BV DOSHI

Balkrishna Doshi (born August 26, 1927, Pune, India—died January

24, 2023, Ahmedabad, India) was an Indian architect, the first from
that country to be awarded the prestigious Pritzker Prize (2018). In a
career spanning about seven decades, Doshi completed more than
100 projects, many of which were public institutions based in India:
schools, libraries, art centres, and low-cost housing. His understated
buildings adapted the principles he learned from working with Le
Corbusier and Louis Kahn to the needs of his homeland. In
considering India’s traditions, lifestyles, and environment, Doshi
designed structures that offered refuge from the weather and
provided spaces in which to gather.
The School of Architecture in Ahmedabad, which Doshi founded and
designed in 1966, recalls the grid facade of the Mill Owners’
Association Building, while the use of brick and concrete evokes the
Villa Sarabhai.
the School of Planning in 1970, the Visual Arts Centre in 1978, and
the School of Interior Design in 1982. It was renamed the Centre for
Environmental Planning and Technology (CEPT University) in 2002.
Doshi quickly became known for his commitment to providing
affordable housing throughout India, where a shortage of homes had
plagued cities for decades. Notably, he designed the Life Insurance
Corporation Housing in Ahmedabad (1973) and the Aranya Low Cost
Housing in Indore (1989).
as seen in one of his most experimental projects, Amdavad Ni Gufa
in Ahmedabad (1994). The art gallery features the colourful work of
artist Maqbool Fida Husain within an underground space. The
cavernous interior uses irregular columns that resemble mineral
deposits and, like a cave, offers a cool refuge from India’s heat. The
bulbous roof, which is covered in a mosaic of white tiles,
Doshi’s other notable projects included the Institute of Indology,
Ahmedabad (1962), Premabhai Hall, Ahmedabad (1976), and the
Indian Institute of Management Bangalore (1977–92). He was a
visiting professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Washington University in St. Louis, the University of Hong Kong, and
other universities.
In addition to the Pritzker Prize, Doshi was made an Officer of the
Order of Arts and Letters (2011), France’s highest honour for the arts,
and he was the recipient of the 2022 Royal Gold Medal from the
Royal Institute of British Architects, an annual award given to those
who have contributed to the advancement of architecture.
 LAURIE BAKER
British Born Indian Architect Laurie Baker In 1943, while Laurie Baker
was waiting for the boat in Bombay, to go back to England, he met
Gandhiji several times, who said to him “You are bringing knowledge
and qualifications from the West, but they will be useless unless you
try to understand our needs here. The greatest needs are in the
villages and for the ordinary people, not in places like Bombay.” It
was at the time of the Quit India Movement. It was because of
Gandhiji that ”The Gandhi Of Architecture” Laurie Baker returned to
India.
In 1945 Baker came back to India, to work for leprosy patients. His
main job was to convert old houses into modern hospitals
Leprosy homes across India, various dates Children’s Village,
Kulashekaram, 1965
Loyola Women’s Hostel, Sreekaryam, 1971
Centre for Development Studies, Ulloor,St John’s Cathedral,
Thiruvella, Fisherman’s village, Poonthura, Chitralekha Film Studio,
Thiruvananthapuram, Tourist Centre, Ponmudi, Experimental Houses,
New DelhiIndian Coffee House, Thiruvananthapuram
Awards: Padma Sri,UN Roll of Honour,Sir Robert Matthew Prize for
Improvement of Human Settlements, Quote‘Cost-effective houses
are not just for the poor, they are for everyone’
 C
HARLES CORREA
Famous Indian architect Charles Correa was born on September 1,
1930 in Secunderabad, Telangana. This well known architect and
urban planner was famous for applying modernist design principles
of contemporary times to local climates and building styles.
The initial works of Charles Correa had a traditional touch in them.
He tried to blend local cultural values in architecture. Traditional
symmetrical spaces, modernist use of materials, exemplary concrete
forms and sensitivity towards site were some major characteristics of
his work. He always designed buildings complementing the context
and landscapes of India.
In 1960s, Correa started paying attention to urban planning as well
and formed “New Mumbai”
Charles Correa has been a great promoter of passive techniques in
architecture. He discouraged the use of mechanical methods for
heating or cooling the buildings. Instead of active means of air
conditioning, Correa preferred smart shading, intelligent use of
building orientation, controlled breeze and methods to enhance heat
absorption abilities of masonry.
These techniques of Correa were not confined to the small scale
houses only but he used them for large structures as well including
the Gandhi Ashram in Ahmedabad
[10:55 AM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: Some of his notable buildings
and structures are:

the McGovern Institute for Brain Research in Boston

the Kanchanjunga Apartments in Mumbai
the Jawahar Kala Kendra in Jaipur
the Tube House , Ahmedabad
National crafts Museum
Bharat Bhavan
Champalimaud Centre for The Unknown in Lisbon, Portugal
Jawahar Kala Kendra, in Jaipur
LIC building, at Connaught Place, New Delhi
“Mahatma Gandhi Memorial”, at theSabarmati Ashram, Ahmedabad
Ismaili Centre,Toronto
he was the first Indian to receive the Royal Institute of British
Architects Gold Medal, the Praemium Imperiale of Japan and the
1998 Aga Khan Award for Architecture.
Correa taught in many universities, both in India and abroad,
including MIT and Harvard University (both in Cambridge,
Massachusetts) and the University of London. His many awards
included the Padma Shri (1972) and Padma Vibushan (2006), two of
India’s highest honours; the Royal Gold Medal for Architecture (1984)
from the Royal Institute of British Architects; the Praemium Imperiale
prize for architecture (1994), awarded by the Japan Art Association;
and the Aga Khan Award for Architecture (1998).

I M PEI
Pei came to the United States in 1935 to study architecture at the
University of Pennsylvania before transferring to the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT). While browsing MIT’s library he
discovered the writings of Le Corbusier, who pioneered modernism in
architecture. By coincidence, Pei was able to spend two days with Le
Corbusier when the Swiss-French architect visited MIT in 1935. Pei
considered those two days “the most important days in [his]
architectural education.” Pei received his master of architecture
degree in 1946 from the Harvard Graduate School of Design
Pei credited the 20th-century art movement of cubism with the
origin of modern architecture. He considered architecture a form of
art like painting and sculpture because it explores how spaces are
shaped by solids and their opposite (voids)—and the effect of light on
both.

