Reviewer: Science, Technology, and Society
Antikythera Mechanism (150-100 BC): Ancient
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE, analog computer predicting celestial events.
TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
Aeolipile (1st century AD): Steam-powered
Science: From Latin "scientia" meaning turbine, precursor to the steam engine.
knowledge; a systematic and methodical
process of building and organizing knowledge Middle Ages (5th-15th Century):
through observation and experimentation.
Heavy Plough: Enabled farming in heavy clay
John Heilbron: "Modern science is a discovery soil, increasing food production.
as well as an invention."
Gunpowder (850 AD, China): Revolutionized
Technology: From Greek "techne," meaning warfare and spread globally.
"art, skill, or cunning of hand"; application of
scientific knowledge to create tools, machines, Paper Money (7th Century, China): Eased trade
and services that solve real-world problems. and economic transactions.
Effects of Science and Technology: Mechanical Clocks: Improved timekeeping,
impacting daily routines and labor organization.
Positive: Advances in communication (internet,
smartphones), medicine, and transportation. Spinning Wheel (6th-11th Century, India):
Increased textile production speed,
Negative: Overuse reduces face-to-face revolutionizing weaving.
interaction, environmental degradation, ethical
concerns. Modern Ages:
Science, Technology, and Society (STS): Compound Microscope (1590, Zacharias
Originated during the interwar period and the Janssen): Enhanced study of microorganisms,
Cold War. crucial in medicine and biology.
Combines history, philosophy, and sociology of Telescope (Galileo Galilei, 1609): Changed
science to analyze how science and technology astronomy, revealing celestial bodies.
shape society.
Jacquard Loom (1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard):
SECTION 2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF Automated textile weaving, allowing mass
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY production.
Ancient Period: Engine-Powered Airplane (Wright Brothers,
1903): Revolutionized transportation and global
Sumerians (3500 BC): Potter’s wheel → Inspired travel.(Orville and Wilbur)
the wheel for transportation.
Television (John Logie Baird, 1924):
Egyptians (3000 BC): Papyrus → Revolutionized Transformed communication and
writing and record-keeping. entertainment.
Shadoof: Early irrigation tool using Filipino Contributions:
counterweight system, improving agriculture.
Erythromycin (Abelardo Aguilar): Antibiotic
from Streptomyces erythreus, significant in SECTION 4: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND
medicine. NATION BUILDING
Medical Incubator (Fe del Mundo): Designed for Pre-Colonial Period:
rural areas, improving neonatal care.
Advanced skills: Farming, fishing, mining,
Mole Remover (Rolando dela Cruz): Cashew weaving.
extract-based, awarded for innovation.
Banaue Rice Terraces: Ingenious agricultural
Banana Ketchup (Maria Orosa): Alternative to engineering.
tomato ketchup, widely used.
Herbal Medicine, Writing, Measurement, and
E-Jeepney: Eco-friendly transportation solution Calendar System.
in the Philippines.
Colonial Periods:
SECTION 3: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS AND
SOCIETY Spanish Rule: Education focused on religion,
mathematics, and medicine.
1. Copernican Revolution (16th Century,
Nicolaus Copernicus) American Period: Established research
institutions like the Bureau of Science.
Proposed the heliocentric model (Earth orbits
the Sun). Science and Technology Under Philippine
Presidents:
Faced resistance from the Church but laid the
foundation for modern astronomy. Ferdinand Marcos: Established National
Academy of Science and Technology (NAST),
2. Darwinian Revolution (19th Century, Charles promoted agriculture modernization.
Darwin)
Corazon Aquino: Renamed NSTA to DOST,
Origin of Species (1859): Introduced the theory launched Science and Technology Master Plan.
of natural selection.
Fidel Ramos: Enacted laws supporting scientists
Challenged religious views but shaped (RA 8439, 7687, 7459, 8293), started "Doctors
evolutionary biology. to the Barrio" program.
3. Freudian Revolution (20th Century, Sigmund Joseph Estrada: Implemented RA 8749 (Clean
Freud) Air Act), RA 8792 (E-Commerce Act).
