#2 COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

FLEX Course Material

Identify and categorize
historical structures and
its parts according to the
different styles of
architecture.

Cultural
Heritage
Conservation

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Cluster Chair
Ar. Annie C. Pugeda
Cluster Heads
AR. Aurora B. Panopio & Ar. Gracie C. Salaya
Cluster Members
Ar. Kaolyne Grace C. Hilario
#1

Value and
Importance
of Heritage
Resources

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The Benefits of Cultural Conservation

• The importance of conservation and heritage preservation proves its value in the affirmation of the
uniqueness of a place.

• When Cultural Heritage is appreciated enhanced and enriched socio-cultural, religious, political and
economic gains are manifested. – Dick Netzer

• Structure with special historic, cultural or architectural significance enhances the quality of life for all.
• Not only these buildings and their workmanship represent the lessons of the past and embody
previous features of one’s heritage, they serve as examples of quality for today.

• Enhancing perhaps developing for the first time- the quality of life for the people.

The Value of Heritage

• Our cultural and natural heritage are both irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration. –UNESCO

• The value of cultural heritage is seen in the strengthening of the sense of national, regional and local
identity, as its value is complimentary to other goods and services in which the external benefits as part
of the educational and acculturation of the young. – Dick Netzer

Architectural Conservation in the Philippines

• It is multi-disciplinary process involving many professional

• Preservation from loss, depletion or reduction and waste and harm

• A planned management of an object, structures, sites to neglect and prolong its life.

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Values and Definition
The significance of a building or place of historic, architectural and cultural importance is its most defining
value, the loss of which will devalue its cultural significance.

Values are the qualities and characteristics that different users and different societies place to the cultural
heritage at different times.

In times of conflict, cultural heritage often becomes a unifying symbol of identity, in other instances, cultural
heritage can be deliberately exploited for political purposes. Cultural significance is made up and supported
by a wide range of values, some of which may be in conflict with one another.

Values Based Approach

Values most commonly associated with the cultural heritage are historic, architectural, aesthetic, rarity or
archaeological values. Other values are less tangible and relate to emotional, symbolic and spiritual
meanings of a place.

A values-based approach to conservation involves the recognition of a diverse range of values responding to
their needs through appropriate intervention and management. The role of conservation is to preserve and
where appropriate enhance values.

Some buildings are built as monuments and continue to be valued in that way, others loose their intended
value and significance in the passing of time, while some gain value for the other reasons as society
attributes new values to them as the come to symbolize something else.

The values attributed to places of cultural, historic and architectural significance may be held by people who
have never seen or experienced them, and possibly never will.

The knowledge value of an ancient site, has an impact on learning across the world and not solely to the
archaeological community or those visiting the site.

Value-based approach to conservation – analytical method

Multidisciplinary team (different techniques & approaches in assessing values)

 Anthropologists

 Social scientists

 Economists

Pantheon, ROME ITALY

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Age and Rarity Value
The older a structure is, the more value is likely to be attached to it. What may be
of value from one period may not be seen to have the same value from
another.

Rarity value can also relate to the occurrence of a building type or technique in an
area where it is not commonly found.
MEDIEVAL COTTAGE

Architectural Value
The exemplary qualities of design and proportion and the contribution that the
architecture of a building has made to the quality of the everyday experience Chang Kai Shek Memorial
is its architectural value.
Paoay Church
The contribution of the building makes to the architectural style or period, being
the definitive work of a well regarded architect or the use of a pioneering
building techniques, will also form part of the architectural value..

Artistic Value
An artistic value may also be attributed to a historic building, linked to the quality
of the craftsmanship or directly to artwork that is integral to the building, such
as painted murals.

Associate Value
The association that a building or place has with an event personality in history is
its associative value. The most obvious example of this is historic battlefields,
where there is little is any in the way of physical evidence of battle, yet the
significance of the location cannot be denied. The loss of life suffered will add
emotional and spiritual value, and the place of the battle in a nation’s history
will give it symbolic value, although this will most likely be interpreted
differently by the two sides involved at the time.

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 Age and Rarity Value
The older a structure is, the more value is likely to be attached to it. What may be of value from one period may
not be seen to have the same value from another.

Rarity value can also relate to the occurrence of a building type or technique in an area where it is not commonly
found.

MEDIEVAL COTTAGE

Architectural Value
The exemplary qualities of design and proportion and the contribution that the architecture of a building has
made to the quality of the everyday experience is its architectural value.

