cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

1
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

kx‡U Kx Kx Av‡Q?
 Kgb D‡cv‡hvMx mv‡Rkb|
 cÖwZwU UªwcK Gi mswÿß cwiPq|
 2016 †_‡K 2024 ch©šÍ MCQ
 ‡`k †miv mKj K‡j‡Ri MCQ
 wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cwiÿvi MCQ
 Á¨vbg~jK cÖkœ + DËi|
 AbyavebgyjK cÖkœ + DËi|
 2016 †_‡K 2024 ch©šÍ m„Rbkxj + DËi

ও
ও ?
, , , ওএ - ও
।
ও " ," " ," এ " " ।
?
( ) , । ।
?
এ । : , ।
?
। : , ।
?
, , , , , ও ।
?
এ - । : , , ।\

?
(VR) , ।
, ।

১৯৬২ " " ।

।

 ।
 ।
 ।
 ।
 (immersive) ।

 (HMD) – ।
 (Data Glove) – ।
 (Body Suit) – ।

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 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

1. (Effector) – : HMD, , ।
2. (Reality Simulator) – ।
3. (Application) – Vizard, VRToolKit, Maya ।
4. (Geometry) – ঠ ।

1. (Telepresence) – ।
2. (Cyberspace) – ।

1. – 3D , , ।
2. – , ।
3. – VR ।
4. – , ।
5. – , ।
6. – ।
7. – ।
8. – ।

, । , , ,
, ।

(AI) ?
(Artificial Intelligence - AI) ।
, - , ।

(Alan Turing) । ১৯৫০ " " ,

।

, :




 ( )


AI :

1. (Learning) – ।
2. (Reasoning) – ।
3. (Perception) – ।

 – AI ।

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 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

 - (Self-driving car) – ।
 (Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant) – ।

AI , :

 – ।
 – ।
 – ।
 (NLP) – ।

AI :

1. (Weak AI) – , :
o (Siri, Alexa)
o (Bot)
2. (Strong AI) – , :
o -
o AI

। ।

?
, , । ,
।

, ।
।
" "।

1. (Processor) – , ।
2. (Power System) – , ,
।
3. (Electric Circuit) – ।
4. (Actuator) – - ।
5. (Sensor) – ।
6. (Movable Body) – ।
7. (Manipulator) – , ।

✅ ।
✅ ।
✅ ।
✅ ঠ ।

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 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

✅ ।
✅ ।

1. – , , ঠ , ।
2. – , , ।
3. – ।
4. – ।
5. – ।

। ঠ ,
।

:
?
ঠ ।
ঠ ।

?
, । :




 - -


?
, ঠ ।

✅ :
, ।
, ঠ ।

✅ :

 MRI ।
 ঠ ।
 (-৪১ -১৯৬°C ) ।
 , ।

 MRI : ।
 : ।
 : ।
 : ।

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 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

✅ : , , ।
✅ : , , , , ।
✅ ধ : ।

ধ ধ

✅ ধ
✔✅ ।
✔✅ - , ।
✔✅ ।
✔✅ ।
✔✅ ।

✅ ধ
✅ ঠ , ।
✅ ।
✅ ঠ ।

, ঠ ।
, ঠ ।

?
– “bio” ( ) “metric” ( )।
( ) ।

ঠ ।

। :

১. (Physiological) :

 (Finger Print): ।
 (Hand Geometry): ঠ ।
 (Face): ।
 (Iris): ঠ ।
 (DNA): ।

২. (Behavioral) :

 (Voice): ।
 (Signature): ।
 (Typing Keystroke): ।

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 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

1. ।
2. ।
3. ।
4. , ঠ ।

ধ
১. :

 : ।
 : ঠ ।
 : ।
 : ঠ ।
 : ।

২. :

 : ।
 : ।
 : , ।

। ।
।

1. ।
2. ।
3. ।
4. ।

 ।
 ।
 ।
 ।

 ।
 ।

 ।
 ।
 ।

ঠ । , ,
।

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 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

 ।
 ।

 ।
 ।

 ।
 ।
 ।

। ,
।

?
, ( )
। , ।

, ঠ ।
। (DNA) (Genetic)
, ।

✔ – ।
✔ – ।
✔ – ঠ ।

ধ :

✅ ।
✅ ।
✅ ।

✅ (DNA) – ।
✅ (Gene) – ।
✅ (Amino Acid) – ঠ ।

(Donald Knuth) ।

✅ ।
✅ ।
✅ ।

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 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

