KINH TẾ VI MÔ

CHAPTER 1:

- Economics: the study of how soci ety manages its scarce resources
- Sự khan hiếm: scarcity : the limited nature of society’s resources
- 10 Nguyên lí KT:
+ Principle 1: People Face Trade-Offs
+ Principle 2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It
• The opportunity cost of an item is what you give up to get that item ( Don’t care
don’t explain)
+ Principle 3: Rational People Think at the Margin
• Rational people systemat- ically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve
their objectives
+ Principle 4: People Respond to Incentives
+ Principle 5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off
+ Principle 6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity
• prices are the instrument with which the invisible hand directs economic
activity.
+ Principle 7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes
+ Principle 8: A Country’s Standard of Living Depends on Its Ability to Produce Goods and
Services
+ Principle 9: Prices Rise When the Government Prints Too Much Money
• Inflation: an increase in the over- all level of prices in the economy

+ Principle 10: Society Faces a Short-Run Trade-off between Inflation and Unemployment
- 3 chủ thể KT:
+ Hộ gia đình
+ Doanh nghiệp
+ Chính phủ
- Cơ chế phối hợp
 Our First Model: The Circular-Flow Diagram

circular-flow diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through
markets among households and firms

- In the markets for goods and services, households are buyers, and firms are
sellers. In particular, households buy the output of goods and services that
firms produce
- In the markets for the factors of production, households are sellers, and firms are buyers. In
these markets, households provide the inputs that firms use to produce goods and services
 Our Second Model: The Production Possibilities Frontier

production possibilities frontier

a graph that shows the combinations of out put that the economy can possibly produce
given the available factors of production and the available production technology
 - The production possibilities frontier shows the opportunity cost of one good
as measured in terms of the other good
- shows the trade-off between the outputs of different goods at a given time,
but the trade-off can change over time.
- microeconomics
the study of how house- holds and firms make decisions and how they interact in
markets
- macroeconomics
the study of economy- wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment,
and economic growth
- positive statements claims that attempt to describe the world as it is
- normative statements claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be

CHAPTER 2:

- market
a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service
- competitive market
a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible
impact on the market price
- perfectly competitive
(1) The goods offered for sale are all exactly the same,
(2) the buyers and sellers are so numerous that no single buyer or seller has any influence
over the market price
 Demand
- quantity demanded
the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase ( ở một mức giá)
- demand curve
a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded( tại các mức
giá khác nhau)
- normal good
a good for which, other things being equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in
demand
VD: quần áo, lương thực

- inferior good
a good for which, other things being equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in
demand
Vd: hàng fake, mì tôm

- substitutes
two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for
the other
Vd: bút chì, bút bi
Coca, pepsi
- complements
two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for
the other ( Những hàng hóa được sử dụng cùng nhau)
Vd: xăng , ô tô
Điện, quạt
 Các yếu tố tác động đến cầu ngoài giá:
 - Prices of Related Goods
- Tastes
- Expectations
- Number of Buyers
- Income
 Supply
- quantity supplied
the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell
- supply curve
a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied

 Các yếu tố tác động đến cầu ngoài giá:

- Input Prices
- Technology
- Expectations
- Number of Sellers
- The policy of government
 Supply and Demand Together
- equilibrium
a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quan- tity supplied
equals quantity demanded
- equilibrium price
the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded
- equilibrium quantity
the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price
- law of supply and demand
the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity sup- plied and the
quantity demanded for that good into balance
CHAPTER 3:
- price ceiling
a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold
+ ràng buộc khi above the equilibrium, causing a shortage
- price floor
a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold
Phân loại Ed:
 Ed > 1: cầu co dãn -> Nên giảm giá -> TR tăng
 Ed < 1: cầu kém co dãn -> tăng giá -> TR tăng
 Ed =1 : cầu co dãn đơn vị -> P thay đổi -> TR ko đổi ( TR đạt max)
CHAPTER 4:

 Consumer Surplus:
- Willing to pay: the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good
- consumer surplus
the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus the amount the
buyer actually pays for it
 - cost
the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good
- producer surplus
the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost of providing it
CHAPTER 5:
- budget constraint
the limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can afford
- indifference curve
a curve that shows consumption bundles that give the consumer the same level of
satisfaction
- marginal rate of substitution
the rate at which a con- sumer is willing to trade one good for another
 Four Properties of Indifference Curves
- Property 1: Higher indifference curves are preferred to lower ones
- Property 2: Indifference curves are downward-sloping
- Property 3: Indifference curves do not cross.
- Property 4: Indifference curves are bowed inward.
 Two Extreme Examples of Indifference Curves
- perfect substitutes

two goods with straight- line indifference curves

- perfect complements two goods with right- angle indifference curves

- fixed costs
costs that do not vary with the quantity of out put produced
- variable costs
costs that vary with the quantity of out put produced
-

- Điểm tối ưu
- Thuế
- Độ co dãn
- Thặng dư,thâm hụt
- Loại thị trường