The contribution of the building makes to the architectural style or period, being the definitive work of a well
regarded architect or the use of a pioneering building techniques, will also form part of the architectural
value.. Paoay Church

Chang Kai Shek Memorial

Artistic Value
An artistic value may also be attributed to a historic building, linked to the quality Chiesa del Gesù Roma
of the craftsmanship or directly to artwork that is integral to the building, such
as painted murals.

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Age and Rarity
Associate ValueValue
The association that a building or place has with an event personality in history is its associative value. The most
obvious example of this is historic battlefields, where there is little is any in the way of physical evidence of
battle, yet the significance of the location cannot be denied. The loss of life suffered will add emotional and
spiritual value, and the place of the battle in a nation’s history will give it symbolic value, although this will
most likely be interpreted differently by the two sides involved at the time.

Cultural Value
Buildings provide information on various aspects of a past period, from lifestyle to the use of materials, crafts
and techniques used in their construction. They may continue to play a role in current cultural traditions. In
Indonesia, for example, many of the motifs used to decorate buildings from prehistoric times, continue to
appear in batik and textile designs that are being produces today.

Economic Value
The most highly regarded economic benefit of cultural heritage is tourism. Tourism
had become a principal reason for the conservation of the cultural heritage the
world over. There is considerable evidence of the built heritage contributing to
the character and desirability of an area and the resulting increase in property
values.

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Educational Value

Historic sites and buildings have value in what can be learnt from them, with topics
including a period of history, a past way of life, social relations or construction
techniques. Educational value relates to a broad spectrum of learners from
young children, through to life-long learning for all age groups.

Historical Value
A building or place is not only physical evidence of the fast but may also have
played a role in history or is linked to a certain events or period in history. The
history embodied within the building fabric is sometimes the only evidence to
events and life in the past.

1st Modern Sacral Architecture in

Philippines

St. Joseph the Worker – The Angry Christ

Ethyl Silicate Paint 40, the Altar & Tower

Landscape Value
Buildings provide information on various aspects of a past period, from lifestyle to
the use of materials, crafts and techniques used in their construction. They
may continue to play a role in current cultural traditions. In Indonesia, for
example, many of the motifs used to decorate buildings from prehistoric times,
continue to appear in batik and textile designs that are being produces today.

8
Local Distinctiveness

Some of the value of the cultural heritage asset might be the contribution that it makes to the local
distinctiveness of a place, providing a unique quality that makes different from anywhere else. This could be
the use of locally available materials of certain buildings techniques developed in the region. Historic town
are often valued for their distinctive characteristics in the face of repetitive and similar international styles of
architecture.

Political Value

Conservations cannot be separated from politics. The favoring of certain periods over others is often political
decision taken for a number of reasons. In Morocco, the authorities have little interest in the art deco style in
building in Casablanca because they are associated with the period of French rule. And are not seen as
part of national identity, which identifies with architecture and monuments in the distinctively Islamic style. At
the same time, it falls to the French government to pay the conservation of colonial period buildings in Laos.
In other cases, politicians see the value of cultural heritage purely in terms of tourism revenues, which can
alter the balance values and distribution of funds for conservation

Public Value
Public places in particular will acquire public value, especially if they have been the scene of rallies,
demonstrations or even revolutions, in which case they may also be regarded as being of political historic
value. Other places or building gain value in the public mind when they are threatened with demolition
Where the public has become organized and puts up a fight to save a building or place of historic
importance, there will be a new public opinion on which buildings are safeguarded should not be under
estimated.

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Religious and Spiritual Values
For worshipers, churches synagogues, mosques, temples and other places of worship embody a
spiritual meaning and value. Not only places of worship but also pilgrimage routes nature in the
forms of mountains, rivers or other natural features are considered to have spiritual and religious
value by different communities. There were also be spiritual value embodied in places that were
once places of worship but are no longer used for this purpose such as where a pagan temple or
redundant church has been converted to a new use

Scientific, Research and Knowledge Value

Whether is it the building techniques employed or the materials used historic buildings have scientific
values in terms of the information they contain on building practices of the period, which in turn
inform conservation projects. They will contain valuable technical information of materials, where
they were sourced what types of tools were used in their construction and what cause their decay.
Buildings may also contain evidence from past conservation interventions. The scientific research
and knowledge value is linked to educational value.

