UNIT-II

Natural Resources: Renewable and Non-

Renewable Resources
1. What are Natural Resources?

Natural resources are things found in nature that people use for living. These include
air, water, soil, plants, animals, and minerals.

2. Types of Natural Resources

There are two main types:

1. Renewable Resources – Can be used again and again.

2. Non-Renewable Resources – Cannot be replaced once used.

3. Renewable Resources
These are resources that do not run out or can be replaced naturally.

Examples of Renewable Resources:

1. Sunlight – We get unlimited energy from the sun.

2. Wind – Wind energy is used to make electricity.
3. Water – Used for drinking, farming, and hydroelectric power.
4. Forests (Trees) – Trees grow again when planted.
5. Animals – They reproduce and provide food like milk, eggs, and meat.
6. Soil – Soil can be renewed with proper care.
7. Geothermal Energy – Heat from inside the Earth is used for energy.
8. Biomass – Waste from plants and animals can be used for fuel.

Even though these resources are renewable, we must use them wisely.
4. Non-Renewable Resources
These resources cannot be replaced quickly once they are used.

Examples of Non-Renewable Resources:

1. Coal – Used for making electricity but takes millions of years to form.
2. Petroleum (Oil) – Used for fuel (like petrol and diesel) and making plastics.
3. Natural Gas – A clean fuel but takes a long time to form.
4. Metals (Iron, Copper, Aluminium, etc.) – Found in the Earth and used for
making buildings, cars, and tools.
5. Minerals (Gold, Silver, Diamond, etc.) – Used for making jewellery and industry
products.
6. Nuclear Energy (Uranium and Thorium) – Used to produce electricity but is
limited.

These resources take millions of years to form, so we should not waste them.

5. Why Should We Save Natural Resources?

• If we finish non-renewable resources, we cannot get them back.
• Overuse of resources harms the environment.
• Saving resources means future generations can also use them.

6. How Can We Save Natural Resources?

Use solar and wind energy instead of coal and oil.

Plant more trees and stop cutting forests.

Save water by turning off taps when not needed.

Use bicycles or public transport to save fuel.

Recycle and reuse paper, plastic, and metal.

Forest Resources: Definition

Forest resources are the materials and benefits that we get from forests. These include
wood, fruits, medicines, fresh air, and homes for animals. Forests help humans and the
environment by providing oxygen, controlling climate, and preventing soil erosion.
Forest Resources: Use and Over-
Exploitation
1. What are Forest Resources?
Forests provide many useful things like wood, medicine, food, and fresh air. They also
help in controlling climate, preventing soil erosion, and supporting wildlife.

2. Uses of Forest Resources

Forests are important for humans, animals, and the environment.

A. Direct Uses

1. Wood and Timber – Used for making furniture, houses, and paper.
2. Fuelwood – Wood is burned for cooking and heating.
3. Medicinal Plants – Many medicines come from forest plants.
4. Food Products – Honey, fruits, nuts, and mushrooms are collected from forests.
5. Rubber and Gum – Used in industries and daily life.
6. Bamboo – Used for making houses, baskets, and paper.
7. Resin and Dyes – Used in paints and other products.

B. Indirect Uses

8. Oxygen Supply – Trees give oxygen, which is needed for life.

9. Climate Control – Forests keep the temperature balanced.
10. Rainfall – Trees help in bringing rain.
11. Prevents Soil Erosion – Roots of trees hold the soil and stop floods.
12. Wildlife Habitat – Forests are home to many animals, birds, and insects.
13. Tourism and Recreation – National parks and wildlife sanctuaries attract
visitors.

3. Over-Exploitation of Forests
People are using forest resources too much, which is harmful to nature.

A. Causes of Over-Exploitation

1. Deforestation – Cutting too many trees for wood, farming, and buildings.
 2. Illegal Logging – Trees are cut down without permission.
3. Agriculture Expansion – Forests are cleared for farming and cattle grazing.
4. Urbanization – Forests are destroyed to build cities and roads.
5. Industrial Use – Factories use wood and other forest products in large amounts.
6. Mining – Forests are removed to extract coal, oil, and minerals.
7. Overgrazing – Too many animals eat plants, stopping tree growth.
8. Forest Fires – Natural and human-made fires destroy large areas of trees.

4. Effects of Over-Exploitation
1. Loss of Trees – Fewer trees mean less oxygen and more pollution.
2. Soil Erosion – Without trees, soil washes away, causing floods.
3. Climate Change – Cutting trees increases global warming.
4. Loss of Wildlife – Animals lose their homes and food sources.
5. Less Rainfall – Fewer trees lead to less rain and droughts.
6. Decrease in Resources – If forests disappear, we lose wood, medicines, and
food.

5. How to Conserve Forest Resources?

Afforestation – Plant more trees to replace lost ones.

Reduce Deforestation – Cut trees only when necessary and plant new ones.

Forest Laws – Government rules to protect forests.

Sustainable Use – Use wood and forest products wisely.

Wildlife Protection – Save animals and their homes.

Public Awareness – Educate people about the importance of forests.

Deforestation
1. What is Deforestation?
Deforestation means cutting down trees and clearing forests for farming, buildings,
industries, and other human activities. It reduces the number of trees and harms the
environment.
2. Causes of Deforestation
1. Agriculture – Forests are cleared to grow crops and raise animals.
2. Logging (Cutting Trees for Wood) – Trees are cut for making furniture, paper,
and houses.
3. Urbanization – Forests are removed to build cities, roads, and industries.
4. Mining – Forest land is destroyed to extract coal, oil, and minerals.
5. Forest Fires – Natural or human-made fires destroy large areas of trees.
6. Overgrazing – Too many animals eat plants and stop new trees from growing.
7. Hydroelectric Projects – Forests are cleared to build dams and power plants.
8. Shifting Cultivation – Some farmers burn forests to grow crops temporarily.

3. Effects of Deforestation

A. Environmental Effects

1. Loss of Oxygen – Fewer trees mean less oxygen for humans and animals.
2. Increase in Carbon Dioxide – Without trees, CO₂ increases, causing global
warming.
3. Climate Change – Deforestation changes rainfall and temperature patterns.
4. Soil Erosion – Without trees, soil is washed away by wind and water.
5. Less Rainfall – Trees help bring rain; without them, droughts occur.
6. Floods and Landslides – Without tree roots to hold soil, heavy rains cause
floods.

