was to the
community.
HIERARCHY
 BATANG RIZAL
-CALAMBA, NATUTONG MAGDRAWING, STORIES OF MAKILING,
LEARNINGS FROM HIS MOTHER AND SIBLINGS. HE HAS HIS DOG:
USMAN,HORSE: ALIPATO
8 YRS OLD: DORM SA BINAN
Jose Rizal’s primary education When Jose Rizal turned 8, his father sent him
to Biñan to study at the local escuela.
Justiniano Aquino Cruz Jose Rizal’s in Latin and Spanish teacher

1872 Jose Rizal’s family faced a problem that would forever change him.Ang
Cavite Mutiny noong Enero 20, 1872 ay isang maliit na pag-aalsa ng mga
sundalo at manggagawa sa arsenal ng Cavite laban sa kolonyal na
pamahalaang Espanya. Ang sanhi nito ay ang pagtaas ng buwis at sapilitang
paggawa. Bagamat nabigo ang pag-aalsa, ginamit ito ng Espanya bilang
dahilan upang supilin ang mga makabayang Pilipino, kabilang ang pagbitay
sa tatlong paring martir na sina GomBurZa (Padre Gomez, Burgos, at
Zamora), na naging inspirasyon para sa kilusang rebolusyonaryo.

PAGKAKAKULONG NI DONA TEODORA

Nalaman ni Jose Alberto na ang kanyang asawang si Teodora
Formoso ay mayroong kalaguyo. Pagkauwi niya mula sa isang biyahe sa
ibang bansa, agad niyang ikinulong si Teodora Formoso sa isa sa mga silid
ng kanilang bahay. Hiniling ni Jose Alberto sa kanyang kapatid na si Teodora
Alonso na pakainin ang kanyang asawa habang nakakulong ito sa silid.
Dumating si Teodora Alonso kasama ang kanyang anak na si Saturnina Rizal
upang dalhan ng pagkain si Teodora Formoso.

Gayunpaman, tumanggi si Teodora Formoso na kainin ang pagkaing

inihain sa kanya. Sa halip, pinakain niya ito sa isang aso. Nang makain ng
aso ang pagkain, agad itong namatay. Dahil dito, si Teodora Alonso at ang
kanyang kapatid na si Jose Alberto ay inakusahan ng tangkang paglason kay
Teodora Formoso.
Ayon sa mga salaysay, ang Espanyol na opisyal na siyang
nagpakulong kay Doña Teodora ay may relasyong romantiko (kabit) sa asawa
ni Jose Alberto, si Josefa Formoso. Dahil dito, nagkaroon ng malakas na
impluwensya ang asawa ni Jose Alberto sa pagpataw ng kaso laban kay
Doña Teodora. Ang personal na galit at katiwalian ng opisyal ay nagbigay-
daan upang makulong si Doña Teodora sa kabila ng kawalang-ebidensya.

