COURSE CONTENT

This is a short course for students who wish to take the Academic Module for the IELTS test.
You will be taught 9 academic topics and 4 skills (Listening, Reading, Writing and Speaking)
that you need for the exam. This course covers the most important exam question types, as
well as key grammar and vocabulary which are known to be useful to candidates doing the
test. At the end of the course, you are expected to get a band 5.5 overall for the IELTS test or
FFB1 (CEF).

Each week you are expected to complete the following sets of homework
+ For Listening and Reading skills: finish exercises in the textbook
+ For Speaking and Writing skills: submit online​ ​
+ Learn the wordlist of each lesson BEFORE you come to class

Topic 1 Introduction to IELTS test and marking criteria

Accommodation Listening Section 1 - Note Completion
Speaking Part 1

Reading - Note Completion

Writing Task 1 - Trend graphs

Topic 2 Listening Section 1 - Note Completion

Jobs & Studies Speaking Part 1

Reading - Finding information & Table Completion

Writing Task 1- Comparative charts

Topic 3 Listening Section 1 - Note Completion

Family Speaking Part 1

Reading - True/ False/ Not given

Writing Task 1- Process

Topic 4 Listening Section 1 - Note Completion

Achievements Speaking Part 2 (Describe an achievement)

Reading - Sentence Completion

Writing Task 1 - Maps

Topic 5 Listening Section 2 - Multiple Choice

The world around us Speaking Part 2 (Describe an influential person)

Reading - Multiple Choice

Writing Task 2 - Advantages and Disadvantages (1)

Topic 6 Listening Section 2 - Matching information

Experiences Speaking Part 1 and Part 2 (Describe a traditional dish)
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 Reading - Matching information
Writing Task 2 - Advantages and Disadvantages (2)

Topic 7 Listening Section 2 - Map labeling

Exploration Speaking Part 2 (Describe a town/city)

Reading - Finding information & Completion

Writing Task 2 - Opinion

Topic 8 Listening Section 3 - Table Completion & Matching information

Trends and Meanings Speaking Part 3

Reading - Matching information & Summary Completion

Writing Task 2 - Discussion

Topic 9 Listening Section 4 - Note Completion

Well-being Reading - Matching headings

Revision - Speaking and Writing

Lesson 19 - Final test - Listening and Reading

Lesson 20 - Final Test - Speaking and Writing

Writing - whole class
Speaking - individual

INTRODUCTION TO IELTS TEST AND MARKING CRITERIA

IELTS Academic Test

Module Total time Tasks

Listening ~ 30 mins Listen to 4 sections (2 conversations, 2 monologues)

40 questions (10 questions each section)
Students have 10 minutes to transfer answers onto an answer
sheet and listen to recordings ONCE only.

Reading 60 mins Read 3 academic passages

40 questions (13-14 questions each passage)

Writing 60 mins Task 1: Write a description of a graph, a process or a map.

At least 150 words (20 mins)
Task 2: Write an essay in response to an opinion or a question.
At least 250 words (40 mins)

2
 Speaking 11-14 mins Part 1: Answer questions about common topics
Part 2: Talk about a specific topic
Part 3: Answer further questions related to Part 2.

*Note: The three skills (Listening, Reading, Writing) will be tested within one session (2
hours 45 mins). The Speaking skill will be tested separately.

1.​ Listening test

Section 1 A conversation between two people in a real-life context, often involving

customer service (booking a trip/ an event, signing up for a class, etc)
*Note/Table completion

Section 2 A monologue in a real-life context, often involving giving directions, a

description of a place, event, organization or process
*Multiple Choice - Matching information - Map labeling

Section 3 A conversation, usually between two students, sometimes being guided by a

teacher/ tutor
*Multiple Choice - Matching information

Section 4 A monologue about an academic subject. The topics may vary from education,
health, environment, art, psychology, engineering, etc.
*Note completion

2.​ Reading test

You need to understand specific information, main ideas and opinions

* 5 main question types

-​ Completion (Summary completion, Sentence completion, Table completion, Note/
form completion)
-​ Multiple Choice
-​ Locating information
-​ Matching (Matching headings, Matching information, Matching sentence endings)
-​ True/ False/ Not given

→ To pass this course, you will need to have at least 19 correct answers for both Listening
and Reading skills

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3.​ Speaking test

Part 1 You will be asked 10-12 questions about three familiar topics, such as your
(4-5 mins) home, family, work, studies and interests.

Part 2 You will be given a card, a pencil, a paper and asked to describe a specific
(3-4 mins) person/ place/ object/ event. You will have one minute to prepare before
speaking for up to two minutes.

Part 3 You will be asked 6-8 further questions related to the topic in Part 2. You
(4-5 mins) need to answer and explain your answer. You also need to maintain the
discussion with the examiner.

*Marking criteria: To achieve band 5.5+ in Speaking, you should

Fluency and Vocabulary Grammar Pronunciation

Coherence
- Speak at length - Use topic-related - Use different - Pronounce sounds
(develop your vocabulary correctly sentence structures and words clearly
answer) - Use correct - Use correct - Other features: word
- Avoid hesitation collocations grammatical forms stress, sentence stress,
and repetition - Use paraphrasing (articles, word form, linking sounds,
- Use linking words (express ideas with tenses) intonation
to connect ideas different words) - Avoid notable - Avoid
grammatical mistakes misunderstanding

*How to mark Speaking score:

Example: (FC 6.0 + LR 5.0 + GRA 6.0 + Pron 6.0) : 4 = 5.75 → 6.0

4.​ Writing test

Task 1 (20 mins) Summarize, describe graphs (table, bar chart, pie chart, line chart,
map, process)
Task 2 (40 mins) Write argumentative essay (Agree or disagree/ Discuss two opposing
views/ Discuss advantages and disadvantages/ Problem-Solution/
Two-part questions)

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*Writing marking criteria: To achieve band 5.5+ in Writing, you should

Task Response Coherence and Lexical Resource Grammar Range

Cohesion and Accuracy

- Express your - Divide your essay - Use topic-related - Use different

position clearly into paragraphs vocabulary correctly sentence structures
- Provide relevant - Organize ideas and - Use correct - Use correct
supporting ideas paragraphs logically collocations grammatical forms
- Develop your - Use linking devices - Use paraphrasing (articles, word form,
ideas with (linking words, - Avoid errors tenses)
explanation and reference) (spelling, word - Avoid notable
examples choice) grammatical
mistakes

*How to mark Writing score:

Example: (TR 6.0 + CC 6.0 + GRA 5.0 + LR 5.0) : 4 = 5.5

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 Lesson 1
Topic: Accommodation
Listening - Speaking

LISTENING SECTION 1 - FORM/ TABLE COMPLETION

Step 1: Identify word form and type of information

Step 2: Underline keywords of each question.
- These keywords will let you know the answer is coming.
- Keywords may be paraphrased.
Step 3: Listen for keywords and identify answers. Pay attention to the WORD LIMIT.

*Guided exercise

Complete the form below. Write ONE WORD OR A NUMBER for each answer.

HOTEL Booking Form

Example Arrival date: …23rd August...

Length of stay: 1…………….. weeks
Type of accommodation: 2 …………….. room
Name: Mr and Mrs 3 …………….. and children
Address: 29 Tower Heights, Dunbar 4 ……………..
Postcode: EH412GK
Contact phone: 5 ……………..
Purpose of trip: holiday

Tourist Board - Questions for holidaymakers

Favorite activity: 6 ……………..

Beaches: busy but 7 ……………..
Shop staff: are sometimes too 8 ……………..
Waiters: 9 …………….. and quick
Suggestions: need some 10 …………….. for hire

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HOMEWORK
Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD OR A NUMBER.
Accommodation Form - RENTAL PROPERTIES
Example - Name: Jane Ryder
Contact phone number: 1 (0044) ..........................
Email address: 2 richard@ .......................... co.uk
Occupation: a local 3 ..........................
Type of accommodation:
●​ a 2-bedroom apartment wanted (must have its own 4 .......................... )
●​ no 5 .......................... required (family bringing theirs)
●​ a 6 .......................... in the kitchen is preferable
Preferred location: near a 7 ..........................
Maximum rent: 8 .......................... per month
Other requests: the accommodation has to be 9.......................... in the daytime
How did you first hear about us: through a 10 ..........................

*Extra Listening
In-class Listening Transcript

Man: Good morning, Atlas Hotel, can I help you?

Woman: Oh yes - a friend has told me about your hotel, and I'd like to book some rooms,
please.
M OK. When would you like to stay here?
W Well, we've booked flights on the 23rd of August.
M OK... I'll just find that date. That seems to be fine - we have a few rooms available then.
W Oh, that's good. I was a bit worried - we've left things rather late.
M Well, you're lucky - we had two cancellations last week.
W Oh!
M Now, how long do you want to stay for?
W Well, last year we only stayed a week, and it wasn't long enough... So this time we thought
two weeks, if it's possible.
M Mmm, that looks fine... yes, you do need plenty of time here to really relax... it'll be getting
towards the end of the tourist season as well, so it won't be quite so hot then.
W Oh good. Um... we've got two children, and I was wondering if you have any
(1) ................. that are next to each other?
M Mmm. Let's see... I'm afraid that isn't possible, but we do have what we call a family room,
which is a lot bigger than a (2) ................ room and can take two adults and two children.
W Oh, that sounds perfect.
M OK - I'll book you in for that. So, can I have your name and address, please?
W Yes, it's Mr and Mrs Shriver.
M Can you spell that for me?
W Yes, it's S-H-R-I-V-E-R.
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M Thank you. And you said two children, didn't you?
W Yes, they're two boys of ten and 12.
M Fine - and can I have your home address?
W Yes, we live at flat 29, Tower Heights.
M OK is that (3) .................?
W No, it's Scotland, actually. We're from Dunbar. The postcode is EH41 2GK.
M OK. Great - that's a country I'd really like to visit!
W You'd have to bring a lot of warm clothes!
M I know... And can I have a contact telephone number?
W Sure - our home number is 0-1-3-1 double 9-4-6-5-7-2-3.
M 7-2-3. Thank you. I hope you don't mind, but we always ask our guests what the purpose of
their trip is. I'm guessing yours is a holiday?
W Yes - we're really looking forward to it!
M As you've been here before, I wonder if you'd mind answering a few short questions for our
tourist board?
W No, not at all.
M They collect information from tourists, so that they can try to improve the (4) .................
industry here.
W That's a good idea.
M OK - um... So what type of holiday activity do you like best?
W Well, I like a lot of things... I like shopping and (5) .................... but I think as a family, we
all enjoy swimming the most.
M OK... and do you go to the beaches to do that?
W Well, sometimes we do. We also like to sit around the pool at the hotel.
M When you go to the beaches, what do you think of them?
W Well, they're a bit (6) ................
M I know.
W But then you expect that in the holidays. The main thing is that they're very clean. That's
why we come back.
M I'm glad to hear that. And you said you like shopping ...?
W Yes - it's fun.
M How are the shop staff? Are they-
W Well, I don't want to (7) ................., but sometimes... Well, they're a bit too helpful.
M trying to sell you souvenirs.
W Yes - I prefer to choose things myself.
M Uh-huh... What about eating... and the service in the restaurants?
W Oh, the food is (8) ................. - always. And the waiters - well, they're polite and so fast...
Nothing takes very long.
M That's good news. Sometimes people complain, but... W Well, I haven't been to every
restaurant - there are rude waiters everywhere, I suppose.
M Well, we like to avoid it if we can. Do you have suggestions for things which might
improve your holiday (9) ................. here?
W Um - not really. Let me think... Oh, yes - I did notice last time I was there that there are
local buses, but you don't seem to have any bikes.
M No, we don't - most people have cars.
W Mmm - it's just nice to hire one and get some (10) .................... go at a slower pace so that
8
you can really see the landscape.
M OK - I'll note that down. Well, thank you very much…

SPEAKING PART 1
Answer using 5W1H: What, Who, When, Where, Why, How

1. What do you like most about your home?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Do you prefer to live in a house or an apartment?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

SPEAKING PART 2 - Describe your ideal house

- Where it is
- What it is like
- What you would like to do
- Why you would like to live in it

Vocabulary
Introduction I would like to talk about … , which …
Rooms and living room: TV, sofa, table, chair, paintings
Furniture bedroom: bed, wardrobe, air conditioner
kitchen: dining table, stove
office/ study room: bookshelf, desk, window
My room is decorated with …
My room is painted in …
Adjectives warm - cozy
spacious
bright – full of natural light
clean – neat
comfortable
Activities to relax - enjoy one’s privacy
family reunion
concentrate on something
gather with friends

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 Lesson 2
TOPIC: ACCOMMODATION
Reading and Writing

READING - Note Completion

Reviews for The Coach Hotel​

A Review 1
Our rooms are clean, but the furniture is really outdated, especially the bathroom. We had
dinner in the hotel, and it was well-cooked, but we were still hungry afterwards because the
servings were so tiny. The drinks prices are very expensive. Overall, I think it was an
unpleasant experience.
B Review 2
I think that the Coach Hotel is very good value for money. I requested a quiet room and this
was noted at reception. I got a great room, which is large, comfortable and clean. The only
disappointing thing is that there are no tea/coffee facilities in the room - not even a kettle. The
decoration is not modern, but there is a wide range of delicious dishes in the hotel restaurant.
In the evening, I had an amazing three-course meal. I think the staff are friendly and always
willing to help.
C Review 3​
The hotel is just 200 meters away from the city center, which is really convenient. There is
plenty of space to park. My bed is comfortable with clean cotton sheets. The view from my
room is beautiful, and I think the service is quite professional. However, the room definitely
needs some improvement because the furniture is old and quite cheap. The bathroom is not
spacious, and it is not well- equipped. The dining room, which has a very small window, is
dark and not airy.

Complete the table below with ONE word from the passage

Pros Cons

Review 1 - the rooms are (1) …………….. - the furniture is old

- dinner was (2) ……………… - the drinks are very (3) …………….

Review 2 - the room is big, comfortable and - no (6)................. for tea or coffee
clean - decoration is old
- there are many good (4) ……….
in the restaurant
- (5) …………. are friendly and
helpful

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 Review 3 - the hotel is close to the - furniture is old and cheap
(7) ……………… - the bathroom is small and poorly
- parking space is large (9) ……………..
- the bed is comfortable - the dining room is not bright and not
- (8) ………………. service (10) ……………

HOMEWORK
The happiest country in the world
Children growing up in Costa Rica are surrounded by some of the most beautiful and diverse
landscapes in the world. Preserving tropical rainforests isn’t Costa Rica’s only success,
because the government also makes sure everyone has access to health-care and education. So
when the New Economics Foundation released its second Happy Planet Index, Costa Rica
came out number one. The index is a ranking of countries based on their impact on the
environment and the health and happiness of their citizens.
According to Mariano Rojas, a Costa Rican economics professor, Costa Rica is a mid-income
country where citizens have plenty of time for themselves and for their relationships with
others. ‘A mid-income level allows most citizens to satisfy their basic needs. The government
makes sure that all Costa Ricans have access to education, health and nutrition services.’
Costa Ricans, he believes, are not interested in status or spending money to show how
successful they are.
Created in 2008, the Happy Planet Index examines happiness on a national level and ranks
143 countries according to three measurements: their citizens’ happiness, how long they live
(which reflects their health), and how much of the planet’s resources each country consumes.
According to researcher Saamah Abdallah, the Index also measures the outcomes that are
most important, and those are happy, healthy lives for everyone.
Complete the notes below using ONE WORD OR A NUMBER from the passage

Costa Rica
- beautiful and diverse landscapes
- everyone is provided with (1) ………………. and education by the government
- a (2) ……………….. country:
+ people can satisfy basic needs
+ they have time for themselves and for personal (3) ………………..
+ they are not concerned about (4) ………….. or showing off success
The Happy Planet Index
Year started: (5) ……………… Number of countries it lists: (6) ………………
Measures each country's happiness according to:

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 - its effect on the (7) ……………… (i.e. the quantity of the Earth's (8) ……………… that
it uses);
- the (9) ……………… of the population (i.e. how long people live);
- how happy its (10) ……………… are.

WRITING TASK 1 - LINE GRAPHS

The graph below shows the number of tourists visiting a particular Caribbean island
between 2010 and 2017.

Summaries the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words.

Step 1: Phân tích biểu đồ

-​ Xác định X (đối tượng đang phân tích) (X phải là 1 danh từ chỉ đơn vị hoặc liên quan
tới con số = the number/amount/percentage of sth)
-​ overview: general trends
-​ body: cách nhóm các đối tượng - cách phân khúc từng đối tượng
Step 2: Writing Introduction - Overview
Step 3: Writing body paragraphs
-​ 4 cấu trúc câu đơn → phức
-​ Cách đưa số liệu

*Outline
Step 1:

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X = ………………………………………………………………
Overview:
-​ upward trends: ………………………………………………………………
-​ downward trends: ………………………………………………………………

Body 1: describing …
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Body 2: describing …
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Step 2: Writing Introduction - Overview

The line graph/ bar/ table/ pie... → The chart
Shows → illustrates/ gives information about
The number/amount/ percentage …of → How much/ how many + S + V
Between ... and ... → From ... to...

Example: The line chart shows the average number of weekly patients visiting four clinics of
a hospital from 2010 to 2016.
→ The chart illustrates how many weekly patients visited four clinics of a hospital between
2010 and 2016.

The graph illustrates …………………………………..……………………………………

…………………………………………………………..…………………………………….
Overall, …………………………………..……………….…………………………………
…………………………………………………………..…………………………………

Step 3: Writing body paragraphs

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

*Sentence structure
Trạng từ chỉ thời gian, X + động từ + giới từ (to/at) + số liệu.

*Vocabulary
Verbs Verb of big changes Other verbs

increase decrease double fluctuate: dao động

halve recover to: quay lại giá trị ban đầu
go up go down
remained stable at: duy trì ổn định
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rise fall
grow drop

Type of changes Adverbs Type of changes Adverbs

Big change dramatically Slow change gradually
(fast-big change)
significantly,
considerably
Small change slightly Fast change sharply, rapidly

*Time adverbs *Preposition

+ between … and … / from … to … + started, finished, remained stable AT
+ in the first/ last … years + increased, decreased TO
+ at the start/ beginning/ end of the period + fluctuated BETWEEN … and …

HOMEWORK

The graph below shows the number of overseas visitors to three different areas in a
European country between 1987 and 2007.

X = ………………………….………………………………………
Overview: ………………………………………………………………………. increased
while ………………………………………….……………… decreased.

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…………………………….………………….………………….…………….………………
…………………………….………………….………………….…………….………………
…………………………….………………….………………….…………….………………
…………………………….………………….………………….…………….………………
…………………………….………………….………………….…………….………………
…………………………….………………….………………….…………….………………
…………………………….………………….………………….…………….………………

Lesson 3
TOPIC: Jobs and Studies
Listening and Speaking

LISTENING SECTION 1
Question 1-5
Complete the table below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR NUMBERS for each answer.