Social Value
The meaning of a historic place to a local community often as part of an on going social interchange,
constitute its social value .A local community may take pleasure out of using a local park or
congregating in a local square irrespective of its historic or architectural value. A central square may
also be valued for its association with events and festival

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Symbolic Values

Erected to commemorate events in history, monuments will have intended and symbolic memorial value.
However, that memorial value change over time either through a change political regime or simply by
the sufficient removal time of a event. Triumphal arches are now more likely to be seen as urban
landmarks or symbols of past victories. The symbolic value of The berlin wall has been constant
evolution from the time of its conception, through to its demolition and reinterpretations in Berlin. Its
represent different symbolic values of different groups within the local population and to visitors with
each audience relating to it to there on way based on their own cultural values understanding of past
events. The symbolic value continues to shift as a new generation no longer feels connected to the
wall as part of their own living memory

Technical Value

The technological systems used in the construction of a building and its contribution to advancing
building technologies at the time constitutes technical values. This may be the distance an arch
spans or the used and development of a material that is new for its time. Technical value may also
relate to the environmental systems incorporated into the design. Traditional techniques used to
capture cool breezes in hot climates such as the wind towers in the Gulf region, are being used to
inform ecological designs practices today

Townscape Value

In many instances it is not the individual attributes of a building, but its contribution to a group of buildings
a street or townscape that is f value. As discussed above buildings cannot be treated in isolation from
their surroundings or settings, It is often the case that the group value is greater than the value of the
individual components.

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#2

Architectural
Heritage
Conservation
Process

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Architectural Heritage Conservation Process

1. Desk Research
a. Location
b. History
 Structure
 Site
 and/or Locale
c. Political, Economic, Social, and Cultural Aspects
d. Demographics
e. Physical Characteristics

2. Familiarization/Observation (Actual Site Visit)

a. “Investigation” of the locale
 Street-mapping
 Zoning
 Physical Features
 Behavioral Patterns/Circuit

3. Documentation
a. Photo-Documentation
b. Physical Documentation
 As-Found” or Current Condition (Special Features)
 Conditions Survey (Deterioration, Interventions)
 Morphology (Form, Function, Ornamentation) – Requiring Research and Analyses

4. Statement of Significance
a. Assessment by Criterion
b. Architectural/Aesthetic Value
c. Scientific Value
d. Historic Value
e. Social Value
f. Spiritual Value
*These items make up the cultural SIGNIFICANCE of a Structure/Site.

“Spirit of Place” or “Diwa ng Lunan”

• Involvement of and Interaction with Stakeholders
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Architectural Heritage Conservation Process

 These items would be part of the CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN (CMP)

5. Production of a CMP

6. Decision-making (Restoration, Rehabilitation, Preservation, Adaptive Re-use, Extension)

7. Intervention (Reversible for items that are “doubtful”)

8. Evaluation

9. Maintenance

1. Establishment the ownership of the structure to avert legal impediments to its restoration
2. Establish how a heritage resource is to be treated as privately or public owned, as national or local
heritage resource.

3. Study the structure's history ownership transformation, change of use function, etc.
Get information on the structures.

4. Study the structure's transformation, evolution archeological

5. Study the structure's relation to structures of the same period or style or typology research, to its
neighborhood or immediate vicinity. The wider urban configuration CONTEX eg. QC circle point of
ref.

6. Get information. On the structures present condition documentation/as built/inventory

7. Photograph, study vestiges or remnants of elements that may have been lost due to deterioration or
demolished for a purpose

8. Draw, study & document of the system

9. Inventory record, document. Picture size, value etc. etc.

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#3

World
Heritage

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World Heritage

Heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live with today, and what we pass on to future generations.
Our cultural and natural heritage are both irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration.

Managing Natural World Heritage © UNESCO

/ World Heritage Centre
The goal of this Resource Manual is to help State Parties to manage natural values within World Heritage
properties. As such it is aimed at natural and mixed World Heritage properties as well as cultural
landscapes.

Natural World Heritage sites are inscribed because of their superlative values relating to scenery and other
superb natural phenomena geology, ecosystems and/or biodiversity. The intention is to help managers
understand and incorporate World Heritage concepts and processes into natural site
management.

The Resource Manual is aimed at anyone with an interest in World Heritage, in particular those responsible
for managing natural World Heritage sites, managers and staff of protected areas, local communities and
indigenous peoples engaged in managing the property, as well as institutions and businesses operating in
or alongside a natural World Heritage site.