Pei specifically cited his work for the National Center for Atmospheric
Research, the Everson Museum, and the National Gallery’s East
Building as directly influenced by cubism. Cubist works by artists such
as Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, and Juan Gris are on view in the
East Building’s galleries.
In 1981, French President François Mitterrand started a project to
expand, renovate, and reorganize the Louvre museum in Paris.
Mitterrand and Émile Biasini, who managed the project, both visited
the East Building in the early 1980s and saw the glass “crystals” Pei
had created on the plaza before selecting him as the architect.
Reorganizing the Louvre’s galleries and offices required a new, central
public entrance. Pei brought the museum together around a new
entrance housed in a large glass pyramid in the Louvre’s courtyard.
While the pyramid was originally controversial, it has become one of
Pei’s—and Paris’s—most iconic structures.
After receiving it in 1983, Pei used his prize money to establish a
scholarship fund for Chinese students to study architecture in the
United States.
Pei has also been awarded the Gold Medal for Architecture from the
American Academy of Arts and Letters, the American Institute of
Architects Gold Medal, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the
Royal Gold Medal from the Royal Institute of British Architects,
among many other honors.
1. Museum of Islamic Art, Doha, Qatar
2. 2. Le Grand Louvre, Paris, France. .
3. Suzhou Museum, Suzhou, China.
6. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston
8. Bank of China, Hong Kong
HAFEEZ CONTRACTOR
[12:15 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: Hafeez Contractor is an Indian
architect born in a parsi family in 1950 in Mumbai. He got his
graduate diploma in architecture in 1975 from the University of
Mumbai followed by bachelor’s degree from the Academy of
Architecture in Mumbai and master’s degrees in Architecture from
Columbia University, New York on a Tata scholarship.
[12:16 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: Hafeez shows great concern
regarding the lack of greenery in India and rejects the idea of going
behind western techniques and following their footsteps blindly as
they don’t go in accordance with the climatic conditions and other
demands of this region. He proposes the installment of green spaces
and public parks at walking distance from residential zones and other
urban centers to minimize the scarcity of greenery and other natural
resources.

Following are the major projects done by Hafeez Contractor:

Sky Garden [Greater Noida (West)]

Mahagun Meadows Noida
The 42in Kolkata (under construction)
DY Patil Stadiumin Nerul, Navi Mumbai
Seawoods Estate (or NRI complex) in Nerul, Navi Mumbai
DLF Aralias, Gurgaon
One Indiabulls Center, Mumbai, India(Ongoing)
Morya Regency in Bandra, Mumbai
Rodas – An ecotel in Hiranandani Gardens, Powai
Hiranandani Gardens
Multiple Buildings, DLF City, Gurgaon
Mumbai Airport redesign
Infosys – Bangalore, Mangalore, Mysore, Trivandrum, Pune
AV Birla Training center
Aditya Birla Corporate Headquarters
Russi Modi Centre of Excellence, Jamshedpur
Rajneesh Osho Ashram, Pune
NICMAR, Pune
Mangal City Mall, Indore
Empress City, Nagpur
ONGC Green Buildings – Multiple Locations
Turbhe railway station, Navi Mumbai
Low Income housing schemes, Navi Mumbai
MP Mill Slum Redevelopment Project
Thapar House, Worli, Mumbai
ITC Grand Central, Mumbai
Hyatt Regency, Mumbai
Sarla Birla Academy, Bangalore
ILFS Building, Bandra Kurla Complex, Mumbai
Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium, Jamtha, Nagpur
Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Rae Bareli
Birla Institute of Technology and Science
Sahara Hospital, Lucknow
Hostel # 12, 13 & 14, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai
Manipal University Jaipur campus
Lokhandwala Minerva, Mahalaxmi, Mumbai
GIFT City, Gandhinagar, Gujarat
Delhi Public School, Navi Mumbai
The Alexandria, Mangalore
Hafeez Contractor has also been selected amongst the top 50
powerful Indians by India Today Magazine survey.
[12:18 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: Padma Bhushan in the year 2016,
for his contribution to Indian architecture for over 3 decades.
[12:18 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: Ar. Contractor has won over 75
National and International Awards for excellence in contributions to
architecture including:

CWAB Architect of the Year (2006 to 2013)

A+D Hall of Fame for the Decade Award.
He has twice been listed in “India Today’s Most Powerful Indians List”
in the past decade. In addition to these, he has won countless awards
for best commercial, residential, hospitality, and educational projects
across India.
 BRINDA SOMAYA
[12:24 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: Somaya has travelled to the rural
parts of India, from where she has got knowledge and inspiration for
vernacular architecture. One such example is The Nalanda
International Schools in Vadodara where she reflects the vernacular
architecture by using the locally available resources and techniques,
pergolas and courtyard. She reflects the Indian ethos in her
architecture, her designs are called both traditional and
sustainable[4] Her work includes corporate, industrial and
institutional campuses and extends to public spaces, which she has
rebuilt and reinvented as pavements, parks and plazas.[6] Some of
these campuses include Tata Consultancy Services, Banyan Park,
Mumbai; Nalanda International School, Vadodara; and Zensar
Technologies, Pune.[7] Her firm won the competition for the
Restoration and Enhancement of the historic Louis Kahn Buildings of
the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad as well as the new
Academic Buildings of the Indian Institute of Technology.[8][9][10]

She is currently the Chairperson of Board of Governors for School of

Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada[11] and has built more than
200 projects in a span of 40 years.[2]
In 1999, Somaya was a founder trustee for the HECAR Foundation in
India. In 2000, she served as the chairperson and the curator for the
Women in Architecture 2000 Plus-Conference and exhibition on the
works of the South Asian Women Architects, a global showcase
platform for women architects from India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,
Australia and Pakistan.[12][2]
[12:24 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: 1994, she was awarded the
Indian Institute of Architects' Kitply Award for Conservation for the
Cathedral and John Connon Middle School.[13]
1998, she was awarded the Indian Institute of Architects' Kitply
Award for Conservation for the Cathedral and John Connon Senior
School.[13]
2004, she was awarded the UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage award for
the restoration of the St. Thomas' Cathedral in Mumbai.[14]
2006, Leading European Architects Forum award winner for the new
Nalanda Schools Campus in Baroda[15][4]
2007, she was awarded the Wienerberger Golden Architect Award as
first woman ever for lifetime achievement.[15]
2008, she was awarded the Vassilis Sgoutas Prize for the
rehabilitation of Bhadi Village.[2][16]
2019, she was awarded the AYA JK Cement Award for Indian State
Architecture for the Jubilee Church at Navi, Mumbai.[17]
2013, she was chosen as one of the "100 GLOBAL PUBLIC INTEREST
DESIGN" persons working at the intersection of design and service
globally.[15]
2012, she was the recipient of an honorary doctorate from her alma
mater, Smith College.[18]
2014, she was awarded the Indian Institute of Architects – Baburao
Mhatre Gold Medal for Lifetime Achievement.
2015, she was honoured as the Distinguished Professor by the Indian
Education Society's College of Architecture, Mumbai.[11][2]
2017 she got an honourable mention in the Arcasia Awards for the
restoration and the preservation of Rajabai Clock Tower and
University library building, Mumbai.
2017, she was awarded the Grohe NDTV Design and Architecture
Award for Outstanding Industry Contribution[2]
2019, the Somaya and Kalappa Consultants won the competition for
the Restoration and Enhancement of the historic Louis Kahn Buildings
of the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad in 2019.[11]