B. Effects on Wildlife

7. Loss of Habitat – Animals lose their homes, leading to extinction.

8. Biodiversity Loss – Many plants and animals disappear forever.

C. Effects on Humans

9. Less Wood and Medicine – Important resources become scarce.

10. Poor Air Quality – More dust and pollution in the air without trees.

4. How Can We Stop Deforestation?

Afforestation – Plant new trees in empty lands.

Reforestation – Grow trees in areas where forests were cut down.

 Use Alternatives – Use metal, bamboo, or recycled materials instead of wood.

Reduce Paper Use – Save paper by using digital alternatives.

Forest Protection Laws – Governments must protect forests from illegal cutting.

Sustainable Farming – Grow crops without destroying forests.

Eco-Friendly Living – Use less plastic, save water, and protect nature.

Case Studies on Natural Resources,

Forest Resources, and Deforestation
1. Chipko Movement (India) – Protecting Forests

Location: Uttarakhand, India

Year: 1973

The Chipko Movement was started by villagers, especially women, to stop

deforestation.

People hugged (Chipko = "to hug") trees to prevent them from being cut down.

The protest was successful, and the government banned tree cutting in the area.

This movement inspired forest conservation worldwide.

2. Amazon Rainforest Destruction – Over-Exploitation

of Forests

Location: South America

Ongoing Issue

The Amazon rainforest is the world’s largest tropical forest, known as the "lungs of
the Earth."
 Large areas are being cleared for cattle farming, soy farming, and illegal logging.
Deforestation is causing climate change, biodiversity loss, and less rainfall.
Governments and environmental groups are working to protect the forest.

3. Silent Valley Project – Saving a Rainforest

Location: Kerala, India

1970s–1980s

The Indian government planned to build a hydroelectric dam in Silent Valley.

Environmentalists protested, saying it would destroy a unique rainforest.

In 1985, the government canceled the project and declared Silent Valley a national
park.

This case shows the importance of balancing development and conservation.

4. Aral Sea Disaster – Overuse of Water Resources

Location: Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan

1950s – Present

The Aral Sea was once the fourth-largest lake in the world.

Water was diverted for farming, and the lake dried up.

It caused climate change, health problems, and loss of fish.

This case highlights the dangers of overusing water resources.

5. Sariska Tiger Reserve – Effect of Deforestation on

Wildlife

Location: Rajasthan, India

2005

Due to illegal mining and deforestation, tigers disappeared from Sariska.

 The government started a Tiger Relocation Program to bring back tigers.

This case shows how deforestation destroys animal habitats and how
conservation efforts can help.

Timber Extraction
1. What is Timber Extraction?
Timber extraction means cutting down trees to use their wood for making furniture,
houses, paper, and other products. It is a major reason for deforestation and affects
the environment.

2. Uses of Timber
Timber is used in many ways:

1. Furniture Making – Chairs, tables, and cupboards are made from wood.
2. Building Houses – Wood is used for doors, windows, and roofs.
3. Paper Production – Trees are cut to make paper and cardboard.
4. Fuelwood – Wood is burned for cooking and heating.
5. Shipbuilding – Some boats and ships are made from strong timber.
6. Railway Sleepers – Wooden blocks are used to support railway tracks.
7. Plywood and Veneers – Thin layers of wood are used for decoration.
8. Musical Instruments – Guitars, violins, and pianos use fine wood.

3. Methods of Timber Extraction

Timber is extracted using different techniques:

1. Clear-Cutting – All trees in an area are cut down.

2. Selective Cutting – Only some trees are cut, leaving others to grow.
3. Shelterwood Cutting – Some trees are left to provide shade for young trees.
4. Strip Cutting – Trees are cut in narrow strips to reduce soil erosion.
5. Logging – Trees are cut and transported using trucks, elephants, or rivers.
4. Effects of Timber Extraction

A. Environmental Effects

1. Deforestation – Too many trees are cut, leading to forest loss.

2. Soil Erosion – Tree roots hold the soil; without them, soil washes away.
3. Loss of Wildlife Habitat – Animals lose their homes and food sources.
4. Climate Change – Cutting trees increases carbon dioxide, causing global
warming.
5. Water Cycle Disruption – Fewer trees mean less rainfall and more droughts.

B. Social and Economic Effects

6. Loss of Livelihood – Tribals and forest-dependent people lose their way of life.
7. Illegal Logging – Some people cut trees illegally, harming forests.
8. Conflict with Indigenous People – Tribes living in forests are displaced.

5. How to Reduce the Impact of Timber Extraction?

Sustainable Logging – Cut only mature trees and plant new ones.

Afforestation and Reforestation – Plant more trees to replace the lost ones.

Use Alternative Materials – Bamboo, metal, and recycled wood can replace
timber.

Ban Illegal Logging – Governments should stop illegal tree cutting.

Forest Protection Laws – Strong laws should be made to protect forests.

Eco-Friendly Products – Use recycled paper and furniture made from sustainable
wood.

Mining
1. What is Mining?
Mining refers to the process of extracting valuable minerals, metals, and fossil fuels
from the Earth's crust. These resources are used in industries, for energy production,
and in many consumer products. Mining can take place on the Earth's surface (surface
mining) or deep underground (underground mining).
2. Types of Mining
There are different methods of mining, depending on where the resources are located
and the type of resource being extracted:

A. Surface Mining

Surface mining is when minerals and other resources are found near the Earth’s
surface. This method involves removing the top layer of soil and rocks to access the
materials below.

1. Open-pit Mining: Large, open holes are dug in the Earth to extract minerals like
gold, copper, and iron.
2. Strip Mining: Layers of soil and rock are removed to expose coal or minerals
beneath.
3. Quarrying: This method is used for extracting stone, marble, and other building
materials.

B. Underground Mining

When resources are found deep inside the Earth, underground mining is used to dig
tunnels and shafts to reach the minerals. This method can be more dangerous and
expensive.

1. Shaft Mining: A vertical shaft is dug into the ground to reach deep deposits,
often for diamonds or coal.
2. Drift Mining: Tunnels are dug horizontally to access coal or other minerals
beneath the surface.

