Media

[edit]
Open-source journalism formerly referred to the standard journalistic techniques of
news gathering and fact checking, reflecting open-source intelligence, a similar term
used in military intelligence circles. Now, open-source journalism commonly refers to
forms of innovative publishing of online journalism, rather than the sourcing of news
stories by a professional journalist. In the 25 December 2006 issue of TIME
magazine this is referred to as user created content and listed alongside more
traditional open-source projects such as OpenSolaris and Linux.

Weblogs, or blogs, are another significant platform for open-source culture. Blogs
consist of periodic, reverse chronologically ordered posts, using a technology that
makes webpages easily updatable with no understanding of design, code, or file
transfer required. While corporations, political campaigns and other formal institutions
have begun using these tools to distribute information, many blogs are used by
individuals for personal expression, political organizing, and socializing. Some, such
as LiveJournal or WordPress, use open-source software that is open to the public
and can be modified by users to fit their own tastes. Whether the code is open or not,
this format represents a nimble tool for people to borrow and re-present culture;
whereas traditional websites made the illegal reproduction of culture difficult to
regulate, the mutability of blogs makes "open sourcing" even more uncontrollable
since it allows a larger portion of the population to replicate material more quickly in
the public sphere.

Messageboards are another platform for open-source culture. Messageboards (also

known as discussion boards or forums), are places online where people with similar
interests can congregate and post messages for the community to read and respond
to. Messageboards sometimes have moderators who enforce community standards
of etiquette such as banning spammers. Other common board features are private
messages (where users can send messages to one another) as well as chat (a way
to have a real time conversation online) and image uploading. Some messageboards
use phpBB, which is a free open-source package. Where blogs are more about
individual expression and tend to revolve around their authors, messageboards are
about creating a conversation amongst its users where information can be shared
freely and quickly. Messageboards are a way to remove intermediaries from
everyday life—for instance, instead of relying on commercials and other forms of
advertising, one can ask other users for frank reviews of a product, movie or CD. By
removing the cultural middlemen, messageboards help speed the flow of information
and exchange of ideas.

OpenDocument is an open document file format for saving and exchanging editable
office documents such as text documents (including memos, reports, and
books), spreadsheets, charts, and presentations. Organizations and individuals that
store their data in an open format such as OpenDocument avoid being locked into a
single software vendor, leaving them free to switch software if their current vendor
goes out of business, raises their prices, changes their software, or changes
their licensing terms to something less favorable.

Open-source movie production is either an open call system in which a changing

crew and cast collaborate in movie production, a system in which the result is made
available for re-use by others or in which exclusively open-source products are used
in the production. The 2006 movie Elephants Dream is said to be the "world's first
open movie",[88] created entirely using open-source technology.

An open-source documentary film has a production process allowing the open

contributions of archival material footage, and other filmic elements, both in unedited
and edited form, similar to crowdsourcing. By doing so, on-line contributors become
part of the process of creating the film, helping to influence the editorial and visual
material to be used in the documentary, as well as its thematic development. The first
open-source documentary film is the non-profit WBCN and the American Revolution,
which went into development in 2006, and will examine the role media played in the
cultural, social and political changes from 1968 to 1974 through the story of radio
station WBCN-FM in Boston.[89][90][91][92] The film is being produced by Lichtenstein
Creative Media and the non-profit Center for Independent Documentary. Open
Source Cinema is a website to create Basement Tapes, a feature documentary about
copyright in the digital age, co-produced by the National Film Board of Canada.
[93]
Open-source film-making refers to a form of film-making that takes a method of
idea formation from open-source software, but in this case the 'source' for a
filmmaker is raw unedited footage rather than programming code. It can also refer to
a method of film-making where the process of creation is 'open' i.e. a disparate group
of contributors, at different times contribute to the final piece.

Open-IPTV is IPTV that is not limited to one recording studio, production studio, or
cast. Open-IPTV uses the Internet or other means to pool efforts and resources
together to create an online community that all contributes to a show.

Education
[edit]

Open Educational Resources logo

Within the academic community, there is discussion about expanding what could be
called the "intellectual commons" (analogous to the Creative Commons). Proponents
of this view have hailed the Connexions Project at Rice
University, OpenCourseWare project at MIT, Eugene Thacker's article on "open-
source DNA", the "Open Source Cultural Database", Salman Khan's Khan
Academy and Wikipedia as examples of applying open source outside the realm of
computer software.

Open-source curricula are instructional resources whose digital source can be freely
used, distributed and modified. Another strand to the academic community is in the
area of research. Many funded research projects produce software as part of their
work. Due to the benefits of sharing software openly in scientific endeavours,[94] there
is an increasing interest in making the outputs of research projects available under
an open-source license. In the UK the Joint Information Systems Committee
(JISC) has developed a policy on open-source software. JISC also funds a
development service called OSS Watch which acts as an advisory service for higher
and further education institutions wishing to use, contribute to and develop open-
source software.