ZAHA HADID
[12:28 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: Zaha Hadid was an Iraqi-born
British architect known for her radical deconstructivist designs. In
2004 she became the first woman to be awarded the Pritzker
Architecture Prize.
[12:30 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: became famous for her intensely
futuristic style characterized by curving façades, sharp angles, and
severe materials such as concrete and steel.
[12:32 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: 1. Vitra Fire Station
2. The Lois and Richard Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art
3. MAXXI: National Museum of 21st Century Arts
4. Guangzhou Opera House
[12:34 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: 1. Heydar Aliyev Centre,
Azerbaijan | Zaha Hadid
[12:34 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: 5. Guangzhou Opera House,
China | Zaha Hadid
[12:34 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: 12. BMW Central Building,
Germany
[12:34 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: 13. One Thousand Museum, US
[12:34 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: 15. Wangjing SOHO, China | Zaha
Hadid
[12:36 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: The artist was also behind the
design of the Al Wakrah Stadium, for the 2022 Qatar World Cup
[12:36 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: The only woman who won the
Royal Gold Medal
 ANANT RAJE
[10:33 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: Anant Raje also called the “Louis
Kahn” of India took his master’s style in stride and integrated it with
the traditional Indian architectural practices – passive cooling,
vernacular as well as modern fusion and bold statements with
negative and positive elements.
[10:35 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: 1. Management Development
Center, IIM Ahmedabad | Anant Raje
[10:35 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: 2. NDDB, Galbabhai Training
Institute
[10:36 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: Institute of Forest Management,
Bhopal
[10:36 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: Bhopal Gas Memorial
[10:38 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: The Indian Statistical Institute in
New Delhi.
[10:42 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: Raje was drawn to the city of
Ahmedabad by his school colleague Balkrishna V. Doshi
[10:42 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: Between 1964 and 1969, Raje
worked in the Philadelphia office of Louis I. Kahn (1901-1974). There,
Raje became a trusted associate, contributing to a number of Kahn’s
works, including: the President’s Estate in Islamabad, Pakistan; Levy
Playground in New York; the Interama Project in Miami; and the
Dominican Motherhouse in Media, PA. One of the few Indian
architects to work under Kahn, Raje would return to Ahmedabad to
serve as Kahn’s on-site architect for the Indian Institute of
Management project

ACHYUT KANVINDE
[10:49 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: A functionalist architect who
adds a touch of Brutalism to his designs, he is noted as one of the
many architects who built post-Independence India and influenced
the architecture of today
[10:49 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: A master of Vernacular
architecture, Kanvinde could expertly design according to the local
climate and with the local building material.
He gave utmost importance to natural light and made sure his
designs were naturally ventilated and lit.
Doodhsagar Dairy’s factory in Mehsana is an ideal example of
vernacular architecture used along with brutalism. The use of
exposed concrete along with the brute form makes for a dynamic
design.
[10:50 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: A strong believer of Vastushastra,
he has found innovative ways to incorporate the system into his
Brutalist style. This has become his signature.
There is a strong presence of simplicity in facade treatment, exposed
concrete, and the elimination of unnecessary elements.
An example is the ISKCON Temple, which in all ways is a true
Kanvinde design. It is discussed in detail in the following sections.
[10:50 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: IIT Kanpur
[10:50 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: National Science Center, New
Delhi
[10:50 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: ISKON Temple, New Delhi
[10:52 PM, 5/17/2024] Diya Ghosh: He also got awarded with Padma
Shri, the most prestigious civilian award of India, in 1974. In 1976, he
became the President of the Indian Institute of Architects and was
awarded a Gold medal in 1985.

USTAD AHMAD LAHORI

Taj Mahal in Agra and the Red fort in Delhi; both of which are World
Heritage sites. He also designed the Jama Mosque in Delhi.
 LE CORBUSIER
he Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier were included in the UNESCO
World Heritage List of internationally renowned architectural sites in
2016.
Here is a list of all the works and projects of Le Corbusier:
Cabanon (UNESCO)
Chandigarh (UNESCO)
Cité Frugès (UNESCO)
Curutchet House (UNESCO)
Saint-Dié Factory (UNESCO)
Firminy (UNESCO)
House Guiette (UNESCO)
Immeuble Clarté Genf (UNESCO)
La Tourette (UNESCO)|
Maisons La Roche et Jeanneret (UNESCO)
Molitor House (UNESCO)
Ronchamp (UNESCO)
Taito-Ku National Museum (UNESCO)
Unité de Marseille (UNESCO)
Villa le Lac (UNESCO)
Villa Savoy (UNESCO)
Weissenhofsiedlung (UNESCO)
Villa Sarabhai
Sanskar Kendra Museum
Punjab and Chandigarh high court
Assembly hall Chandigarh
New Brutalism, one aspect of the International Style of architecture
that was created by Le Corbusier and his leading fellow architects
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Frank Lloyd Wright and that
demanded a functional approach toward architectural design.

FL WRIGHT
Frank Lloyd Wright Sr. (June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American
architect, designer, writer, and educator.
UNESCO designated eight of them—including Fallingwater, the
Guggenheim Museum, and Unity Temple—as World Heritage sites in
2019.
 FRANK O GEHRY
Dancing House Prague
Walt Disney Concert Hall Los Angeles
Fondation Louis Vuitton Paris
Guggenheim Abu DhabiSaadiyat Island
Pritzker 1989

ANTHONY GAUDI
Basilica of Santa Maria del Mar
Cathedral of Barcelona
Modernism gothic
 EDWIN LUTYENS
was an English architect noted for his versatility and range of
invention along traditional lines. He is known especially for his
planning of New Delhi and his design of the Viceroy’s House there.
with iconic buildings such as the Rashtrapati Bhavan, Viceroy's
House, Lutyens' Bungalow Zone, Baroda House, Bikaner House,
Hyderabad House, and Patiala House
Neoclassical ,Historicism
 NORMAN FOSTER
30 St Mary Axe (The Gherkin)
London. He became the 21st Pritzker Architecture Prize Laureate in
1999. He has been awarded the American Institute of Architects Gold
Medal for Architecture (1994), the Royal Gold Medal for Architecture
(1983), and the Gold Medal of the French Academy of Architecture
(1991)

RICHARD RODGERS
high-tech architecture
Richard Rogers (1933-2021) is best known for such pioneering
buildings as the Centre Pompidou in Paris, the headquarters for
Lloyd's of London, the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg
and the Millennium Dome in London. Musician
 TADAO ANDO
a Japanese autodidact architect[1][2] whose approach to
architecture and landscape was categorized by architectural historian
Francesco Dal Co as "critical regionalism". He is the winner of the
1995 Pritzker Prize.
Ibaraki Kasugaoka Church (Church of the Light)
 CHITRA VISHWANATH
Chitra Vishwanath is an Indian architect based in Bengaluru who
works on themes related to ecology and architecture. She has been
running her own architectural firm since 1991, working with other
architects on many projects in India and Africa.
Vishwanath studied for diploma in civil engineering from Nigeria and
a Bachelor of Architecture degree from the CEPT University in
Ahmedabad. She started her practice in 1990. Her approach in
evolving architectural designs has placed emphasis on indigenous
natural resources, in both an active and passive manner.
 HASMUKH PATEL
[9:16 PM, 5/18/2024] Diya Ghosh: Patel was the founder of the
Ahmedabad based architecture firm HCP Design Planning and
Management Pvt Ltd. He was also a part of the small group of
architects who nurtured the School of Architecture, CEPT (now CEPT
University).
[9:16 PM, 5/18/2024] Diya Ghosh: Newman Hall (Premal Jyoti),
Ahmedabad
1964: State Bank of India, Ahmedabad
1966: Diwan Ballubhai School, Ahmedabad
1967: Medical and Social Welfare Centre, Mokasan
1967: St. Xavier's Primary School, Ahmedabad
1968: St. Xavier's Technical Institute, Vadodara
1969: Church at Cambay (Khambhat)
1969: Usha Theatre, Rajkot
1971: Reserve Bank of India, Ahmedabad
1974: Bhaikaka Bhavan, Ahmedabad
1974: Dena Bank, Ahmedabad
1975: Reading Centre, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad
1976: Central Laboratory, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad
1976: HK House, Ahmedabad
1977: Carmel Convent Hostel, Gandhinagar
1977: Sardar Patel Institute Hostel, Ahmedabad
1978: Chinubhai Centre and Patang Hotel, Ahmedabad
1979: St. Xavier's High School, Gandhinagar
1979: Shyamal Row Houses, Ahmedabad
1981: Centre Point Apartments, Ahmedabad
1984: Gujarat Tourism Bhavan, Gandhinagar (Proposed)
1984: Maitry Row Houses, Surat
1985: Paritosh Building, Ahmedabad
1986: Refurbishment of Eden Gardens Stadium, 1987, Kolkata