C. Placer Mining

This type of mining is used for finding minerals in rivers, streams, and riverbeds. It
involves searching for minerals like gold and diamonds by washing sand and gravel.

D. Drilling

Drilling is used to extract petroleum (oil) and natural gas from deep underground or
underwater. This method involves drilling holes into the Earth's surface and bringing
these resources to the surface.
E. Mountaintop Removal

This method is used in places where coal is found under mountain tops. Explosives are
used to blow off the top of a mountain and expose the coal. This method has major
environmental impacts.

3. Commonly Mined Resources

Mining provides important raw materials used in many industries:

A. Metals

1. Gold: Used in jewellery, electronics, and as a store of value.

2. Silver: Used in jewellery, coins, and industrial electronics.
3. Copper: A key metal used for wiring, plumbing, and electrical equipment.
4. Iron: Used to make steel, which is essential for building infrastructure.
5. Aluminium: Used in packaging, transportation, and building materials.

B. Fossil Fuels

1. Coal: Used in power plants to generate electricity and in industries for heating.
2. Oil (Petroleum): Used for fuel (petrol, diesel) and making plastics, chemicals,
and other products.
3. Natural Gas: Used for heating, cooking, and producing electricity.

C. Minerals

1. Diamonds: Used in jewellery, industrial tools, and cutting.

2. Salt: Used for cooking, preserving food, and in chemical industries.
3. Uranium: Used to generate nuclear energy.
4. Limestone: Used in construction, as a raw material for cement, and in
agriculture.

4. Uses of Mined Resources

Resources extracted through mining are crucial for the economy and daily life:

1. Coal: Provides energy for electricity generation and is used in industries like
steel manufacturing.
2. Petroleum (Oil & Gas): Powers vehicles, airplanes, and ships, and is used to
produce plastics, medicines, and fertilizers.
 3. Iron & Aluminium: Are used for manufacturing tools, machinery, cars, and
construction materials like steel.
4. Gold & Silver: Used in jewellery, electronic devices, and as investments.
5. Diamonds & Precious Stones: Primarily used in jewellery but also in cutting
and drilling equipment.
6. Uranium: Used in nuclear power plants to generate electricity.
7. Copper: An important metal used in electrical wiring and electronics.

5. Environmental Effects of Mining

Mining has several negative impacts on the environment. These include:

A. Deforestation and Habitat Destruction

• In many mining areas, forests and natural habitats are cleared to make way for
mining activities. This leads to a loss of biodiversity as animals lose their
homes.

B. Soil Erosion

• When trees and vegetation are removed, the soil becomes loose and is carried
away by wind and rain. This is called soil erosion, which reduces soil quality and
fertility.

C. Water Pollution

• Mining activities, especially in surface mining, often release chemicals and toxic
waste into nearby rivers and streams. This pollutes water sources, affecting
both aquatic life and people who rely on these water sources for drinking and
irrigation.

D. Air Pollution

• Mining processes produce dust and toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide and
carbon dioxide, which contribute to air pollution and health problems for
nearby communities.

E. Climate Change

• The extraction and burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil release greenhouse
gases (CO₂) into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate
change.
6. Social and Economic Effects of Mining

A. Positive Effects

1. Economic Growth: Mining provides jobs and generates wealth for countries. It
helps build infrastructure and supports industries like manufacturing and
construction.
2. Energy Supply: Mining provides essential fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas for
electricity and heating.
3. Urban Development: Mining operations often lead to the development of new
towns and cities where workers live.

B. Negative Effects

1. Displacement of Communities: In some cases, mining forces local

populations to leave their homes, leading to social conflicts.
2. Health Hazards: Miners often face health risks from exposure to dust,
chemicals, and accidents in mines.
3. Illegal Mining: In some countries, illegal mining activities cause environmental
damage and violate workers' rights.

7. Sustainable Mining Practices

To reduce the negative effects of mining, sustainable mining practices should be
adopted:

1. Reforestation and Afforestation: Planting trees in areas where mining has

taken place can restore lost ecosystems.
2. Eco-friendly Mining Techniques: Using modern technology can help reduce
pollution and waste, such as hydraulic mining instead of chemical methods.
3. Recycling and Reusing Metals: Recycling metals such as copper and
aluminium reduces the need to mine new resources.
4. Better Regulations: Governments can enforce stronger laws to control illegal
mining and ensure that mining companies follow environmental and labor
standards.
5. Reducing Waste: Mining operations should focus on reducing the amount of
waste produced and ensure it is properly managed to prevent pollution.
Dams and Their Effect on Forests and
Tribal People
1. What is a Dam?
A dam is a structure built across rivers or streams to control water flow, store water,
and generate hydroelectric power. Dams can also be used for irrigation, flood
control, and drinking water supply. However, building dams often leads to major
changes in the environment and affects the lives of people and wildlife.

2. Impact of Dams on Forests

A. Deforestation

When a dam is built, large areas of forest land are submerged by water in the reservoir.
This leads to the destruction of forests and loss of biodiversity.

• The trees and plants that once grew in these areas drown when the reservoir is
filled.
• Many species of plants and animals lose their homes and food sources.

B. Soil Erosion

• The removal of trees and vegetation causes soil erosion, as the roots no longer
hold the soil in place.
• This can result in landslides and loss of soil fertility in nearby areas.

C. Disruption of Water Cycle

• Forests help maintain the water cycle by absorbing and releasing water through
evaporation.
• Deforestation caused by dam construction can lead to changes in rainfall
patterns and affect local weather.

D. Loss of Forest Resources

• Many forest communities rely on forests for resources such as timber,

medicinal plants, fuelwood, and wild food.
 • With the construction of dams, these valuable resources are lost, impacting
local livelihoods.

3. Impact of Dams on Tribal People

A. Forced Displacement

• Dams often flood large areas of land where tribal communities have lived for
generations.
• These communities are displaced and forced to leave their ancestral homes,
which disrupts their way of life.
• Many tribal people face difficulty in finding new land for farming or living.