JOB HUNTING

Company’s Job details Reference number Contact

name

POWER • work in a 1……….. SW35FT Jane 2………

(manufacturing section
company)

COTTON • good pay 5………… go to office

(grocery • work
company) – in 3……….. office
– in a 4…………
• chance of promotion

Question 6 -10
Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
Notes on Jobs
●​ Local jobs can be found in the 6………….
●​ Buy the 7…………to get one free magazine (Job Plus)
●​ Feel stress and spend a lot of time looking for jobs
●​ Advisable to go to an 8………. instead of the recruitment seminar
●​ Bring a student card (10% discount)
●​ Referee:
- former boss (once had a job)

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 - one of the 9…………… (if not)
●​ Intend to take the art course
●​ Fill out a 10…………form at the end of the course

HOMEWORK

Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer

JOB INQUIRY
Example - Work at: ..…a restaurant……
Type of work: 1..................... phone
Number of hours per week: 12 hours
Would need work permit
Work in the: 2 ...................... Road branch
Nearest bus stop: next to 3 ..............................
Pay: 4 £.............................. an hour
Extra benefits:
-​ a free dinner
-​ extra pay when you work on 5 ........................ holidays.
-​ transport home when you work after 6 ..............................
Qualities required:
-​ 7 ................... voice.
-​ ability to 8 ...................... quickly
Interview arranged for: Thursday 9.............................. at 6 pm.
Bring the names of two referees
Ask for: Samira 10 ...........................

SPEAKING PART 1 - Work/ Studies

Answer using 5W1H: What, Who, When, Where, Why, How

1. What is the best thing about your job/student life?

…………………………….………………….………………….…………….………………
…………………………….………………….………………….…………….………………
………………………….………………….………………….…………….…………………

2. Do you prefer to work/study alone or with other people?

…………………………….………………….………………….…………….………………
…………………………….………………….………………….…………….………………
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………………………….………………….………………….…………….…………………

SPEAKING PART 2 - Describe a device that helps your work/ studies

-​ What it is
-​ What you use it for
-​ Why it is useful

Vocabulary
What it is a device (mobile phone, laptop)
a book/ website
an application
What you use it for I am a fan of …
X has many features such as …
X helps me to keep in touch with …
X provides me with access to …
Why it is useful X allows me to work/ study more productively.
X helps me to gain more knowledge and skills.
Thanks to X, I can save more time and money.

Model answer

I would like to talk about a website which helps me a lot in my studies. It is called Study4,
and I use it to prepare for my IELTS test.

There are many online tests with audio, answer key and detailed explanation. I usually take
these tests on a daily basis to improve my language skills. This website also keeps track of my
scores, so I can focus on specific parts to practice and improve my results.

I think it is a very useful website because it allows me to save money. I can take tests online
instead of buying books, which is convenient. I can also study more effectively and improve
my planning skills. I would say that this tool has helped me a lot in my studies.

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 Lesson 4
TOPIC: Jobs and Studies
Reading and Writing

READING - FINDING INFORMATION & TABLE COMPLETION

What is speed reading, and why do we need it?

A
Speed reading is not just about reading fast. It is also about how much information you can
remember when you have finished reading. The World Championship Speed-Reading
Competition says that its top competitors average between 1,000 and 2,000 words a minute.
But they must remember at least 50 percent of this in order to qualify for the competition.

B
Nowadays, speed reading has become an essential skill in any environment where people have
to master a large volume of information. Professional workers need reading skills to help them
get through many documents every day, while students under pressure to deal with
assignments may feel they have to read more and read faster all the time.

C
Although there are various methods to increase reading speed, the trick is deciding what
information you want first. For example, if you only want a rough outline of an issue, then
you can skim the material quickly and extract the key facts. However, if you need to
understand every detail in a document, then you must read it slowly enough to understand
this.

D
Even when you know how to ignore irrelevant detail, there are other improvements you can
make to your reading style which will increase your speed. For example, most people can read
much faster if they read silently. Reading each word aloud takes time for the information to
make a complete circuit in your brain before being pronounced. Some researchers believe that
as long as the first and last letters are in place, the brain can still understand the arrangement
of the other letters in the word because it logically puts each piece into place.

E
Chunking is another important method. Most people learn to read either letter by letter or
word by word. As you improve, this changes. You will probably find that you are fixing your
eyes on a block of words, then moving your eyes to the next block of words, and so on. You
are reading blocks of words at a time, not individual words one by one. You may also notice
that you do not always go from one block to the next: sometimes you may move back to a
previous block if you are unsure about something.

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A skilled reader will read a lot of words in each block. He or she will only look at each block
for an instant and will then move on. Only rarely will the reader’s eyes skip back to a previous
block of words. This reduces the amount of work that the reader’s eyes have to do. It also
increases the volume of information that can be taken in over a given period of time.

G
On the other hand, a slow reader will spend a lot of time reading small blocks of words. He or
she will skip back often, losing the flow and structure of the text, and muddling their overall
understanding of the subject. This irregular eye movement quickly makes the reader tired.
Poor readers tend to dislike reading because they feel it is difficult to concentrate and
comprehend written information.

H
The best tip anyone can have to improve their reading speed is to practice. In order to do this
effectively, a person must be engaged in the material and want to know more. If you find
yourself constantly having to re-read the same paragraph, you may want to switch to reading
material that grabs your attention. If you enjoy what you are reading, you will make quicker
progress.

Questions 1-6
The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-H. Which paragraph contains the following
information?
NB You may use any letter more than once.

1 the types of people who need to read more quickly

2 the fastest reading speeds
3 how a reader can become confused
4 why reading material should be interesting
5 a definition of speed reading
6 what you should consider before you start reading

Questions 7-13
Complete the table below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage.

Chunking
Type of reader Reading method​ Effect of method on reader​

- Many 7....................in a block - Reader’s 8....................... do less work

Skilled reader - Reader hardly ever goes back - More 9..................... is processed.​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

​ ​ - Small blocks - Reader easily gets 12..................

10..................... - Reader 11 .................... goes - Finds it hard to 13..............on passage
​ back ​ ​ ​ ​

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HOMEWORK
Looking for employment

A
The current graduate job market is the toughest in recent memory. For the majority of
full-time undergraduates, part-time employment is a vital source of supplementary income.
Most studies show that at least 50 percent of students work during term time, and around 90
percent during vacations. About 70 per cent of those in work say that they do so to cover basic
living expenses, so this is not just to fund socializing either. It seems likely, however, that
students may find it more difficult to find such employment. There are fewer jobs to find, and
much greater competition.

B
But if you are a student looking for additional income, there are steps that you can take to
maximize your chances of getting a job. Most universities will have a job shop, operated by
the institution or the students' union. As these cater specifically for students, they will at least
make the search easier. In addition, most if not all will, to some extent, filter the jobs to ensure
that the employers are not completely evil, and will offer help with key job application skills
such as writing CVs, personal statements and interview techniques.

C
Students' unions themselves often employ large numbers of student staff, usually with
relatively good pay and conditions. The trick here is to apply well before term starts, as any
jobs are usually gone by freshers' week.

D
If you do not like the idea of a boss, you could also consider self-employment. For example, if
you have particular skills, such as design or computer programming, you can advertise these
on sites such as Student Gems (www.studentgems.com).

E
For those of you who do find work, there are also various points to keep in mind. The
National Union of Students is often asked to put a figure on the maximum hours that a student
should work. Of course, what is suitable for you will depend on your circumstances.

F
Research has shown that there is a correlation between a high number of hours worked and
the likelihood you will end up with a lower degree classification, so you should be careful
about balancing any work with your studies. You might also want to consider when you work:
night shifts might pay better but they can have a harmful effect on your coursework.

20
G
Then there is the issue of what sort of work. In an ideal world, students would be able to find
employment in areas that are relevant to their future careers, or at least which pay well. In any
case, most students are still to be found in low-paid and low-skilled jobs in catering and retail.
However, you need to know your rights. Employers have to obey the law, no matter how
challenging the job market is. For example, you should be paid at least the minimum wage.
All employees are entitled to a written contract, and a rest period if your shift is six hours or
longer. Part-time employees cannot be treated less favorably than full-time workers, although
if you work through an agency, you can be treated less favorably at present than permanent
employees in certain circumstances, so be careful.

H
One last thing to watch out for is tax. Students are actually liable for income tax, contrary to
popular belief. Because of their irregular work patterns, and the way tax is calculated, students
can sometimes pay tax wrongly.

Questions 1 - 5
Complete the summary below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage.

Students who work need to make sure that they are not being taken advantage of. If they are
aware of (1) …………………. they can ensure that their employers treat them fairly. If they
are (2) …………………. than twenty-one years old, they should be earning just under £6.00
per hour. The law is also clear about the right to certain breaks and to a (3) ………………….
However, agency workers have fewer rights than (4) …………………. Student workers also
have responsibilities, for example, they have to pay (5) ………………….

Questions 6-10
The reading passage has eight paragraphs, A-H. Which paragraph contains the following
information? NB You may use any letter more than once.

6. when to apply for jobs and why

7. advice for better work-study balance
8. statistics about students’ employment
9. a platform to find self-employment opportunities
10. types of low-paying jobs

21
WRITING TASK 1 - COMPARATIVE CHARTS

The bar chart below shows the numbers of men and women attending various evening
courses at an adult education center in the year 2009.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make
comparisons where relevant.

Introduction
The bar chart illustrates information about ……………………….…………………..………..
Overall, ………………………………………………………………………………..………..
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………

*Four types of subjects:

1. Chủ thể người Three main comparative structures
2. Khía cạnh so sánh - So sánh hơn nhất
3. Đơn vị (number, amount, percentage) - So sánh hơn
4. Số liệu trực tiếp - So sánh ngang bằng

*Outlining ideas (chia nhóm các đối tượng)

Nhóm 1: …………………………………..……………………………………………………
Nhóm 2: …………………………………..……………………………………………………
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………

*Giving statistics - using AT or WITH?

Hãy phân tích sự khác biệt giữa hai câu sau:
1a. The Tokyo system is the most used, with 1927 million passengers per year.
1b. The number of passengers of the Tokyo system is the highest, at 1927 million per year.
2a. Women spend more time doing housework than men, with 79 minutes per day.
2b. The amount of time women spend doing housework is greater, at 79 minutes per day.
→ Chúng ta dùng “with” khi chủ ngữ là ………………………….
và dùng “at” khi chủ ngữ là ………………………….

22
*Constructing sentences:

……………………………………………..……………………………………………………
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………

23
 Lesson 5
TOPIC: FAMILY
Listening & Speaking

LISTENING SECTION 1 - NOTE COMPLETION

Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

FAMILY EXCURSIONS
Cruise on a lake

Example - Travel on an old.........steamship.........

• Can take photos of the 1 …………….. that surround the lake
Farm visit
• Activity for children: 2 …………… the sheep
• Visit can include a 40-minute ride on a 3 …………….
• Visitors can walk in the farm’s gardens by the lake
• 4 …………….. is available at extra cost
Cycling trips
• Cyclists explore the Back Road
• A 5 …………….. is provided
• Only suitable for cyclists who have some 6 ……………..
Bikes can be hired from 7…………….. (near the Cruise Ship Terminal)
• Cyclists need:
- a repair kit
- food and drink
- a 8 …………….. (can be hired)
• There are no 9 …………….. or accommodation in the area
Cost
• Total cost for whole family of cruise and farm visit: 10 $……………..

24
HOMEWORK

Exercise 1
Complete the form below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Early Learning Childcare Center - Enrolment Form

Example - Parent or guardian: Carol …Smith…
Personal Details
Child’s name: Kate
Age: 1……………
Address: 2……………. Road, Woodside, 4032
Phone: 3345 9865
Childcare Information
Days enrolled for: Monday and 3……………
Start time: 4…………… am
Childcare group: the 5…………… group
Which meal(s) are required each day? 6…………….
Medical conditions: needs 7……………
Emergency contact: Jenny 8…………… Phone: 3346 7523
Relationship to child: 9……………
Fees
Will pay each 10……………

Exercise 2 Complete the form below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

HOST FAMILY APPLICATION

Example - Name: Jenny Chan
Present address: Sea View Guest House, 14 1 ………………
Daytime phone number: 2237676 (Best time to contact is between 9 and 2 ………….)
Age: 19
Intended length of stay: 3………………….
Occupation while in UK: student
General level of English: 4 ………………….
Preferred location: in the 5 ………………….
Special diet: 6 ………………….
Other requirements:
​ - own facilities
​ - own television
​ - a real 7 ………………….
​ - to be the only 8 ………………….
Maximum price: 9 £…………………. a week
Preferred starting date: Monday, 10 ………………….

25
SPEAKING PART 1
Answer using 5W1H: What, Who, When, Where, Why, How

1. What do you like to do with your family?

- bond with somebody - get closer with each other
- have a meal, watch TV, share stories
….…………………………….………………….………………….…………………………
…….…………………………….………………….………………….………………………
……….…………………………….………………….………………….……………………

2. Who are you close to in your family?

- have a strong bond
- get on well with somebody
- have many things in common
….…………………………….………………….………………….…………………………
…….…………………………….………………….………………….………………………
……….…………………………….………………….………………….……………………

3. Is your family important to you?

- reliable (adj)
- provide financial and emotional support
….…………………………….………………….………………….…………………………
…….…………………………….………………….………………….………………………
……….…………………………….………………….………………….……………………

SPEAKING PART 2 - Describe a family member

– Who this person is​
– What kind of person he/ she is​
– What you usually do together​
– And explain why he/she is your favorite family member

Vocabulary
Appearance I take after my …
My mother is in her early/ late forties.
small-built/ medium-built/ well-built
He really knows how to dress smartly.
Personalities hard-working
be willing to do sth
breadwinner - homemaker
thoughtful - care about others’ feelings
supportive – helpful
caring - look after others
strict > < easy going

26
Thoughts I’ve learned a lot from my father.
My mother helps me understand the value of hard work.
My brother is a good role model for me.

Model answer
I am going to talk about my mother, who I consider my friend and my role model.

My mother is in her forties now, but she still looks youthful. In terms of personality, she is
a caring person who always look after her children. She is also a friend to me because she
always gives me valuable advice and supports me.

I am also influenced by her independence. Ever since she was young, she had to take care of
many responsibilities from doing the house chores to helping my grandparents at work. I
always remind myself everyday to be as strong as my mother, and I really admire her.

27
 Lesson 6
TOPIC: FAMILY
Reading and Writing

READING - TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVEN

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
Is the trend towards the thirty-something marriage making us happier?

The trend is to get married later in life, but Andrew G. Marshall argues that the earlier you
commit, the greater your chances of a long, happy partnership.

Over the last 35 years we have been waiting longer before settling down. According to the
National Statistics, men are getting married for the first time seven years later and women six
years later. This means that the average man is aged 32 when he asks “Will you marry me?”
and the average woman is 29 when she says “Yes”. But is this trend towards the
thirty-something marriage making us happier and more satisfied? And when it comes to the
forty-something crunch – the most common age for divorce- who is more vulnerable: those
who took the plunge early at twenty-something or the ones who waited until thirty something?

When couples seek the help of marital therapist, Andrew Marshall, sessions may start with
inquiry of the history of their relationship. People who married in their twenties often report
tough times at the beginning: living with in-laws, financial problems or moving around the
country as one partner climbed the career ladder. Also, couples who marry relatively early can
grow apart, especially when one partner has been successful at work, traveled, met new
people and grown in confidence while the other has been home-based.

However, the greatest threat to the twenty-something marriage is reaching 40 and wondering
if the grass could be greener elsewhere. This is particularly dangerous when someone who
married his or her first love starts fantasizing about what he or she missed. The temptation to
have an affair can be overwhelming and very damaging. By contrast, the thirty-something
marriage seems to sidestep these problems. At this age people are more established in careers
and can start a relationship on a firm financial footing. They have a clearer idea of who they
are and what they need from a relationship. When these couples reach their forties, they are
less likely to be nostalgic or curious about the single life.

Yet, when faced with forty-something couples in crisis, Marshall always feels more optimistic
about the outcome for those who married in their twenties than those who married in their
thirties. Why should this be? ”If you marry later, you are more likely to bring old baggage
into your relationship. In some cases, I help couples to unravel the influence of someone from
maybe two or three relationships back. For example, to someone who once had a suspicious
partner – forever quizzing them about their movements – an innocent inquiry such as “What
time will you be back?” can sound aggressive.” says Marshall.

28
Another problem of marrying later is higher expectations. This is because one of the best
ways of recovering from a failed relationship and starting to look again is to tell yourself: “I
deserve better”, or “Next time I’ll meet Mr. or Miss Right”. There is nothing wrong with this
strategy. But unfortunately, if the next relationship does not deliver, the bitterness becomes
greater and the desire for perfection becomes stronger.

The final issue about getting married at thirty-something, particularly your late thirties, is the
need to start a family almost immediately. Many couples have no time to get to know each
other properly or put down solid roots together. If a relationship has been built on long
weekend lie-ins and brunches, the demands of small children can be a shock. This sense of
isolation is worse if the grandparents are correspondingly older, too, and not fit to help.

Although the ultimate deciding factor for the success of a relationship is the character,
determination, and generosity of each partner (and that is not determined by age), the best
advice is always to seize the day and commit!

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage?
Write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Married couples in their forties are more likely to divorce than others.
2. Women often stay at home while men go out to work.
3. People in their thirties usually have not made much money yet.
4. People’s experiences in their previous relationships can damage their current relationships.
5. After a failed relationship, higher expectations always lead to negative feelings.
6. People who marry in their thirties are pressured by their families to have children quickly.

HOMEWORK

THE IMPORTANCE OF CHILDREN’S PLAY

Brick by brick, six-year-old Alice is building a magical kingdom. Imagining fairy-tale turrets
and fire-breathing dragons, wicked witches and gallant heroes, she’s creating an enchanting
world. Although she isn’t aware of it, this fantasy is helping her take her first steps towards
her capacity for creativity and so it will have important repercussions in her adult life.
Minutes later, Alice has abandoned the kingdom in favor of playing schools with her younger
brother. When she bosses him around as his ‘teacher’, she’s practicing how to regulate her
emotions through pretence. Later on, when they tire of this and settle down with a board
game, she’s learning about the need to follow rules and take turns with a partner.

‘Play in all its rich variety is one of the highest achievements of the human species,’ says Dr
David Whitebread from the Faculty of Education at the University of Cambridge, UK. ‘It
underpins how we develop as intellectual, problem-solving adults and is crucial to our success
as a highly adaptable species.’

29
Recognizing the importance of play is not new: over two millennia ago, the Greek
philosopher Plato extolled its virtues as a means of developing skills for adult life, and ideas
about play-based learning have been developing since the 19th century.

But we live in changing times, and Whitebread is mindful of a worldwide decline in play,
pointing out that over half the people in the world now live in cities. ‘The opportunities for
free play, which I experienced almost every day of my childhood, are becoming increasingly
scarce,’ he says. Outdoor play is curtailed by perceptions of risk to do with traffic, as well as
parents’ increased wish to protect their children from being the victims of crime, and by the
emphasis on ‘earlier is better’ which is leading to greater competition in academic learning
and schools. International bodies like the United Nations and the European Union have begun
to develop policies concerned with children’s right to play, and to consider implications for
leisure facilities and educational programmes. But what they often lack is the evidence to base
policies on.

‘The type of play we are interested in is child-initiated, spontaneous and unpredictable – but,
as soon as you ask a five-year-old “to play”, then you as the researcher have intervened,’
explains Dr Sara Baker. ‘And we want to know what the long-term impact of play is. It’s a
real challenge.’ Dr Jenny Gibson agrees, pointing out that although some of the steps in the
puzzle of how and why play is important have been looked at, there is very little data on the
impact it has on the child’s later life.

Now, thanks to the university’s new Centre for Research on Play in Education, Development
and Learning (PEDAL), Whitebread, Baker, Gibson and a team of researchers hope to
provide evidence on the role played by play in how a child develops. ‘A strong possibility is
that play supports the early development of children’s self-control,’ explains Baker. ‘This is
our ability to develop awareness of how our own thinking progresses – it influences how
effectively we go about undertaking challenging activities.’