KT RANVINDRAN
Nehru Memorial Library, Nehru Planetarium, and gardens
memorializing Jawaharlal Nehru. His designs showed the influence of
Wright's organic architecture principles and use of natural materials.
16 Types of Windows used in
Buildings
1. Fixed Windows
Fixed windows are fixed to the wall without any
closing or opening operation. In general, they are
provided to transmit the light into the room. Fully
glazed shutters are fixed to the window frame. The
shutters provided are generally weatherproof.

2. Sliding Windows
In this case, window shutters are movable in the
frame. The movement may be horizontal or vertical
based on our requirements. The movement of shutters
is done by the provision of roller bearings. Generally,
this type of window is provided in buses, bank
counters, shops, etc..
3. Pivoted Windows
In this type of windows, pivots are provided to window
frames. Pivot is a shaft which helps to oscillate the
shutter. No rebates are required for the frame. The
swinging may either horizontal or vertical based on the
position of pivots.
4. Double Hung Windows
Double hung windows consist of pair of shutters
attached to one frame. The shutters are arranged one
above the other. These two shutters can slide vertically
with in the frame. So, we can open the windows on top
or at bottom to our required level.
To operate the double hung windows, a chain or cord
consisting metal weights is metal provided which is
connected over pulleys. So, by pulling the weights of
cord the shutters can move vertically. Then we can fix
the windows at our required position of ventilation or
light etc..
5. Louvered Windows
Louvered windows are similar to louvered doors which
are provided for the ventilation without any outside
vision. The louvers may be made of wood, glass or
metal. Louvers can also be folded by provision of cord
over pulleys. We can maintain the slope of louvers by
tilting cord and lifting cord.
Recommended angle of inclination of louvers is about
45o. The sloping of louvers is downward to the outside
to run-off the rain water. Generally, they are provided
for bathrooms, toilets and privacy places etc..
6. Casement Windows
Casement windows are the widely used and common
windows nowadays. The shutters are attached to frame
and these can be opened and closed like door shutters.
Rebates are provided to the frame to receive the
shutters. The panels of shutters may be single or
multiple. Sometimes wired mesh is provided to stop
entering of fly’s.
7. Metal Windows
Metal windows, generally mild steel is used for making
metal windows. These are very cheap and have more
strength. So, now days these are widely using
especially for public buildings, private building etc.
Some other metals like aluminum, bronze, stainless
steel etc. also used to make windows. But they are
costly compared to mild steel windows. For normal
casement windows also, metal shutters are provided to
give strong support to the panels.
8. Sash Windows
Sash window is type of casement window, but in this
case panels are fully glazed. It consists top, bottom
and intermediate rails. The space between the rails is
divided into small panels by mean of small timber
members called sash bars or glazing bars.
9. Corner Windows
As in the name itself corner windows are provided at
the corners of room. That means corner windows has
two faces in perpendicular directions. By providing
this type of windows, light or air can be entered into
room in two different directions.
To provide this type of window special lintel is
provided in the wall. Corner windows will give
aesthetic appearance to the building.
10. Bay Windows
Bay windows are projected windows form wall which
are provided to increase the area of opening, which
enables more ventilation and light form outside. The
projection of bay windows are of different shapes. It
may be triangular or rectangular or polygonal etc.
They give beautiful appearance to the structure.
11. Dormer Windows
Dormer windows are provided for sloped roofs. These
are projected from the sloping surface as shown in
below image. They provide ventilation as well as
lighting to the room. They also enhance aesthetic
sense of room.
12. Clerestory Windows
If the rooms in a building are of different ceiling
heights, clerestory windows are provided for the room
which has greater ceiling height than the other rooms.
The shutters able to swing with the help of cord over
pulleys. These also enhances the beauty of building.

13. Lantern Windows

Lantern windows are provided for over the flat roofs.
The main purpose of this window is to provide the
more light and air circulation to the interior rooms.
Generally, they are projected from the roof surface so,
we can close the roof surface when we required.
14. Gable Windows
Gable windows are provided for sloped roof buildings.
These windows are provided at the gable end of sloped
roof so; they are called as gable windows. They also
improve the appearance of building.
15. Ventilators
Ventilators are provided for the purpose of ventilation
in the room. They are provided at greater height than
windows nearer to roof level. It is in very small size.
Horizontally pivoted shutters are provided for
ventilators. Sometimes shutter is replaced by wired
mesh, in this case sunshade is provided to prevent
against rain water.

16. Skylights
Skylights or generally provided on the top of sloped
roofs. To admit light into the rooms, sky lights are
provided. It is provided parallel to the sloping surface.
Sky lights can be opened when we required. Lead
gutters are arranged to frame to make it as
waterproof.
TYPES OF ROOF DESIGNS & STYLES
When designing a building, it can often be taken for granted
that the roof is a one shape-fits-all affair, but this is definitely
not the case. There are a huge number of roof types, all
serving a different purpose and more suitable to certain
weather conditions and building styles.
Need specialist roofing contractors for your domestic or
commercial project? Call us on 0808 196 7606.
Knowing which roof is which, and what’s most suitable for
your needs can be an overwhelming process, JTC
Roofing have compiled 28 types of roof designs available for
a range of building styles here:

 Bonnet Roof
  Box Gable Roof

 Butteryfly Roof

 Clerestory Roof

 Combination Roof
 Cross Gabled Roof

 Cross Hipped Roof

 Curved Roof

 Dome Roof
  Dormer

 Dutch Gable Roof

 Flat Roof

 Front Gable
 Gable Roof with Shed Roof
Addition

 Gambrel Roof

 Half Hipped Roof

 Hexagonal Gazebo Roof

 Hip and Valley Roof

 Jerkinhead Roof

 Mansard Roof

 M-Shaped Roof
 Open Gable Roof

 Parapet Roof

 Pyramid Hip Roof

 Saltbox Roof
  Shed Roof or Skillion

 Simple Hip Roof

 Skillion and Lean to Roof

Bonnet Roof
Bonnet roofs are essentially a mansard roof in reverse.
Also known as kicked eaves, a bonnet roof has four sides
with a steep upper slope, and a more gentle lower slope,
providing cover around the edges of the house for a
porch. This style is more commonly seen in builds from
the 1700s, but is often seen as outdated for modern
builders.