B. Loss of Traditional Livelihoods

• Tribal people often depend on the forest for their livelihoods, including hunting,
fishing, gathering forest products, and agriculture.
• The flooding caused by dams destroys farmlands, fishing areas, and gathering
places, leaving people without their traditional sources of income and food.

C. Cultural Disruption

• For many tribal communities, the land and forests are not just sources of
resources, but also hold cultural, spiritual, and religious significance.
• Forced relocation can cause a loss of cultural identity and spiritual
connection to the land.

D. Health and Social Issues

• Displaced communities face poor living conditions in resettlement areas.

• They often do not have access to basic services like healthcare, education, and
clean water.
• Social conflicts can arise between displaced tribal communities and the new
residents of the resettlement areas.

4. Examples of Dams Impacting Forests and Tribal

People

A. Narmada Valley Project (India)

Location: Narmada River, India

 • The Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada River resulted in the flooding of
forests and displacement of tribal communities, especially the Gujarat and
Madhya Pradesh regions.
• Thousands of tribal families were relocated, and many faced loss of land and
resources.
• The project also destroyed wildlife habitats, including for the Narmada
crocodile.

B. Three Gorges Dam (China)

Location: Yangtze River, China

• The Three Gorges Dam, one of the largest in the world, has flooded vast areas,
including forests and farmlands.
• Over 1 million people, many of whom were ethnic minorities, were forced to
leave their homes.
• The reservoir created by the dam also drowned ancient sites and disrupted
local ecosystems.

5. How to Reduce the Negative Impacts of Dams

A. Improved Planning

• Environmental impact assessments should be conducted before constructing

a dam to understand how it will affect the environment and local communities.
• Alternatives to large dams should be explored, such as small-scale
hydroelectric projects or solar energy, which have less environmental impact.

B. Resettlement and Rehabilitation

• Fair compensation and rehabilitation plans should be provided to displaced

people.
• Communities should be given land and resources in the new areas, along with
support for job training and healthcare.

C. Ecosystem Restoration

• Reforestation and afforestation programs can help restore the forests that
were destroyed by the dam.
• Wildlife corridors should be created to ensure that animals can move safely
between habitats.
D. Protecting Tribal Rights

• Tribal people’s land rights and cultural rights should be respected during the
planning and construction of dams.
• Their voices should be heard in decision-making processes, and they should
have a say in dam projects that affect them.

Water Resources:Definition
Water resources refer to the sources and supplies of water that humans use for
different purposes like drinking, irrigation, industrial use, and electricity generation.
These resources are found in both natural and man-made forms. Here’s a more
detailed explanation:

Types of Water Resources 🌊

1. Surface Water

This is water found on the Earth's surface, such as in rivers, lakes, ponds, and
reservoirs. It is the most easily accessible form of water for drinking, farming,
industries, and hydroelectric power generation.

• Rivers and Streams: Flowing water that provides fresh water for many uses.
• Lakes and Ponds: Bodies of water that store water for drinking, recreation, and
sometimes for flood control.
• Reservoirs: Man-made lakes used to store water for large-scale agricultural or
municipal use.

2. Groundwater

This is water found beneath the Earth’s surface, in aquifers (layers of rock or soil that
store water). Groundwater is accessed through wells or boreholes.

• Groundwater is important in areas where surface water is limited. It is used for

drinking, irrigation, and industrial processes.
• Groundwater is often cleaner and safer to drink, but it can be overused, leading
to depletion and land subsidence.

3. Rainwater

Water that falls directly from the sky as rain. It can be collected and stored for
drinking, irrigation, or even industrial use through systems known as rainwater
harvesting.
4. Desalinated Water

Water from saltwater sources (such as the sea) that has been desalinated (processed
to remove the salt). This is important in areas with limited fresh water but abundant
saltwater.

Water Resources: Use and Over-Utilization of Surface

and Groundwater
A. Surface Water

Surface water refers to the water we see on the Earth's surface, including rivers, lakes,
streams, ponds, and reservoirs. This water is directly available for drinking, farming,
industrial use, and power generation.

• Rivers and streams are used for transportation, irrigation, and electricity
generation.
• Lakes store water for drinking, recreation, and sometimes for flood control.
• The water cycle helps replenish surface water, but human activities, such as
deforestation and urbanization, disturb its natural replenishment.

B. Groundwater

Groundwater is the water found beneath the Earth’s surface, stored in aquifers.
Groundwater is vital, especially in areas where surface water is scarce.

• It is accessed by wells or boreholes and is widely used in agriculture and

drinking water supply.
• Groundwater serves as a backup during periods of drought and low rainfall but
is vulnerable to over-extraction, which can lead to depletion and sinkholes
(land subsidence).

Over-Utilization of Water Resources

Both surface water and groundwater face the problem of over-extraction.

• Overuse of rivers leads to lower water levels, damaging ecosystems, affecting

agriculture, and reducing hydropower generation.
• Groundwater overuse results in the lowering of the water table, making it
difficult to access clean water for drinking and irrigation.
• Pollution from industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and untreated sewage
can contaminate both surface and groundwater.
2. Floods
A. What are Floods?

Floods happen when water levels rise above normal and overflow into land that is
usually dry. This can be caused by heavy rainfall, melting snow, or dam failures.

• Floods can occur quickly (flash floods) or slowly (river floods), depending on the
amount of rainfall and how fast the water accumulates.

B. Causes of Floods

1. Excessive Rainfall: When too much rain falls in a short period, rivers and
streams cannot carry the extra water, causing it to overflow.
2. Deforestation: Trees help absorb rainwater. When forests are cleared,
rainwater cannot be absorbed, leading to more runoff and flooding.
3. Urbanization: As cities grow, impermeable surfaces (like roads and buildings)
replace natural land. This reduces the ground’s ability to absorb water,
increasing the likelihood of flooding.
4. Climate Change: Rising global temperatures are increasing the frequency and
intensity of extreme weather events like heavy rainfall, leading to more frequent
floods.

C. Effects of Floods

• Damage to Homes and Infrastructure: Flooding can destroy houses, roads,

and bridges, making recovery difficult.
• Loss of Life: Floods often cause deaths from drowning or exposure to
contaminated water.
• Economic Impact: Crops, farms, and livelihoods are lost, leading to long-term
economic setbacks.
• Pollution: Floodwaters can carry chemicals, sewage, and waste,
contaminating water sources.