On 30 March 2010, President Barack Obama signed the Health Care and Education
Reconciliation Act, which included $2 billion over four years to fund the TAACCCT
program, which is described as "the largest OER (open education resources)
initiative in the world and uniquely focused on creating curricula in partnership with
industry for credentials in vocational industry sectors like manufacturing, health,
energy, transportation, and IT".[95]

Innovation communities
[edit]
The principle of sharing pre-dates the open-source movement; for example, the free
sharing of information has been institutionalized in the scientific enterprise since at
least the 19th century. Open-source principles have always been part of the scientific
community. The sociologist Robert K. Merton described the four basic elements of
the community—universalism (an international perspective), communalism (sharing
information), objectivity (removing one's personal views from the scientific inquiry)
and organized skepticism (requirements of proof and review) that describe the
(idealised) scientific community.

These principles are, in part, complemented by US law's focus on protecting

expression and method but not the ideas themselves. There is also a tradition of
publishing research results to the scientific community instead of keeping all such
knowledge proprietary. One of the recent initiatives in scientific publishing has
been open access—the idea that research should be published in such a way that it
is free and available to the public. There are currently many open access journals
where the information is available free online, however most journals do charge a fee
(either to users or libraries for access). The Budapest Open Access Initiative is an
international effort with the goal of making all research articles available free on the
Internet.

The National Institutes of Health has recently proposed a policy on "Enhanced Public
Access to NIH Research Information". This policy would provide a free, searchable
resource of NIH-funded results to the public and with other international repositories
six months after its initial publication. The NIH's move is an important one because
there is significant amount of public funding in scientific research. Many of the
questions have yet to be answered—the balancing of profit vs. public access, and
ensuring that desirable standards and incentives do not diminish with a shift to open
access.

Benjamin Franklin was an early contributor eventually donating all his inventions
including the Franklin stove, bifocals, and the lightning rod to the public domain. New
NGO communities are starting to use the open-source technology as a tool. One
example is the Open Source Youth Network started in 2007 in Lisboa by ISCA
members.[96] Open innovation is also a new emerging concept which advocate putting
R&D in a common pool. The Eclipse platform is openly presenting itself as an Open
innovation network.[97]

Arts and recreation

[edit]
Copyright protection is used in the performing arts and even in athletic activities.
Some groups have attempted to remove copyright from such practices.[98]

In 2012, Russian music composer, scientist and Russian Pirate Party member Victor
Argonov presented detailed raw files of his electronic opera "2032"[99] under free
license CC BY-NC 3.0 (later relicensed under CC BY-SA 4.0[100]). This opera was
originally composed and published in 2007 by Russian label MC Entertainment as a
commercial product, but then the author changed its status to free. In his blog [101] he
said that he decided to open raw files (including wav, midi and other used formats) to
the public to support worldwide pirate actions against SOPA and PIPA. Several
Internet resources called "2032" the first open-source musical opera in history.[102][103][104]
[105]

Other related movements

[edit]
This article or section may need to be cleaned up or
summarized because it has been split from/to Open-source
software movement.
Notable events and applications that have been developed via the open source
community, and echo the ideologies of the open source movement,[106] include
the Open Education Consortium, Project Gutenberg, Synthethic Biology, and
Wikipedia. The Open Education Consortium is an organization composed of various
colleges that support open source and share some of their material online. This
organization, headed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was established to
aid in the exchange of open source educational materials. Wikipedia is a user-
generated online encyclopedia with sister projects in academic areas, such
as Wikiversity—a community dedicated to the creation and exchange of learning
materials.[107][failed verification]

Prior to the existence of Google Scholar Beta, Project Gutenberg was the first
supplier of electronic books and the first free library project.[107][failed verification] Synthetic
Biology is a new technology that promises to enable cheap, lifesaving new drugs, as
well as helping to yield biofuels that may help to solve our energy problem. Although
synthetic biology has not yet come out of its lab stage, it has potential to become
industrialized in the near future. To industrialize open source science, there are some
scientists who are trying to build their own brand of it.[108]

Ideologically-related movements
[edit]
The open-access movement is a movement that is similar in ideology to the open
source movement. Members of this movement maintain that academic material
should be readily available to provide help with "future research, assist in teaching
and aid in academic purposes." The open-access movement aims to eliminate
subscription fees and licensing restrictions of academic materials.[109] The free-culture
movement is a movement that seeks to achieve a culture that engages in collective
freedom via freedom of expression, free public access to knowledge and information,
full demonstration of creativity and innovation in various arenas, and promotion of
 citizen liberties.[110][citation needed] Creative Commons is an organization that "develops,
supports, and stewards legal and technical infrastructure that maximizes digital
creativity, sharing, and innovation." It encourages the use of protected properties
online for research, education, and creative purposes in pursuit of a universal
access. Creative Commons provides an infrastructure through a set of copyright
licenses and tools that creates a better balance within the realm of "all rights
reserved" properties.[111] The Creative Commons license offers a slightly more lenient
alternative to "all rights reserved" copyrights for those who do not wish to exclude the
use of their material.[112]

