Reported by: Jolo Alfonso Solema, & Jamaica Alidio, & Russel Ann Espuerta.

BAPOL-1E

SUFFRAGE
SUFFRRAGE

The right to vote in political election.

5 basic theories of suffrage by W.J (William John) Shepard

1.) Suffrage as an attribute of citizenship - It should be noted here only citizens of the city state had the
right to exercise suffrage.

2.) Suffrage as a vested privilege - Only the rich who owned land property had the vested previllage to
vote for their public officials.

3.) Suffrage as an abstract or natural right – Suffrage is an inherent by God.

4.) The ethical theory- This theory makes man an asset to this community for its main objective is to
improve not only his personality but also mold him to become a responsible citizen.

5.) Suffrage as a government function- The theory presupposes that suffrage is a function of
government.

Peel's and Rouceks's Classification

1.) Individualistic theories – Theory emphasizes suffrage as a right conferred upon an individual for his
own good.

2.) Collectivist theory- According to a collectivist view, the exercise of suffrage is not right but a function
of the government which is performed for the interest of the state or the whole community.

3.) Dualistic theory- Tea dualistic theory commingles the individualistic and collectivist theories of
suffrage.
 QUALIFICATIONS AND ELECTION
Qualifications

A.) An elective local official must be a citizen of the Philippines; a registered voter in the Barangay,
municipality, city, or province or, in the case of a member of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan,
Sangguniang Panlungsod, or Sanggunian bayan, the district where he intends to be elected; a resident
therein for at least one (1) year immediately preceding the day of the election; and able to read and
write Filipino or any other local language or dialect.

B.) Candidates for the position of governor, vice- governor or member of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan,
or Mayor, vice-mayor or member of the Sangguniang Panlungsod of highly urbanized cities must be at
least twenty-three (23) years of age on election day.

C.) Candidates for the position of Mayor or vice-mayor of independent component cities, component
cities, municipalities must be at least twenty-one (21) years of age on election day.

D.) Candidates for the position of member of the Sangguniang Panlungsod or Sangguniang bayan must
be at least eighteen (18) years of age on election day.

E.) Candidates for the position of Punong Barangay or member of the Sangguniang Barangay must be at
least eighteen (18) years of age on election day.

F.) Candidates for the Sangguniang kabataan must be at least fifteen (15) years of age but not more
than(21).

ELECTION
Define an election is an act of expressing a voter's choice among political candidates for a public
office. There are two classification of elections. Direct election and Indirect election.

DIRECT ELECTION- is an act of selecting public officials by direct voters of the people . A direct election
may be local if held for the purpose of choosing local officials, like mayors, Vice mayors, governors ,vice
governors, councilmen and members of the provincial boards.

INDIRECT ELECTION- is an act of choosing public officials by the representatives of the people.

1.) NOMINATION PROCESS NOMINATION BY PARTY CONVENTION - a political party convention is an

assembly or gathering of selected party delagates who perform the important job of nominating the
official candidates of the party for the elective offices in government. The national party convention, for
example is huge gathering of delagates from the different regions and cities of the country meeting at a
certain place to nominate the official candidates of the top most position of the land.

2.) NOMINATION BY PARTY CAUCUS- Another nomination procedure is by a party caucus this party
caucus composed of the officers and leading member of the political organization. The nomination
made is small group of leaders are then presented to electorate in the opening campaign.

3.) NOMINATION BY PRIMARY ELECTION- under the primary election system, nomination are made by
the voters at a popular election similar to a general election. But the primary elections is for the voters
to nominate the official candidates of party for election. While the objective of general election is for
the voters to elect into public office the political candidates who were already officially nominated.

4.) NOMINATION BY PETION- without any political pary involvement a goof responsible citize who is
believed to be possessing sterling qualities of a leader May be nominated by petition signed by a
neccessary percentage of voters.

5.) NOMINATION BY THE CANDIDATE- a candidate who does not belong to any political party
nominates himself for certain public office by announcing his official cndidacy at a political meeting with
the peopke. He files his certificate of candidacy as required by law with the proper government agency.
After this requirement,he faces the big campaign for his election.

ELECTORATE PROCESS

Initiative
In political terminology, the initiative is a process that enables citizens to bypass their state legislature
by placing proposed statutes and, in some states, constitutional amendments on the ballot. The first
state to adopt the initiative was South Dakota in 1898. Since then, 23 other states have included the
initiative process in their constitutions, the most recent being Mississippi in 1992. That makes a total
of 24 states with an initiative process.

Referendum
"Referendum" is a general term which refers to a measure that appears on the ballot. There are two
primary types of referenda: the legislative referendum, whereby the Legislature refers a measure to the
voters for their approval, and the popular referendum, a measure that appears on the ballot as a result
of a voter petition drive. The popular referendum is similar to the initiative in that both are triggered by
petitions, but there are important differences.

Recall
Recall is a procedure that allows citizens to remove and replace a public official before the end of a term
of office. Recall differs from another method for removing officials from office – impeachment – in that
it is a political device while impeachment is a legal process.