3. Drought
A. What is Drought?

A drought is a long-term dry period when rainfall is significantly lower than usual,
leading to water shortages. It affects agriculture, water supply, and food security.

• Droughts can last for months or even years, depending on the severity and
location.
B. Causes of Drought

1. Low Rainfall: If a region receives very little or no rain over a long period, it
causes drought.
2. High Temperatures: Heat waves cause high evaporation rates, drying up water
sources faster than normal.
3. Climate Change: Global warming changes rainfall patterns, leading to
droughts in regions that were once wetter.
4. Over-Use of Water: If groundwater or surface water is overused in agriculture or
industries, it can worsen drought conditions.

C. Effects of Drought

• Crop Failure: Droughts prevent crops from growing, leading to food shortages.
• Water Shortages: Rivers, lakes, and wells dry up, causing scarcity of drinking
water for people and animals.
• Wildfires: Dry conditions increase the risk of wildfires, which can destroy
forests and wildlife.
• Economic Loss: The loss of crops and livestock impacts economies, especially
in agriculture-dependent areas.

4. Conflicts Over Water

A. Local Conflicts

• In rural areas, farmers and industries often compete for limited water supplies.
Farmers may not get enough water for irrigation, while industries take large
amounts for production.
• In urban areas, water may be diverted from villages to cities, leading to tensions
and resource conflicts.

B. International Water Conflicts

• Rivers shared by more than one country, such as the Nile (between Egypt,
Sudan, and Ethiopia) or the Indus (between India and Pakistan), often lead to
disputes over water sharing.
• Countries may disagree on how much water they should receive from shared
rivers or dams.

C. Effects of Water Conflicts

• Conflicts over water lead to social unrest, economic losses, and damage to
international relations.
 • Poor water distribution can create injustice, where vulnerable populations
face shortages of water, while wealthier people have abundant supplies.

5. Dams: Benefits and Problems

A. Benefits of Dams

1. Water Storage: Dams store water, especially during wet seasons, and release it
when needed, ensuring a constant water supply.
2. Flood Control: Dams help manage water levels during heavy rains, reducing
the risk of flooding downstream.
3. Hydroelectric Power: By generating electricity from the flow of water, dams
provide clean, renewable energy.
4. Irrigation: Dams supply water to farmlands, boosting agricultural productivity in
dry regions.
5. Recreation: Dams create reservoirs for recreation, such as boating, fishing,
and swimming, promoting tourism.

B. Problems of Dams

1. Displacement: Dams flood large areas, forcing people to move and lose their
homes. Many of those affected are tribal communities with deep connections
to the land.
2. Loss of Biodiversity: The construction of dams disrupts natural ecosystems,
harming wildlife habitats and species like fish that rely on free-flowing rivers.
3. Sedimentation: Dams trap sediment that rivers carry, reducing the fertility of
farmlands downstream and affecting aquatic life.
4. Water Pollution: Stagnant water behind dams can become contaminated,
especially when industrial waste or sewage is released into reservoirs.
5. High Costs: Constructing a dam is expensive, and maintaining it requires
continuous investment, making it a financial burden.

6. Sustainable Management of Water Resources

To avoid the problems of over-extraction, floods, drought, and conflicts, it's essential to
manage water resources sustainably.

• Water conservation measures like using efficient irrigation, fixing leaky pipes,
and using water-saving devices can reduce water wastage.
• Rainwater harvesting can be promoted to store water for dry seasons.
• International cooperation on water-sharing agreements can help prevent
conflicts and promote peaceful solutions.
 Mineral Resources:
1. What are Mineral Resources?
• Mineral resources are naturally occurring substances that are found in the
Earth’s crust. These include minerals (like gold, copper, iron ore) and fossil
fuels (such as coal, oil, and natural gas). They are non-renewable resources,
meaning once they are used up, they cannot be replenished in a human lifetime.
• Mineral resources are essential for many industries like construction, energy,
and manufacturing.

2. Use of Mineral Resources

• Minerals are used in various forms in industries and everyday life. Their uses
include:
• Energy production: Coal, oil, and natural gas are the main sources of energy.
They are used in power plants to generate electricity and in transportation
(cars, airplanes, etc.).
• Construction: Materials like sand, gravel, limestone, and clay are used to
make cement, bricks, roads, and buildings.
• Manufacturing: Metals like iron, copper, and aluminum are used in the
production of machinery, electrical equipment, and vehicles.
• Electronics: Minerals like gold, silver, and rare earth elements are used in
making smartphones, computers, and batteries.
• Jewellery: Precious metals and stones like gold, diamonds, and emeralds are
used to make jewellery.

3. Exploitation of Mineral Resources (What

Happens When We Take Too Much?)
• Mineral exploitation involves the extraction of minerals from the Earth. This
process can involve several methods depending on the type of mineral and its
location.

• A. Methods of Extraction

• Mining: This includes both open-pit mining (digging large pits) and
underground mining (digging tunnels to reach minerals deep underground).
Gold, copper, coal, and diamonds are often extracted this way.
• Drilling: For oil and natural gas, deep wells are drilled into the Earth to extract
them.
• Quarrying: This involves extracting stone and sand from the Earth’s surface.
Limestone, granite, and marble are extracted through this method.

• B. Over-Exploitation

• Over-exploitation occurs when mineral resources are extracted at a rate that is

faster than they can naturally replenish.
• Depletion: Over time, the availability of easily accessible minerals decreases,
leading to resource scarcity.
• Environmental Degradation: Extracting minerals can lead to the destruction of
natural habitats, loss of biodiversity, and soil erosion.

4. Experimental Effects of Extracting and Using

Mineral Resources

• A. Environmental Impact

• Pollution:
o Air Pollution: Burning fossil fuels like coal releases carbon dioxide
(CO2), which contributes to global warming. Mining also releases
harmful dust into the air.
o Water Pollution: Mining activities release toxic chemicals like mercury
and arsenic into rivers and lakes, polluting water sources.
o Soil Contamination: Extraction processes leave behind toxic waste
and heavy metals, which can harm local soil and prevent plants from
growing.
• Deforestation:
o Mining, especially open-pit mining, can lead to deforestation. Trees are
cut down, and forests are destroyed, leading to loss of habitats for
wildlife.
• Climate Change:
o The extraction and burning of fossil fuels are the main contributors to
greenhouse gas emissions, which cause climate change and global
warming.