Box Gable Roof

Box gable roofs have two sloping sides that meet to form
a ridge, with a triangular extension on either side that is
boxed off from the walls. This type of roof is popular for
areas with cold weather conditions, providing a stable
design that deals well with rain and snow.
Butteryfly Roof

A butterfly roof, otherwise known as an inverted pitch

roof, emulates the wings of a butterfly with two tandem
pieces of roofing angled upwards to form a V-shape. The
style is an eye-catching, modern look for buildings, and
provides the added benefit of allowing larger walls and
windows to a structure, with an easily managed way of
harvesting rainwater through the middle channel in the
roof.

Clerestory Roof
A clerestory roof has an interior wall built extending
above one section of the roof, with this section of wall
often lined with several windows, or one long window.
The sections of roof either side of the vertical wall are
typically sloping, allowing a large amount of natural
light into the windows.

Combination Roof

A combination roof is, quite literally, a combination of

types of roofs. Often incorporating two or more designs
for aesthetics and practical reasons, combination roofs
can feature a range of styles; a clerestory and hip roof,
for example. This is a great option for a unique,
interesting look.
Cross Gabled Roof

A cross gable roof is a design that consists of two or

more gable roof ridges that intersect at an angle, most
commonly perpendicular to one another. This type of
roof is often seen in buildings with a more complex
layout, for example, homes with an attached garage.

Cross Hipped Roof

A cross hipped roof is a common roof type, with

perpendicular hip sections that form an ‘L’ or ‘T’ shape
in the roof hip. This is a great option for buildings with a
more complex layout than a simple rectangle of square,
and is a type of roof that will hold well in rain, snow or
windy conditions.

Curved Roof

A curved roof adds an extremely modern, interesting

feature to any building. Modern roofs take advantage of
the flexibility of metal materials, creating one large
curved structure. Curved roofs do help to reduce
resistance to wind, but are mainly chosen due to the
stunning aesthetic look they can add to a building.

Dome Roof
A dome roof, unsurprisingly, is a roof in the shape of a
dome. A complex and durable design, this type of roof
adds a beautiful aesthetic to a building, and can be seen
in many historical buildings from the Capitol Building in
Washington DC, to the iconic St Paul’s Cathedral in
London.

Dormer

Dormers contain a window that projects vertically from a

traditional pitched roof, creating an extended window in
the roof. This type of roof is most popular in loft
conversions, providing an easy way of expanding the
space and natural light in the converted loft room.
Dutch Gable Roof

The Dutch gable (hip) roof is a hybrid of a gable and hip

type of roof. A full or partial gable can be found at the
end of the ridge in the roof, allowing for a greater
amount of internal roof space. This style also improves
the look of the roof, providing a more unique and
interesting design than the very common simple hip roof.

Flat Roof

Flat roofs have just a slight pitch to allow water to run-

off and drain. Although they are most commonly used
for industrial and commercial buildings such as offices
and warehouses, flat roofs can also be a popular roof
type for homes - the flat space is perfect for a roof-top
garden!

Front Gable

Front gable roofs have the roof ridge in line with the
building’s entrance. This type of roof is commonly seen
on Colonial-style homes, but is an increasingly popular
design for modern buildings.

Gable Roof with Shed Roof Addition

Some gable roof designs have a shed roof addition on the
side. This is a popular alteration to the standard gable
roof, providing more headroom and space for an
extension without having to completely alter the existing
roof.

Gambrel Roof

Most commonly seen in barns, a gambrel roof is a

symmetrical two-sided roof with a shallow upper-
section, and steeper lower slope on each side. This
design maximises on the space within the loft of a
building, but are mostly used on outhouses and barns due
to their unsuitability in heavy wind or snowfall areas.
Half Hipped Roof

A half hipped roof is almost identical to a simple hip roof

design, but instead, the two sides of the roof are
shortened, creating eaves at either side of the house. This
type of roof provides more options for extending into the
loft and installing windows, allowing a greater amount of
natural light into the room.

Hexagonal Gazebo Roof

This complex roofing design makes any garden gazebo

really stand out. Formed of six triangular identically
pitched roof panels and six supporting rafters, this type
of roof is most typically used for a beautifully unique
gazebo addition to a home or commercial garden lawn.

Hip and Valley Roof

Hip and valley roofs have a total of four sloping surfaces,

with two joined on a common ridge, and the other two on
either end of the central ridge. This design is very similar
to the trapezoid structure of gable roofs, with the addition
of the two triangular hip ends the only real distinguishing
factor.

Jerkinhead Roof
Jerkinhead roofs, also known as clipped gables or snub
gables, are essentially a gable roof with the two peaked
ends are clipped off. The advantage of this design is that
the clipped ends reduce potential wind damage to the
home, making the roof more stable. Additionally, the
clipped ends provide more headroom in the loft than a
traditional hip roof.

Mansard Roof

A mansard roof is a four-sided gambrel roof, with each

side having a double slope of one steep slope, and one
shallow upper slope. Mansard roofs are a popular option
for buildings wishing to maximise the amount of living
space in the building, providing the option to use the loft
as an additional living space.
M-Shaped Roof

An M-shaped roof is double-pitched roof; essentially a

double gable. The roof rests on two bearing walls with
two sloping walls meeting in the middle to form an ‘M’
shape. Central guttering runs between the two pitches to
stop any snow or rain building up in the winter season.

Open Gable Roof

An open gable roof is identical to a box gable roof, with

the only exception the boxed off sides on either end. In
this type of roof, the ends are left open to meet the walls
directly. There are no added benefits between the two,
the choice is purely based on aesthetics.

Parapet Roof

A parapet roof is a flat roof with the walls of the building

extending upwards past the roof by a few feet around the
edges. The addition of a parapet makes a flat roof far
safer, providing a small barrier that provides additional
security to reduce the likelihood of anyone standing the
roof falling over the edge.

Pyramid Hip Roof

A pyramid hip roof is identical to a simple hip roof, but
the walls are square rather than rectangular, making the
shape of the building’s roof slope come to a point in a
pyramid shape at the top. This type of roof is extremely
resistant to strong winds, so is ideal for high-wind or
hurricane prone areas.

Saltbox Roof

An asymmetrical design in which one side of the roof is

a sloping flat roof, with the other side more of a lean-to,
creating a gable in the middle. More commonly seen in
older colonial-style houses, this distinctive durable
roofing style is often seen nowadays in industrial
buildings and garages.
Shed Roof or Skillion

A skillion roof has a single flat surface pitched at a steep

angle to allow water runoff. Also known as a ‘shed roof’,
skillion roofs are extremely easy and cheap to construct
as they are made of simply one piece of roofing.

Simple Hip Roof

The popular simple hip roof is a type of roof where all

four sides feature symmetrical gentle slopes towards the
walls, with no gables or vertical sides to the roof. The
defining feature of hip roofs is that the roof faces are
 almost always identical in pitch, making them
symmetrical from the centre point.

Skillion and Lean to Roof

A lean-to roof, similar to a skillion

roof, is composed of one angled pitch. The roof is
supported at one end by a wall raised higher than the
other, enabling the roof to be pitched at a steeper angle
to allow runoff in heavy rain.