Value Pluralism
First published Tue Jun 20, 2006; substantive revision Fri Jul 29, 2011

The word ‘pluralism’ generally refers to the view that there are many of the things in question (concepts,
scientific world views, discourses, viewpoints etc.) The issues arising from there being many differ widely
from subject area to subject area.

New World Encyclopedia

In ethics, value pluralism (also known as ethical pluralism or moral pluralism) is the idea that there are
several values which may be equally correct and fundamental, and yet in conflict with each other. It has the
implication that there may be many cases in which incompatible values may be incommensurable, in the
sense that there is no objective ordering of them in terms of importance.

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The Criteria for Selection

To be included on the World Heritage List, sites must be of outstanding universal value and meet at
least one out of ten selection criteria.

These criteria are explained in the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage
Convention which, besides the text of the Convention, is the main working tool on World Heritage. The
criteria are regularly revised by the Committee to reflect the evolution of the World Heritage concept itself.

Until the end of 2004, World Heritage sites were selected on the basis of six cultural and four natural criteria.
With the adoption of the revised Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage
Convention, only one set of ten criteria exists.

Selection Criteria
i. to represent a masterpiece of human creative genius;
ii. to exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the
world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape
design;
iii. to bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living
or which has disappeared;
iv. to be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or
landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history;
v. to be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is
representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it
has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change;
vi. to be directly or tangibly
ix. to be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in
the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and
communities of plants and animals;
x. to contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological
diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of
view of science or conservation.

The protection, management, authenticity and integrity of properties are also important considerations.

Since 1992 significant interactions between people and the natural environment have been recognized as
cultural landscapes.

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Tentative Lists 28 Sites
1. Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary (16/05/2006)

2. Angono Triglyphs (15/08/1993)

3. Apo Reef Natural Park (16/05/2006)

4. Baroque Churches of the Philippines (Extension) (16/05/2006)

5. Batanes Protected landscapes and seascapes (15/08/1993)

Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary
6. Butuan Archeological Sites (16/05/2006)

7. Chocolate Hills Natural Monument (16/05/2006)

Angono Triglyphs
8. Coron Island Natural Biotic Area (16/05/2006)

9. El Nido-Taytay Managed Resource Protected Area (16/05/2006)

10. Jesuit Churches of the Philippines (15/08/1993)

11. Kabayan Mummy Burial Caves (16/05/2006)

12. Ligawasan Marsh (16/05/2006)

13. Mount Apo Natural Park (21/12/2009)

14. Mt. Iglit-Baco National Park (16/05/2006)

15. Mt. Malindang Range Natural Park (16/05/2006)

16. Mt. Matutum Protected Landscape (16/05/2006)

17. Mt. Pulag National Park (16/05/2006)

18. Neolithic Shell Midden Sites in Lal-lo and

Apo Reef Natural Park
19. Gattaran Municipalities (16/05/2006)

20. Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park and outlying areas inclusive of
the buffer zone (16/05/2006)

21. Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park and outlying areas inclusive of
the buffer zone (16/05/2006)

22. Paleolithic Archaeological Sites in Cagayan Valley (16/05/2006)

23. Panglao Island, Bohol (16/05/2006)

24. Petroglyphs and Petrographs of the Philippines (16/05/2006)

25. San Sebastian Church (16/05/2006)

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Tentative Lists 28 Sites

26. Spanish Colonial Fortifications of the Philippines (16/05/2006) Spanish Colonial Fortifications of the
Philippines
27. Taal Volcano Protected landscape, Batangas (16/05/2006)

28. The Maranao Settlement of Tugaya (16/05/2006)

29. The Tabon Cave Complex and all of Lipuun (16/05/2006)

30. Turtle Islands Wildlife Sanctuary (16/05/2006)

Taal Volcano Protected landscape,

Batangas

The Tabon Cave Complex and all of

Lipuun

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 REFERENCES

http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/illicit-trafficking-
of-cultural-property/unesco-database-of-national-cultural-
heritage-laws/for-reference/#c1422636

Orbasli, Aylin. Architectural Conservation. Blackwell Science Ltd.

2008

Tyler, Norman, Historic Preservation. 2009

Jokilehto, Jukka. ICOMOS Working Group Heritage and Society.

Revised for CIF: 2005

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