• B. Social and Health Impact

• Displacement of Communities:
o Mining often forces local communities to relocate when their land is
destroyed or when resources are extracted from their region. This can
lead to loss of livelihoods and social instability.
• Health Risks:
 o Mining activities can lead to health problems for workers and nearby
communities due to exposure to toxic chemicals and harmful dust.
o Coal miners may suffer from black lung disease (a type of respiratory
disease).
o Lead mining has been linked to lead poisoning, which can harm the
nervous system.

5.Case Studies (Real Examples)

1. Amazon Rainforest (Brazil)

• Problem: Gold mining in the Amazon rainforest leads to deforestation (cutting

down trees) and pollution.
• Impact: The land is ruined, and rivers become polluted with mercury (a
dangerous chemical), affecting animals and people who live there.

2. Oil in Nigeria (Niger Delta)

• Problem: Oil is extracted from the Niger Delta region in Nigeria.

• Impact: The oil spills into rivers, killing fish and harming the environment.
People also face health issues from pollution.

3. Coal Mining in India

• Problem: Coal mining in India creates land destruction and air pollution.
• Impact: It harms the health of people who live nearby and makes the
environment dirty.

4. Diamonds in Africa

• Problem: Mining for diamonds in some African countries has led to conflicts
and human rights abuses.
• Impact: People are forced to work in dangerous conditions, and the
environment is harmed.

How Can We Protect the Environment?

• We need to use minerals wisely and make sure they are not wasted:
• Recycle: Reusing metals like aluminum helps reduce the need for new mining.
• Use cleaner energy: Instead of burning coal, we can use solar and wind energy.
• Restore the land: After mining, the land should be cleaned and reforested.
 • Better mining methods: We need to find ways to mine that don’t harm the Earth
as much.

Food Resources
1. What are Food Resources?

• Food resources are all the sources from which humans get food.
• Food comes from plants (crops, fruits, vegetables) and animals (meat, milk,
eggs, fish, honey).
• We need food to survive, grow, and stay healthy.
• The availability of food depends on agriculture, fishing, animal farming, and
natural food sources.

World Food Problems

2. What are World Food Problems?

• Some people have plenty of food, while others do not have enough to eat.
• Hunger and malnutrition affect millions of people.
• Malnutrition means not getting enough nutrients, leading to health problems.

Main Causes of World Food Problems

1. Population Growth: More people need more food, but food production is not
increasing fast enough.
2. Unequal Food Distribution: Some countries have too much food, while others
have very little.
3. Climate Change:
a. Droughts, floods, and storms destroy crops.
b. Temperature changes reduce food production.
4. Soil Degradation:
a. Poor farming methods damage the soil, making it difficult to grow crops.
5. Poverty: Poor people cannot afford enough food.
6. Food Wastage: Many people waste food, while others go hungry.

Effects of Food Shortage

• More people suffer from hunger and malnutrition.

• Weak immune systems lead to more diseases.
 • Children do not grow properly.
• In extreme cases, people die due to lack of food.

Changes Caused by Agriculture and Overgrazing

3. What is Agriculture?

• Agriculture is the process of growing crops and raising animals for food.
• It helps produce food for millions of people.

4. What is Overgrazing?

• Overgrazing happens when too many animals eat the grass in an area.
• It damages the land and reduces its ability to grow plants.

Changes Caused by Agriculture

1. Deforestation:
a. Forests are cleared to make space for farming.
b. This destroys animal habitats and reduces biodiversity.
2. Soil Erosion:
a. Plowing and removing plants make soil loose and wash away easily.
3. Water Shortage:
a. Farming requires a lot of water, leading to water scarcity.
4. Loss of Biodiversity:
a. Growing only one type of crop reduces plant and animal life.

Changes Caused by Overgrazing

1. Desertification:
a. Land becomes dry and turns into a desert.
2. Soil Erosion:
a. Without grass, soil becomes weak and washes away in rain.
3. Loss of Fertile Land:
a. Land loses nutrients and cannot grow crops.

Effects of Modern Agriculture

5. What is Modern Agriculture?

• Modern agriculture uses machines, fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation to

grow more food.
 • It helps in producing food faster and in larger amounts.

Advantages of Modern Agriculture

✔ Increases food production.

✔ Reduces the need for human labor.

✔ Crops grow faster and healthier.

✔ Farmers earn more money.

Disadvantages of Modern Agriculture

Uses too much water, leading to water shortages.

Pollutes soil and water with chemicals.

Kills useful insects like bees and butterflies.

Reduces soil fertility over time.

Fertilizer-Pesticide Problems

6. What are Fertilizers?

• Fertilizers are chemicals that help plants grow by adding nutrients to the soil.
• Examples: Urea, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium fertilizers.

7. What are Pesticides?

• Pesticides are chemicals used to kill insects, pests, and weeds that harm
crops.
• Examples: Insecticides, herbicides, fungicides.

Problems with Fertilizers and Pesticides

1. Soil Pollution: Too many chemicals reduce soil fertility.

2. Water Pollution: Chemicals mix with rivers, lakes, and groundwater, making it
unsafe to drink.
3. Kills Useful Insects:
a. Bees, butterflies, and earthworms die, affecting pollination and soil
health.
 4. Health Problems in Humans:
a. Causes diseases like cancer, breathing problems, and allergies.
5. Bioaccumulation:
a. Chemicals enter plants and animals, then reach humans through the
food chain.

Water Logging

8. What is Water Logging?

• Water logging happens when too much water collects in the soil.
• The roots do not get air, and plants die.

Causes of Water Logging

1. Excessive Irrigation: Too much water is used in farming.

2. Poor Drainage System: Water does not flow out properly.
3. Heavy Rainfall: Too much rain can lead to water accumulation.

Effects of Water Logging

• Reduces soil fertility.

• Increases plant diseases.
• Makes land unsuitable for farming.

Salinity

9. What is Salinity?

• Salinity is when too much salt collects in the soil.

