Chemical Bonding
Dipole Dipole
Bonding a chemical interactions ofatoms Hydrogen bondi
intermolecular Induced dipole
intramolecular Ion dipole
1 hen molecules
are formed
now molecules
interact with
eachother
B w ions Metal Non
metal
Ionic bonding
Non metal
Covalent bonding B w atoms Non metals
Metals
metallic bonding B w cations E
attractions b w
Ionic bonding Electrostatic force of
ions
oppositely charged
State Explain
Ionic sizes Radius Cationic size decreases from their
with e'Implete
shell's atom
34 lost parent
Explain shell is
with the lossofé complete
it
Eation lost increas
parent proton to electron
atom ii Ratio of increas
Nucleus on omies
iii Hold of
GroupI I II II
I 2 3
t
Not mg Af si
Period NÉ Mg at
3 size increases
2shells Down the Group cationic
2shells 2shells Shell is increasing Shielding effect
roughly remains
is increasing ENC oms é decreas
2é constant Hold of nucleus on
Gain3é
Anions Gain offsinoms
152252213 interelectronic
IN repulsion
Anionic size increases from
35 the parent atom
Explanation
shell
es are added to same
é ratio decrease
proton to
electronic
Across the period e experience inter
Anionic size decreases és repulsion
Hold of nucleus on omsé
less intake of
as there is decreases
electronic repulsion
and less inter
Strength of Ionic bond 1 3
Li Be B
if
ii No ofcharge
12 22 3
I I I
around
Charge density
field where
theatom
Nuclearpullan
Cs't
be felt
Nazo Mgo A 203
Strong I B
M.pt M.pt'T Mop
NIL Naltus.mg2t
Nbinta
vs.mg
more
size M.ph
131
s't It No ofcharge
Sednsity
Metallic bond bw
electrostatic force of attraction
delocalised
cations and a sea of
metal
freees Diagram labelling
I t.it'tit
Diagram label
Cast Apt
a Hat
I B Diagram Key
Na't
t CT
t t
Bond
Strength of metallic
Size
No of charge
charge density
Nacl Csd
Mgc
Cubic FCC Bodycentered
Face Cubic Crystal
crystal system
centered system
181 cubic system
surrounded
INA is
by 601
Covalent bond Electrostatic force of attraction
b w Nucleus and bond pair és
shared B
shell c
pair whentwo
valence
2527
mutual 252ps
sharing
041
hybridisation
Before that Atoms undergo
intermixing of atomic orbitals to
orbital
make degenerate hybrid Atomic
Same shape ImixTF
energy
IOWE HighE once
S 8 D
degenerate
HAO For a covalent bond
P
to form Each atom
1522525 c H comes with one
é
to make a pair
I yx.ca NotstableApair ntne valence
E
25 Intermix Notpossible donot take part in
citz
bonding
As 1
No_of shells
CHY
Ñ
Hx E H
Stable
4 Sp HAO possible
s
J bond head on overlap
if Tetrahedral
b w HAO along the line
109.5 Sp Joining the two nuclei
8B.pe
Lop Bop Bop Bop
I repulsion repulsion
Bond 205
by
HEntral Atom Lonepair angle decreases
Tetrahedral yrepelling
109.5 under the influence
Tf of one Nucleus
To inder the influence
two Nucleus
pyramidal
Trigonal
NH3
152252213
degenerate same E shape
DM
HAO
4Sp
fIE
109.5
Lop Bop
B p Bop
50 Lop Lop
repulsion repulsion repulsion
H
hit It Bent v
a shaped
Sp hybridisation
4 152252212 Papy Pz PZ
unhybrid
2p Pzorbital
p
2s
3sp HAO
is
120
Trigonal planar
Sphaly
overlap
d bond linear
A 00H00
H sideway overlap
a bond
BE
Eitrigonalpianar BF3BI3ATcl3
can acceptapairofé
513 15225221
unoccupied
Pz orbital
p TH unhybrid
25 HAO
3Sp
Is deficient
specie
pé
7120
Trigonalplanar
C1
Sp2
132016
II B.pe
A216 Pt Dimer
coordinate covalen
bond
xx Dative bond
NHS
115
PC 3 10 PCls KMnOy
3 BE 5B p
expansion of octet
15225221835231330
5
th
3s 3s
Ip
P 1522522163531 dsp
En
triffid Trigonal
man
107
16
SFG 6Bopés
125s
1522522176 35 3p 3d
D OH
3s
5 p
Square planar
f
IF
5790
handoff
if
I F
F
sick SIHY
7109.5 420
H Hi
g Bent V shaped
CI
H
Trigonal pyramidal.cl
Tetrahedral 7,90C PCs
120 P
H Alc 3 Trigonalbipyrami
dat
At C CI f
city F SFG
It
14200 e f
5 790 Octahedra
Trigonal
Trigonalplanar planar FV TF
F
502 5 0 503
7120
O
Egnal planar
Bent
Atomic Radius Distance from Nucleus to onas
C H
o Bond strength
C F
down the group
1 d A RI