In a study carried out by Baker with toddlers and young preschoolers, she found that children
with greater self-control solved problems more quickly when exploring an unfamiliar set-up
requiring scientific reasoning. ‘This sort of evidence makes me think that giving children the
chance to play will make them more successful problem-solvers in the long run.’ If playful
experiences do facilitate this aspect of development, say the researchers, it could be extremely
significant for educational practices, because the ability to self-regulate has been shown to be
a key predictor of academic performance. Gibson adds: ‘Playful behavior is also an important
indicator of healthy social and emotional development. In my previous research, I
investigated how observing children at play can give us important clues about their well-being
and can even be useful in the diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders like autism.’

Whitebread’s recent research has involved developing a play-based approach to supporting

children’s writing. ‘Many primary school children find writing difficult, but we showed in a
previous study that a playful stimulus was far more effective than an instructional one.’
Children wrote longer and better-structured stories when they first played with dolls
30
representing characters in the story. In the latest study, children first created their story with
Lego*, with similar results. ‘Many teachers commented that they had always previously had
children saying they didn’t know what to write about. With the Lego building, however, not a
single child said this through the whole year of the project.’

Whitebread, who directs PEDAL, trained as a primary school teacher in the early 1970s,
when, as he describes, ‘the teaching of young children was largely a quiet backwater,
untroubled by any serious intellectual debate or controversy.’ Now, the landscape is very
different, with hotly debated topics such as school starting age. ‘Somehow the importance of
play has been lost in recent decades. It’s regarded as something trivial, or even as something
negative that contrasts with “work”. Let’s not lose sight of its benefits, and the fundamental
contributions it makes to human achievements in the arts, sciences and technology. Let’s
make sure children have a rich diet of play experiences.’
———————————-
* Lego: coloured plastic building blocks and other pieces that can be joined together

Questions 1-8 Complete the notes below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Children’s play
Uses of children’s play
• building a ‘magical kingdom’ may help develop 1 ………………
• board games involve 2 ……………… and turn-taking
Recent changes affecting children’s play
• population of 3 ……………… have grown
• opportunities for free play are limited due to
– fear of 4 ………………
– fear of 5 ………………
– increased 6 ……………… in schools

International policies on children’s play

• it is difficult to find 7 ……………… to support new policies
• research needs to study the impact of play on the rest of the child’s 8 ………………

Questions 9-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

Write
TRUE ​ if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE ​ if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

9 Children with good self-control are known to be likely to do well at school later on.
10 The way a child plays may provide information about possible medical problems.
11 Playing with dolls was found to benefit girls’ writing more than boys’ writing.
12 Children had problems thinking up ideas when they first created the story with Lego.
31
13 People nowadays regard children’s play as less significant than they did in the past.

WRITING TASK 1 - PROCESS

*Grammar: Passive voice (Subject + is/are + PII)

Exercise: Complete the sentences using present simple passive forms of the verbs

1. First, used bottles …………….. (put) in the plastic recycling bin. Next, the used
bottles …………… (collect) and …………. (take) to the factory which will recycle the
bottles. Following transportation, the bottles ……………. (heat) and ……………. (melt).
Then they ……………. (form) in to new bottles. After cooling, the recycled plastic
bottles ………… (distribute) to companies in order that they can ……………. (refill) and
sold to the public.

2. Cement ……………. (make) from a number of ingredients. The primary ingredient of

cement is limestone. Limestone ……………. (form) millions of years ago from dead sea
creatures. It ……………. (extract) from the ground. After extraction it ……………. (take) to
a factory. After it arrives, it …….……. (crush) Then, it …………. (heat) to a high
temperature with various other ingredients. Following this, cold air …………. (cool) the
limestone mixture down into cement.

*Three steps to describe a process:

Step 1: Write Introduction and Overview
The diagram shows/ illustrates the process of …/ how to … Overall, there are … steps in
total, beginning with … and ending with … (noun/ noun phrase)
Step 2: Identify Subject and Verb → full sentences
Step 3: Connect the sentences with linking words
-​ First/ Firstly/ At the beginning/ First of all/ The first step is that…
-​ Secondly/ Next/ Then/ After that/ Following that/ The following step is that …
-​ Finally/ At the end/ Lastly/ The last step is that…

32
Step 1: Analyze the process and write introduction + overview
→ Content: how to produce milk - ……….. steps - first step:
……………………………….… - last step: …………………………….……….…
Step 2: Identify subject and verb (and object)
Step 1: …………………………………………………………………….…
Step 2: …………………………………………………………………….…
Step 3: …………………………………………………………………….…
Step 4: …………………………………………………………………….…
Step 5: …………………………………………………………………….…
Step 3: Connect the sentences

Model answer

The diagram illustrates the process of producing milk. There are six steps in total, beginning
with taking fresh milk from cows and ending with selling packaged milk at supermarkets and
shops.

First, cows are kept at farmlands to graze on grass. Raw milk from these cows is extracted by
a milking machine twice a day. Then, the milk is stored in large refrigeration storage units.
After that, the refrigerated milk is delivered to the Dairy. In the next step, cheese, cream and
butter are produced using the milk. The rest of the milk is pasteurized and packaged and sold
in supermarkets and shops.

33
HOMEWORK
The diagram below shows how instant noodles are manufactured.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.

Step 1: …………………………………… Step 5: ……………………………………

Step 2: …………………………………… Step 6: ……………………………………
Step 3: …………………………………… Step 7: ……………………………………
Step 4: …………………………………… Step 8: …………………..………………..

The process illustrates how to…………………………………………………………………..

Overall, there are ……………….. steps in total, beginning with ………………………. and
ending with ………………………………………..………………………………..…………..
…………………………………………………………………….………………………...…..
…………………………………………………………………….………………………...…..
…………………………………………………………………….………………………...…..
…………………………………………………………………….………………………...…..
…………………………………………………………………….………………………...…..
…………………………………………………………………….………………………...…..
…………………………………………………………………….………………………...…..
…………………………………………………………………….………………………...…..
…………………………………………………………………….………………………...…..

34
 Lesson 7
TOPIC: Interests
Listening and Speaking

LISTENING SECTION 1 - TABLE and NOTE COMPLETION

Complete the table below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

COOKERY CLASSES

Cookery Class Focus Other Information

Example how to 1………… and cook - small classes

The Food …Studio… with seasonal products - also offers 2………… classes
- clients who return get a
3………… discount

Bond’s Cookery School food that is 4…………. - includes recipes to strengthen

your 5………….
- they have a free 6………….
every Thursday

The 7…………. Center mainly 8………… food - located near the 9…………
- a special course in skills with a
10…………. is sometimes
available

HOMEWORK

Exercise 1
Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

JUNIOR CYCLE CAMP

The course focuses on skills and safety
● Charlie would be placed in Level 5.
● First of all, children at this level are taken to practice in a 1 …………… .

Instructors
● Instructors wear 2 …………… shirts.
● A 3 …………… is required and training is given.

Classes

35
● The size of the classes is limited.
● There are quiet times during the morning for a 4 …………… or a game.
● Classes are held even if there is 5 …………… .

What to bring
● a change of clothing
● a 6 ……………
● shoes (not sandals)
● Charlie’s 7 ……………

Day 1
● Charlie should arrive at 9.20 am on the first day.
● Before the class, his 8 …………… will be checked.
● He should then go to the 9 …………… to meet his class instructor.

Cost
● The course costs 10 $…………… per week.

Exercise 2
Complete the notes below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND / OR A NUMBER for each answer.

PRESTON PARK RUN

Details of run
Example - Day of Park Run: Saturday
Start of run: in front of the 1…………………
Time of start: 2…………………
Length of run: 3…………………
At end of run: volunteer scans 4…………………
Best way to register: on the 5…………………
Cost of run: 6￡…………………
Volunteering
Contact name: Pete 7…………………
Phone number: 8…………………
Activities: setting up course
9…………………the runners
10…………………for the weekly report

36
SPEAKING PART 1 - Changes
1.​ Do you like the changes?
2.​ What do you plan to change next year?
3.​ Are there any positive changes in your country these days?

SPEAKING PART 2 - Describe an achievement/ interest/ a good experience

You should say:

●​ What you have achieved

●​ When you have achieved it
●​ What was difficult about achieving it

and explain why you are proud of this achievement.

Vocabulary

Groups of Physical
activities keep fit - stay healthy - stay in shape
lead a healthier lifestyle
improve abilities (flexibility, endurance)
feel more energetic/ active

Mental
adj: recreational - rewarding - therapeutic/ peaceful
creative/ enhance creativity
relieve stress
improve mood
bond/ connect with others
build relationships - expand social network
enjoy privacy

Skills - Knowledge - Experience

practical, meaningful
productive - efficient - effective
explore strengths and weaknesses
develop skills, gain knowledge/ experience
balance between A and B
*skills: teamworking, problem-solving, negotiation, resolving
conflicts, leadership, organizing, time-management

37
Problem- face difficulty in doing sth
Solution - Result experience setbacks
find it hard to do sth - fail to do sth

overcome challenges
come up with solutions
increase motivation

successfully complete - succeed in

accomplish
maintain good habits
develop qualities (perseverance, self- discipline, confidence,
dedication, determination, commitment)

Example - Outline

Describe an achievement/ something you learned

●​ What the skill is: team working - useful skill
●​ When/how you first knew about it: preparing for a presentation, 3 years ago
●​ How you learned it:
+​ problem: conflicts with teammates; poor communication (misinterpret
information and fail to complete tasks effectively; some members are too shy
to raise their voice)
+​ solution: try to resolve conflicts by listening, respecting each other’s opinions,
actively discussing; brainstorm ideas in group​
+​ result: understand each other better - work more productively​ ​
●​ Why you think this skill is important: necessary skill at school and at work → work
together to gain better results

Speaking Outline
……………………….………………………………………………………….…….…………
….……………………….………………………………………………………….……………
……………………….………………………………………………………….……………….
……………………….………………………………………………………….…….…………
….……………………….………………………………………………………….……………
……………………….………………………………………………………….……………….
……………………….………………………………………………………….…….…………
….……………………….………………………………………………………….……………
……………………….………………………………………………………….……………….

38
 Lesson 8
TOPIC: Achievements
Reading and Writing

READING - SENTENCE COMPLETION

Collecting as a hobby
Collecting must be one of the most varied of human activities, and it's one that many of us
psychologists find fascinating. Many forms of collecting have been dignified with a technical
name: an archtophilist collects teddy bears, a philatelist collects postage stamps, and a
deltiologist collects postcards. Amassing hundreds or even thousands of postcards, chocolate
wrappers or whatever, takes time, energy and money that could surely to much more
productive use. And yet there are millions of collectors around the world. Why do they do it?

There are the people who collect because they want to make money - this could be called an
instrumental reason for collecting; that is, collecting as a means to an end. They'll look for,
say, antiques that they can buy cheaply and expect to be able to sell at a profit. But there may
well be a psychological element, too - buying cheap and selling dear can give the collector a
sense of triumph. And as selling online is so easy, more and more people are joining in.

Many collectors collect to develop their social life, attending meetings of a group of collectors
and exchanging information on items. This is a variant on joining a bridge club or a gym, and
similarly brings them into contact with like-minded people.

Another motive for collecting is the desire to find something special, or a particular example
of the collected item, such as a rare early recording by a particular singer. Some may spend
their whole lives in a hunt for this. Psychologically, this can give a purpose to a life that
otherwise feels aimless. There is a danger, though, that if the individual is ever lucky enough
to find what they're looking for, rather than celebrating their success, they may feel empty,
now that the goal that drove them on has gone.

If you think about collecting postage stamps another potential reason for it - Or, perhaps, a
result of collecting is its educational value. Stamp collecting opens a window to other
countries, and to the plants, animals, or famous people shown on their stamps. Similarly, in
the 19th century, many collectors amassed fossils, animals and plants from around the globe,
and their collections provided a vast amount of information about the natural world. Without
those collections, our understanding would be greatly inferior to what it is.

In the past - and nowadays, too, though to a lesser extent - a popular form of collecting,
particularly among boys and men, was trainspotting. This might involve trying to see every
locomotive of a particular type, using published data that identifies each one, and ticking off
each engine as it is seen. Trainspotters exchange information, these days often by mobile
phone, so they can work out where to go to, to see a particular engine. As a by-product, many

39
practitioners of the hobby become very knowledgeable about railway operations, or the
technical specifications of different engine types.

Questions 1-8 Complete the sentences below using ONE WORD ONLY from the passage
1 The writer mentions collecting …………………. as an example of collecting in order to
make money.
2 Collectors may get a feeling of …………………. from buying and selling items.
3 Collectors’ clubs provide opportunities to share ………………….
4 Collectors’ clubs offer …………………. with people who have similar interests.
5 Collecting sometimes involves a life-long …………………. for a special item.
6 Searching for something particular may prevent people from feeling their life is
completely ………………….
7 Stamp collecting may be …………….. because it provides facts about different countries.
8 …………………. tends to be mostly a male hobby.

HOMEWORK

The history of tea

The story of tea begins in China. According to legend, in 2737 BC, the Chinese emperor Shen
Nung was sitting beneath a tree while his servant boiled drinking water, when some leaves
from the tree blew into the water. Shen Nung, a renowned herbalist, decided to try the infusion
that his servant had accidentally created. The tree was a Camellia sinensis, and the resulting
drink was what we now call tea. It is impossible to know whether there is any truth in this
story. But tea drinking certainly became established in China many centuries before it had
even been heard of in the West. Containers for tea have been found in tombs dating from the
Han Dynasty (206 BC—220 AD) but it was under the Tang Dynasty (618—906 AD), that tea
became firmly established as the national drink of China.

It became such a favorite that during the late eighth century a writer called Lu Yu wrote the
first book entirely about tea, the Ch’a Ching, or Tea Classic. It was shortly after this that tea
was first introduced to Japan, by Japanese Buddhist monks who had traveled to China to
study. Tea received almost instant imperial sponsorship and spread rapidly from the royal
court and monasteries to the other sections of Japanese society.

So at this stage in the history of tea, Europe was rather lagging behind. In the latter half of the
sixteenth century there are the first brief mentions of tea as a drink among Europeans. These
are mostly from Portuguese who were living in the East as traders and missionaries. But
although some of these individuals may have brought back samples of tea to their native
country, it was not the Portuguese who were the first to ship back tea as a commercial import.
This was done by the Dutch, who in the last years of the sixteenth century began to encroach
on Portuguese trading routes in the East. By the turn of the century they had established a
trading post on the island of Java, and it was via Java that in 1606 the first consignment of tea
was shipped from China to Holland. Tea soon became a fashionable drink among the Dutch,
40
and from there spread to other countries in continental western Europe, but because of its high
price it remained a drink for the wealthy.

Britain, always a little suspicious of continental trends, had yet to become the nation of tea
drinkers that it is today. Starting in 1600, the British East India Company had a monopoly on
importing goods from outside Europe, and it is likely that sailors on these ships brought tea
home as gifts. The first coffee house had been established in London in 1652, and tea was still
somewhat unfamiliar to most readers, so it is fair to assume that the drink was still something
of a curiosity. Gradually, it became a popular drink in coffee houses, which were as many
locations for the transaction of business as they were for relaxation or pleasure. They were
though the preserve of middle- and upper-class men; women drank tea in their own homes,
and as yet tea was still too expensive to be widespread among the working classes. In part, its
high price was due to a punitive system of taxation.

One unforeseen consequence of the taxation of tea was the growth of methods to avoid
taxation—smuggling and adulteration. By the eighteenth century many Britons wanted to
drink tea but could not afford the high prices, and their enthusiasm for the drink was matched
by the enthusiasm of criminal gangs to smuggle it in. What began as a small-time illegal trade,
selling a few pounds of tea to personal contacts, developed by the late eighteenth century into
an astonishing organized crime network, perhaps importing as much as 7 million lbs annually,
compared to a legal import of 5 million lbs! Worse for the drinkers was that taxation also
encouraged the adulteration of tea, particularly of smuggled tea which was not quality
controlled through customs and excise. Leaves from other plants, or leaves which had already
been brewed and then dried, were added to tea leaves. By 1784, the government realized that
enough was enough, and that heavy taxation was creating more problems than it was words.
The new Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger, slashed the tax from 119 per cent to 12.5
per cent. Suddenly legal tea was affordable, and smuggling stopped virtually overnight.

Another great impetus to tea drinking resulted from the end of the East India Company’s
monopoly on trade with China, in 1834. Before that date, China was the country of origin of
the vast majority of the tea imported to Britain, but the end of its monopoly stimulated the
East India Company to consider growing tea outside China. India had always been the center
of the Company’s operations, which led to the increased cultivation of tea in India, beginning
in Assam. There were a few false starts, including the destruction by cattle of one of the
earliest tea nurseries, but by 1888 British tea imports from India were for the first time greater
than those from China.

The end of the East India Company’s monopoly on trade with China also had another result,
which was more dramatic though less important in the long term: it ushered in the era of the
tea clippers. While the Company had had the monopoly on trade, there was no rush to bring
the tea from China to Britain, but after 1834 the tea trade became a virtual free for all.
Individual merchants and sea captains with their own ships raced to bring home the tea and
make the most money, using fast new clippers which had sleek lines, tall masts and huge sails.
In particular there was a competition between British and American merchants, leading to the
famous clipper races of the 1860s. But these races soon came to an end with the opening of
the Suez Canal, which made the trade routes to China viable for steamships for the first time.
41
Questions 1-7 Complete the sentences below using ONE WORD ONLY from the passage
1 Researchers believed the tea containers detected in ………………… from the Han
Dynasty was the first evidence of the use of tea.
2 Lu Yu wrote a ………………… about tea before anyone else in the eighth century.
3 It was ………………… from Japan who brought tea to their native country from China.
4 Tea was carried from China to Europe actually by the …………………
5 The British government had to cut down the taxation on tea due to the serious crime of
…………………
6 Tea was planted in ………………… besides China in the 19th century.
7 In order to compete in shipping speed, traders used ………………… for the race.

Questions 8 – 13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage?
Write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

8 Tea was popular in Britain in the 16th century.

9 Tea was more fashionable than coffee in Europe in the late 16th century.
10 Tea was enjoyed by all classes in Britain in the seventeenth century.
11 The adulteration of tea also prompted William Pitt the Younger to reduce the tax.
12 Initial problems occurred when tea was planted outside China by the East India Company.
13 The fastest vessels were owned by America during the 19th century clipper races.

42
WRITING TASK 1 - MAPS
The plans below show a public park when it first opened in 1920 and the same park today.

Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.

Introduction - Overview (describe GENERAL CHANGE)

*two types of change:
-​ X has been modernized with … facilities
-​ The facilities in X have been rearranged.
……………………….………………………………………………………….…….…………
….……………………….………………………………………………………….……………

*Cấu trúc câu miêu tả thay đổi

→ X + to be + PII + (trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn) (câu bị động)

Outline
……………………….………………………………………………………….………….…
…….……………………….………………………………………………………….………
……………………….………………………………………………………….…………….
…….……………………….………………………………………………………….………
……………………….………………………………………………………….………….…
…….……………………….………………………………………………………….………
……………………….………………………………………………………….………….…
…….……………………….………………………………………………………….………

*Lưu ý về thì
-​ 2 mốc thời gian trong quá khứ: Quá khứ đơn - Quá khứ hoàn thành
-​ 2 mốc thời gian QK - HT: Quá khứ đơn - Hiện tại hoàn thành
-​ 2 mốc thời gian HT - TL: Hiện tại đơn - Tương lai đơn

43
*Vocabulary - Describe positions

B is to the right of A. B is on the left of A/ B is on the west of A.

north-west north north-east

west middle/center east

south-west south south-east

*Describing A – in relation to B

A is roughly in the middle of B.