• Plants cannot grow properly because salt prevents them from absorbing water.

Causes of Salinity

1. Excessive Use of Fertilizers:

a. Fertilizers leave salt behind in the soil.
2. Over-Irrigation in Dry Areas:
a. Water evaporates, leaving salt in the soil.
3. Seawater Intrusion:
a. In coastal areas, seawater enters the soil and increases salinity.
Effects of Salinity

• Crops do not grow well.

• Reduces soil fertility.
• Pollutes groundwater.

Case Studies

10. Case Study 1: Green Revolution (India)

• In the 1960s-1970s, India used high-yield seeds, irrigation, and fertilizers to

grow more food.
• Good Effects: Increased food production, reduced hunger.
• Bad Effects: Soil pollution, excessive water use, chemical pollution.

11. Case Study 2: Punjab and Water Logging

• Punjab used too much irrigation, leading to water logging.

• Result: Crop production reduced, and land became useless.

12. Case Study 3: Overgrazing in Rajasthan

• Too many animals ate the grass in Rajasthan.

• Result: Land became dry and turned into a desert.

Energy Resources
1. What are Energy Resources?

• Energy resources are natural sources used to generate power for daily
activities.
• We need energy for electricity, transportation, industries, and homes.
• Energy comes from two main types of sources:
o Renewable energy sources (never run out).
o Non-renewable energy sources (limited and take millions of years to
form).
Growing Energy Needs

2. Why is Energy Demand Increasing?

The need for energy is increasing because:

1. Population Growth: More people need electricity, fuel, and transportation.

2. Urbanization: More cities and industries need power.
3. Technology: More electronic devices and machines use energy.
4. Transportation: More vehicles need fuel (petrol, diesel, gas).
5. Agriculture: Farmers use machines that run on electricity or fuel.

Effects of High Energy Demand

• Fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) are getting used up quickly.

• Air pollution increases due to burning fuels.
• Electricity costs rise due to high demand.
• Countries fight over energy resources like oil and gas.

Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Sources

3. What are Renewable Energy Sources?

• Renewable energy never runs out and comes from natural sources.
• It is environment-friendly and does not cause pollution.
• Examples:
o Solar Energy – Energy from the sun (solar panels).
o Wind Energy – Energy from moving air (wind turbines).
o Hydropower – Energy from water (dams and rivers).
o Biomass Energy – Energy from plants, wood, and animal waste.
o Geothermal Energy – Energy from the Earth's heat (hot springs,
volcanoes).

Advantages of Renewable Energy

✔ Unlimited supply (never runs out).

✔ Does not pollute air or water.

✔ Safe and sustainable.

Disadvantages of Renewable Energy

Expensive to set up (e.g., solar panels, wind turbines).

Depends on nature (no sun = no solar energy).

Some renewable sources, like hydropower, affect rivers and fish.

4. What are Non-Renewable Energy Sources?

• Non-renewable energy sources take millions of years to form and can run out.
• They cause pollution and contribute to climate change.
• Examples:
o Coal – A black rock burned to produce electricity.
o Oil (Petroleum) – Used to make petrol, diesel, and plastics.
o Natural Gas – Used for cooking, heating, and electricity.
o Nuclear Energy – Uses uranium to produce electricity.

Advantages of Non-Renewable Energy

✔ Cheap and easy to use.

✔ Provides large amounts of energy.

✔ Works in all weather conditions.

Disadvantages of Non-Renewable Energy

Will run out in the future.

Causes air pollution (burning fuels releases harmful gases).

Leads to climate change and global warming.

Mining and drilling damage land and water sources.

Use of Alternate Energy Resources

5. Why Do We Need Alternate Energy Resources?

• Fossil fuels are running out, and pollution is increasing.

 • Alternate energy means using clean, renewable sources like solar, wind, and
hydropower.
• It helps reduce pollution, save money, and protect the environment.

Examples of Alternate Energy Resources

1. Solar Energy (Sunlight)

a. Used for electricity and heating.
b. Example: Solar panels on rooftops.
2. Wind Energy (Moving Air)
a. Used to generate electricity using wind turbines.
b. Example: Wind farms in coastal areas.
3. Hydropower (Water)
a. Water stored in dams is used to generate electricity.
b. Example: Bhakra Nangal Dam in India.
4. Biogas (Organic Waste)
a. Cow dung, food waste, and leaves are used to produce gas for cooking.
b. Example: Villages use biogas plants for cooking.
5. Geothermal Energy (Earth’s Heat)
a. Used for heating and electricity.
b. Example: Iceland uses geothermal energy for heating homes.

Case Studies

6. Case Study 1: Solar Power in India

• India built the world’s largest solar park in Rajasthan.

• It provides clean electricity to thousands of homes.

7. Case Study 2: Wind Energy in Denmark

• Denmark produces 50% of its electricity using wind power.

• It helps reduce pollution and dependence on fossil fuels.

8. Case Study 3: Hydropower in China

• Three Gorges Dam in China is the world’s largest hydropower plant.

• It provides electricity to millions but also affects fish and the environment.
Land Resources
1. What is Land as a Resource?

• Land is one of the most important natural resources on Earth.

• We use land for farming, building houses, industries, roads, forests, and
wildlife habitats.
• Land provides food, shelter, and raw materials for daily life.

Uses of Land

1. Agriculture – Growing crops, fruits, and vegetables.

2. Forests – Provide oxygen, wood, and wildlife habitat.
3. Industries – Factories and businesses are built on land.
4. Transportation – Roads, railways, and airports are built on land.
5. Urban Areas – Cities and towns grow on land.
6. Water Bodies – Lakes, rivers, and ponds exist on land.

Problems Related to Land

• Due to population growth and industrialization, land is getting damaged and

polluted.
• Land degradation, landslides, soil erosion, and desertification are major
problems.

Land Degradation

2. What is Land Degradation?

• Land degradation happens when land loses its quality and becomes less
useful.
• It reduces the ability of land to support crops, forests, and wildlife.

Causes of Land Degradation

1. Deforestation – Cutting down trees leads to loss of soil and biodiversity.

2. Overgrazing – Too many animals eat grass, making the land barren.
3. Overuse of Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides – Damages soil fertility.
4. Mining Activities – Digging land for minerals destroys soil and forests.
5. Urbanization – Expanding cities cover fertile land with buildings and roads.
 6. Industrial Waste – Factories pollute land with harmful chemicals.

