DISABILITY TYPES OF DISABILITY SYMPTOMS ETIOLOGY INTERVENTION
Intellectual Disability Down Syndrome Abnormalities Risk Factors ● Task Analysis
● flat hypoplastic face with short nose ● young pregnancy → A skill is broken into its components and
A condition characterized ● A disorder caused by the presence of an ● prominent epicanthic skin folds small low-set ears with ● old age of parents (advanced age of egg/sperm) people are taught each part in succession
by significant limitations in extra chromosome 21 and characterized by prominent antihelix ● being carriers of the genetic translocation until they can perform the whole skill.
both intellectual mental retardation and distinguishing ● fissured and thicken tongue lack of joint ligaments ● having one child with DS ● Sign Language and Spoken Language
functioning and adaptive physical features. ● pelvic dysplasia ● Augmentative strategies
● broad hands and feet Three main types → Teaching the person to request by pointing
behavior that originates ● It is the most common form of ID; also
before the age of 22. referred to as trisomy 21. ● stubby fingers a. Trisomy 21 to a picture.
● Named after John Langdon Down (1866); ● transverse palmar crease → An extra full copy of chromosome 21 in all cells
previously known as mongolism. ● lenticular opacities due to nondisjunction.
● heart disease or congenital heart malformations b. Mosaicism
→ Some cells have three copies of chromosome 21,
Cognitive Development others have two.
● mild to moderate intellectual disability c. Translocation
● delays in speech and language development → Part of chromosome 21 attaches to another
chromosome.
Behavior
● stubbornness and tantrums
● difficulty in paying attention
● obsessive and compulsive behaviors
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Manifestations Fetal alcohol syndrome happens when a person ● Applied Behavior Analysis
● low birth weight consumes alcoholic drinks during pregnancy. → Increases verbal skills, improves functional
● A condition occurring in a fetus or newborn ● failure to thrive ● Alcohol can affect and kill cells in different parts of communication, and emotional and
due to utero ethanol exposure when the ● developmental defects the fetus causing abnormal physical development. behavioral functioning.
mother consumes alcohol during● organ dysfunction ● Alcohol constricts blood vessels causing a shortage ● Speech, Physical, and Occupational Therapy
pregnancy. ● mental deficiencies of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus. → Can help with walking, talking, and social
● It is on the severe end of the Fetal Alcohol● poor motor coordination ● Toxic byproducts of alcohol can then concentrate in
skills.
Spectrum Disorder (FASD), and a leading the baby’s brain cells and cause damage. ● Special Education
Clinical Features → Helps with learning and behavioral issues.
cause of ID
● central nervous system disabilities ● Vocational Rehabilitation
● impaired motor coordination
→ It helps with getting and keeping a job.
● overactivity
● Life Skills Training
→ Helps with independence, problem solving,
● slow growth and unusual facial features
and decision making.
Learning and Thinking
● poor judgment skills and understanding of choices
● short attention span
● difficulties in organizing and working toward a goal
Socialization and Behavior
● have issues with controlling actions and emotions
● have trouble getting along with others
● easily taken advantage of
Developmental Delay The category is diagnosed when an individual fails to meet ● Genetic or hereditary conditions (Down syndrome) ● Physical Therapy
expected development milestones in several areas of ● Metabolic disorders (phenylketonuria, PKU) → Helpful for children with delays in gross
● A temporary diagnosis of a neuro- intellectual functioning ● Trauma to the brain (shaken baby syndrome) motor skills.
developmental disability which refers to a ● Severe psychosocial trauma (PTSD) ● Occupational Therapy
child (less than 5 yo) who has not gained ● Exposure to certain toxic substances (prenatal → Addresses fine motor skills, sensory
the developmental skills expected of them ● alcohol exposure, lead poisoning) processing, and self-help issues.
compared to others of the same age. ● Some severe infections ● Speech and Language Therapy
● Deprivation of food or environment → Addresses problems in the areas of
understanding and producing language and
speech sounds.
● Special Education
→ Provides stimulation for early
developmental skills, including play skills.
● Behavioral Therapy
→ Needed in some children for behavioral
difficulties that affect socially appropriate
behaviors
DISABILITY TYPES OF DISABILITY SYMPTOMS ETIOLOGY INTERVENTION
Learning Disability Dyslexia Persistent difficulties in reading at least 6 Genetic Factors ● Specialized Instruction
months despite intervention ● Highly heritable with about 40-60% of → Phonological Training - teaching the relationship between
Aka Specific Learning ● A condition characterized by persistent ● Word reading accuracy (inaccurate word children with a family history letters and sounds in a systematic way.
Disorder difficulties in reading accuracy, fluency, reading, frequently guessing words) Neurobiological Factors → Orton-Gillingham Approach - combining visual, auditory,
and comprehension despite normal ● Reading rate or fluency (difficulty sounding out ● Differences in brain structure and function, and tactile methods to teach reading, writing, and spelling.
A condition characterized intelligence and adequate education. words) particularly in the left hemisphere (posterior ● Technology and Materials
by persistent impairment in ● Reading comprehension (poor decoding, poor temporal lobe). → Use of specially designed texts, multi- sensory materials,
at least one of three spelling abilities) Environmental Factors digital tools, audiobooks, or speech-to-text technology.
major areas: reading, ● Lack of early exposure to language and ● Therapeutic Support
written expression, and/or literacy-rich engagements. → Tutoring by educational therapists.
math; can range from mild, ● Parental and Teacher Support
moderate and severe. → Creating a supportive learning environment, building
confidence, and using a strengths-based approach.
Dysgraphia Persistent difficulties in written expression, Genetic Factors ● Occupational Therapy
indicated by at least one of the following ● Genes related to motor coordination, → Treatment for problems with movement and coordination.
● A condition characterized by persistent ● Poor spelling accuracy language processing, and executive ● Educational Therapy
difficulties in written expression ● Poor grammar and punctuation functioning. → General term for when an educator works one-on-one with
● Difficulty organizing written work (poorly Neurobiological Factors your child, typically outside of school.
(handwriting, coherence).
structured paragraphs, illegible handwriting, or ● Abnormalities in the parietal lobe (spatial and
failure to convey coherent ideas). motor integration) and frontal lobe (planning
● Excessive effort and slowness in writing tasks. and motor execution).
Environmental Factors
● Lack of early writing practice.
Dyscalculia Persistent difficulty in learning or using Genetic Factors ● Educational Strategies
mathematical skills. ● Family history of learning disorders. → Use of multisensory learning tools, and breaking down
● A condition characterized by persistent Neurobiological Factors tasks into smaller steps.
● Differences in brain structure and function, Cognitive Training
difficulty in understanding number-based ●
information and math. particularly in regions like the intraparietal → Exercises to strengthen working memory and
sulcus (numerical processing). problem-solving skills
Environmental Factors ● Parental and Teacher Support
● Lack of exposure to numerical concepts → Educating caregivers and teachers about dyscalculia by
Cognitive Defects providing encouragement to build self-confidence and
● Weak working memory and poor spatial reduce math-related anxiety.
reasoning. ● Professional Support
→ Involvement of special educators or educational
therapists..