8 COMMON ROOF TYPES

GABLE ROOF
Think back to your first crayon drawing of a home.
Chances are you drew a gable roof. It’s basically a
triangle with the base resting atop the house and the two
sides rising to meet the ridge. Slopes can vary
drastically on the gable roof from steep chalet-style
designs to rooftops with a gentle grade.
The gable is an extremely popular roof style, and it
works well on a variety of home designs. You can fancy
it up with front gables over your entryways or go with a
crossed gable design that consists of two ridges set at
right angles.

CLIPPED GABLE ROOF

The clipped gable roof goes by several names, including
bullnose. Clipped gable roofs are designed with the
basic shape of a gable, with two sides rising to meet a
ridge, but then borrow an element from hip roofs: the top
peaks are “bent in,” creating small hips at the ends of
the roof ridge.
These hips provide an interesting architectural detail to
homes and help showcase high-performance, designer
shingles.

DUTCH GABLE ROOF

The Dutch gable roof is another combination style roof
that uses design elements of both gable and hip roofs. A
miniature gable roof, or “gablet”, is perched atop a
traditional hip roof.
The gable portion provides homeowners with increased
attic space and can even be fitted with windows for
added sunlight.

GAMBREL ROOF
Picture a classic red barn with white trim, and you’ve just
envisioned a gambrel roof. Its two sides have two slopes
each, one steep and one gentle. The design permits the
use of the upper floor either as an attic room or loft.
Adding windows to the sides of the gambrel roof can
bring natural light in and increase the use of the upper
story.
The steep sections of gambrel roofs are very visible, so
homeowners should carefully consider the appearance
of their roofing shingles.

HIP ROOF
A traditional hip roof consists of four equal-length slopes
that meet to form a simple ridge. There are variations,
though, such as a half-hip that features two shorter
sides with eaves.
If you have a hip roof, then you may have already
realized that most of the roof is visible when looking at
your house. The type and color of roofing shingles you
get installed on a hip roof will make up a big piece of
your home’s overall exterior look because it is so highly
visible.

MANSARD ROOF
The Louvre Museum in Paris is an excellent example of
the mansard roof, which takes its classic shape from
French architecture. This four-sided design with double
slopes has very steep lower slopes, which can be flat or
curved.

Although the mansard roof originated in France, it

quickly became popular in the United States. The style
lets homeowners make full use of the upper story with
an abundance of interior attic space and multiple
windows, and it looks especially appealing when
dormers are added.
Pro Tip: Opting for architectural shingles in a slate-like
shape, like Owens Corning® Berkshire® shingles, can
enhance this roof design’s old-world aesthetic even
more.

SHED ROOF
If you favor modern home designs, you’ll likely
appreciate a shed roof. This “lean-to” style resembles
half of a traditional gable. While it’s long been used for
porches and additions, the shed roof now graces the
entire structure on ultra-modern builds. Most shed roofs
tend to have lower slopes, with 4 in 12 and below most
common, although steeper slopes will speed up water
runoff.

Homes with shed roofs tend to be unique structures that

reflect their owners’ style and personality. Shed roofs
allow for some interesting window placement
opportunities, from small rows of glass panes directly
beneath the roof to large picture windows across the
front of the house.

FLAT ROOF (LOW SLOPE ROOF)

When most people think of flat roofs, strip malls and
industrial complexes often come to mind. However,
during the period between 1945 and 1970, many mid-
century modern architects experimented with flat
rooflines creating dream homes for movie stars and
wealthy businessmen. Flat roofs matched the look of the
period, blending with the environment and providing
large open floor plans. Some homes feature a limited flat
surface area with the rest of the roof having a gable or
hip design. Additionally, some home additions may use
a flat roof to provide extra second floor living space.

Keep in mind flat doesn’t really mean flat —there needs

to be some incline to allow for water drainage.
Pro Tip: Flat roofs (low-slope) are particularly
vulnerable to leaks, so they must be thoroughly
waterproofed and topped with an appropriate material,
such as a self-adhered, multi-ply, SBS modified bitumen
membrane system, a PVC, TPO or rubber membrane.

The facade combines attributes of both appearance as

well as superior performance in a manner, unlike any
other building system. It is often the most important
aspect from a design standpoint, as it sets the tone for
the rest of the building. The term ‘façade’ can refer to
any predominantly vertical face of a building envelope,
such as an external wall. Sometimes the term ‘façade’
is used to refer more specifically to external faces of
buildings that have particular architectural emphasis,
such as an imposing design, decoration, the main
entrance to the building and so on. Given below are
different types of facades for building structures.

Steel façade

A variety of steel components may be used in modern

facade systems, such as Steel profiled sheets and
composite (sandwich) panels, Flat and rigidized
cassette panels with folded edges, Light steel infill
walls, Hollow steel sections, Stainless steel glazing
support systems, to name a few.
Panel frame façade

Panel facades are framed by mullions on the vertical

edges and transoms on the horizontal edges. Mullions
and transoms are thermally broken to prevent cold
bridging through the element so that condensation
does not occur. Unitized curtain walling is identifiable
by the presence of split mullions and transoms on the
panel perimeters. These structural shapes are cheap to
manufacture in large quantities once a die has been
made.

Curtain Walling façade

Curtain walling is the generic name given to metallic

lightweight cladding or glazed cladding systems that
are directly supported by a structural frame. In some
cases, a stone veneer or large tiled fascia may be
attached to give the appearance of a more monolithic
cladding system.
Clay façade

Clay facades are nothing but the panels made of

terracotta that can be cladded on the exterior walls or
facade of any building. Though glass and aluminium
based facades have been recent additions to Indian
cityscapes, borrowed largely from the west, but clay
facades like facing bricks or clay facade tiles have been
in use for many years. Clay facades are the outcome of
sophisticated technology and advanced firing processes
and hence are highly resistant to the exterior
environment. When compared to paint, which can look
smudged with dust and dirt, clay facades, retain the
colour for a longer period of time. Since they are made
of terracotta. Their weather resistance power makes
them highly durable which last for decades.

Steel and glass façade

Steel and glass are synergistic materials and are often
used in facades and roofs of multi-storey buildings. The
glass panels are generally supported by separate
vertical steel elements to the main structural frame of
the building that may be internal or external to the
building. Stainless steel and hollow steel sections are
often used in combination with glass.

Double-skin façade

This is formed of two glass walls separated by a cavity

on south-facing elevations and are used to reduce the
energy consumption of a building. Shading devices are
usually mounted in the cavity and, depending on its
width, walkways for access and cleaning. This type of
façade has many variations in the arrangement. The
two skins form a thermal buffer zone and passive solar
gains in the cavity reduce heat losses in winter. If the
cavity ventilation is integrated with the building
services, air heated by the sun can be introduced into
the building, providing good natural ventilation and
reducing the heating load and vice versa during
summer.
Aluminum Composite façade

Aluminum Composite Panel Cladding (ACP) is a widely-

used term, describing flat panels that consist of
thermoplastic core bonds between two aluminum
sheets. ACPs are frequently used for external cladding
of buildings (building facades). The main advantage of
ACP is that it is very rigid and strong, despite its
lightweight. Due to the ability to paint the aluminum in
any color, ACPs are produced in a wide range of
metallic and non-metallic colors as well as patterns that
imitate other materials, such as wood or marble.
Applications of ACPs are not limited to the building’s
external cladding; they can be used in any cladding
application, partitions, false ceilings etc.