?
(DNA)
। ।

✔ : ।
✔ : , ।
✔ : ।
✔ DNA: ঠ ।
✔ : DNA- , ।
✔ : , ঠ ।

✅ :
➡✅ , ,
।

- :

✔ (Genetic Modification)
✔ (Genetic Manipulation)
✔ DNA (Recombinant DNA)

- :

✅Paul Berg (১৯৭২ DNA )।

✅RDNA (Recombinant DNA): DNA ।

✅GMO (Genetically Modified Organism): RDNA ।

DNA ধ :

✅DNA
✅ DNA
✅ DNA
✅ DNA
✅ DNA
✅

✅ :
E. Coli DNA- ।
।

ধ:

✅ : , , ।
✅ ধ : ।
✅ : ।

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 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

✅ ।
✅ ।
✅ ।
✅ ।

✅ : , , , , , ।
✅ : , , ( , ) ।
✅ :





✅ :
, ।
।

?
১ ১০০ ।
।

:
১৯৫৯ "There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom"
। ।

?
(Nano) " "। , ১ = ১০০ ।
,১ = ১০^-৯ ।

:
১. (Bottom-up): ।
২. (Top-down): - ।

 : - , ।
 : ।
 : , ।
 : , ।
 : ।
 : ।
 ধ: ।

ধ:
১. , , ।
২. " " ।
৩. ।
৪. , ।
৫. ।

ধ:
১. ।
২. ।
৩. - ।
৪. , ।

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 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

, ,
।

UwcK AvKv‡i weMZ eQ‡ii eûwbe©Pwb cÖ‡kœvËi

wek¦MÖv‡gi aviYv K GKÑgvwÎK L wØÑgvwÎK
1. wek^MÖ‡gi aviYvwUi cÖe³v †K? [Xv.‡ev,Kz.‡ev Ô16] M wÎÑgvwÎK N PZzg©vwÎK
K †Wwg‡qb eªfwiK L gvk©vj g¨vKjynvb 15. ‡UwjcÖ‡R‡Ýi cÖ‡qvM‡ÿÎ †KvbwU? [Xv.‡ev.,wm.‡ev.,g.‡ev.Ô23]
M Rb g¨vKvw_© N A¨v‡÷wbb AviwPDW K µ‡qvmvRv©wi L VR
2. wek^Mªv‡gi Kvi‡YÑ [wm.‡ev Ô16] M ev‡qvBbdv‡gwUKm N ‡iv‡evwU·
K ev¯Íe mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM n«vm cvq
16. fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU‡Z e¨en„Z HMD †KvbwU‡K wb‡`©k K‡i?
L mnbkxjZv n«vm cvq
M cvi¯úwiK †hvMv‡hvM n«vm cvq [e.‡ev.Ô23]
N mnvbyf‚wZ I mngwg©Zv n«vm cvq K we‡kl Pkgv L n¨vÛ Møvfm
3. ‡Kvb Dcv`vbwU Global village Gi †ÿ‡Î me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©? M ewW my¨U N wi‡qwjwU BwÄb
[h. †ev.Ô17] AvwU©wdwkqvj B‡›Uwj‡RÝ
K B›Uvi‡bU L msev`cÎ 17. gvby‡li wPšÍv fvebv‡K h‡š¿i gv‡a¨‡g cÖKvk Kivi cÖhyw³ †KvbwU?
M ‡Uwjwfkb N ‡gvevBj [wm.‡ev.Ô19]
4. wek^MÖvg aviYvi mv‡_ †Kvb welqwU we‡klfv‡e m¤ú„³? [Xv.‡ev.Ô16] K ev‡qv‡gwUª· L ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·
K MÖv‡gi mv‡_ kn‡ii mnR ‡hvMv‡hvM M K…wÎg eyw×gËv N fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU
L B›Uvi‡bU myweavi e¨vcK cÖmvi 18. K…wÎg eyw×gËvq cÖavbZ e¨eüZ nq †KvbwU? [w`.‡ev.Ô17]
K PYTHON L HTML
M wek¦e¨vcx MÖvg‡K bM‡i cwieZ©b
M COBOL N PROLOG
N wkÿvi Aeva my‡hvM myweavi we¯Ívi 19. K…wÎg eyw×gËv cÖavbZ ‡Kv_vq e¨eüZ nq? [e.‡ev.Õ16]
5. jvBf K¬v‡m mivmwi wkÿv_x‡`i cvV`vb Kiv hvq †KvbwUi gv‡a¨‡g? K ev‡qv‡gwUª· L ev‡qvBb‡UKdi‡gwUKm
[iv.‡ev.Ô23] M ‡iv‡evwU· N b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR
K Webex L Google ‡ivewU·
M Facebook N Yahoo 20. ‡ivewU· Kx? [Kz.‡ev.Õ23]
6. B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi K‡i Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM‡K Kx ejv nq? K ‡eveU weÁvb L ‡ive‡Ui wµqvbxwZ
[P.‡ev.Ô17] M wk‡í e¨eüZ †iveU N ‡iveU •Zwi‡Z e¨eüZ fvlv
K BÑKgvm© L AvDU‡mvwm©s 21. ‡iveU MV‡b KqwU wbw`©÷ we‡klZ¡ i‡q‡Q? [w`.‡ev.Õ23]
M BÑweR‡bm N BÑMf‡b©Ý K2 L3
7. ‡KvbwU AvDU‡mvwms-Gi gv‡K©U †cøm? [Kz.‡ev.Ô17] M4 N5
K UzBUvi L gvB‡¯úm 22. Kv‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡b †iveU‡K KZ wWwMÖ ‡KvY ch©šÍ Nyiv‡bv hvq?
M I‡W· N wWM [iv.‡ev.Õ19]
8. AvDU‡mvwm©s Kx? [Xv.‡ev.Ô16] K 90 0
L 180 0