Psychoanalysis: Explored the unconscious mind, Gloria Arroyo: Enacted RA 9367 (Biofuels Act),
free association, and dream analysis. RA 10601 (Agricultural Mechanization Act).
Criticized for lack of empirical support but Rodrigo Duterte: Increased R&D funding,
influenced psychology and therapy. launched Diwata-1 and Diwata-2 satellites for
space research.
Key Filipino Scientists:
Enframing (Gestell) – Modern technology views
Gavino C. Trono: Marine Biology. everything as a standing-reserve (resource to be
optimized).
Angel C. Alcala: Biological Science.
Two ways of looking at the world:
Ramon C. Barba: Horticulture (developed
mango flower induction technology). 1. Calculative Thinking – Focused on efficiency,
control, numbers.
Edgardo D. Gomez: Marine Biology
(conservation of coral reefs). 2. Meditative Thinking – Reflects on deeper
meaning and existence.
Conclusion:
Poiesis vs. Challenging Forth –
Science and technology drive national progress
and global competitiveness. Poiesis: A natural, respectful creation process
(e.g., crafting, farming). – Refers to the process
Government policies shape innovation and of bringing forth or creating something.
address societal challenges.
Bring Forth : Give form to what already exists
Continuous scientific advancement is key to Challenging Forth: Aggressive use of resources
sustainable development. (modern industry, mass production).
Quote: Ethics & Technology
“Our scientific power has outrun our spiritual Technology is not neutral; how we use it
power. We have guided missiles and misguided determines its effects.
men.” – Martin Luther King Jr.
The Dangers of Technology:
Science, Technology, and Society – Group 2 Loss of human connection and nature
Reviewer awareness.
Section 1: Technology as a Way of Revealing Seeing nature as a standing reserve (mere
resource).
Martin Heidegger’s Philosophy on Technology
-His philosophy depends on the idea that the Enframing can limit our understanding of
worlds existence connects to human existence. reality.
Ontology – Study of being (Sein). Art as a Saving Power – Art and philosophy can
help us see beyond the technological mindset.
Technology is not just tools but a way of
revealing
Aletheia - truth/unconcealment). Section 2: Human Flourishing in Progress and
De-development
Traditional technology works with nature;
modern technology challenges and exploits Jason Hickel’s Perspective on Development
nature.
Traditional development focuses on economic Virtue- Character traits or psychological
growth, but inequality persists. disposition.
Arete – Excellence that makes anything can
De-development: Instead of making poor outstanding specimen of its kind.
countries "catch up," rich countries should
consume less. Two Types of Virtues:
Growth vs. Sustainability: 1. Intellectual Virtue – Learning, wisdom,
understanding.
Rich countries overconsume resources (global 2. Moral Virtue – Habitual good actions (e.g.,
hectare use). courage, generosity).
Measures like GDP do not reflect true well- The Virtue of the Mean
being.
Excess and Deficiency ruin virtue – Balance is
Reevaluating Economic Growth key.
Measuring growth: Courage: Rashness (excess) vs. Cowardice
(deficiency).
GDP – Total value of goods and services.
Generosity: Wastefulness (excess) vs.
GNI – GDP + international income. Selfishness (deficiency).
Alternative development models:
Temperance: Overindulgence vs. Insensibility.
Buen Vivir (Latin America) – Living well rather
than over-consuming. Applying Virtue Ethics to Science & Technology
Focus on happiness, well-being, sustainability Science and technology should be guided by
rather than economic expansion. ethics, not just progress.
Section 3: The Good Life (Aristotle’s Ethics) The Good Life = Ethical advancements that
benefit human flourishing.
Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics
Question to ponder: Does technological
Ultimate Good = Eudaimonia advancement make people happier?
(Happiness/Human Flourishing)
Key Takeaways:
The Tripartite Soul:
Heidegger: Technology reveals but also
Nutritive Degree - Plants: Growth, nutrition, enframes and limits perspective.
reproduction.
Hickel: Economic growth does not equal
Sensitive Degree - Animals: Sensation, development; we must rethink progress.
movement.
Aristotle: Eudaimonia is achieved through
Rational Degree - Humans: Rationality, higher reason and virtue – guiding our use of science &
thinking (unique to humans). technology.
