5 seconds…
It is estimated that Americans make 35,000
decisions a day. Most are made unconsciously.
95% of them are made on the way we feel in the
moment.
Research shows there’s a 5-sec. window of time
between a thought, an idea, or intuition, and the
brain’s move to support it- or kill it.
5 seconds…
Examples:
Should I hit the snooze button? Should I stay home
and watch TV? Should I eat that extra donut? Should
I go grab my goggles before I do that?
Methanol and
Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide Solution
Safety Shower/Eye Wash
• Immediately rinse
• Rinse for 15 minutes
• Remove affected clothing
• Consult SDS
• Seek Medical Attention if necessary
Safety Shower Eye Wash
Other Safety Devices
Examples from Universities
Ohio State- Apr. 2005 - Hexanes UC- Santa Cruz - Jan. 2002 – Unknown
Examples from Universities
Texas Tech University- Jan. 2001- UCLA- 2008- “Sheri” Sangii
Broken Bottle and Improper
Storage
What is Fire?
• The process in a fire is called Oxidation:
• Oxidation is when a material gives
up an electron.
• If heat cannot be released faster than it is
created, then Combustion happens.
Combustion
• Combustion- is the self-sustaining process of
Oxidation of a fuel, which often produces
heat and light.
• Fire- is the result of a rapid combustion
reaction.
Combustion Examples
• Slow:
• Inhale oxygen, oxidize food, exhale
carbon dioxide.
• Fe + O2 Fe2O3 (rust)
• Fast:
• Rapid oxidation/combustion
• Instantaneous:
• Explosion
Just Some Facts
• Organic compounds burn to give C, CO, CO2.
• Auto-Ignition Temperature (AIT): The
temperature at which a substance will burn
WITHOUT requiring a source of ignition.
• AIT for most C-H compounds is 700 – 1100 ˚F
• Most C-H compounds burn at 1100 – 1800 ˚F
Which is better
for starting a fire?
This?
COMBUSTIBLE or this?
LIQUID
• Solids and liquids do not burn.
• Flames are the result of rapid oxidation of gas/vapor produced during
pyrolysis/evaporation.
• Ignitability is affected by surface-to-mass ratio, position, volatility, vapor
density, solubility, etc.
Vapor Density = molecular weight of vaporized substance
29 (M.W. of air)
If the vapor density is less than 1, the If the vapor density is greater than 1, the
gases will RISE and disperse into the gases will sink to low areas and can
air. accumulate.
Helium,
EXAMPLES: : Methane,
Methane,Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Hydrogen EXAMPLES: Propane, Gasoline
If the vapors are flammable,
they can travel to an ignition source and
“flash back”
Click on picture to watch video
Propane, Gasoline
Fire & Explosion: Section III
Explosion and Flammability Ranges:
Guideline Explanation (NFPA)
LEL Lower Explosive Limit The lowest concentration of a substance that will
produce a fire or flash when an ignition source is
present.
UEL Upper Explosive Limit The highest concentration of a substance that
will burn or explode when an ignition source is
present.
FR Flammable Range The range of concentrations between the LEL and
UEL where the gas-air mixture will support
combustion.
FP Flash Point The minimum temperature at which a liquid will
give off enough flammable vapor just above the
surface to ignite in the presence of an ignition
source.
Explosion and Flammability Scale:
0 % FUEL 100 % FUEL
LEL UEL
FLAMMABLE
TOO LEAN TO BURN RANGE TOO RICH TO BURN
1.1% 7.5%
100 % AIR 0 % AIR
For Comparison
Hydrogen: 4 – 75%
Acetylene: 3 – 81%
Four Elements of a Fire
Tetrahedron:
• Four Ways to Stop a Fire:
• Remove/dilute oxygen (no oxidizer)
• Remove Fuel (no reducer)
• Cool the Fuel (no vapors)
• Interrupt/stop the chain reaction (no
radicals)
Classes of
Fires
Class A
Ordinary combustibles such as
wood, cloth, paper, rubber, and
many plastics
Extinguishing Agent: Water
Classes of
Fires
Class B
Flammable Liquids and Gases:
such as gasoline, oil, grease, tar,
lacquer, LPG
Extinguishing Agent: Foam or
Dry Chemical
Classes of
Fires
Class C
Energized Electrical Equipment:
such as wiring, fuse boxes,
breakers, appliances, and
machinery
Extinguishing Agent: Dry
Chemical, Carbon Dioxide
Classes of
Fires
Class D
Combustible Metals such as:
lithium, magnesium, or sodium
Extinguishing Agent: Graphite,
Lith-X, Met-L-X
Fire & Explosion: Section V Class A
Classes of Fires:
Class K: COOKING OILS AND FATS
including combustible vegetable • Aqueous solutions of potassium
or animal oils/fats in commercial acetate, potassium carbonate,
cooking equipment. and/or potassium citrate.
• Saponify and create a thick, long-
lasting, soapy type of foam
blanket on the hot cooking
Extinguishing agent: Wet Chemical media.
• Cools, seals out oxygen, and
prevents re-ignition.
• Dispensed as a fine spray to avoid
splashing hot grease.
• On Class “K” fires, don’t use until
after fixed extinguishing system
has activated.
Summary:
Classes of Fires
Have a
Procedure
Know what to do before hand:
• Know your emergency
exit
• Know location of nearest
pull alarm
• Have a meeting point
outside of the building
• Take time to turn off or
close things, if possible
(hot plates, gas burners,
etc.)
How to Fight a Fire
P.A.S.S
• Pull the pin
• Aim the Extinguisher
• Squeeze the Lever
• Sweep from Side to Side
How to Fight a Fire
• Start using the extinguisher from a
safe distance moving closer.
• Once the fire is out, keep an eye
on it to make sure it does not re-
ignite.
How to Fight a Fire
• Always position yourself near an exit
or a means of escape to your back
before you attempt to use an
extinguisher to put out a fire.
• Just remember: Always keep an exit
at your back.
Rules for Fighting a Fire
• Never endanger yourself
• Assist any person in immediate
danger
• Activate the building alarm system /
call 911
Never Fight a Fire If:
• The fire is spreading rapidly
beyond the spot where it
started.
• You don’t have adequate or
appropriate equipment.
• You might inhale toxic smoke.
• Your instincts tell you not to.
In Conclusion
• If a Fire Strikes:
• Sound the alarm
• Size up the fire
• If in doubt don’t fight
• Select the proper extinguisher
• Test the extinguisher
• Always keep an exit to your back
• Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep
• Back away- don’t run or turn your back to the fire
• Be ready for the fire to flare up
How
effective is a
fire
Click on this picture FIRST to watch video
extinguisher
in a REAL fire situation?
NOTE: When used properly, notice
how quickly the extinguisher stops
the fire.
(1.2 seconds)
How effective is
a fire
extinguisher
in a REAL fire situation?
Next, click on this picture to watch video
NOTE: Even when not handled properly,
the extinguisher can still be effective.
(26.5 seconds)
(Watch how quickly the flame re-ignites the fuel
that is still in the pan!)