Effects of Land Degradation

• Less food production due to poor soil.

• Loss of biodiversity as animals lose their habitat.
• Water shortage because degraded land holds less water.
• More natural disasters like floods and droughts.

Main Induced Landslides

3. What is a Landslide?

• A landslide happens when rocks, soil, and debris slide down a slope due to
gravity.
• It can damage houses, roads, and farmlands.

Causes of Landslides

1. Deforestation – Without trees, soil becomes loose and easily slides down.
2. Heavy Rainfall – Too much rain weakens the soil and causes landslides.
3. Earthquakes – Shaking of the Earth makes land unstable.
4. Mining and Construction – Digging and blasting weaken the land.
5. Volcanic Eruptions – Hot lava and ash make land slide away.

Effects of Landslides

• Destroys homes and roads.

• Blocks rivers, causing floods.
• Kills people and animals.
• Reduces soil fertility in affected areas.

Soil Erosion and Desertification

4. What is Soil Erosion?

• Soil erosion happens when wind, water, or human activities remove the top
layer of soil.
• The topsoil is the most fertile part, needed for farming.
Causes of Soil Erosion

1. Deforestation – Without trees, soil is blown or washed away easily.

2. Overgrazing – Too many animals eat plants, leaving the soil exposed.
3. Farming on Slopes – Rainwater carries soil downhill.
4. Heavy Rain and Floods – Wash away the topsoil.
5. Strong Winds – Blow away loose soil, especially in dry areas.

Effects of Soil Erosion

• Less food production because soil loses nutrients.

• Clogging of rivers due to soil washing into water bodies.
• Loss of land fertility, making farming difficult.
• Increased risk of floods because soil cannot absorb water properly.

5. What is Desertification?

• Desertification happens when fertile land turns into desert due to climate
change and human activities.

Causes of Desertification

1. Deforestation – Without trees, land becomes dry.

2. Overgrazing – Animals eat all the plants, leaving land barren.
3. Excessive Farming – Overuse of land without resting damages soil.
4. Water Shortage – Less rainfall dries up the land.
5. Climate Change – Higher temperatures cause droughts.

Effects of Desertification

• Loss of crops and food shortage.

• Water scarcity as land holds less water.
• More dust storms and poor air quality.
• People forced to migrate due to lack of resources.

How to Prevent Land Degradation, Soil Erosion, and

Desertification?
1. Afforestation – Plant more trees to hold soil together.
2. Contour Farming – Grow crops along slopes to stop soil from washing away.
3. Reduce Overgrazing – Limit the number of animals grazing in one area.
4. Use Organic Farming – Avoid chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
 5. Water Conservation – Build small dams and rainwater harvesting systems.
6. Proper Land Use Planning – Avoid farming or building on unstable land.

1. Role of Individual in Conservation of

Natural Resources
What is Conservation of Natural Resources?

• Natural resources like water, air, soil, forests, and energy are limited.
• If we use them carelessly, future generations will suffer.
• Conservation means using resources wisely so they last longer.

Why Should Individuals Help?

• Every small effort by a person can make a big impact.

• If everyone saves water, energy, and forests, nature will be protected.

Ways Individuals Can Help in Conservation

1. Saving Water

Close taps when not in use.

Fix leaking pipes.

Use a bucket instead of a shower.

Collect rainwater for plants.

2. Saving Electricity

Switch off lights and fans when not in use.

Use LED bulbs instead of regular bulbs.

Use natural sunlight during the day.

Use energy-efficient appliances.

3. Reducing Waste

Say NO to plastic bags.

 Use reusable bottles and containers.

Recycle paper, glass, and metals.

Compost kitchen waste for plants.

4. Protecting Forests

Plant more trees.

Stop deforestation (cutting trees).

Avoid using wooden products unnecessarily.

Participate in tree-planting programs.

5. Reducing Pollution

Use bicycles or public transport instead of cars.

Avoid burning plastic and garbage.

Dispose of waste properly.

Support eco-friendly products.

6. Conserving Fuel

Carpool or use public transport.

Drive at a steady speed to save fuel.

Use LPG or electric stoves instead of wood.

Support renewable energy like solar power.

Conclusion(optional)

• Each person has a role in saving the environment.

• Small changes in daily habits can make a huge difference.
• Conservation helps protect nature for future generations.
2. Equitable Use of Resources for
Sustainable Lifestyle
What is Equitable Use of Resources?

• Some people have more resources (like food, water, and electricity) while
others have less.
• Equitable use means sharing resources fairly so everyone gets what they need.
• It reduces wastage and ensures long-term survival.

What is a Sustainable Lifestyle?

• A lifestyle that balances human needs with environmental protection.

• It means using less, reusing more, and avoiding waste.

Why is Equitable Use Important?

1. Prevents Resource Shortages – If some people use too much, others may have
nothing.
2. Reduces Environmental Damage – Overuse of resources causes pollution,
deforestation, and climate change.
3. Helps Future Generations – Saving resources today ensures they last for the
future.

How to Use Resources Equitably?

1. Fair Use of Water

Do not waste drinking water.

Ensure villages and cities get equal water supply.

Save rainwater for dry areas.

2. Balanced Energy Consumption

Industries should not overuse electricity.

Villages and remote areas should get fair access to power.

Promote solar and wind energy for all regions.

3. Sustainable Agriculture

Farmers should use natural fertilizers instead of chemicals.

Promote organic farming to protect soil health.

Grow varied crops instead of just one to maintain soil balance.

4. Reduce the Wealth Gap

Richer countries should help poorer ones in resource management.

Governments should ensure equal distribution of resources.

Everyone should get basic needs like food, clean water, and shelter.

5. Avoid Overconsumption

Buy only what you need to avoid wastage.

Donate extra clothes, food, and items to the needy.

Use eco-friendly products to reduce pollution.

Conclusion(optional)

• Equitable use of resources ensures everyone gets a fair share.

• Sustainable lifestyles help save resources for the future.
• If everyone follows simple steps, we can protect nature and live a better life.