What is 21st

Century Literature?

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

21st Century Literature
● Made up of 2 main parts.
Philippine Literature and World
Literature
● All readings have been published
from 2000 onwards.
● The textbook is based on
theories regarding
communicative and collaborative
learning.

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

Forms of
Literature

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Forms of Literature
● Oral Literature- literary works transmitted from one
generation to another verbally.
● Written Literature- literary works in printed form.
● Visual Literature- literary works presented in front of an
audience.

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

Division of
Literature

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Division of Literature
● PROSE- is the most typical form of language, applying
ordinary grammatical structure and natural flow of
speech rather than rhythmic structure.
● POETRY- is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic
qualities of language evoke meanings

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Division of Literature
Basic Comparison Prose Poetry

Language Straight Forward Expressive or Decorated

Nature Pragmatic Imaginative

Essence Information Experience

Purpose Convey a message Delight or amuse

Paraphrasing Possible Not Possible

Ideas Found in sentences Found in lines arranged in

arranged in paragraph stanzas

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

Classification of
Prose

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Classification of Prose
● FICTION- is the form of any narrative or informative work,
with information or events that are not factual, rather
imaginary, invented by the author.
● NON-FICTION- form of any narrative or communicative
work whose descriptions are understood to be factual.

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

Types of Fiction

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Types of Fiction
➔ Fairytale- story about kings, queens, princes, and princesses with
a touch of magic.
➔ Mythology- story about gods and goddesses.
➔ Legend- story about the origin of a place or a thing.
➔ Fable- story that uses animals as characters and with moral
lesson.
➔ Parable- story used by Jesus in teaching the good news. Stories
from the bible.
➔ Allegory- story that uses symbolism to represent an idea.

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Types of Fiction
➔ Novel- a long narrative with an organized plot usually with a
maximum of 500 pages.
➔ Short Story- a narrative with an organized plot usually with a
maximum of 300 pages.
➔ Flash Fiction- a story that takes pride in extreme brevity: no
beginning, middle, or end but tells the entire story.

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

Did you know?
Stories can get even shorter
than 1 500 words. The most
famous example of flash fiction
is a six-word story attributed to
Ernest Hemingway:

For sale: “Baby shoes, never

worn”

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Types of Fiction
Flash Fiction Less than 1000 words

Short story 3,500 - 7,500 words

Novelettes 7,500 - 17 000 words

Novellas 17 000 - 40 000 words

Novels 40 000 words +

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Types of
Non-Fiction

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Types of Non-Fiction
❖ Autobiography- life story of a person written by himself.
❖ Biography- life story of a person written by another
person.
❖ Newspaper- collection of news articles about various
current events.
❖ Magazine- collection of articles regarding the lifestyle of
man

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Types of Non-Fiction
❖ Journal- daily record of personal events
❖ Planner- daily record of business commitments
❖ Anecdote- a brief, revealing of an individual person

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

Classification of
Poetry

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Classification of Poetry
★ Narrative- is a form of is a form of poetry which tells a story,
makes use of the voices of a narrator and characters as well;
usually written in metered verse.
★ Lyric- expresses personal and emotional feelings. In the
ancient world, poems that were sung, and do not have to
rhyme.
★ Drama- is the specific mode of fiction represented in
performance, the term comes from a Greek word that means
“action”

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

Types of
Narrative

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Types of Narrative
● Epic – a narrative poem about supernatural powers possessed
by heroes and heroines
● Ballad – a narrative poem with harmony and rhythm
● Metrical Romance – a narrative poem dealing with the
emotions or phase of life and the story is told in a simple,
straightforward and realistic manner

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

Types of Drama

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Types of Drama
● Historical – a theatrical play with historical plot
● Comedy – a theatrical play with a happy ending
● Tragedy – a theatrical play with the death of some
major characters

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 “Literature is one of
the most interesting
and significant
expression of
humanity”
-Anonymous

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

Literary
Devices

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Literary Devices
Various elements and techniques used in writing
that construct the whole of your literature to
create an intended perception of the writing for
the reader.

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

Allusion

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Allusion
A literary device that references a person, place, thing,
or event in the real world. You can use this to paint a
clear picture or to even connect with your readers.