Solar shading façade

Solar shading facade is a form of solar control that can

be used to optimise the amount of solar heat gain and
visible light that is admitted into a building. This can
have a significant impact on the energy use of a
building as well as on the thermal and visual comfort of
occupants, protecting against overheating and glare on
hot or sunny days. There is a wide variety of solar
shading systems that may be used and incorporated as
part of the building façade. There are: oval shaped
horizontal steel elements that span horizontally
between external columns and their size and spacing is
designed to reduce the intensity of solar gain.

Glazing façade

Modern glazing facades are made of attachments to 2

or 4 separate glass panels using stainless steel
brackets, also known as ‘spiders’ because of their
multiple legs. The attachments to the glass panels are
generally made by stainless steel brackets with
neoprene gaskets through the glass, as shown below.
These attachments permit articulation due to thermal
and structural movements so that local stresses on the
glass are minimised.

Insulated wall façade

Insulated wall facades are interlocking, composite
metal-faced sandwich panels or concrete panels with
insulation between internal and external concrete
elements. Steel-faced insulated panels are frequently
used on single storey and low-rise industrial buildings.
Panels are usually designed to span one-way (either
vertically or horizontally) and are made to suit
commonly-used frame spacings without intermediate
supports. Various insulation materials are available
such as expanded polyurethane (PUR),
polyisocyanurate (PIR) and mineral fibre with a range of
insulating, fire-resisting and other physical properties.

Homeostatic façade

Homeostatic façade consists of an engineered ribbon,

inside the cavity of a double-skin glass façade. The
ribbon is made of dielectric elastomers: polymer
materials that can be polarized by applying an
electrical current. These materials are also flexible and
consume very little power. Both sides of the dielectric
material are coated with silver electrodes. This silver
layer reflects light, and also distributes electrical
charge across the material, causing it to deform. This
helps the façade to regulate temperature inside the
building.

15 of the Most Popular Architectural

Styles in History
Architecture is a term that encompasses the art and technique required to
design buildings. This foundational process is completed before the
construction phase begins, and has resulted in a variety of architecture
styles throughout history that look vastly different from one another while
achieving the common goal of giving humans shelter from the elements
for living and working.

The built environment is a rich and varied tapestry that includes

overlapping design styles and architectural movements that have
sometimes spanned centuries and often traveled around the world,
adapting themselves to different climates, landscapes and cultural needs.

This rundown includes 15 of the most popular architectural styles

throughout history, from the buildings of ancient Greece and Rome to the
contemporary architecture of today.

 01of 15
Classical Architecture

An umbrella term that refers to the building styles that

originated in ancient Greece and Rome, classical
architecture has influenced centuries of subsequent design
movements throughout the world, including Neoclassical
and Greek Revival architecture. Some of the most famous
buildings in the modern world are based on ancient Greek
and Roman designs. Classical architecture focuses on
symmetry and proportions; columns with Doric, Ionic, or
Corinthian detailing; the use of materials such as marble,
brick, and concrete; and classical design motifs such as
interior molding, medium pitched roofs, boxed eaves,
decorative door surrounds, and broken pediments over the
entry door.

While classical architecture was largely replaced by

modernism and contemporary architecture in the 20th
century, classical architecture continues to be built in what
has been rebranded as "new classical" style.

Tudor Architecture

Originating in England during the Tudor period starting in

1485, Tudor architecture evokes storybook cottages and old-
world charm. Tudor homes were built by craftsmen who
combined Renaissance and Gothic design elements to create
a transitional style that spread throughout England until it
was supplanted by Elizabethan architecture in 1560. Tudor
style was reborn in the United States in the 1890s and
remained popular through the 1940s. Tudor homes feature
signature half-timber detailing, long vertically placed
decorative wood beams that create a two-toned exterior.
However, Tudor Revival homes often eschewed this original
Tudor look for red-toned brick with ornate detailing around
windows, chimneys, and entryways.
Neoclassical Architecture

Neoclassical architecture refers to a style of buildings

constructed during the revival of Classical Greek and Roman
architecture that began around 1750 and flourished in the
18th and 19th centuries. Whereas Greek Revival
architecture utilizes classical elements, such as columns
with Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian details, neoclassicism is
characterized by a more whole-scale revival of entire and
often grand-scale classical volumes.

Some of the most famous and easily recognizable

institutional and government buildings in Europe and the
United States are neoclassical in style, such as the White
House and U.S. Capitol building.

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 04of 15
Cape Cod Architecture

Cape Cod architecture is

named after the Massachusetts coastal region where it is the
signature style. Homey and effortlessly appealing, Cape Cod
houses have simple, timeless clean-lined silhouettes, with
elements such as oak and pine wood post and beam framing
and wood flooring; brick fireplaces; and clapboard or cedar
shake roof and side shingles.

English colonists in the 17th century first adapted English

half-timber hall and parlor houses to suit the bitter New
England climate, creating a boxier, lower slung silhouette to
stand up to the elements. A second wave known as Cape
Cod Revival in the 1920s to the 1950s helped popularize the
style throughout the United States, and became an
economical solution during both the Depression and the
post-war housing boom of the 1940s and '50s. Even in
super-sized 21st-century America, Cape Cod style homes
retain a nostalgic popular appeal with new builds of all sizes
today, from sprawling homes to tiny houses.

Italianate Architecture

Italianate architecture refers to a particular 19th-century

style of building that was inspired by 16th-century Italian
Renaissance architecture combined
with picturesque influences that featured architectural
elements from a romanticized past that broke some of the
strict rules around formal classical architecture.

The Italianate style was born in 1802 when architect John

Nash built the first Italianate villa in England, Cronkhill in
Shropshire, and was promoted by the work of Sir Charles
Barry in the 1830s. The style spread throughout Northern
Europe, the British Empire and the US from the late 1840s to
1890. It was a hugely popular building choice used in both
rural and urban settings in the US in the 1860s after the Civil
War.

Greek Revival Architecture

Greek Revival architecture is inspired by the symmetry,

proportion, simplicity, and elegance of the ancient Greek
temples of 5th century B.C. In the U.S., Greek Revival
reached peak popularity from 1825 to 1860, and became the
first dominant national style of architecture in the U.S. as it
spread from the East Coast across the country to the West
Coast, leaving state capitol buildings, banks, New England
churches, urban row houses, galleried cottages, and
southern plantation houses in its wake.

Inspired by the birthplace of democracy, Americans

borrowed classical elements to design buildings for what
was then a still new democracy, such as columns with Doric,
Ionic, or Corinthian details, painted white to mimic the
marble used in ancient Greece; gently sloping roofs with
gable fronts; and elaborate door
surrounds. Interiors featured simple, fairly open layouts;
graceful proportions; tall parlor floor windows and doors;
ornate plasterwork ceilings; plain plaster walls; wide plank
floors; and ornate ceiling mantels.