The Zeitgeist Movement (TZM) is an international social movement that advocates a

transition into a sustainable "resource-based economy" based on collaboration in
which monetary incentives are replaced by commons-based ones with
everyone having access to everything (from code to products) as in "open source
everything".[113][114] While its activism and events are typically focused on media and
education, TZM is a major supporter of open source projects worldwide since they
allow for uninhibited advancement of science and technology, independent of
constraints posed by institutions of patenting and capitalist investment.[115] P2P
Foundation is an "international organization focused on studying, researching,
documenting and promoting peer to peer practices in a very broad sense." Its
objectives incorporate those of the open source movement, whose principles are
integrated in a larger socio-economic model.[116]

See also
[edit]

 Free and open-source software portal

Meta has related information at: Open-source

Scholia has a topic profile for Open source.

Wikispecies has information related to Open-source.

 Free and open-source software

 Open publishing
 Open research
 Open-source curriculum (OSC)
 Open-source governance
 Open politics
 Open-source religion
 Open-source software movement
 Open-source unionism
 Open standard
 Paywall
Terms based on open source
[edit]

 Open implementation
 Open security
 Open-source record label
 Open standard
 Shared Source
 Source-available software
Other
[edit]

 Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution (book)

 Commons-based peer production
 Digital rights
 Diseconomies of scale
 Free content
 Gift economy
 Glossary of legal terms in technology
 Mass collaboration
 Network effect
 Open Source Initiative
 Openness
 Proprietary software
 Digital public goods
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[edit]

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Further reading
[edit]

 Benkler, Yochai (2006). The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production

Transforms Markets and Freedom (PDF). Yale University Press.
 Berry, David M. (2008). Copy, Rip, Burn: The Politics of Copyleft and Open
Source. London:Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0745324142.
 Karl Fogel. Producing Open Source Software (How to run a successful free-
software project). Free PDF version available.
 Goldman, Ron; Gabriel, Richard P. (2005). Innovation Happens Elsewhere:
Open Source as Business Strategy. Richard P. Gabriel. ISBN 978-1-55860-889-
4.
 Dunlap, Isaac Hunter (2006). Open Source Database Driven Web Development:
A Guide for Information Professionals. Oxford: Chandos. ISBN 978-1-84334-
161-1.
 Kostakis, V.; Bauwens, M. (2014). Network Society and Future Scenarios for a
Collaborative Economy. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-41506-6. (wiki)
 Nettingsmeier, Jörn. "So What? I Don't Hack!" eContact! 11.3 – Logiciels audio "
open source " / Open Source for Audio Application (September 2009).
Montréal: CEC.
 Stallman, Richard M. Free Software Free Society: Selected essays of Richard M.
Stallman.
 Schrape, Jan-Felix (2019). "Open-source projects as incubators of innovation.
From niche phenomenon to integral part of the
industry". Convergence. 25 (3): 409–427. doi:10.1177/1354856517735795. ISS
N 1354-8565. S2CID 149165772.
 Various authors. eContact! 11.3 – Logiciels audio " open source " / Open Source
for Audio Application (September 2009). Montréal: CEC.
 Various authors. "Open Source Travel Guide [wiki]". eContact! 11.3 – Logiciels
audio " open source " / Open Source for Audio Application (September 2009).
Montréal: CEC.
 Weber, Steve (2004). The Success of Open Source. Harvard University
Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01292-9.
 Ray, Partha Pratim; Rai, Rebika (2013). Open Source Hardware: An Introductory
Approach. Lap Lambert Publishing House. ISBN 978-3-659-46591-8.
Literature on legal and economic aspects
[edit]