C is exactly in the middle of B. A is near B.
A is between B and C.
A is far from C.

B is in front of A A is surrounded by C.
B is opposite A

*Vocabulary - Verbs related to changes

Addition Removal Size Location

built removed expanded moved
construct knocked down relocated
(to make room for sth) The size of X is increased/ from…to…
*services: replaced by sth decreased.
open turned into sth
introduce *trees: cleared, cut

*remain/stay unchanged/the same

44
 Lesson 9
TOPIC: The world around us
Listening and Speaking

LISTENING SECTION 2 - MULTIPLE CHOICE

Questions 11 – 14 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

Boat trip round Tasmania

11 What is the maximum number of people who can stand on each side of the boat?

A 9
B 15
C 18

12 What color are the tour boats?

A dark red
B jet black
C light green

13 Which lunchbox is suitable for someone who doesn’t eat meat or fish?

A Lunchbox 1
B Lunch box 2
C Lunch box 3

14 What should people do with their litter?

A take it home
B hand it to a member of staff
C put it in the bins provided on the boat

*Questions 15 and 16 Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Which TWO types of creature might come close to the boat?

A sea eagles
B fur seals
C dolphins
D whales
E penguins

45
HOMEWORK

Exercise 1
Questions 1-4 Answer the questions below. Choose the correct letter, A, B, or C.

Online Exchange Business

1. The website is organized by 3. How many registered users are there on

A.​ family members. the website?
B.​ friends. A.​ 1000.
C.​ businessmen. B.​ 1500.
C.​ 2000.
2. How long has the website been
operated? 4. Which country has the most users on the
A.​ about 3 weeks. website?
B.​ about 3 months. A.​ Ireland.
C.​ about 6 months. B.​ UK.
C.​ Canada.

Questions 5-6
Choose TWO letters, A-E. Which TWO things are most popular among users?
A Children's books.
В Textbooks.
С Computer games.
D Toys.
E Tools.

Questions 7-10
Complete the sentences below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
7. The website will sort out ………… items to help those who can't decide what to exchange.
8. Do not bother because everyone's ………………… is different.
9. Users will give ………………… on the completion of exchanges.
Criteria
●​ the quality of the item
●​ the ease of communication
●​ the 10 ………………… of delivering

46
Exercise 2
Questions 11 – 16 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

Street Play Scheme

11 When did the Street Play Scheme first 14 Residents who want to use their cars
take place? A have to park in another street.
A two years ago B must drive very slowly
B three years ago C need permission from a warden.
C six years ago
15 Alice says that Street Play Schemes
12 How often is Beechwood Road closed are most needed in
to traffic now? A wealthy areas
A once a week B quiet suburban areas.
B on Saturdays and Sundays C areas with heavy traffic.
C once a month
16 What has been the reaction of
13 Who is responsible for closing the residents who are not parents?
road? A Many of them were unhappy at first.
A a council official B They like seeing children play in the
B the police street.
C local wardens C They are surprised by the lack of noise.

Questions 17 and 18 Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Which TWO benefits for children does Alice think are the most important?

A​ increased physical activity

B​ increased sense of independence
C​ opportunity to learn new games
D​ opportunity to be part of a community
E​ opportunity to make new friends

Questions 19 and 20 Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Which TWO results of the King Street experiment surprised Alice?

A​ more shoppers
B​ improved safety
C less air pollution
D​ more relaxed atmosphere
E​ less noise pollution

47
SPEAKING PART 1 - Role models
1. Who do you consider a role model in your life?
2. Who can be a role model for a person?
3. For a role model, what kinds of qualities are important?

SPEAKING PART 2 - Describe an influential person in your life

You should say:
-​ Who that person is
-​ How you knew him/ her/ What she looks like
-​ How she is like
And explain how that person has had an important impact on your life.

Who role model

admire/ respect
inspire/ encourage sbd to do sth - great inspiration
have great influence - impact on sbd

Qualities talented - gifted

supportive - caring
Collocations philanthropy/ philanthropist – support charities - do voluntary work
provide guidance
inspire positive behaviors
develop/ foster values
affect one's character development
spread positive messages

Example - Outline
-​ Who this person is (Bill Gates, a billionaire - the founder of Microsoft + a generous
donator who open many charity foundations)
-​ How you knew him/her: an article a newspaper about him donating a huge amount
number of money to find a cure ​Alzheimer
-​ What type of work he/she does
+ founder of Microsoft company, produce many softwares which we use in our studies
or work
+ invest money in many charity organizations related to education, healthcare ; open
Bill & Melinda Gates - a big donation foundation
-​ How he/she impact your life
+​ the existence of microsoft is revolutionary - lays the foundation for the development of
smart applications - benefit greatly in studies and work
+​ charity work : motivate people to start spreading help to others

48
Speaking Outline
……………………….………………………………………………………….…….…………
….……………………….………………………………………………………….……………
……………………….………………………………………………………….……………….
……………………….………………………………………………………….…….…………
….……………………….………………………………………………………….……………
……………………….………………………………………………………….……………….
……………………….………………………………………………………….…….…………
….……………………….………………………………………………………….……………

49
 Lesson 10
TOPIC: The world around us
Reading and Writing

READING - MULTIPLE CHOICE

Air conditioning
The history of an invention that makes life more pleasant

Willis Carrier designed the first air-conditioning unit in 1902, just a year after graduating from
Cornell University with a Masters in Engineering. At a Brooklyn printing plant, fluctuations
in heat and moisture were causing the size of the printing paper to keep changing slightly,
making it hard to align different colors. Carrier's invention made it possible to control
temperature and humidity levels and so align the colors. The invention also allowed industries
such as film, processed food, textiles and pharmaceuticals to improve the quality of their
products.

In 1914, the first air-conditioning device was installed in a private house. However, its size,
similar to that of an early computer, meant it took up too much space to come into widespread
use, and later models, such as the Weathermaker, which Carrier brought out in the 1920s, cost
too much for most people. Cooling for human comfort, rather than industrial need, really took
off when three air conditioners were installed in the J.L. Hudson Department Store in Detroit,
Michigan. People crowded into the shop to experience the new invention. The fashion spread
from department stores to cinemas, whose income rose steeply as a result of the comfort they
provided.

To start with, money-conscious employers regarded air conditioning as a luxury. They

considered that if they were paying people to work, they should not be paying for them to be
comfortable as well. So in the 1940s and '50s, the industry started putting out a different
message about its product: according to their research, installing air conditioning increased
productivity amongst employees. They found that typists increased their output by 24% when
transferred from a regular office to a cooled one. Another study into office working
conditions, which was carried out in the late '50s, showed that the majority of companies cited
air conditioning as the single most important contributor to efficiency in offices.

However, air conditioning has its critics. Jed Brown, an environmentalist, complains that air
conditioning is a factor in global warming. Unfortunately, he adds, because air conditioning
leads to higher temperatures, people have to use it even more. However, he admits that it
provides a healthier environment for many people in the heat of summer.

1 When Willis Carrier invented air conditioning, his aim was to

A make workers feel cooler.
B produce more paper.
C set up a new business.
D solve problems in a factory.
50
2 Home air conditioners were not popular at first because they were
A too big and expensive.
B not considered necessary.
C too inefficient.
D complicated to use.

3 Employers refused to put air conditioning in workplaces at first because they

A could not afford to pay for it.
B thought it was more suitable for cinemas.
C did not want to spend money improving working conditions.
D thought people would not work so hard in comfortable conditions.

4 What was the purpose of the research done in the 1940s and '50s?
A to make office workers produce more
B to compare different types of air conditioner
C to persuade businesses to buy air conditioners
D to encourage employees to change offices

5 What does Jed Brown say about air conditioning?

A In the future, everyone will need it.
B Turning it off will not reduce global warming.
C It can seriously damage people's health.
D It is good for people, but bad for the environment.

HOMEWORK

The Pompidou Centre

More than three decades after it was built, the Pompidou Centre in Paris has survived its
moment at the edge of architectural fashion and proved itself to be one of the most remarkable
buildings of the 20th century.

It was the most outstanding new building constructed in Paris for two generations. It looked
like an explosion of brightly coloured service pipes in the calm of the city centre. However,
when in 1977 the architects Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano stood among a large crowd of
5,000 at the opening of the Centre Culturel d'Art Georges Pompidou (known as the
Pompidou), no one was really aware of the significance of this unusual building.

Rogers was only 38 when he and Piano won the competition to design a new cultural center
for Paris in the old market site. Young, unknown architects, they had been chosen from a field
of nearly 700 to design one of the most prestigious buildings of its day. After six difficult
years, with 25,000 drawings, seven lawsuits, battles over budgets, and a desperate last-minute
scramble to finish the building, it had finally been done.

51
Yet the opening was a downbeat moment. The Pompidou Centre had been rubbished by the
critics while it was being built, there was no more work in prospect for the architects, and
their partnership had effectively broken down. But this was just a passing crisis. The Centre,
which combined the national museum of modern art, exhibition space, a public library and a
centre for modern music, proved an enormous success. It attracted six million visitors in its
first year, and with its success, the critics swiftly changed their tune.

The architects had been driven by the desire for ultimate flexibility, for a building that would
not limit the movement of its users. All the different parts were approached through the same
enormous entrance hall and served by the same escalator, which was free to anyone to ride,
whether they wanted to visit an exhibition or just admire the view. With all the services at one
end of the building, escalators and lifts at the other, and the floors hung on giant steel beams
providing uninterrupted space the size of two football pitches, their dream had become a
reality.

The image of the Pompidou pervaded popular culture in the 1970s, making appearances
everywhere - on record-album covers and a table lamp, and even acting as the set for a James
Bond film. This did much to overcome the secretive nature of the architectural culture of its
time, as it enabled a wider audience to appreciate the style and content of the building and so
moved away from the strictly professional view.

Questions 1-4 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

1 What does the writer say in the first paragraph about the opening of the Pompidou Centre?
A The elderly did not like it.
B The architects were not present.
C The atmosphere was very noisy.
D The people did not realize its importance.

2 What does the writer say in the second paragraph about the construction of the Pompidou?
A There was a hurry to complete it.
B It cost less than expected.
C Other experts helped draw the plans.
D The market location was criticized.

3 What is the writer's main purpose in the third paragraph?

A to explain the multi-functional role of the center
B to praise the architects for their design ideas
C to say why some people's opinions. quickly altered
D to show how the media benefited from its success

4 What was the architects' 'dream', referred to in the fourth paragraph?

A to become famous
B to provide entertainment
C to allow visitors to use it freely
D to build the biggest museum in the world
52
WRITING TASK 2 - Introduction to Writing Task 2

It has been suggested that primary children should learn how to grow vegetables and keep animals.
Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?

Nowadays, distance-learning programs have gained in popularity, but some people argue that
online courses can never be as good as those taken at a college or university in person.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Some people believe that car-free days are effective ways to reduce air pollution. However, others
argue that there are other ways that are more effective.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

Research shows that some activities are good for health and others are bad. Despite knowing that,
millions of people engage in unhealthy activities.
What is the cause of this? What can be done?

In many countries, people now wear western clothes such as suits and jeans rather than traditional
clothing.
Why is this the case? Is this a positive or negative development?

Writing Task 2 - Steps

Introduction → Outlining ideas → Topic sentences & supporting ideas → Conclusion

53
*LANGUAGE FOCUS

Language

Hedging Verbs: believe, assume, suggest, imply, tend, argue

Adverbs: possibly, perhaps, conceivably
Modal verb: can, could, may, might
Determiners: many, a lot of, some, most
Mệnh đề với that: It could be the case that…, it might be suggested that…,
there is every hope that

Giving reason because

due to/ / because of

Giving example For example

For instance

Giving result As a result

Therefore
which leads to …
so that

Contrast However
Otherwise
while

Referencing this/these
their/ them
which/who

*WRITING INTRODUCTION
→ Introduction = Paraphrase the question + 1 Thesis statement

Example

It is now possible for scientists and tourists to travel to remote natural environments,
such as the South Pole.
Do the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge
or experience. Write at least 250 words.

*Writing Introduction = Paraphrase the question + Thesis statement

→ Paraphrasing: advantages - disadvantages; benefits - drawbacks
remote natural environments = …………………………………………………
travel to = …………………………………………………

→ Introduction:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
54
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

*Outlining ideas

Disadvantages Advantages

Disadvantage 1: ………………………….. Advantage 1: ………………………………..

……………………………………………. ……………………………………………….
Disadvantage 2: ………………………….. Advantage 2: ………………………………..
……………………………………………. ……………………………………………….

*Topic-related vocabulary
distant - isolated - deserted - untouched
expedition = trip = travel
safety risks - high-quality protective equipment - professionally trained
pollution - littering - disturb wildlife - carry foreign vegetation and insects
do research on sth - impact of global warming - distinction
unique experience - animals in natural habitats

Aspects (personal) Aspects (national- international)

-​ Education- work -​ Environment
-​ Entertainment -​ Economy
-​ Health (mental - physical) -​ Education
-​ Financial status -​ Health
-​ Relationship - Social life -​ Culture
-​ Knowledge - skill

*HOW TO BACK UP A SUPPORTING IDEA

Luận điểm: Traveling to remote natural environments is DANGEROUS.

1.​ REASON (Vì sao việc X lại xảy ra?)

→ Expeditions to remote areas often involve exploring the unknown and require
high-quality safety equipment and professional training, which may not be ensured in
some cases. This means that travelers may be exposed to potential dangerous
circumstances.
2.​ EXAMPLE (ví dụ 1 case cụ thể - hoặc 1 list)
For example, the weather conditions and geographical features of isolated places may
be extreme and challenging in some cases, or travelers may face wild animals.
3.​ RESULT (Việc X dẫn đến hệ quả gì?)
→ Travelers may suffer from the risk of serious accidents, or even fatal ones.

*Practice: Viết luận cứ chứng minh luận điểm sau:

Tourism may lead to the risk of pollution.
→ Reason
→ Example
→ Result

55
 *Introducing supporting ideas (advantages/ disadvantages)
First supporting idea:
•​ The first advantage of X is …
•​ First of all, …
Second supporting idea:
•​ Another advantage is that …
•​ The second advantage of X is …
•​ Moreover/ In addition, …

HOMEWORK - Write the second body paragraph

On the other hand,.........................................................................................................................

First of all, .......................................(the first advantage) ............................................................

...........................................................(explain)..............................................................................

Second, ........................................(the second advantage) ...........................................................

...........................................................(explain)..............................................................................

56
 Lesson 11
TOPIC: Experiences
Listening and Speaking

LISTENING SECTION 2 - MATCHING INFORMATION

How to deal with Matching information

Step 1: Find ways to paraphrase the list of information (find synonyms)
Step 2: Listen for the words in the “fixed” list (name of people, place, aspects)
→ Note down the keywords related to each item
Step 3: Match the information

What information does the speaker give about each of the following excursions?
Choose SIX answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-H, next to Questions 11-16

Excursions Information
A​ all downhill
1 dolphin watching ……… B​ suitable for beginners
2 forest walk ……… C​ only in good weather
3 cycle trip ……… D​ food included
4 local craft tour ……… E​ no charge
5 observatory trip ……… F​ swimming possible
6 horse riding ……… G​ fully booked today
H​ transport not included

Note down the keywords you hear

Excursions Keywords
1 dolphin watching …………………………………………………………
2 forest walk …………………………………………………………
3 cycle trip …………………………………………………………
4 local craft tour …………………………………………………………
5 observatory trip …………………………………………………………
6 horse riding …………………………………………………………

57
HOMEWORK

Exercise 1: Intro to Cycling Holiday

Questions 1 - 6
What does the organizer tell the members about who should do each of the following tasks?

Tasks
1 Taking tents ………
2 Booking campsite ………
3 Taking bicycles ………
4 Buying train tickets ………
5 Buying tickets for a football match ………
6 Collecting information about the area of the tour ………

List of Findings
A All the members must do it
B Members have the opinion of doing it
C The organizer is responsible for doing it

Questions 7 - 10 Which location has the following attractions?

Location Attractions
7 St. Andrews ……… A farming museum
8 Cluny ……… B horse riding
9 Pennerley ……… C locally produced food
10 Farlow ……… D market selling clothes
E old ruins
F steam railway
G transport museum
H water sports

58
SPEAKING PART 1 - Celebrations

1. What public holiday do you like best?

2. Do you think that festivals are important?
3. Do you like Western festivals?

SPEAKING PART 2 - Describe a traditional dish (a traditional product)

-​ What the food is
-​ What it tastes like
-​ How it is prepared
And explain why it is famous

Terms related to Dish – cuisine – food

food Local dish – delicacy
Vegetarian
Adjectives Delicious/ mouth-watering
Nutritious/ healthy
Home- cooked meal
Organic >< contain preservatives/ processed
Low in/ high in vitamin/ sugar
Benefits and -​ Fresh ingredients + hygienic + economical
drawbacks of -​ Strengthen family bond
cooking -​ Relaxing – creative
-​ Time-consuming (preparation – cooking – cleaning up)

Example - Outline
-​ What: ​Banh Chung - Lunar New Year, a traditional dish
-​ How it is prepared
+​ ingredients: rice, pork belly, and green beans
+​ perfect combination, the outer layer is rice, the inside is filled with meat and
green beans
+​ add a little salt and pepper, and for better taste, and outside wrap with banana
leaves
+​ after wrapping, put in the pot and boil for about 10 hours, then drain
-​ Why
+​ delicious and simple dish for Tet
+​ gather with family to make this dish, great bonding activity

Speaking Part 2 outline

……………………………………………..……………………………………………………
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………
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 Lesson 12
TOPIC: Experiences
Reading and Writing

READING - Matching information

“For the strength of the pack is the wolf, and the strength of the wolf is the pack.”
Rudyard Kipling, The Law for the Wolves

A wolf pack is an extremely well-organized family group with a well-defined social structure
and a clear-cut code of conduct. Every wolf has a certain place and function within the pack
and every member has to do its fair share of the work. The supreme leader is a very
experienced wolf – the alpha – who has dominance over the whole pack. It is the protector
and decision-maker and directs the others as to where, when and what to hunt. However, it
does not lead the pack into the hunt, for it is far too valuable to risk being injured or killed.
That is the responsibility of the beta wolf, who assumes second place in the hierarchy of the
pack. The beta takes on the role of enforcer – fighter or ‘tough guy’– big, strong and very
aggressive. It is both the disciplinarian of the pack and the alpha’s bodyguard.

The tester, a watchful and distrustful character, will alert the alpha if it encounters anything
suspicious while it is scouting around looking for signs of trouble. It is also the quality
controller, ensuring that the others are deserving of their place in the pack. It does this by
creating a situation that tests their bravery and courage, by starting a fight, for instance. At the
bottom of the social ladder is the omega wolf, subordinate and submissive to all the others,
but often playing the role of peacemaker by intervening in an intra-pack squabble and
defusing the situation by clowning around. Whereas the tester may create conflict, the omega
is more likely to resolve it.

The rest of the pack is made up of mid- to low-ranking non-breeding adults and the immature
offspring of the alpha and its mate. The size of the group varies from around six to ten
members or more, depending on the abundance of food and numbers of the wolf population in
general.