TWO REASONS WHY RIZAL ALMOST DIDN’T GET INTO ATENEO

“Late Registration”and “Undersize for his age”
“Rizal” He used this surname in order to keep him safe from any
problems in using the surname Mercado and being linked to Fr.
Jose Burgos
One of Jose’s favorite subjects was history. So, he asked his father
to buy him a set of history books the Historia Universal. Jose also
practiced painting, drawing, and sculpting. In Ateneo Municipal, he
learned French and Greek.
“Mi Primera Inspiracion” My First Inspiration At the age of 16
years old, Rizal received his degree Bachiller en Artes, with highest
honors. Rizal was sent by Don Francisco at to the University of
Santo Tomas. University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882) Initially,
Doña Teodora opposed the idea for fear of what had happened to
GOMBURZA. Despite this, Rizal still enrolled in UST. He could not
decide whether to take literature, law or medicine. During his
freshman year (1877 – 1878) he attended the course Philosophy
and Letters. Ateneo Municipal (Perito Agrimensor – expert
surveyor) Officer of the Marian Congregation Officer of the Society
of Natural Sciences President of the Society of Spanish Literature
“Shift to Medicine” In his second year in UST, he decided to shift to
medicine because he wanted to cure his mother’s deteriorating
eyesight. While he was at Ateneo he wrote a lot of literary pieces.
“Por la Educacion, Recibe Lustre la Patria” Through Education, the
Motherland Receives Light “A la Juventud Filipina” To the Filipino
Youth – An award-winning poem of Dr. Rizal. After finishing the 4th
year of his medicine course, Rizal decided to study in Spain, where
the professors were more liberal than those of the University of
Santo Tomas. The Passionate Ilustrado “Secret Mission” Observe
keenly the life, culture, languages and customs, industries and
commerce, and governments and laws of the European nations in
order to prepare himself in the mighty task of liberating his
oppressed people
“Jose Mercado” He used the name of his cousin to avoid detection
by the Spanish authorities Rizal left the Philippines to go to Spain
on May 3, 1882. Jose left Manila on board the Spanish steamship
“Salvadora” that was headed to Singapore. Dr. Jose Rizal was the
only Filipino on board. Upon arrival at Singapore, he transferred to
the French ship “Djemnah” that was set sail to Europe. .. and
Yemen before proceeding to the Suez CanaL in Egypt. Rizal
discovered that Aden is hotter than Manila, but was amazed by the
existence of Camels. The ship went through the Suez Canal in
Egypt, the engineering marvel of those days. With this waterway,
there was no need to go around the tip of Africa. The Suez Canal
cut travel time by sea between Europe and Asia. Ferdinand de
Lesseps (French Diplomat – Engineer) On June 12, 1882, the ship
docked in Marseilles, France. Rizal reached Barcelona on June 16,
1882. “El Amor Patrio” In this city, Rizal found time to write an
essay entitled “El Amor Patrio” (Love of Country). This essay was
published on August 20, 1882 in Diariong Tagalog where he used
the pen name.. Laong-Laan In November 1882, Jose went to the
Universidad Central de Madrid. Medicine and Philosophy and
Letters Rizal enroll in two course in the Universidad Central de
Madrid. Josee relied on money sent to him by his brother Paciano.
Spent most of his money for education Skipped a lot of meals and
not taking a bath because it’s expensive. He also took lessons in
painting and sculpture at the Academia de San Fernando. He also
took classes in French, English, and geman, at the Ateneo de
Madrid. He still managed to enroll in fencing class at the schools of
Sanz and Carbonnel. “I am now studying Italian and have made a
bet that I shall be able to speak it in two months.” On the evening
of June 24, 1884, Jose attended a great celebration in honor of two
Filipino artists in Madrid. Juan Luna Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo
Expocision Nacional de Bellas Artes (National Exposition of Fine
Arts) Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho (The Christian
Virgins Exposed to the Populace) Spoliarum (a Latin word referring
to the basement of the Roman Colosseum where the fallen and
dying gladiators are dumped and devoid of their worldly
possessions.) Cut into three To fit inside the cargo ship it had to be
cut into three. Department of Foreign Affairs National Museum of
Fine Arts Jose delivers a speech at the victory party for Luna and
Hidalgo. “Genius knows no country. It is the patrimony of
everybody.” Greatness was not determined by one’s skin color or
place of birth. Instead, anyone can be a genius no matter where he
or she comes from. Involvement in Student demonstration
November 20, 21, 22, 1884 caused by Dr. Miguel Morayta’s liberal
view stating “The freedom of science and the teachers” Rizal
completed his medical course in Spain. Licentiate in Medicine Rizal
was awarded with the degree and title of Licentiate in Medicine for
passing the medical examination in June 1884. With this title, Rizal
was able to practice medicine. He continued enrolling in courses
that would have led to a doctorate in Medicine but the degree was
not given to him because he failed to pay the fee required to defend
his thesis. He also finished his licentiate in Philosophy and letters
in 1885. Sobresaliente He also obtained the degree Licenciado de
Filosofia y letras from the Universidad Central de Madrid on June
19, 1885 with a rating of sobresaliente. A licentiate was enough to
practice medicine. During Rizal’s time, you can practice medicine
with just a licentiate in any degree. Circulo Hispano-Filipino They
formed a group for enlightened ones called circulo Hispano-
Filipino. They held informal programs with activities like poetry-
reading and debates. “Mi Piden Versos” They ask me for verses.
Pedro Paterno January 2, 1884 Rizal proposed the writing of a
novel about the Philippine Society. While in madrid, Rizal was
exposed to liberal ideas through the masons that he met. Rizal
specialized in ophthalmology. He moved to Paris in November 1885
to work as an assistant to French ophthalmologist, Dr. Louis de
Wecker. Rizal also went to Germany to study Ophthalmology. In
Germany, he also worked with expert ophthalmologists Dr. Javier
Galezowsky and Dr. Otto Becker in Heidelberg in 1886. Jose
learned about Ferdinand Blumentritt, an Austrian scholar who had
written about the Philippines. Rizal mastered the German language
and wrote a paper entitled Tagalische Verkunst (Tagalog Metrical
Art). He also translated Schiller’s Willam Tell in Tagalog in 1886.
The Ugly Duckling Thumbelina The Little Match Girl It was during
this period that Rizal’s first novel, Noli me Tangere, was published
in Berlin. (March 21, 1887) Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher
Stowe Maximo Viola lent Jose Rizal money for allowance and 300
pesos for the printing of the Noli Me Tangere. In 1887, two
thousand copies of the Noli Me Tangere were produced and
distributed to Filipinos in Europe. It caught the attention and
provoked the hatred of the friars. After 5 years in Europe, Rizal
went home to Calamba on August 8, 1887. He was targeted by the
friars who were portrayed negatively in his novel Noli Me Tangere.
Governor-General Emilio Terrero Assigned him a bodyguard for his
safety He assigned a bodyguard for Rizal, a young Spanish officer,
Lt. Jose Taviel Andrade February 16, 1888 He left the country for
the second time. Rizal’s Second Trip in Europe On February 8,
1888, Rizal arrived at Hongkong. On February 28, 1888, Rizal
arrived at Japan. On April 16, 1888, Rizal arrived at United States
of America. On May 16, 1888, Rizal arrived at London The
propaganda movement campaigned for reforms such as: 1. For the
Philippines to be made a province of Spain so that native Filipinos
would have equal rights accorded to Spaniards. 2. Representation
of the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes. 3. Secularization of
Parishes. Among his intellectual works in Europe is his annotation
of Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (1890) He also
wrote an essay entitled Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos (On the
Indolence of the Filipinos) published in 1890. Filipinas Dentro de
Cien Años (The Philippines a Century Hence) published in parts
from 1889 to 1890. On February 12, 1890, He worked on his 2nd
novel, El Filibusterismo. Hacienda de Calamba Case In August of
1890, Rizal learned that farmers and businessmen back in Calamba
had been evicted from their homes. Hundred of Filipinos met in
Madrid in 1891 to determine the leadership of the La Solidaridad.
Filipinos were divided between Jose Rizal and Marcelo H. Del Pilar.
Rizal won several times in the voting. But for the sake of unity, Jose
courteously declined the position. Rizal left the Propaganda
movement in Europe and then focused on his medical practice and
on finishing his second novel. Rizal completed his novel, El
Filibusterismo, which was published on September 18, 1891
Valentin Ventura lent him money for publishing the book. June 26,
1892 Rizal decided to return to the Philippines thinking that the
real struggle was in his homeland. Despite warnings and his
family’s disapproval