 Benkler, Y. (December 2002). "Coase's Penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the
Firm" (PDF). Yale Law Journal. 112 (3): 369–
446. arXiv:cs/0109077. doi:10.2307/1562247. hdl:10535/2974. ISSN 0044-0094.
JSTOR 1562247. S2CID 16684329.
 Berry, D.M.; Moss, G. (2008). "Libre Culture: Meditations on Free Culture" (PDF).
Canada: Pygmalion Books.
 Bitzer, J.; Schröder, P.J.H. (2005). "The Impact of Entry and Competition by
Open Source Software on Innovation Activity" (PDF). Industrial Organization.
EconWPA.
 v. Engelhardt, S. (2008). "The Economic Properties of Software" (PDF). Jena
Economic Research Papers. 2: 2008–045.
 v. Engelhardt, S. (2008): "Intellectual Property Rights and Ex-Post Transaction
Costs: the Case of Open and Closed Source Software", Jena Economic
Research Papers 2008-047. (PDF)
 v. Engelhardt, S. (2008): "Intellectual Property Rights and Ex-Post Transaction
Costs: the Case of Open and Closed Source Software", Jena Economic
Research Papers 2008-047. (PDF)
 v. Engelhardt, S.; Swaminathan, S. (2008). "Open Source Software, Closed
Source Software or Both: Impacts on Industry Growth and the Role of Intellectual
Property Rights" (PDF). Discussion Papers of Diw Berlin.
 v. Engelhardt, S.; Swaminathan, S. (2008). "Open Source Software, Closed
Source Software or Both: Impacts on Industry Growth and the Role of Intellectual
Property Rights" (PDF). Discussion Papers of Diw Berlin.
 European Commission. (2006). Economic impact of open source software on
innovation and the competitiveness of the Information and Communication
Technologies sector in the EU. Brussels.
 v. Hippel, E.; v. Krogh, G. (2003). "Open source software and the "private-
collective" innovation model: Issues for organization
science" (PDF). Organization Science. 14 (2): 209–
223. doi:10.1287/orsc.14.2.209.14992. hdl:1721.1/66145. ISSN 1047-7039. S2C
ID 11947692.
 Kostakis, V.; Bauwens, M. (2014). Network Society and Future Scenarios for a
Collaborative Economy. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-41506-6. (wiki)
 Lerner J., Pathak P. A., Tirole, J. (2006). "The Dynamics of Open Source
Contributors". American Economic Review. 96 (2): 114–
8. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.510.9948. doi:10.1257/000282806777211874. ISSN 0002-
8282.
 Lerner, J., Tirole, J. (2002). "Some simple economics on open source". Journal
of Industrial Economics. 50 (2): 197–
234. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.461.3373. doi:10.1111/1467-6451.00174. ISSN 0022-
1821. S2CID 219722756. earlier revision (PDF)
 Lerner, J.; Tirole, J. (2005). "The Scope of Open Source Licensing". The Journal
of Law, Economics, and Organization. 21: 20–
56. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.72.465. doi:10.1093/jleo/ewi002. ISSN 8756-6222.
 Lerner, J.; Tirole, J. (2005). "The Economics of Technology Sharing: Open
Source and Beyond" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 19 (2): 99–
120. doi:10.1257/0895330054048678. ISSN 0895-3309. S2CID 17968894.
  Maurer, S.M. (2008). "Open source biology: Finding a niche (or maybe
several)". UMKC Law Review. 76 (2). doi:10.2139/ssrn.1114371. ISSN 1556-
5068. S2CID 54046895. SSRN 1114371.
 Osterloh, M.; Rota, S. (2007). "Open source software development — Just
another case of collective invention?" (PDF). Research Policy. 36 (2): 157–
171. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2006.10.004. hdl:10419/214322. ISSN 0048-7333.
 Riehle, D. (April 2007). "The Economic Motivation of Open Source: Stakeholder
Perspectives". IEEE Computer. 40 (4): 25–
32. doi:10.1109/MC.2007.147. ISSN 0018-9162. S2CID 168544.
 Rossi, M.A. (2006). "Decoding the free/open source software puzzle: A survey of
theoretical and empirical contributions" (PDF). In Bitzer, J.; Schröder, P.
(eds.). The Economics of Open Source Software Development. Elsevier. pp. 15–
55. ISBN 978-0-444-52769-1.
 Schiff, A. (2002). "The Economics of Open Source Software: A Survey of the
Early Literature" (PDF). Review of Network Economics. 1 (1): 66–
74. doi:10.2202/1446-9022.1004. ISSN 2194-5993. S2CID 201280221.
Archived from the original on 7 May 2003.
 Schwarz, M.; Takhteyev, Y. (2010). "Half a Century of Public Software
Institutions: Open Source as a Solution to the Hold-Up Problem". Journal of
Public Economic Theory. 12 (4): 609–
639. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.625.2368. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9779.2010.01467.x. ISSN
1097-3923. S2CID 154317482. earlier revision
 Spagnoletti, P.; Federici, T. (2011). "Exploring the Interplay Between FLOSS
Adoption and Organizational Innovation". Communications of the Association for
Information Systems (CAIS). 29 (15): 279–298.
 Abramson, Bruce (2005). Digital Phoenix; Why the Information Economy
Collapsed and How it Will Rise Again. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-51196-4.
 Sampathkumar, K.S. Understanding FOSS Version 4.0 revised. ISBN 978-8-
184-65469-1.
External links
[edit]
Open sourceat Wikipedia's sister projects

 Definitions from Wiktionary

 Media from Commons

 Quotations from Wikiquote

 Textbooks from Wikibooks

 Resources from Wikiversity