Wolves have earned themselves an undeserved reputation for being ruthless predators and a
danger to humans and livestock. The wolf has been portrayed in fairy tales and folklore as a
very bad creature, killing any people and other animals it encounters. However, the truth is
that wolves only kill to eat, never kill more than they need, and rarely attack humans unless
their safety is threatened in some way. It has been suggested that hybrid wolf-dogs or wolves
suffering from rabies are actually responsible for many of the historical offenses as well as
more recent incidents.

Wolves hunt mainly at night. They usually seek out large herbivores, such as deer, although
they also eat smaller animals, such as beavers, hares and rodents, if these are obtainable. Some

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wolves in western Canada are known to fish for salmon. The alpha wolf picks out a specific
animal in a large herd by the scent it leaves behind. The prey is often a very young, old or
injured animal in poor condition. The alpha signals to its hunters which animal to take down
and when to strike by using tail movements and the scent from a gland at the tip of its spine
above the tail.

Wolves kill to survive. Obviously, they need to eat to maintain strength and health but the way
they feast on the prey also reinforces social order. Every member of the family has a
designated spot at the carcass and the alpha directs them to their places through various ear
postures: moving an ear forward, flattening it back against the head or swiveling it around.
The alpha wolf eats the prized internal organs while the beta is entitled to the muscle-meat of
the rump and thigh, and the omega and other low ranks are assigned the intestinal contents
and less desirable parts such as the backbone and ribs.

The rigid class structure in a wolf pack entails frequent displays of supremacy and respect.
When a higher-ranking wolf approaches, a lesser-ranking wolf must slow down, lower itself,
and pass to the side with head averted to show deference; or, in an extreme act of passive
submission, it may roll onto its back, exposing its throat and belly. The dominant wolf stands
over it, stiff-legged and tall, asserting its superiority and its authority in the pack.

Questions 1-6 Classify the following statements as referring to

NB You may use any letter more than once

1 It is at the forefront of the pack when it makes a kill. A the alpha wolf
2 It tries to calm tensions and settle disputes between pack members. B the beta wolf
3 It is the wolf in charge and maintains control over the pack. C the tester wolf
4 It warns the leader of potential danger. D the omega wolf
5 It protects the leader of the pack.
6 It sets up a trial to determine whether a wolf is worthy of its status
in the pack.

Questions 7–13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
Write
TRUE ​ if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE ​ if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

7 Wolves are a constant danger to humans.

8 Crossbred wolves or sick wolves are most likely to blame for attacks on people.
9 Canadian wolves prefer to eat fish, namely salmon.
10 The wolf pack leader identifies a particular target for attack by its smell.
11 When wolves attack a herd, they go after the healthiest animal.
12 The piece of a dead animal that a wolf may eat depends on its status in the pack.

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13 A low-ranking wolf must show submission or the dominant wolf will attack it.
HOMEWORK

History of Refrigeration
Refrigeration is a process of removing heat, which means cooling an area or a substance
below the environmental temperature. Mechanical refrigeration makes use of (he evaporation
of a liquid refrigerant, which goes through a cycle so that it can be reused. The main cycles
include vapor-compression, absorption steam-jet or steam-ejector, and airing. The term
‘refrigerator’ was first introduced by a Maryland farmer Thomas Moore in 1803, but it is in
the 20th century that the appliance we know today first appeared.

People used to find various ways to preserve their food before the advent of mechanical
refrigeration systems. Some preferred using cooling systems of ice or snow, which meant that
diets would have consisted of very little fresh food or fruits and vegetables, but mostly of
bread, cheese and salted meals. For milk and cheeses, it was very difficult to keep them fresh,
so such foods were usually stored in a cellar or window box. In spite of those measures, they
could not survive rapid spoilage. Later on, people discovered that adding such chemicals as
sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate to water could lead to a lower temperature. In 1550 when
this technique was first recorded, people used it to cool wine, as was the term ‘to refrigerate’.
Cooling drinks grew very popular in Europe by 1600, particularly in Spain, France, and Italy.
Instead of cooling water at night, people used a new technique: rotating long-necked bottles of
water which held dissolved saltpeter. The solution was intended to create very low
temperatures and even to make ice. By the end of the 17th century, iced drinks including
frozen juices and liquors had become extremely fashionable in France.

People’s demand for ice soon became strong. Consumers’ soaring requirement for fresh food,
especially for green vegetables, resulted in reform in people’s dieting habits between 1830 and
the American Civil War, accelerated by a drastic expansion of the urban areas amid the rapid
amelioration in an economy of the populace. With the growth of the cities and towns, the
distance between the consumer and the source of food was enlarged. In 1799s as a commercial
product, ice was first transported out of Canal Street in New York City to Charleston, South
Carolina. Unfortunately, this transportation was not successful because when the ship reached
the destination, little ice left. Frederick Tudor and Nathaniel Wyeth, two New England’
businessmen, grasped the great potential opportunities for ice business and managed to
improve the storage method of ice in the process of shipment. The acknowledged ‘Ice King’
in that time, Tudor concentrated his efforts on bringing the ice to the tropical areas. In order to
achieve his goal and guarantee the ice to arrive at the destination safely he tried many
insulating materials in an experiment and successfully constructed the ice containers, which
drastically reduced the ice loss from 66 per cent to less than 8 percent. Wyeth invented an
economical and speedy method to cut the ice into uniform blocks, which had a tremendous
positive influence on the ice industry. Also, he improved the processing techniques for
storing, transporting and distributing ice with less waste.

When people realized that the ice transported from the distance was not as clean as previously
thought and gradually caused many health problems, it was more demanding to seek the clean

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natural sources of ice. To make it worse, by the 1890s water pollution and sewage dumping
made clean ice even more unavailable. The adverse effect first appeared in the blowing
industry, and then seriously spread to such sectors as meat packing and dairy industries. As a
result, the clean, mechanical refrigeration was considerately in need.

Many inventors with creative ideas took part in the process of inventing refrigeration, and
each version was built on the previous discoveries. Dr William Cullen initiated to study the
evaporation of liquid under the vacuum conditions in 1720. He soon invented the first
man-made refrigerator at the University of Glasgow in 1748 with the employment of ethyl
ether boiling into a partial vacuum. American inventor Oliver Evans designed the refrigerator
firstly using vapor rather than liquid in 1805. Although his conception was not put into
practice in the end the mechanism was adopted by an American physician John Gorrie, who
made one cooling machine similar to Evans’ in 1842 with the purpose of reducing the
temperature of the patient with yellow fever in a Florida hospital. Until 1851, Evans obtained
the first patent for mechanical refrigeration in the USA. In 1820, Michael Faraday, a
Londoner, first liquefied ammonia to cause cooling. In 1859, Ferdinand Carre from France
invented the first version of the ammonia water cooling machine. In 1873, Carl von Linde
designed the first practical and portable compressor refrigerator in Munich, and in 1876 he
abandoned the methyl ether system and began using an ammonia cycle. Linde later created a
new method (‘Linde technique’) for liquefying large amounts of air in 1894. Nearly a decade
later, this mechanical refrigerating method was adopted subsequently by the meat packing
industry in Chicago.

Since 1840, cars with the refrigerating system had been utilised to deliver and distribute milk
and butter. Until 1860, most seafood and dairy products were transported with cold-chain
logistics. In 1867, refrigerated, railroad cars are patented to J.B, Sutherland from Detroit,
Michigan, who invented insulated cars by installing the ice bunkers at the end of the cars: air
came in from the top, passed through the bunkers, circulated through the cars by gravity and
controlled by different quantities of hanging flaps which caused different air temperatures.
Depending on the cargo (such as meat, fruits etc.) transported by the cars, different car designs
came into existence. In 1867, the first refrigerated car to carry fresh fruit was manufactured by
Parker Earle of Illinois, who shipped strawberries on the Illinois Central Railroad. Each chest
was freighted with 100 pounds of ice and 200 quarts of strawberries. Until 1949, the trucking
industry began to be equipped with the refrigeration system with a roof-mounted cooling
device, invented by Fred Jones.

From the late 1800s to 1929, the refrigerators employed toxic gasses – methyl chloride,
ammonia, and sulfur dioxide – as refrigerants. But in the 1920s, a great number of lethal
accidents took place due to the leakage of methyl chloride out of refrigerators. Therefore,
some American companies started to seek some secure methods of refrigeration. Frigidaire
detected a new class of synthetic refrigerants called halocarbons or CFCs
(chlorofluorocarbons) in 1928. This research led to the discovery of chlorofluorocarbons
(Freon), which quickly became the prevailing material in compressor refrigerators. Freon was
safer for the people in the vicinity, but in 1973 it was discovered to have detrimental effects on
the ozone layer. After that, new improvements were made, and Hydrofluorocarbons, with no
known harmful effects, were used in the cooling system. Simultaneously, nowadays,
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Chlorofluorocarbons (CFS) are no longer used; they are announced illegal in several places,
making refrigeration far safer than before.

Questions 1-5 Look at the following events and the list of dates below.
Match each event with the correct date, A-F.

List of Dates
1 Vehicles with refrigerators were used to transport on the road. A 1550​
2 Ice was sold around the United States for the first time. B 1799​
3 Some kind of chemical refrigerant was found harmful to the atmosphere. C 1803​
4 The term ‘refrigerator’ was first introduced. D 1840​
5 Some chemicals were added to refrigerate wine. E 1949​
F 1973

Questions 6-10 Look at the following opinions or deeds and the list of people below.​
Match each opinion or deed with the correct person, A-G.
6 patented the idea that refrigerating system can be installed on tramcars
7 invented an ice-cutting technical method that could save money and time
8 enabled the cold storage technology to be applied in fruit
9 invented a cooling device applied into the trucking industry
10 created a new technique to liquefy the air

List of People
A Thomas Moore​
B Frederick Tudor​
C Carl Von Linde​
D Nathaniel Wyeth​
E J.B. Sutherland​
F Fred Jones​
G Parker Earle

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WRITING TASK 2 - Advantages and Disadvantages

Nowadays, people are spending a lot on holding wedding parties, birthday parties and
other celebrations.

Do the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages?

Disadvantages Advantages

Disadvantage 1: ………………………….. Advantage 1: ………………………………..

……………………………………………. ……………………………………………….

……………………………………………. …………………………………………….…
……………………………………………. ………………………………………….……
……………………………………………. ……………………………………………….

Disadvantage 2: ………………………….. Advantage 2: ………………………………..

……………………………………………. ……………………………………………….

……………………………………………. …………………………………………….…
……………………………………………. ………………………………………….……
……………………………………………. ……………………………………………….

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 Lesson 13
TOPIC: Exploration
Listening and Speaking

LISTENING SECTION 2 - Map labeling

When we give directions, we can say:

- Continue / Go straight on/ ahead/ (until you reach …) = Head for …
- Go/Continue past … (place)
- Go/Turn left/ right at the … (place)
- Take the first/ second turning on your left/ right.
- Cross ... : Cross the square, then turn right.
- Follow... : Follow the road until you come to the post office.

Prepositions
- A is in the middle/ center of B
- A is near/ next to/ just over/ beside/ by/ just past/ same side as B
- A is across from/ opposite/ facing/ on the other side of B
- A is in front of B - B is behind A.

Guided Practice
Questions 1-5
Label the map below. Write the correct
letter, A-H, next to questions 1-5.

1. recreational center ……..

2. health center ……..
3. swimming pool and sauna ……..
4. health-food store ……..
5 Jenny's restaurant ……..

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Practice
Questions 1-6 Label the plan below. Write the correct letter, A-I, next to Questions 1-6.

Hadley Park Community Gardens Project

Keywords

1. Vegetable beds …….. …………………………………………………………

2. Bee hives …….. …………………………………………………………
3. Seating …….. …………………………………………………………
4. Adventure playground …….. …………………………………………………………
5. Sand area …….. …………………………………………………………
6. Pond …….. …………………………………………………………

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HOMEWORK

Exercise 1: Label the map below. Write the correct letter, A-H, next to Questions 11-16

11 café ……..
12 toilets ……..
13 formal gardens ……..
14 outdoor gym ……..
15 skateboard ramp …….
16 wild flowers ……..

Exercise 2
Questions 16-20 Label the plan below. Write the correct letter, A-H, next to

Branley Castle
16 Starting point for walking the walls ……..
17 Bow and arrow display …....
18 Hunting birds display ……
19 Traditional dancing ……..
20 Shop ……

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SPEAKING PART 1 - Traveling
1. Do you like traveling?
2. Do you prefer traveling alone or in a group?
3. What do you do when you travel to a new place?

SPEAKING PART 2 - Describe a town/ city/ country you once visited

You should say
-​ When you visited it
-​ Where is it situated
-​ Whom you went with
​ and say what about it you like the most

Vocabulary

Aspects Architecture
remain intact
historical buildings - well-preserved buildings - ancient architecture

Nature
unspoiled beauty.
breathtaking - stunning scenery
fresh air - cool weather
white sandy beach - crystal clear water
lush green trees/ forest

Culture
diverse cuisine - local dishes
hospitable local people
custom - tradition

Activities a must-try
take part in - join in … activities
explore something = learn more about something
go sightseeing
enjoy the view of something
immerse myself in something
buy souvenirs

Example - Outline

-​ What: Hoi An ancient town

-​ Architecture:
+​ remains intact in its original form - well-preserved Asian trading port and
commercial center
+​ family houses as well as ancient pagodas and temples.
+​ diversity of local shops which sell different types of souvenirs and tailored
suits.
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 -​ Nature: Cu Lao Cham island - many beautiful beaches - dive into the ocean to
explore types of plants and animals - take pictures of coconut ranges
-​ Culture:
+​ local dishes such as pork rice noodle, white rose dumpling, chicken rice and so
on - local ingredients and secret cooking recipes
+​ lantern festival - colorful lanterns - romantic and mysterious
-​ Why: many historical and cultural values - unique

Speaking Part 2 outline

……………………………………………..……………………………………………………
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………

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 Lesson 14
TOPIC: Exploration
Reading and Writing

READING - Finding information & Summary Completion

The Discovery of Penicillin

A
The Scottish bacteriologist Dr Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) is credited with the discovery
of penicillin in London in 1928. He had been working at St Mary’s Hospital on the
bacteriology of septic wounds. As a medic during World War I, he had witnessed the deaths of
many wounded soldiers from infection and he had observed that the use of harsh antiseptics,
rather than healing the body, actually harmed the blood corpuscles that destroy bacteria.

B
In his search for effective antimicrobial agents, Fleming was cultivating staphylococcus
bacteria in Petri dishes containing agar1. Before going on holiday in the summer of 1928, he
piled up the agar plates to make room for someone else to use his workbench in his absence
and left the windows open. When he returned to work two weeks later, Fleming noticed mold
growing on those culture plates that had not been fully immersed in sterilizing agent. This was
not an unusual phenomenon, except in this case the particular mold seemed to have killed the
staphylococcus aureus immediately surrounding it. He realized that this mold had potential.

C
Fleming consulted a mycologist called C J La Touche, who occupied a laboratory downstairs
containing many mold specimens (possibly the source of the original contamination), and they
concluded it was the Penicillium genus of ascomycetous fungi. Fleming continued to
experiment with the mold on other pathogenic bacteria, finding that it successfully killed a
large number of them. Importantly, it was also non-toxic, so there was a bacteria-destroying
agent that could be used as an antiseptic in wounds without damaging the human body.
However, he was unsuccessful in his attempts to isolate the active antibacterial element, which
he called penicillin. In 1929, he wrote a paper on his findings, published in the British Journal
of Experimental Pathology, but it failed to kindle any interest at the time.

D
In 1938, Dr Howard Florey, a professor of pathology at Oxford University, came across
Fleming’s paper. In collaboration with his colleague Dr Ernst Chain, and other skilled
chemists, he worked on producing a usable drug. They experimented on mice infected with
streptococcus. Those untreated died, while those injected with penicillin survived. It was time
to test the drug on humans but they could not produce enough – it took 2,000 liters of mold
culture fluid to acquire enough penicillin to treat a single patient. Their first case in 1940, an
Oxford police officer who was near death as a result of infection by both staphylococci and
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streptococci, rallied after five days of treatment but, when the supply of penicillin ran out, he
eventually died.

E
In 1941, Florey and biochemist Dr Norman Heatley went to the United States to team up with
American scientists with a view to finding a way of making large quantities of the drug. It
became obvious that Penicillium notatum would never generate enough penicillin for effective
treatments so they began to look for a more productive species. One day a laboratory assistant
turned up with a melon covered in mould. This fungus was Penicillium chrysogeum, which
produced 200 times more penicillin than Fleming’s original species but, with further
enhancement and filtration, it was induced to yield 1,000 times as much as Penicillium
notatum. Manufacture could begin in earnest.

F
The standardization and large-scale production of the penicillin drug during World War II and
its availability for treating wounded soldiers undoubtedly saved many lives. Penicillin proved
to be very effective in the treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia – the death rate in WWII
was 1% compared to 18% in WWI. It has since proved its worth in the treatment of many
life-threatening infections such as tuberculosis, meningitis, diphtheria and several
sexually-transmitted diseases.

G
Fleming has always been acknowledged as the discoverer of penicillin. However, the
development of a commercial penicillin drug was due to the skill of chemical scientists
Florey, Chain and others who overcame the difficulties of converting it into a usable form.
Fleming and Florey received knighthoods in 1944 and they, together with Chain, were
awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945. Heatley’s contribution seems to
have been overlooked until, in 1990, he was awarded an honorary doctorate of medicine by
Oxford University – the first in its 800-year history.

H
Fleming was mindful of the dangers of resistance to penicillin early on and he expressly
warned on many occasions against overuse of the drug, because this would lead to bacterial
resistance. Ironically, the occurrence of resistance is pushing the drive today to find new, more
powerful antibiotics.
—————–
*1agar is a culture medium based on a seaweed extract – used for growing microorganisms in
laboratories

Questions 1-6 Reading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs, A–H.

Which paragraph contains the following information?
1 results of animal experiments
2 recognition of the scientists’ valuable work
3 a statement about the beginning of mass production
4 Fleming’s cautionary advice
5 examples of uses for penicillin
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6 the starting point for Fleming’s original research

Questions 7–10 Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Dr Fleming’s Accidental Discovery

In a bid to find a safe and effective antiseptic, Dr Fleming was growing staphylococcus
aureus bacteria in his lab. On his return from 7……………….., he found mold on an
unsterilised plate and saw that it had destroyed the bacteria around it. A 8………………..
helped him identify the mold. Fleming found that it was active against several different
9……………….. and, because it was 10…………….., it was safe to use in humans.

Questions 11–13 Complete the table below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Timeline
1928​ Fleming’s discovery of penicillin
1929​ Fleming’s research published
1938​ Florey begins work on penicillin
1940​ The first human subject 11……………….
1941​ Collaboration with 12…………….….
1944​ Two of the scientists are knighted
1945​ Three of them share a 13..……………….
1990​ Heatley’s work is acknowledged

HOMEWORK
ELECTRORECEPTION
A
Open your eyes in sea water and it is difficult to see much more than a murky, bleary green
color. Sounds, too, are garbled and difficult to comprehend. Without specialized equipment
humans would be lost in these deep sea habitats, so how do fish make it seem so easy? Much
of this is due to a biological phenomenon known as electroreception – the ability to perceive
and act upon electrical stimuli as part of the overall senses. This ability is only found in
aquatic or amphibious species because water is an efficient conductor of electricity.