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

Examples

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Allusion
Example 1: Example 2:

“one more you open the door ‘that you were Romeo, you were
And you’re here in my heart throwing Pebbles And my Daddy
And my heart will go on and on Said ‘ stay away from Juliet’
(My Heart Will Go On by Celine (Love Story by Taylor Swift)
Dion)
The author is trying to show how her family
is not a fan of her boyfriend. However,
This song of 90s is from movie Titanic. The
hatred does not stop him from trying to win
allusion of ‘door’ is very well defined. The
her heart.
door, that Jack and Rose laid on when the
boat sank.

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Diction

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Diction
Diction is a literary device that’s the choice of words or style used
by the writer in order to convey their message. Basically, that’s a
fancy way of saying that diction is the way in which the author
wants to write to a specific audience.

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Diction
Formal diction Informal diction
This is when the word When your characters
choice is more formal or (or you writing a
high class. Oftentimes, nonfiction) are speaking
writers use formal diction directly to everyday
as a literary device when people, this type of
more educated individuals diction would be use as
are speaking or the it’s more
content is for those with
higher education. Slang diction conversational.
Slang is commonly used
for a younger audience
and includes newly
coined words or
phrases. An example of
this would be use of the
word, “fleek” or other
new slang phrases.

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

Examples

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Diction
Example 1: Example 2:

“I bid you adieu.” I remember her hair in

The diction present here is particular, because it was on
formal diction, as most fleek!
people don’t use “bid” and
“adieu” regularly in everyday Here, “fleek” is a slang term
speech used to describe a woman’s
hair, which means it’s slang
diction.

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

Alliteration

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Alliteration
Alliteration is a literary device that uses the same letters or
sounds at the beginning of words in a sentence or title. There
are many nursery rhymes that use alliteration but this is also
useful for creating something memorable within your writing.

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT
Euphemism

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Euphemism
Euphemisms are actually any terms that refer to something impolite
or unpleasant.

We create phrases or other words in order to avoid using the actual

term because they’re impolite, rude, or indecent. Those alternatives
are considered euphemisms.

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Examples
Before I go before I die
Do the dirty have sex
Rear-end butt
Perspiration sweating
Tipsy drunk

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

Flashbacks

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Flashbacks
Flashbacks in literature are when the narrator goes
back in time for a specific scene or chapter in order to
give more context for the story.

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

Foreshadowing

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Foreshadowing
Foreshadowing is when the author places elements
within the writing that gives clues about what will
happen in the future of the story.

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Imagery

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Imagery
Imagery is when you use visually descriptive or figurative
language in your writing. Think of it more like showing versus
telling in writing where you use more sensory language versus
blunt, plain words.

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

Personification

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Personification
Personification is a literary device
where you give human-like qualities to
non-human elements.

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

Juxtaposition

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Juxtaposition
Juxtaposition means placing contrasting elements next to one another in
order to emphasize one or both, including words, scenes, or themes. This
literary device can sound overly fancy but it’s quite simple.

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 “I hate loving you!”

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

Onomatopoeia

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Onomatopoeia
An onomatopoeia is a word or phrase that
shows you the sound something makes. Since
we can’t hear books, this literary device is best
used to paint a clear picture and include the
sense of hearing in your writing.

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Symbolism

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Symbolism
Every story uses symbolism in some way. This
literary device is the use of a situation or
element to represent a larger message, idea, or
concept.

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 “Pain demands to be felt”
The Fault in our stars

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

21st Century
Literature

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Learning Objectives

At the end of this session you will be able to:

1. Gain awareness of the connection between

Philippine History and Literature.
2. Realize the impact of Literature to our
Society.
3. Gain an understanding of “The Revolution
according to Raymundo Mata”
4. Gain an awareness on how reading helped
to successfully revolt against Spaniards

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Unit 1:
Philippine
History and
Literature

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

“The example could encourage
others who only fear to start”

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

Philippine
Present
History
LITERATURE

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

Reading and
Revolution

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Noli Me Tangere

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 The revolution according to
Raymundo Mata

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Literary
theories in 21st
Century

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Metafiction
● Reader is conscious of the craft
● Author makes the reader more aware
● The author can deliberately sets out to disturb this
closed world by reminding you that “hey these
characters are not true”

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 Historiographic Metafiction
● This theory makes the readers conscious of how the
story they are reading is something that came from
author’s imagination
● It also tells the reader that a particular history event
can be also made up as much as fiction, that’s why it
can silence truth and become biased.
● Historical Revisionism

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT

 “Let us not ask for miracles, let us not ask for
concern with what is good for the country of him
who comes as a stranger to make his fortune and
leave afterwards.

USANT- SHS Patrick Jay M. Angeles, LPT