K wbw`©ó kÖg N›Uvq KvR Kiv

M 270 0
N 360 0

L B›Uvi‡bUwfwËK KvR
M we‡kl eªvDwRs myweav 23. gvby‡li `ytmva¨ Kv‡Ri cÖhyw³ †KvbwU? [X. †ev. Õ17]
N wek^e¨vwc †bUIqvK© e¨e¯’v K ‡ivewU· L fvP©zqvj wi‡qwjwU
9. B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gv‡a¨‡g e¨emv cwiPvjbv Kiv‡K Kx e‡j? M b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR N K…wÎg eyw×gËv
[h.‡ev.Ô17] 24. ‡Kvb c×wZ‡Z Actuator e¨eüZ nq? [P.‡ev.Õ17]
K BчgBj L BÑKgvm© K ‡R‡bwUK &BwÄwbqvwis L b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR
M BчUªW N BÑMf‡b©Ý M ‡ivewU· N ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUKm
10. Kw¤úDUvi mswkøó hš¿cvwZ‡K mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi 25. ‡KvbwU †ive‡Ui e¨envi? [iv.‡ev.Õ16]
†KvbwU cÖ‡qvRb?: [e.‡ev.Ô19] K RwUj mvR©vix wPwKrmvq
K nvW©Iq¨vi L mdUIq¨vi L e¨vw³i ¯^vÿi kbv³Ki‡Y
M B›Uvi‡bU N gvby‡li Ávb M bZzb Rv‡Zi exR Drcv`‡b
fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU N ‡Uwbm e‡ji AvK…wZ •Zwi‡Z
11. Kw¤úDUvi wmgy‡jkb cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿÎ †KvbwU? [P.‡ev.Ô17] µv‡qvmvR©vwi
K µv‡qvmvR©vwi L fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU 26. kxZj ZvcgvÎvq A¯^vfvwfK †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨ aŸsm Kivi wPwKrmv
M B›Uvi‡bU N w©fwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs c×wZ‡K Kx e‡j? [Kz.‡ev.Õ23]
12. ‡KvbwU fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU‡Z e¨eüZ nq? [w`.‡ev.Ô17 h.‡ev.Ô16] K µv‡qve‡jkb L µ‡qvcÖe
K wÎgvwÎK wmgy‡jkb L wØgvwÎK wmgy‡jkb M µv‡qvmvRv©wi N µv‡qv‡RwbK
M n¨vÛ wRI‡gwUª N ev‡qvjwRK¨vj †WUv 27. µv‡qvmvRv©wi‡Z e¨en„Z cÖavb Dcv`vbÑ [h.‡ev.Õ19,Xv.‡ev.Õ16]
13. fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU‡Z Kx ai‡Yi B‡gR ‣Zwi nq? [iv.‡ev.Ô16] K Aw·‡Rb L bvB‡Uªv‡Rb
K GKÑgvwÎK L w`¦ÑgvwÎK M nvB‡Wªv‡Rb N wg‡_b
M wÎÑgvwÎK N PZzgv©wÎK 28. µv‡qvmvR©vwi‡Z wPwKrmv c×wZ‡Z wb‡¤œi ‡KvbwU e¨eüZ nq?
14. mvavibfv‡e fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi cwi‡ek n‡jvÑ [Kz.‡ev.16] [h.‡ev.Õ23]