B
Electroreception comes in two variants. While all animals (including humans) generate
electric signals, because they are emitted by the nervous system, some animals have the

73
ability – known as passive electroreception – to receive and decode electric signals generated
by other animals in order to sense their location.

C
Other creatures can go further still, however. Animals with active electroreception possess
bodily organs that generate special electric signals on cue. These can be used for mating
signals and territorial displays as well as locating objects in the water. Active electroreceptors
can differentiate between the various resistances that their electrical currents encounter. This
can help them identify whether another creature is prey, predator or something that is best left
alone. Active electroreception has a range of about one body length – usually just enough to
give its host time to get out of the way or go in for the kill.

D
One fascinating use of active electroreception – known as the Jamming Avoidance Response
mechanism – has been observed between members of some species known as the weakly
electric fish. When two such electric fish meet in the ocean using the same frequency, each
fish will then shift the frequency of its discharge so that they are transmitting on different
frequencies. Doing so prevents their electroreception faculties from becoming jammed. Long
before citizens’ band radio users first had to yell “Get off my frequency!” at hapless novices
cluttering the air waves, at least one species had found a way to peacefully and quickly
resolve this type of dispute.

E
Electroreception can also play an important role in animal defenses. Rays are one such
example. Young ray embryos develop inside egg cases that are attached to the sea bed. The
embryos keep their tails in constant motion so as to pump water and allow them to breathe
through the egg’s casing. If the embryo’s electroreceptors detect the presence of a predatory
fish in the vicinity, however, the embryo stops moving (and in so doing ceases transmitting
electric currents) until the fish has moved on. Because marine life of various types is often
travelling past, the embryo has evolved only to react to signals that are characteristic of the
respiratory movements of potential predators such as sharks.

F
Many people fear swimming in the ocean because of sharks. In some respects, this concern is
well grounded – humans are poorly equipped when it comes to electroreceptive defense
mechanisms. Sharks, meanwhile, hunt with extraordinary precision. They initially lock onto
their prey through a keen sense of smell (two thirds of a shark’s brain is devoted entirely to its
olfactory organs). As the shark reaches proximity to its prey, it tunes into electric signals that
ensure a precise strike on its target; this sense is so strong that the shark even attacks blind by
letting its eyes recede for protection.

G
Normally, when humans are attacked it is purely by accident. Since sharks cannot detect from
electroreception whether or not something will satisfy their tastes, they tend to “try before
they buy”, taking one or two bites and then assessing the results (our sinewy muscle does not
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compare well with plumper, softer prey such as seals). Repeat attacks are highly likely once a
human is bleeding, however; the force of the electric field is heightened by salt in the blood
which creates the perfect setting for a feeding frenzy. In areas where shark attacks on humans
are likely to occur, scientists are exploring ways to create artificial electroreceptors that would
disorient the sharks and repel them from swimming beaches.

H
There is much that we do not yet know concerning how electroreception functions. Although
researchers have documented how electroreception alters hunting, defense and
communication systems through observation, the exact neurological processes that encode and
decode this information are unclear. Scientists are also exploring the role electroreception
plays in navigation. Some have proposed that salt water and magnetic fields from the Earth’s
core may interact to form electrical currents that sharks use for migratory purposes.

Questions 1-6
Reading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs, A–H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
1 How electroreception can be used to help fish reproduce
2 A possible use for electroreception that will benefit humans
3 The term for the capacity which enables an animal to pick up but not send out electrical
signals
4 Why only creatures that live in or near water have electroreceptive abilities
5 How electroreception might help creatures find their way over long distances
6 A description of how some fish can avoid disrupting each other’s electric signals

Questions 7–9 Label the diagram.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Shark’s 7 ………………… alert the young ray to its presence
Embryo moves its 8 ………………… in order to breathe
Embryo stops sending 9 ………………… when predator close by

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Questions 10–13 Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE words from the passage for each answer.

Shark Attack
A shark is a very effective hunter. Firstly, it uses its 10……………….. to smell its target.
When the shark gets close, it uses 11……………….. to guide it toward an accurate attack.
Within the final few feet the shark rolls its eyes back into its head. Humans are not popular
food sources for most sharks due to their 12………………… Nevertheless, once a shark has
bitten a human, a repeat attack is highly possible as salt from the blood increases the intensity
of the 13………………

WRITING TASK 2 - Opinion essay

Writing Skeleton

1. Introduction​
- General statement: Paraphrase the question
- Thesis statement: I agree/ disagree with this opinion to some extent/ to a large extent.

2. Body paragraphs
Topic sentence 1: On the one hand, I agree that …(mệnh đề)...
Supporting idea 1 - Explain
Supporting idea 2 - Explain

Topic sentence 2: On the other hand, I strongly/ firmly believe that …(mệnh đề)...
Supporting idea 1 - Explain
Supporting idea 2 - Explain

3. Conclusion: Paraphrase the thesis statement

→ In conclusion, although I agree that …(mệnh đề)... , I am strongly convinced that
…(mệnh đề)...

Practice

Some argue that innovation should not be driven by the pursuit of profit and economic
growth, but should be targeted towards addressing social and environmental issues.

To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

76
 Agree Disagree

Supporting idea 1: Supporting idea 1:

……………………………………………. ………………………………………..……
……………………………………………. …………………………………………….
Explanation Explanation
……………………………………………. …………………………………………….
……………………………………………. …………………………………………….
Supporting idea 2: Supporting idea 2:
……………………………………………. …………………………………………….
…………………………………………… …………………………….………………
Explanation Explanation
……………………………………………. …………………………………………….
……………………………………………. …………………………………………….

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 Lesson 15
TOPIC: Trends and meanings
Listening and Speaking

LISTENING SECTION 3 - Matching information

Questions 21 and 22 Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Which TWO parts of the introductory stage to their art projects do Jess and Tom agree were
useful?
A the Bird Park visit
B the workshop sessions
C the Natural History Museum visit
D the projects done in previous years
E the handouts with research sources

Questions 23 and 24 Choose TWO letters, A-E.

In which TWO ways do both Jess and Tom decide to change their proposals?
A by giving a rationale for their action plans
B by being less specific about the outcome
C by adding a video diary presentation
D by providing a timeline and a mind map
E by making their notes more evaluative

Questions 25-30
Which personal meaning do the students decide to give to each of the following pictures?

Pictures Personal meanings

25 Falcon (Landseer) ……….. A a childhood memory

26 Fish hawk (Audubon) ……….. B hope for the future
27 Kingfisher (van Gogh) ……….. C fast movement
28 Portrait of William Wells ……….. D a potential threat
29 Vairumati (Gauguin) ……….. E the power of color
30 Portrait of Giovanni de Medici ………. F the continuity of life
​ G protection of nature
H a confused attitude to nature

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HOMEWORK

Questions 21 and 22 Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Which TWO groups of people is the display primarily intended for?
A​ student from the English department
B​ residents of the local area
C​ the university’s teaching staff
D​ potential new students
E​ students from other departments

Questions 23 and 24 Choose TWO letters, A-E.

What are Cathy and Graham’s TWO reasons for choosing the novelist Charles Dickens?
A​ His speeches inspired others to try to improve society.
B​ He used his publications to draw attention to social problems.
C​ His novels are well-known now.
D​ He was consulted on a number of social issues.
E​ His reputation has changed in recent times.

Questions 25-30
What topic do Cathy and Graham choose to illustrate with each novel?

Novels by Dickens Topics

25 The Pickwick Papers …………. A​ poverty
26 Oliver Twist …………. B education
27 Nicholas Nickleby …………. C​ Dickens’s travels
28 Martin Chuzzlewit …………. D​ entertainment
29 Bleak House …………. E​ crime and the law
30 Little Dorrit …………. F​ wealth
G​ medicine
H​ a woman’s life

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SPEAKING - IELTS Speaking Test
Part 1 general questions about yourself and a range of familiar topics, such as your
home, family, work, studies and interests.
Part 2 You will be given a card and asked to talk about a particular topic. You will
have one minute to prepare before speaking for up to two minutes.
Part 3 You will be asked further questions connected to the topic in Part 2. These
questions give you an opportunity to discuss more abstract issues and ideas
*Question types:
- Opinion
- Comparison
- “Why” questions
- Future questions

SPEAKING PART 3 - Opinion questions

*How to answer: Short answer + reason + example

Starting phrase + answer + reason (+ example)

I think/ I believe …. because For example, …

I guess such as/like
I would say
I agree/ Sure/ Of course.
I disagree/ I’m not sure/
I don’t think so

Example: Is family important in your country?

- Of course, family is very important in my country because many families often rely on each
other to survive and live together in extended families. We support each other financially by
sharing accommodation costs and other things like education.

SPEAKING PART 3 - Compare questions

Example: How are the homes built today different from those of the past?
- While in the past, they mainly lived in one storey houses (past), today, there are a lot more
high rise apartments and skyscrapers (present) that people live in given the limited space in
cities today (reason).

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Topic - Celebrities

1. What kinds of people become famous these days?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Do you think it is easier to become famous today than it used to be?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Do you think children should copy celebrities?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

81
 Lesson 16
TOPIC: Trends and meanings
Reading and Writing

READING - Summary Completion & Matching information

Here today, gone tomorrow

The Arctic and Antarctica are now within reach of the modern tourist, with many going to see
these icy wildernesses before it's too late. Christian Amodeo reports on the growth of polar
tourism.

A. Travel at the North and South Poles has become an expensive leisure activity, suitable for
tourists of all ages. The poles may be inhospitable places, but they are seeing increasing
numbers of visitors. Annual figures for the Arctic, where tourism has existed since the 19th
century, have increased from about a million in the early 1990s to more than 1.5 million today.
This is partly because of the lengthening summer season brought about by climate change.

B. Most visitors arrive by ship. In 2007, 370,000 cruise passengers visited Norway, twice the
number that arrived in 2000. Iceland, a country where tourism is the second-largest industry,
has enjoyed an annual growth rate of nine percent since 1990. Meanwhile, Alaska received
some 1,029,800 passengers, a rise of 7.3 percent from 2006. Greenland has seen the most
rapid growth in marine tourism, with a sharp increase in cruise-ship arrivals of 250 percent
since 2004. The global economic downturn may have affected the annual 20.6 percent rate of
increase in visitors to the Antarctic - last season saw a drop of 17 percent to 38,200 - but there
has been a 760 percent rise in land-based tourism there since 1997. More people than ever are
landing at fragile sites, with light aircraft, helicopters and all-terrain vehicles increasingly
used for greater access, while in the past two seasons, ‘fly-sail’ operations have begun. These
deliver tourists by air to ships, so far more groups can enjoy a cruise in a season; large cruise
ships capable of carrying up to 800 passengers are not uncommon.

C. In addition, it seems that a high number of visitors return to the poles. ‘Looking at six
years’ worth of data, of the people who have been to the polar regions, roughly 25 percent go
for a second time,’ says Louisa Richardson, a senior marketing executive at tour operator
Exodus. In the same period that tourism has exploded, the ‘health’ of the poles has
‘deteriorated’. ‘The biggest changes taking place in the Antarctic are related to climate
change,’ says Rod Downie, Environmental Manager with the British Antarctic Survey (BAS).
Large numbers of visitors increase these problems.

D. Although polar tourism is widely accepted, there have been few regulations up until
recently. At the meeting of the Antarctic Treaty in Baltimore, the 28 member nations adopted
proposals for limits to tourist numbers. These included safety codes for tourist vessels in
Antarctic waters, and improved environmental protection for the continent. They agreed to
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prevent ships with more than 500 passengers from landing in Antarctica, as well as limit the
number of passengers going ashore to a maximum of 100 at any one time, with a minimum of
one guide for every 20 tourists. ‘Tourism in Antarctica is not without its risks,’ says Downie.
After all, Antarctica doesn’t have a coastguard rescue service.’

E. So far, no surveys confirm that people are going quickly to see polar regions before they
change,’ says Frigg Jorgensen, General Secretary of the Association of Arctic Expedition
Cruise Operators (AECO). ‘However, Hillary Clinton and many other big names have been to
Svalbard in the northernmost part of Norway to see the effects of climate change. The
associated media coverage could influence others to do the same.’ These days, rarely a week
passes without a negative headline in the newspapers. The suffering polar bear has become a
symbol of a warming world, its plight a warning that the clock is ticking. It would seem that
this ticking clock is a small but growing factor for some tourists. ‘There’s an element of “do it
now”,’ acknowledges Prisca Campbell, Marketing director of Quark Expeditions, which takes
7,000 people to the poles annually. Leaving the trip until later, it seems, may mean leaving it
too late.

Questions 1-7 Complete the summary below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

Polar tourism - the figures

Tourism in the Arctic began in the 1 ……………….. and visitor numbers have risen since that
time. These days, over 2 ……………….. people travel there, mostly by ship. The country
with the greatest increase in visitors is 3 ……………….. Tourism has expanded in the Arctic
because the 4 ……………….. lasts longer than it used to. Travel to the Antarctic has fallen
by 5 ……………….. over the past year. However, many more people are using small planes
and 6 ……………….. to land on the ice. Aircraft are also taking visitors to huge ships that
hold as many as 7 ……………….. tourists.

Questions 8–12
Look at the following statements and the list of people below. Match each statement with the
correct person, A-D.
NB You may use any letter more than once.

8 Some tourists believe they should not delay their trip to the poles. List of People
9 There are some dangers to traveling in Antarctica. A Louisa Richardson
10 Some famous people have traveled to polar regions to look at the B Rod Downie
impacts of global warming. C Frigg Jorgensen
11 Some tourists make more than one trip to the poles. D Prisca Campbell
12 There is no evidence that visitors are hurrying to the poles.

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HOMEWORK

Second nature
Your personality isn’t necessarily set in stone. With a little experimentation, people can
reshape their temperaments and inject passion, optimism, joy and courage into their lives

A
Psychologists have long held that a person’s character cannot undergo a transformation in any
meaningful way and that the key traits of personality are determined at a very young age.
However, researchers have begun looking more closely at ways we can change. Positive
psychologists have identified 24 qualities we admire, such as loyalty and kindness, and are
studying them to find out why they come so naturally to some people. What they’re
discovering is that many of these qualities amount to habitual behavior that determines the
way we respond to the world. The good news is that all this can be learned.
Some qualities are less challenging to develop than others, optimism being one of them.
However, developing qualities requires mastering a range of skills which are diverse and
sometimes surprising. For example, to bring more joy and passion into your life, you must be
open to experiencing negative emotions. Cultivating such qualities will help you realize your
full potential.

B
‘The evidence is good that most personality traits can be altered,’ says Christopher Peterson,
professor of psychology at the University of Michigan, who cites himself as an example.
Inherently introverted, he realized early on that as an academic, his reticence would prove
disastrous in the lecture hall. So he learned to be more outgoing and to entertain his classes.
‘Now my extroverted behavior is spontaneous,’ he says.

C
David Fajgenbaum had to make a similar transition. He was preparing for university, when he
had an accident that put an end to his sports career. On campus, he quickly found that beyond
ordinary counseling, the university had no services for students who were undergoing physical
rehabilitation and suffering from depression like him. He therefore launched a support group
to help others in similar situations. He took action despite his own pain – a typical response of
an optimist.

D
Suzanne Segerstrom, professor of psychology at the University of Kentucky, believes that the
key to increasing optimism is through cultivating optimistic behavior, rather than positive
thinking. She recommends you train yourself to pay attention to good fortune by writing down
three positive things that come about each day. This will help you convince yourself that
favorable outcomes actually happen all the time, making it easier to begin taking action.

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E
You can recognise a person who is passionate about a pursuit by the way they are so strongly
involved in it. Tanya Streeter’s passion is freediving – the sport of plunging deep into the
water without tanks or other breathing equipment. Beginning in 1998, she set nine world
records and can hold her breath for six minutes. The physical stamina required for this sport is
intense but the psychological demands are even more overwhelming. Streeter learned to
untangle her fears from her judgment of what her body and mind could do. ‘In my career as a
competitive freediver, there was a limit to what I could do – but it wasn’t anywhere near what
I thought it was/ she says.

F
Finding a pursuit that excites you can improve anyone’s life. The secret about consuming
passions, though, according to psychologist Paul Silvia of the University of North Carolina, is
that ‘they require discipline, hard work and ability, which is why they are so rewarding.’
Psychologist Todd Kashdan has this advice for those people taking up a new passion: ‘As a
newcomer, you also have to tolerate and laugh at your own ignorance. You must be willing to
accept the negative feelings that come your way,’ he says.

G
In 2004, physician-scientist Mauro Zappaterra began his PhD research at Harvard Medical
School. Unfortunately, he was miserable as his research wasn’t compatible with his curiosity
about healing. He finally took a break and during eight months in Santa Fe, Zappaterra
learned about alternative healing techniques not taught at Harvard. When he got back, he
switched labs to study how cerebrospinal fluid nourishes the developing nervous system. He
also vowed to look for the joy in everything, including failure, as this could help him learn
about his research and himself.
One thing that can hold joy back is a person’s concentration on avoiding failure rather than
their looking forward to doing something well. ‘Focusing on being safe might get in the way
of you reaching your goals,’ explains Kashdan. For example, are you hoping to get through a
business lunch without embarrassing yourself, or are you thinking about how fascinating the
conversation might be?

H
Usually, we think of courage in physical terms but ordinary life demands something else. For
marketing executive Kenneth Pedeleose, it meant speaking out against something he thought
was ethically wrong. The new manager was intimidating staff so Pedeleose carefully recorded
each instance of bullying and eventually took the evidence to a senior director, knowing his
own job security would be threatened. Eventually the manager was the one to go. According
to Cynthia Pury, a psychologist at Clemson University, Pedeleose’s story proves the point that
courage is not motivated by fearlessness, but by moral obligation. Pury also believes that
people can acquire courage. Many of her students said that faced with a risky situation, they
first tried to calm themselves down, then looked for a way to mitigate the danger, just as
Pedeleose did by documenting his allegations.

85
Over the long term, picking up a new character trait may help you move toward being the
person you want to be. And in the short term, the effort itself could be surprisingly rewarding,
a kind of internal adventure.

Questions 1-5 Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Psychologists have traditionally believed that a personality 1…………… was impossible and
that by a 2…………… a person’s character tends to be fixed. This is not true according to
positive psychologists, who say that our personal qualities can be seen as habitual behavior.
One of the easiest qualities to acquire is 3…………….. . However, regardless of the quality, it
is necessary to learn a wide variety of different 4…………….. in order for a new quality to
develop; for example, a person must understand and feel some 5……………… in order to
increase their happiness.

Questions 6-9 Look at the following statements and the list of people below.
Match each statement with the correct person, A-G.

6 People must accept that they do not know much when first trying something new.
7 It is important for people to actively notice when good things happen.
8 Courage can be learned once its origins in a sense of responsibility are understood.
9 It is possible to overcome shyness when faced with the need to speak in public.

List of People
A Christopher Peterson
B David Fajgenbaum
C Suzanne Segerstrom
D Tanya Streeter
E Todd Kashdan
F Kenneth Pedeleose
G Cynthia Pury

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WRITING TASK 2 - Discussion

Writing Skeleton

Introduction
1.General statement: Paraphrase the question.
2.Thesis statement: Give your opinion → I agree with the first/ second viewpoint.