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 07of 15
Victorian Architecture

The term Victorian architecture refers not to a particular

style but to an era—the reign of Queen Victoria from 1837 to
1901. The style originated in England and still largely defines
the architecture of its cities and towns, but varying styles of
Victorian era architecture spread to places like North
America, Australia, and New Zealand. Victorian era
architecture is marked by its unapologetic devotion to
ornament and its ornate interior design. Some features that
will help you spot a Victorian from the outside include:
steeply pitched roofs; plain or colorfully painted brick; ornate
gables; rooftop finials; sliding sash and bay windows;
octagonal or round towers; and generous wraparound
porches. Interiors often include grand staircases;
complicated layouts; high ceilings; intricately carved wood
paneling; and decorative fireplaces.

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 08of 15
Arts and Crafts Architecture
The Arts and Crafts movement was a reaction to the ornate
and mass produced styles of Victorian architecture that
embraced handcrafted design and the use of natural
materials such as stone, brick, wood, and hammered copper
and bronze metalwork detailing. Originating in Great Britain
in the mid 19th-century, the Arts and Crafts movement
migrated to the U.S. in the beginning of the 20th century,
encompassing architecture, interior design, textiles, fine art
and more. Many architectural styles came out of the Arts
and Crafts movement, including the popular Craftsman and
Bungalow-style homes, simple, thoughtfully made structures
originally designed for working class families.

Arts and Crafts-style homes are symmetrical; low to the

ground; designed for efficiency and minimal upkeep; often
feature large fireplaces; low-pitched roofs with wide
overhangs; exposed interior beams; built-in bookshelves,
window seats and cabinets; and multiple windows with small
panes; prominent porches; and open floor plans.

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 09of 15
Beaux-Arts Architecture
Beaux-Arts architecture is a building style that emerged
from Paris’ École des Beaux-Arts in the late 1800s and
spread to the US during the Gilded Age. Beaux-Arts buildings
are grandiose, theatrical, highly ornate buildings that are
inspired by Roman and Greek classicism and inspired by
French and Italian Renaissance and Baroque building styles,
such as the Musée D'Orsay.

Notable American architects such as Richard Morris, HH

Richardson and Charles McKim trained at the Beaux-Arts
school in Paris, and Beaux-Arts style was embraced for
major building projects in the US, such as the Library of
Congress in Washington D.C. and prominent buildings such
as Grand Central Terminal and the New York Public Library’s
main branch in NYC. Beaux-Arts architecture faded around
1930 with the onset of the Depression rendering such over-
the-top displays of opulence as out of touch and obsolete.

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 10of 15
Art Deco Architecture

Art Deco architecture is part of the Art Deco movement, an

inventive design period in the U.S. and Europe in the 1920s
and '30s that spanned the realms of fashion, art,
homewares, and building styles throughout the Roaring
Twenties and the Great Depression. The earliest examples of
Art Deco architecture can be found in Paris, France, before
the style spread to the United States in the 1930s,
influencing the skyline of Manhattan forever with now iconic
skyscrapers such as the Empire State Building, Rockefeller
Center, and the Chrysler building.
Art Deco buildings utilize materials like stucco, terracotta,
decorative glass, chrome, steel, and aluminum. They feature
ornate, geometric detailing such as chevrons, pyramids,
stylized sunbursts or florals, zigzags, and other geometric
shapes. Many Art Deco buildings include bright, opulent
colors accented with contrasting black, white, gold or silver.
And they often feature fragmented triangular shapes;
decorative, geometric windows; parapets and spires.

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Bauhaus Architecture

Bauhaus architecture came out of the influential German

school founded by Walter Gropius (1883-1969) in the early
20th century, which had a utopian aim to create a radically
new form of architecture and design to help rebuild society
after World War I. By synthesizing fine arts, crafts, design,
architecture, and technology, the Bauhaus promoted
rational, functional design that embraced a form follows
function, less is more ethos.

Not all Bauhaus buildings look alike, but in general they

eschew ornamentation to focus on simple, rational,
functional design; use simple geometric forms such as
the triangle, square, and circle; feature asymmetry; use
modern materials such as steel, glass, concrete; have
features such as flat roofs, glass curtain walls, and smooth
façades. Bauhaus developed into the International Style
when Gropius and other prominent members of the Bauhaus
emigrated to the U.S. in the 1930s and later influenced the
development of modernism in the 1950s and '60s. Bauhaus
architecture and design principles still influence the shape
and look of everyday objects.

Industrial Architecture

A general term used to describe buildings constructed to

facilitate the needs of industry, industrial
architecture encompasses a range of building types and
styles that mix functionality and design and can be found all
over the industrialized world, such as factories, warehouses,
foundries, steel mills, water towers, grain silos, distilleries,
breweries, refineries, power plants, and other utilitarian
structures. The first industrial buildings were constructed in
the 1700s during the first Industrial Revolution that took
place mainly in Britain from about 1760 to 1840.

But today when we reference industrial architecture, we are

mostly referring to the buildings that emerged as a response
to the widespread use of new materials such as metal and
concrete as well as mass production methods brought on by
the Second Industrial Revolution of the late 19th and early
20th century, and which formed the building blocks
for Modern Architecture. Features of industrial architecture
may include large, open floor plans; high ceilings; raw rough
materials such as concrete, brick, and metal; lack of
ornamentation on building façade; exposed brick, ductwork
and piping; and large metal-grid windows.

What Is Industrial Architecture?

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Modern Architecture

Modern architecture refers to the style of architecture that

flourished in the early to mid 20th century. Rejecting the
ornamental styles of the recent past, modern architecture
favors clean lines; functional design; open floor plans; built-
in storage; a focus on materials such as steel, concrete, iron,
glass, wood, brick, and stone; and a focus on integrating
architecture into the natural landscape while bringing the
outdoors inside with the use of large windows to let in
natural light and air.

Modern architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright redefined a

new world of architecture with form follows function design,
and a host of mid-century designers transformed the built
landscape and the world of interior design with mid-century
modern furniture that continues to be wildly popular today.

Brutalist Architecture

Brutalist architecture (1950s-1970s) is characterized by

simple, block-like, hulking concrete structures (the term is a
play on the French phrase for raw concrete, béton brut).
With simple, graphic lines, a heavy appearance, a
monochromatic palette, and a lack of ornamentation,
Brutalism is a bold, in-your-face and eternally polarizing
style. An offshoot of modernism, brutalist architecture
became a popular if perennially controversial choice for
institutional buildings around the world before fading out in
the 1980s, giving way to the postmodernism and today’s
contemporary styles. But the style's influence can be seen in
contemporary product and interior design, furniture, objects,
and web design.
Contemporary Architecture

Contemporary architecture is a blanket phrase that

comprises a range of present day building styles that often
look radically different from one another and sometimes
from anything that has come before. Contemporary
architecture followed the modern period of the first half of
the 20th century and the postmodern period through the
'90s. Using innovative materials and building methods such
as computer-generated curves, laser-cutting technology,
and 3D printing, contemporary architects often embrace
rounded forms, curved lines, unconventional volumes,
asymmetry, and open floor plans. Sustainability is an
important feature of contemporary architecture. Custom-
built new homes may be contemporary in style, but are not
necessarily so.