10 Bond length
C CI
BE α down the group
A R on onset
Nuclearpull
v as well
bond paire
B Br
r'equered to break a
1m01 of covalent bond
CHY
bondpair of
Bond Polarity unequal distribution of
bonded atoms
és among covalently
8 E N
Non polar same St
size of an
molecule Nuclearpull H Cl atom
Ipt Mpt
Ipt Ipt Not polar
a
bond
attract a shared
Electronegativity energy required to
one element in a covalent
pair off by
bond
and Finals
0 3.5
j.fi f 25f0st9Ptg
0.4 C F
C 2.5 41085 1715g
2.1 St
H 5 C C
1 29 E Nkdown
shelino
shielding effett the group
Nuclear pull on Bond 3714
polarity C Br
omsés
decrease
Shape of the molecule further affects the polarity of a
molecule
O 3.5
0.4
I i
H 0.4
a.fi
fiiif0 polar
Non polar polar
a
I
p a
1 Terrans
Éf Trigonal
planar
INTER MOLECULAR FORCES Bw molecules
Both inter
IONIC COMPOUNDS Ionic bond
intra electrostatic force of
lattices attraction b w
oppositely
Giant Ionic within
molecule
Nacl mycle charged ions
Kd
metallic compounds inter metallic bond
attraction
electrostatic force of
intra metal
metallic lattice b w tvelycharged
Giant
cation a sea offree
delocalised é
molecules
covalent
giant
simple Macromolecular
molecular Diamond
CO2
Graphite
sand
IZI
Buckyballs
sioz
Iz Quartz
fullerens
ICI 4100
260
H2O
58
Py
Intermolecular forces
permanent Hydrogen bonding
Dipole forces
Induced dipoleforces vwf
Ion dipole forces
8
St a
9 I a
Non polar
Dipole Dipole Induced dipole force
with increase in
ofés the induce
dipole
forces
DEED o
forces
strength increasepolarization
Temporary Induced
Dipole dipole
St xx
C F 2 2 Strong
nuclearpull
C Cl 2 3 c I I
4
C Br 2 11
5 Nuclearpull
C It 2 weak
shell no
sizeof
I atom
forces vwf
Induce dipole forces arwaal
Temporary dipole
forces
London dispersion
are found
these forces molecules 02 O
non polar
among Temporary
CHY dipole
02 He Cattle induce
Ne s
2 induce
AV 3h8
Kr
xe
cultio
j g
vwf
BV2 Fz induce dipole forces St
flexible withincrease in no_of E
the strengin of vwf
rigid
Iz
02 of
F2 012 Brz Iz
Gas liquid solid
Gas
vwf
BE C F Dipole polareffect move Nudeaupull Bondstrength
Bond lenginsmal
c Dipole moment large strong
down c
me Br
C
90M
Ix polar effect weak
Nuclearpull
weak
Bondstrengint
decrease Bond length large
Dipole moment small
additional
forces
set of
vwf permanent permanent
psyppolefores Dipoles
ftp.poleforce
pCto
ge Nonpolar H 11
it out
Methanoicand
group vPforEacid
ethragjicaa.de
Fingeta propanoic
bondblwc
a Gold
it Fatyard
o
H Not soluble
15 in water
polar
Non
Forces
single s
planar É it 30
Becomes Non polar element
E N
0
because of its o
symmetry
Not.PE2o
Jeff H
EP 1st polar
HFB j Nonpolar
angular
Trigorgramidal Plaspe
shape
3D
Hydrogen Bonding
It must be covalently bondedto
F O N E N element
St S Hydrogen
It iii St 8
H
I I bonding
H
I EE
d
permanent H
forces
dipole polarforcesvwf
non
11 FI pt fs tonseptorrores
alongwithhydrogen
H't bonding
100 C
if
Liquid
8,1 1 extensive
Bonding
H
p O.si
H Bonding permanent
Dipole forces flies Induced dipole
forces
strength
LE FORCES solutions
F salt water
salt I In Ionic bond
Nacl 20
iq fifo1e iast
Nacl
a'i tis ian
ftp iq iii Nat et
not
High 1991 Iaq
iiii.toI O1
s dH Htf
iii
the.io iii t
on
Ast jiiii
HYff.fi 1H H20 Not soluble
P
organiccompound
Nop
0199M
H2o soluble
cg permanent dipole
Po forces
Dipoles
H 11 H2O yes soluble
H Bonding
H
Methanol
H 4g H2o H9aq dipole dipole
fories
Ionic compounds
soluble into
a off
A1203 sici Bels sack
Nacl mycle Alcis
Sol Sol covalent
bond IMITI
covalent
TactwithHo
Alc 3 H2O Al 3cT
3H11
AIC 3 H2O A1H
I All
inorganic AI 12 3
2NA0H
Nazo H2O 720
Mgo
H2O Mg 0H12
H2O AILOH
A 203
5102 4HCI HCl
silly 2H20
sand
PC 3 H2O H3PO3 HCI
Show HBending b w molecules and label it
CH30H H2O
Important
3 molecules 1
9ft CH
key
y gg
partialcharges Hydrogen
lone pair 11 1st bonding
CH3COOH H2O
11ˢᵗ
_it ie
oct
CH3pyo
etipoi ICH
27CH3COOH Dimers
often
I tt o
sp
94 IEEE 120
1 10405
Sp 109.5