Body paragraph 1
Topic sentence: On the one hand, there are some reasons why participating in physical
activities is significant for staying healthy.
Supporting idea 1: First/ First of all, …
Explanation: …
Supporting idea 2: Second/ In addition, …
Explanation: …

Body paragraph 2
Topic sentence: However/ On the other hand, I strongly/ firmly believe that following a
healthy diet plays a more important role.
Supporting idea 1: First/ First of all, …
Explanation: …
Supporting idea 2: Second/ In addition, …
Explanation: …

Some people say that material possessions bring happiness in life, but others suggest
that there are other aspects contributing to happiness.
Discuss both sides and give your opinion. Give reasons for your answer and include any
relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.

*Brainstorming ideas

View 1: ………………………………… View 2: …………………………………

Supporting idea 1: Supporting idea 1:

……………………………………………. ………………………………………..……
……………………………………………. …………………………………………….
Explanation Explanation
……………………………………………. …………………………………………….
……………………………………………. …………………………………………….
Supporting idea 2: Supporting idea 2:
……………………………………………. …………………………………………….
…………………………………………… …………………………….………………

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 Explanation Explanation
……………………………………………. …………………………………………….
……………………………………………. …………………………………………….

Conclusion - Paraphrase the thesis statement

→ In conclusion, although I agree that S1 + V1, I strongly believe that S2+V2.

*Finish your writing

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

88
 Lesson 17
Topic: Well-being
Listening - Reading

Listening Section 4 - Note completion

Questions 31 – 40
Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Health benefits of dance

Recent findings:
● All forms of dance produce various hormones associated with feelings of happiness.
● Dancing with others has a more positive impact than dancing alone.
● An experiment on university students suggested that dance increases 31 ……………… .
● For those with mental illness, dance could be used as a form of 32 ………………

Benefits of dance for older people:

● accessible for people with low levels of 33 ………………
● reduces the risk of heart disease
● better 34 ……………… reduces the risk of accidents
● improves 35 ……………… function by making it work faster
● improves participants’ general well-being
● gives people more 36 ……………… to take exercise
● can lessen the feeling of 37 ………………, very common in older people

Benefits of Zumba:
● A study at The University of Wisconsin showed that doing Zumba for 40 minutes uses up
as many 38 ……………… as other quite intense forms of exercise.
● The American Journal of Health Behavior study showed that:
​ – women suffering from 39 ……………… benefited from doing Zumba.
​ – Zumba became a 40 ……………… for the participants.

HOMEWORK

Exercise 1: Questions 31 – 40
Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

To calculate your Body Mass Index you should first take 31……………… in kilograms and
divide it by your height in meters.

Healthy Diets
It is important to eat starchy foods with fruit and vegetables.
There are people who 32 ……………… that starchy foods are ‘fattening’.
Eat a minimum of 33……………… of fruit and vegetables a day.
89
People tend to eat too much 34 ……………… and you only need a certain amount to keep
healthy.
People say that 35 ……………… can help protect against heart disease.

Exercise is good for us because

-​ It strengthens the heart
-​ It tones our 36 ………………
-​ It is good for the mind
We do less exercise because we have domestic 37 ……………… to do things for us.
Adults should do at least 38 ……………… moderate-intensity physical activity, five days a
week.
Physical activity can be:
-​ A lifestyle activity
-​ A 39 ……………… activity
-​ Sports
Activities that produce 40 ……………… on the bones are necessary.

Exercise 2: Questions 31 – 40
Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Early history of keeping clean

Prehistoric times: water was used to wash off 31……………..

Ancient Babylon: soap-like material found in 32…………… cylinders
Ancient Greece:
- people cleaned themselves with sand and other substances
- used a strigil – scraper made of 33………………
- washed clothes in streams
Ancient Germany and Gaul: used soap to color their 34………………

Ancient Rome:
- animal fat, ashes and clay mixed through action of rain, used for washing clothes
- from about 312 BC, water carried to Roman 35……………… by aqueducts

Europe in Middle Ages:

- decline in bathing contributed to occurrence of 36……………….
- 37………………. began to be added to soap
Europe from 17th century:
- 1600s: cleanliness and bathing started becoming usual
- 1791: Leblanc invented a way of making soda ash from 38………………
- early 1800s: Chevreul turned soapmaking into a 39………………
- from the 1800s, there was no longer a 40……………… on soap.

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READING - Matching headings

The burden of thirst

Millions of women carry water long distances. If they had a tap by their door, whole societies
would be transformed.
A
Aylito Binayo’s feet know the mountain. Even at four in the morning, she can run down the
rocks to the river by starlight alone and climb the steep mountain back up to her village with a
container of water on her back. She has made this journey three times a day since she was a
small child.
So has every other woman in her village of Foro, in the Konso district of south-western
Ethiopia in Africa. Binayo left school when she was eight years old, in part because she had to
help her mother fetch water from the Toiro River. The water is unsafe to drink; every year that
the drought continues, the river carries less water, and its flow is reduced. But it is the only
water Foro has ever had.
B
In developed parts of the world, people turn on a tap and abundant, clean water pours out. Yet
nearly 900 million people in the world have no access to clean water. Furthermore, 2.5 billion
people have no safe way to get rid of human waste. Polluted water and lack of proper hygiene
cause disease and kill 3.3 million people around the world annually, most of them children. In
southern Ethiopia and in northern Kenya, a lack of rain over the past few years has made even
dirty water hard to find. But soon, for the first time, things are going to change.
C
Bringing clean water close to villagers’ homes is the key to the problem. Communities where
clean water becomes accessible and plentiful are transformed. All the hours previously spent
hauling water can be used to cultivate more crops, raise more animals or even start a business.
Families spend less time sick or caring for family members who are unwell. Most important,
not having to collect water means girls can go to school and get jobs. The need to fetch water
for the family, or to take care of younger siblings while their mother goes, usually prevents
them from ever having this experience.
D
But the challenges of bringing water to remote villages like those in Konso are overwhelming.
Locating water underground and then reaching it by means of deep wells requires geological
expertise and expensive, heavy machines. Abandoned wells and water projects litter the
villages of Konso. In similar villages around the developing world, the biggest problem with
water schemes is that about half of them break down soon after the groups that built them
move on. Sometimes technology is used that can’t be repaired locally, or spare parts are
available only in the capital.
E
Today, a UK-based international non-profit organization called WaterAid is tackling the job of
bringing water to the most remote villages of Konso. Their approach combines technologies
proven to last - such as building a sand dam to capture and filter rainwater that would
otherwise drain away. But the real innovation is that WaterAid believes technology is only
part of the solution. Just as important is involving the local community in designing, building
and maintaining new water projects. Before beginning any project, WaterAid asks the

91
community to create a WASH (water, sanitation, hygiene) committee of seven people. The
committee works with WaterAid to plan projects and involve the village in construction. Then
it maintains and runs the project.
F
The people of Konso, who grow their crops on terraces they have dug into the sides of
mountains, are famous for hard work. In the village of Orbesho, residents even constructed a
road themselves so that drilling machinery could come in. Last summer, their pump, installed
by the river, was being motorized to push its water to a newly built reservoir on top of a
nearby mountain. From there, gravity will carry it down in pipes to villages on the other side
of the mountain. Residents of those villages have each given some money to help fund the
project. They have made concrete and collected stones for the structures. Now they are
digging trenches to lay pipes. If all goes well, Aylito Binayo will have a tap with safe water
just a three-minute walk from her front door.

List of headings
1. Paragraph A i. Why some plans have failed
ii. A rural and urban problem
2. Paragraph B
iii. A possible success
3. Paragraph C iv. Explaining a new management style
v. Some relevant statistics
4. Paragraph D
vi. A regular trip for some people
5. Paragraph E vii. Treating people for disease
viii. How water can change people's lives
6. Paragraph F

Questions 7-11 Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each
answer.
7 The water levels in the Toiro River are falling because of …………………….
8 Globally, the number of people who die each year as a result of using dirty water is ……….
9 When families have clean water, they can spend more time growing …………………….
10 Specialist knowledge and equipment are needed to dig …………………….
11 WaterAid uses a dam made of ……………………. to capture rainwater.
Questions 12-13 Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO of these activities were performed by the villagers of Orbesho?
A building a transport route
B digging a reservoir
C gathering building materials
D making pipes
E fitting taps
92
HOMEWORK

Food for thought 2

A
There are not enough classrooms at the Msekeni primary school, so half the lessons take place
in the shade of yellow-blossomed acacia trees. Given this shortage, it might seem odd that one
of the school’s purpose-built classrooms has been emptied of pupils and turned into a
storeroom for sacks of grain. But it makes sense. Food matters more than shelter.

B
Msekeni is in one of the poorer parts of Malawi, a landlocked southern African country of
exceptional beauty and great poverty. No war lays waste Malawi, nor is the land unusually
crowed or infertile, but Malawians still have trouble finding enough to eat. Half of the
children under five are underfed to the point of stunting. Hunger blights most aspects of
Malawian life, so the country is as good a place as any to investigate how nutrition affects
development, and vice versa.

C
The headmaster at Msekeni, Bernard Kumanda, has strong views on the subject. He thinks
food is a priceless teaching aid. Since 1999, his pupils have received free school lunches.
Donors such as the World Food Programme (WFP) provide the food: those sacks of grain
(mostly mixed maize and soya bean flour, enriched with vitamin A) in that converted
classroom. Local volunteers do the cooking – turning the dry ingredients into a bland but
nutritious slop and spooning it out onto plastic plates. The children line up in large crowds,
cheerfully singing a song called “We are getting porridge”.

D
When the school’s feeding programme was introduced, enrolment at Msekeni doubled. Some
of the new pupils had switched from nearby schools that did not give out free porridge, but
most were children whose families had previously kept them at home to work. These families
were so poor that the long-term benefits of education seemed unattractive when setting against
the short-term gain of sending children out to gather firewood or help in the fields. One plate
of porridge a day completely altered the calculation. A child fed at school will not howl so
plaintively for food at home. Girls, who are more likely than boys to be kept out of school, are
given extra snacks to take home.

E
When a school takes in a horde of extra students from the poorest homes, you would expect
standards to drop. Anywhere in the world, poor kids tend to perform worse than their
better-off classmates. When the influx of new pupils is not accompanied by an increase in the
number of teachers, as was the case at Msekeni, you would expect standards to fall even
further. But they have not. Pass rates at Msekeni improved dramatically, from 30% to 85%.
Although this was an exceptional example, the nationwide results of school feeding
programmes were still pretty good. On average, after a Malawian school started handing out
93
free food it attracted 38% more girls and 24% more boys. The pass rate for boys stayed about
the same, while for girls it improved by 9.5%.

F
Better nutrition makes for brighter children. Most immediately, well-fed children find it easier
to concentrate. It is hard to focus the mind on long division when your stomach is screaming
for food. Mr Kumanda says that it used to be easy to spot the kids who were really
undernourished. “They were the ones who stared into space and didn’t respond when you
asked the question,” he says. More crucially, though, more and better food helps brains grow
and develop. Like any other organ in the body, the brain needs nutrition and exercise. But if it
is starved of the necessary calories, proteins and micronutrients, it is stunted, perhaps not as
severely as a muscle would be, but stunted nonetheless. That is why feeding children at
schools work so well. And the fact that the effect of feeding was more pronounced in girls
than in boys gives a clue to who eats first in rural Malawian households. It isn’t the girls.

G
On a global scale, the good news is that people are eating better than ever before. Homo
sapiens has grown 50% bigger since the industrial revolution. Three centuries ago, chronic
malnutrition was more or less universal. Now, it is extremely rare in rich countries. In
developing countries, where most people live, plates and rice bowls are also fuller than ever
before. The proportion of children under five in the developing world who are malnourished
to the point of stunting fell from 39% in 1990 to 30% in 2000, says the World Health
Organisation (WHO). In other places, the battle against hunger is steadily being won. Better
nutrition is making people cleverer and more energetic, which will help them grow more
prosperous. And when they eventually join the ranks of the well off, they can start fretting
about growing too fast.

Questions 1-7 The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-G​

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-G from the list below.

List of Headings

i ​ Why better food helps students’ learning​

ii ​ A song for getting porridge​
Paragraph A …….. iii ​ Surprising use of school premises​
Paragraph B …….. iv ​ Global perspective​
Paragraph C ……..
Paragraph D …….. v ​ Brains can be starved​
Paragraph E …….. vi ​ Surprising academics outcome​
Paragraph F …….. vii ​ How food program is operated​
Paragraph G …….. viii ​ How food program affects school attendance​
ix ​ None of the usual reasons

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 Lesson 18
Revision - MOCK TEST

LISTENING TEST

SECTION 1 - Questions 1-10 Complete the notes below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

HOUSE RENTAL

Name Example: Mary Collins

Facility available 1…………..

General layout upstairs: living room, bedrooms

downstairs: 2…………..

Car park availability of a large 3…………..

Shopping at the 4…………..

Place for children playing 5…………..

Education resources a 6………….. in the community

Rent $980 a month (including the maintenance fees

of the 7…………..)

Date of house available 8…………..

Viewing arrangement (time) meet at 9…………..

Postcode GA58ER

Address 10 8 …………..

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SECTION 2 The Australian wild zoo

Questions 11-15 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

11 What’s the new improvement about the zoo this time?
A The zoo has built a new dog-walking area.
B The zoo has brought a new batch of animals
C The zoo has expanded its exhibition area.

12 What is the change for the new regulation enacted in June?

A The zoo is not open during the weekdays.
B Visitors are allowed to feed the animals at night
C Visitors are allowed to see the animals until the late night.

13 While visiting the kangaroo, which behavior is forbidden?

A Photo-taking
B Shouting
C Feeding

14 Why is the pye-dog zone temporarily closed?

A Because the fence is broken.
B Because the pye-dogs are in hibernation
C Because the pye-dog zone is under construction.

15 Where can the visitors buy the discounted ticket?

A Gift shop
B Photo shop
C Reception desk

Questions 16-20
Label the map below. Write the correct letter, A-H, next to questions 16-20.

16 Bird hide
17 Pye-dog zone
18 Rest area
19 Kangaroo visiting site
20 Photo shop

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SECTION 3
Questions 21-24 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C

Wild rice

21 What background information does Daisy give about rice?

A Wild rice is grown throughout Asia
B Some types of rice need less water than others.
C All rice varieties have a lovely aroma

22 Erik says that a priority for rice farmers is to be able to

A grow rice without fertilizers.
B predict the weather patterns.
C manage water resources.

23 Where is the International Rice Research Institute?

A The Philippines
B China
C Japan

24 Scientists in Bangladesh want to find a

A more effective type of fertilizer.
B strain of rice resistant to flooding.
C way to reduce the effects of global warming.

Questions 25-30 Which country do the following statements apply to?

Write the correct letter A-C next to questions 25-30

25 They grow the most rice in the world. A Japan

26 They export the most rice in the world. B China
27 They aim to increase the nutritional value of rice. C Thailand
28 Less rice is eaten than in the past.
29 An annual rice festival takes place.
30 A new type of rice is now popular locally.

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SECTION 4

Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD for each answer

RADIO WRITING
You may have to ignore some of the ordinary 31……………. of writing.
Written words do not indicate things like emphasis, the 32……………. of reading or where to
pause.
A script needs to sound like a 33…………….

Know who you are talking to

Imagine a typical listener: imagine telling your 34……………. about a film.
Create an informal tone:
-​ use words such as us and 35…………….
-​ work out what you are going to say
Remember that:
-​ listeners cannot ask questions
-​ you cannot 36……………. ideas
Make your script 37…………….:
-​ Space out the information.
-​ Allow listeners to 38……………. by using concrete images
-​ Use the first sentence to get 39 ……………...
-​ 40 ……………… the script by reading it aloud

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READING TEST

READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1
below.

The Dead Sea Scrolls

In late 1946 or early 1947, three Bedouin teenagers were tending their goats and sheep near
the ancient settlement of Qumran, located on the northwest shore of the Dead Sea in what is
now known as the West Bank. One of these young shepherds tossed a rock into an opening on
the side of a cliff and was surprised to hear a shattering sound. He and his companions later
entered the cave and stumbled across a collection of large clay jars, seven of which contained
scrolls with writing on them. The teenagers took the seven scrolls to a nearby town where they
were sold for a small sum to a local antiquities dealer. Word of the find spread, and Bedouins
and archaeologists eventually unearthed tens of thousands of additional scroll fragments from
10 nearby caves; together they make up between 800 and 900 manuscripts. It soon became
clear that this was one of the greatest archaeological discoveries ever made.

The origin of the Dead Sea Scrolls, which were written around 2,000 years ago between 150
BCE and 70 CE, is still the subject of scholarly debate even today. According to the prevailing
theory, they are the work of a population that inhabited the area until Roman troops destroyed
the settlement around 70 CE. The area was known as Judea at that time, and the people are
thought to have belonged to a group called the Essenes, a devout Jewish sect.

The majority of the texts on the Dead Sea Scrolls are in Hebrew, with some fragments written
in an ancient version of its alphabet thought to have fallen out of use in the fifth century BCE.
But there are other languages as well. Some scrolls are in Aramaic, the language spoken by
many inhabitants of the region from the sixth century BCE to the siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE.
In addition, several texts feature translations of the Hebrew Bible into Greek.

The Dead Sea Scrolls include fragments from every book of the Old Testament of the Bible
except for the Book of Esther. The only entire book of the Hebrew Bible preserved among the
manuscripts from Qumran is Isaiah; this copy, dated to the first century BCE, is considered
the earliest biblical manuscript still in existence. Along with biblical texts, the scrolls include
documents about sectarian regulations and religious writings that do not appear in the Old
Testament.

The writing on the Dead Sea Scrolls is mostly in black or occasionally red ink, and the scrolls
themselves are nearly all made of neither parchment (animal skin) or an early form of paper
called ‘papyrus’. The only exception is the scroll numbered 3Q15, which was created out of a
combination of copper and tin. Known as the Copper Scroll, this curious document features
letters chiseled onto metal – perhaps, as some have theorized, to better withstand the passage
of time. One of the most intriguing manuscripts from Qumran, this is a sort of ancient treasure
map that lists dozens of gold and silver caches. Using an unconventional vocabulary and odd
spelling, it describes 64 underground hiding places that supposedly contain riches buried for
99
safekeeping. None of these hoards have been recovered, possibly because the Romans
pillaged Judea during the first century CE. According to various hypotheses, the treasure
belonged to local people, or was rescued from the Second Temple before its destruction or
never existed to begin with.

Some of the Dead Sea Scrolls have been on interesting journeys. In 1948, a Syrian Orthodox
archbishop known as Mar Samuel acquired four of the original seven scrolls from a Jerusalem
shoemaker and part-time antiquity dealer, paying less than $100 for them. He then travelled to
the United States and unsuccessfully offered them to a number of universities, including Yale.
Finally, in 1954, he placed an advertisement in the business newspaper The Wall Street
Journal – under the category ‘Miscellaneous Items for Sale’ – that read: ‘Biblical Manuscripts
dating back to at least 200 B.C. are for sale. This would be an ideal gift to an educational or
religious institution by an individual or group.’ Fortunately, Israeli archaeologist and
statesman Yigael Yadin negotiated their purchase and brought the scrolls back to Jerusalem,
where they remain to this day.

In 2017, researchers from the University of Haifa restored and deciphered one of the last
untranslated scrolls. The university’s Eshbal Ratson and Jonathan Ben-Dov spent one year
reassembling the 60 fragments that make up the scroll. Deciphered from a band of coded text
on parchment, the find provides insight into the community of people who wrote it and the
364-day calendar they would have used. The scroll names celebrations that indicate shifts in
seasons and details two yearly religious events known from another Dead Sea Scroll. Only
one more known scroll remains untranslated.

Questions 1-5

Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

The Dead Sea Scrolls

Discovery
Qumran, 1946/7
● three Bedouin shepherds in their teens were near an opening on side of cliff
● heard a noise of breaking when one teenager threw a 1 ……………………
● teenagers went into the 2 …………………… and found a number of containers made of
3 ……………………
The scrolls
● date from between 150 BCE and 70 CE
● thought to have been written by group of people known as the 4 ……………………
● written mainly in the 5 …………………… language
● most are on religious topics, written using ink on parchment or papyrus

100
Questions 6-13 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading
Passage 1?
TRUE ​ if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE ​ if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

6 The Bedouin teenagers who found the scrolls were disappointed by how little money they
received for them.
7 There is agreement among academics about the origin of the Dead Sea Scrolls.
8 Most of the books of the Bible written on the scrolls are incomplete.
9 The information on the Copper Scroll is written in an unusual way.
10 Mar Samuel was given some of the scrolls as a gift.
11 In the early 1950s, a number of educational establishments in the US were keen to buy
scrolls from Mar Samuel.
12 The scroll that was pieced together in 2017 contains information about annual occasions
in the Qumran area 2,000 years ago.
13 Academics at the University of Haifa are currently researching how to decipher the final
scroll

READING PASSAGE 2

The evolutional mystery: Crocodile survives

A
Crocodiles have been around for 200 million years, but they’re certainly not primitive. The
early forms of crocodiles are known as Crocodilian. Since they spent most of their life
beneath water, accordingly their body adapted to aquatic lifestyle. Due to the changes formed
within their body shape and tendency to adapt according to the climate they were able to
survive when most of the reptiles of their period are just a part of history. In their tenure on
Earth, they’ve endured the impacts of meteors, planetary refrigeration, extreme upheavals of
the Earth’s tectonic surface and profound climate change. They were around for the rise and
fall of the dinosaurs, and even 65 million years of supposed mammalian dominance has failed
to loosen their grip on the environments they inhabit. Today’s crocodiles and alligators are
little changed from their prehistoric ancestors, a telling clue that these reptiles were (and
remain) extremely well adapted to their environment.

B
The first crocodile-like ancestors appeared about 230 million years ago, with many of the
features that make crocs such successful stealth hunters already in place: streamlined body,
long tail, protective armor and long jaws. They have long head and a long tail that helps them
to change their direction in water while moving. They have four legs which are short and are
webbed. Never underestimate their ability to move on ground. When they move they can
move at such a speed that won’t give you a second chance to make a mistake by going close
to them especially when hungry. They can lift their whole body within seconds from ground.
The fastest way by which most species can move is a sort of “belly run”, where the body
moves like a snake, members huddled to the side paddling away frenetically while the tail
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whips back and forth. When “belly running” Crocodiles can reach speeds up to 10 or 11 km/h
(about 7mph), and often faster if they are sliding down muddy banks. Other form of
movement is their “high walk”, where the body is elevated above the ground.

C
Crocodilians have no lips. When submerged in their classic ‘sit and wait’ position, their
mouths fill with water. The nostrils on the tip of the elongated snout lead into canals that run
through bone to open behind the valve – allowing the crocodilian to breathe through its
nostrils even though its mouth is under water. When the animal is totally submerged, another
valve seals the nostrils, so the crocodilian can open its mouth to catch prey with no fear of
drowning. The thin skin on the crocodilian head and face is covered with tiny, pigmented
domes, forming a network of neural pressure receptors that can detect barely perceptible
vibrations in the water. This enables a crocodile lying in silent darkness to suddenly throw its
head sideways and grasp with deadly accuracy small prey moving close by.
D
Like other reptiles, crocodiles are endothermic animals (cold-blooded, or whose body
temperature varies with the temperature of the surrounding environment) and, therefore, need
to sunbathe, to raise the temperature of the body. On the contrary, if it is too hot, they prefer
being in water or in the shade. Being a cold-blooded species, the crocodilian heart is unique in
having an actively controlled valve that can redirect, at will, blood flow away from the lungs
and recirculate it around the body, taking oxygen to where it’s needed most. In addition, their
metabolism is a very slow one, so they can survive for long periods without feeding.
Crocodiles are capable of slowing their metabolism even further allowing them to survive for
a full year without feeding. Compared to mammals and birds, crocodilians have slow
metabolisms that burn much less fuel, and are ideally suited to relatively unstable
environments that would defeat mammals with their high food demands.

E
Crocodiles use a very effective technique to catch the prey. The prey remains almost unaware
of the fact that there can be any crocodile beneath water. It is due to the fact that when the
crocodile sees its prey it moves under water without making any noise and significant
movement. It keeps only its eyes above the water surface. When it feels it has reached
sufficiently close to the target it whistles out of water with wide open jaws. 80 percent of their
attempts are successful. They have very powerful jaws. Once the prey is trapped in its jaws,
they swallow it. Their power can be judged from the fact they can kill the wild zebras which
come to watery areas in search of water. They do not chew their food. They normally feed on
small animals, big fish, birds and even human flesh. Like some water creatures that interact by
making sounds, crocodiles also use many sounds to communicate with other crocodiles. They
exist where conditions have remained the same and they are free of human interference. The
crocodile is successful because it switches its feeding methods. It hunts fish, grabs birds at the
surface, hides among the water edge vegetation to wait for a gazelle to come by, and when
there is a chance for an ambush, the crocodile lunges forward, knocks the animal with its
powerful tail and then drags it to water where it quickly drowns. Another way is to wait
motionless for an animal to come to the water’s edge and grab it by its nose where it is held to
drown.

102
F
In many places inhabited by crocodilians, the hot season brings drought that dries up their
hunting grounds and takes away the means to regulate their body temperature. They allowed
reptiles to dominate the terrestrial environment. Furthermore, many crocs protect themselves
from this by digging burrows and entombing themselves in mud, waiting for months without
access to food or water, until the rains arrive. To do this, they sink into a quiescent state called
aestivation.

G
Most of (At least nine species of) crocodilian are thought to aestivate during dry periods.
Kennett and Christian’s six-year study of Australian freshwater crocodiles – Crocodylus
johnstoni (the King Crocodiles). The crocodiles spent almost four months a year underground
without access to water. Doubly labeled water was used to measure field metabolic rates and
water flux, and plasma (and cloacal fluid samples were taken at approximately monthly
intervals during some years to monitor the effects of aestivation with respect to the
accumulation of nitrogenous wastes and electrolyte concentrations.

Double found that the crocodiles’ metabolic engines tick over, producing waste and using up
water and fat reserves. Waste products are stored in the urine, which gets increasingly
concentrated as the months pass. However, the concentration of waste products in the blood
changes very little, allowing the crocodiles to function normally. Furthermore, though the
animals lost water and body mass (just over one-tenth of their initial mass) while
underground, the losses were proportional: on emergence, the aestivating crocodiles were not
dehydrated and exhibited no other detrimental effects such as a decreased growth rate.
Kennett and Christian believe this ability of individuals to sit out the bad times and endure
long periods of enforced starvation must surely be key to the survival of the crocodilian line
through time.

Questions 14-20 Reading passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-G from the list below.

List of Headings i The competitors with the dinosaur

ii A historical event for the Supreme survivors
14 Paragraph A iii What makes the crocodile the fastest running animal on land
15 Paragraph B iv Regulated body temperature by the surrounding environment
16 Paragraph C v Underwater aid in body structure offered to a successful predator
17 Paragraph D vi The perfectly designed body for a great land roamer
18 Paragraph E vii Slow metabolisms which makes crocodile a unique reptile
19 Paragraph F viii The favorable features in the impact of a drought
20 Paragraph G ix Changing eating habits and food intake
x A project on a special mechanism
xi A unique findings has been achieved recently

103
Questions 21-26 Complete the summary below

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER

In many places inhabited by crocodilians, most types of the crocodile have evolved a
successful scheme to survive in the drought brought by a 21……………… According to
Kennett and Christian’s six-year study of Australian freshwater crocodiles’ aestivation, they
found Aestivating crocodiles spent around 22 ……………… a year without access to
23 ……………… The absolute size of body water pools declined proportionately with
24 ………………; thus there is no sign of 25 ……………… and other health-damaging
impact in the crocodiles even after an aestivation period. This super capacity helps crocodiles
endure the tough drought without slowing their speed of 26 ……………… significantly.

READING PASSAGE 3

The Persuaders
A
We have long lived in an age where powerful images, catchy soundbites and too-good-to-miss
offers bombard us from every quarter. All around us the persuaders are at work. Occasionally
their methods are unsubtle –the planting kiss on a baby’s head by a wannabe political leader,
or a liquidation sale in a shop that has been “closing down” for well over a year, but generally
the persuaders know what they are about and are highly capable. Be they politicians,
supermarket chains, salespeople or advertisers, they know exactly what to do to sell us their
images, ideas or produce. When it comes to persuasion, these giants rule supreme. They
employ the most skilled image-makers and use the best psychological tricks to guarantee that
even the most cautious among us are open to manipulation.
B
We spend more time with them than we mean to, we buy 75 percent of our food from them
and end up with products that we did not realize we wanted. Right from the start,
supermarkets have been ahead of the game. For example, when Sainsbury introduced
shopping baskets into its 1950s stores, it was a stroke of marketing genius. Now shoppers
could browse and pick up items they previously would have ignored. Soon after came trolleys,
and just as new roads attract more traffic, the same applied to trolley space. Pro Merlin Stone,
IBM Professor of Relationship Marketing at Bristol Business School, says aisles are laid out
to maximize profits. Stores pander to our money-rich, time-poor lifestyle. Low turnover
products —clothes and electrical goods—are stocked at the back while high—turnover items
command position at the front.
C
Stone believes supermarkets work hard to “stall” us because the more time we spend in them,
the more we buy. Thus, great efforts are made to make the environment pleasant. Stores play
music to relax us and some even pipe air from the in-store bakery around the shop. In the
USA, fake aromas are sometimes used. The smell is both the most evocative and subliminal.
In experiments, pleasant smells are effective in increasing our spending. A casino that
fragranced only half its premise saw profit soar in the aroma—filled areas. The other success
story from the supermarkets’ perspective is the loyalty card. Punters may assume that they are
being rewarded for their fidelity, but all the while they are trading information about their
104
shopping habits. Loyal shoppers could be paying 30% more by sticking to their favorite shops
for essential cosmetics.
D
Research has shown that 75 percent of profit comes from just 30 percent of customers.
Ultimately, reward cards could be used to identify and better accommodate these “elite”
shoppers. It could also be used to make adverts more relevant to individual consumers – rather
like Spielberg’s futuristic thriller Minority Report, in which Tom Cruise’s character is
bombarded with interactive personalized ads. If this sounds far-fetched, the data-gathering
revolution has already seen the introduction of radio – frequency identification – a way to
electronically tag products to see who is buying what, FRID means they can follow the
product into people's homes.
E
No matter how savvy we think we are to their ploys, the ad industry still wins. Adverts focus
on what products do or on how they make us feel. Researcher Laurette Dube, in the Journal of
Advertising Research, says when attitudes are based on “cognitive foundations” (logical
reasoning), advertisers use informative appeals. This works for products with a little
emotional draw but high functionality, such as bleach. Where attitude is based on effect (i.e,
emotions), ad teams try to tap into our feelings. Researchers at the University of Florida
recently concluded that our emotional responses to adverts dominate over “cognition”.
F
Advertisers play on our need to be safe (commercials for insurance), to belong (make a
customer feel they are in the group in fashion ads) and for self-esteem (aspirational adverts).
With time and space at a premium, celebrities are often used as a quick way of meeting these
needs – either because the celeb epitomizes success or because they seem familiar and so
make the product seem “safe”. A survey of 4,000 campaigns found ads with celebs were 10
percent more effective than without. Humor also stimulates a rapid emotional response.
Heiman Chung, writing in the International Journal of Advertising, found that funny ads were
remembered for longer than straight ones. Combine humor with sexual imagery – as in
Wonderbra’s “Hello Boys” ads—and you are on to a winner.
G
Slice-of-life ads are another tried and tested method—they paint a picture of life as you would
like it, but still, one that feels familiar. Abhilasha Mehta, in the Journal of Advertising
Research, noted that the more one’s self-image tallies with the brand being advertised, the
stronger the commercial. Ad makers also use behaviorist theories, recognizing that the more
sensation we receive from an object, the better we know it. If an advert for a chocolate bar
fails to cause salivation, it has probably failed. No wonder advertisements have been dubbed
the “nervous system of the business world”.
H
Probably all of us could make a sale if the product was something we truly believed in, but
professional salespeople are in a different league—the best of them can always sell different
items to suitable customers at the best time. They do this by using very basic psychological
techniques. Stripped to its simplest level, selling works by heightening the buyer’s perception
of how much they need a product or service. Buyers normally have certain requirements by
which they will judge the suitability of a product. The seller, therefore, attempts to tease out
what these conditions are and then explains how their products’ benefit can meet these
requirements.
105
I
Richard Hession, author of Be a Great Salesperson says it is human nature to prefer to speak
rather than listen, and good salespeople pander to this. They ask punters about their needs and
offer to work with them to achieve their objectives. As a result, the buyer feels they are
receiving a “consultation” rather than a sales pitch. All the while, the salesperson presents
with a demeanor that takes it for granted that the sale will be made. Never will the words “if
you buy” be used, but rather “when you buy”.
J
Dr Rob Yeung, a senior consultant at business psychologists Kiddy and Partner, says most
salespeople will build up a level of rapport by asking questions about hobbies, family and
lifestyle. This has the double benefit of making the salesperson likable while furnishing him
or her with more information about the client’s wants. Yeung says effective salespeople try as
far as possible to match their style of presenting themselves to how the buyer comes across. If
the buyer cracks jokes, the salespeople will respond in kind. If the buyer wants detail, the
seller provides it, if they are more interested in the feel of the product, the seller will focus on
this. At its most extreme, appearing empathetic can even include the salesperson attempting to
“mirror” the hobby language of the buyer.
K
Whatever the method used, all salespeople work towards one aim: “closing the deal”. In fact,
they will be looking for “closing signals” through their dealings with potential clients. Once
again the process works by assuming success. The buyer is not asked “are you interested?” as
this can invite a negative response. Instead, the seller takes it for granted that the deal is
effectively done: when the salesman asks you for a convenient delivery date or asks what
color you want, you will probably respond accordingly. Only afterwards might you wonder
why you proved such a pushover.

Questions 27-29 Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.

Write your answer in boxes 27-29 on your answer sheet.

27 What is the supermarket’s purpose of using “basket” in paragraph B?

A Create a convenient atmosphere of supermarket
B Make customers spend more time on shopping
C Relieve pressure on the supermarket’s traffic
D More than half items bought need to be carried

28 What is the quality of the best salesman possessed according to this passage?
A Sell the right product to the right person
B Clearly state the instruction of one product
C Show professional background of one product
D Persuade customers to buy the product they sell

29 What’s the opinion of Richard Hession?

A Pretend to be nice instead of selling goods
B Prefer to speak a lot to customers
C Help buyers to conclude their demands for ideal items
D Show great interpersonal skill
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Questions 30-35 Reading Passage 3 has 7 paragraphs A-K. Which paragraph contains the
following information?
Write your answers in boxes 30-35 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
30 how do supermarkets distract consumers
31 how to build a close relationship between salespeople and buyer
32 people would be impressed by the humor advertisement
33 methods for salespeople to get the order
34 how question work for salespeople
35 different customer groups bring different profits

Questions 36-40
Complete the notes below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage.
Write your answers in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.
Trolleys are born for the increasing traffic in the supermarket. The width of
36……………………….. in supermarkets is broadened in order to generate the most profits.
Research from 37…………………., satisfying aromas can motivate people to buy more
products. Except for the effort of creating a comfortable surrounding,
38……………………….. is another card that supermarkets play to reward their regular
customers. For example, loyal customers spend 30% more in their loved shops for everyday
necessary 39………………………. Clothes shops use advertisements to make the buyer think
they are belonging to part of a 40……………………; research from 4,000 campaigns reflect
that humor advertisements received more emotional respect.

107
 Revision - Writing

Writing Task 1 (4 dạng: so sánh, xu hướng, quy trình, bản đồ)

*Bố cục
Đoạn 1: mở bài + câu khái quát
Đoạn 2: thân bài 1
Đoạn 3: thân bài 2

Dạng 1: Biểu đồ so sánh (cột, bảng, tròn)

Nhận biết: chỉ có 1 năm hoặc ko có thời gian

Cột (so sánh ít đối tượng, nhiều khía cạnh)

→ So sánh 2 đất nước , 5 mặt hàng

Câu khái quát (so sánh 2 nước)
Thân bài 1 - Nhóm 1: …………………………………………
Thân bài 2 - Nhóm 2: …………………………………………

108
Bảng (so sánh nhiều đối tượng, nhiều khía cạnh)

→ so sánh hệ thống đường tàu ở 6 đất nước, dựa trên 3 khía cạnh
Câu khái quát: …………………………………………………………………..……………
Thân bài 1 - nhóm 1: …………………………………………
Thân bài 2 - nhóm 2: …………………………………………

Tròn (so sánh nhiều đối tượng với nhau trong tổng 100%)

→ Phân tích từng hình tròn.

109
Câu khái quát (so sánh hơn nhất): ……………………………………………………………

Thân bài 1: under 30: 5 khía cạnh → phân tích và so sánh các số liệu với nhau
Thân bài 2: làm tương tự

*Ngữ pháp và diễn đạt

4 cách cấu tạo câu 3 biện pháp so sánh

1. Chủ thể người 1. So sánh hơn nhất:
2. Chủ thể sự vật/sự việc A + to be + the + adj-est/ most adj.
3. Đơn vị 2. So sánh hơn:
4. Số liệu trực tiếp: A + to be + adj-er/ more adj than B.
*cách 1-2 dùng giới từ with, cách 3 dùng 3. So sánh ngang bằng:
giới từ at để đưa ra số liệu ở cuối câu A + to be + as …tính từ… as + B
A and B + to be + equally + adj
A and B + verb + equally.

Dạng 2: Biểu đồ xu hướng (đường, cột, tròn, bảng)

Nhận biết: hai năm trở lên

Đường: Phân tích xu hướng của 4 đường, trong mỗi đường cần chia đoạn chính để phân
tích

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Tròn

→ Phân tích từng khía cạnh thay đổi thế nào qua HAI năm
Câu khái quát: ………………………………………………………………………
Nhóm 1 (tăng): …………………………………………
Nhóm 2 (giảm): …………………………………………

Bảng

→ Phân tích 6 khu vực thông qua 4 năm

Câu khái quát: ……………………………………………………………….………
Nhóm 1 (tăng): …………………………………………
Nhóm 2 (giảm): …………………………………………

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 Cột

→ phân tích 5 độ tuổi, qua 4 mốc thời gian

Câu khái quát: ……………………………………………………………………………
Thân bài 1 (nhóm 1) (giảm): …………………………………………
Thân bài 2 (nhóm 2) (tăng) (ko đổi): …………………………………………

*Ngữ pháp: Cấu trúc câu bắt buộc 4 thành phần

Trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian, X + động từ - trạng từ + giới từ + số liệu.

Writing Task 2 - Essays

Liệt kê ra 6 khía cạnh trong đời sống: đặt câu hỏi X tác động gì lên từng khía cạnh?
Trong từng khía cạnh, viết luận cứ dựa trên 3 phương pháp giải thích - nêu ví dụ -nêu
mục đích/hệ quả

-​ education/work
-​ social life
-​ health
-​ economy
-​ environment
-​ society

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