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 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

K Kªv‡qv‡RwbKG‡R›U L A‡¯¿vcPvi M ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUKm N ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis

M ‡iwWI ‡_ivwc N †Kv‡gv‡_ivwc 43. Rxe msµvšÍ Z_¨ e¨e¯’vcbvi Kv‡R Kw¤úDUvi cªhyw&³i cÖ‡qvM n‡jvÑ
29. ‡Kvb ZvcgvÎvq †Kv‡l Aw·‡Rb mieivn eÜ n‡q hvq? [P.‡ev.Õ19]
[Xv.‡ev.Õ23] K ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· L ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
0 0
K -41 C ‡_‡K -196 C M µv‡qvmvR©vwi N ev‡hv‡gwU·
L -310C ‡_‡K -1860C 44. wewfbœ RwUj †iv‡Mi KviY Avwe®‹vi †Kvb cÖhyw³ KvR Ki‡Q?
M -210C ‡_‡K-1760C [Xv.‡ev.Õ19]
N-00C ‡_‡K -1000C K ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· L b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR
30. µv‡qvmvR©vwi wPwKrmv c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ nqÑ [Kz.‡ev.Õ19] M ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis N µv‡qvmvR©vwi
K AvM©b L Kve©b g‡bvA·vBW ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
M KwVb bvB‡Uªv‡Rb N WvB wg_vbj B‡_b 45. ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis Gi RbK †K? [e.‡ev.Õ19]
31. µv‡qvmvRv©wi e¨en„Z nqÑ [h.‡ev.Õ16] K Jack williamson L E.coh
K cøvw÷K mvR©vwi‡Z L nv‡U©i evBcv‡m M Paul Berg N Stanley cohen
M ‡Pv‡Li †jÝ cÖwZ¯’vc‡b N wjfvi K¨vÝv‡i 46. D”P djbkxj km¨ Drcv`‡b †Kvb cÖhyw³ e¨eüZ nq?
ev‡qv‡gwUª· I ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· [P.‡ev.Õ17]
32. ‣ewkó¨ Abyhvqx Rxe‡K kbv³Ki‡Y cÖhyw³ †KvbwU? [Xv.‡ev.Õ23] K ev‡qv‡gwUª· L fvP©yqvj wi‡hwjwU
K b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR L ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis M b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR N ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
M ev‡qv‡gwU· N ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUKm 47. ‡KvbwU wWGbGÑ Gi bZzb wmKz‡qÝ •Zwii cÖhyw³? [wm.‡ev.Õ16]
33. ev‡qv‡gwUª‡· AvPiYMZ •ewkó¨Ñ [Kz.‡ev.Õ19] K b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR L ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
K Kx †÷ªvK L DNAMVb M ev‡qv‡gwUª· N ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUKm
M ‡iwUbv ¯‥¨vb N gyLgÛj kbv³KiY b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR
34. e¨w³‡K AwØZxqfv‡e kbv³ Kivi cÖhyw³ †KvbwU? 48. Uc WvDb c×wZ‡Z †Kvb wRwbm‡K wbw`©ó AvKv‡i †`Iqv nq| Gi
[iv.‡ev.Õ17,Kz.‡ev.,e.‡ev.Õ16] mv‡_ mswkøó cÖhyw³ †KvbwU? [P.‡ev.19]
K ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUKm L ev‡qv‡gwUª· K ev‡qv‡gwU· L ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·
M ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis N b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR
M b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR N ‡ivewU·
49. b¨v‡bv eySvq †KvbwU? [Xv.‡ev.Õ17]
35. wRb dvBwÛs M‡elbvq wK e¨eüZ nq? [Kz. †ev.Õ17] K 10 -6
L 10 -9

K ev‡qv‡gwUª· L ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUKm M 10 -12

N 10 -10

M ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis N b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR 50. GK b¨v‡bvwgUvi mgvb KZ wgUvi?

36. DNA ch©‡eÿ‡Y gvbe kix‡ii †Kvb Dcv`vb e¨envi Kiv nq? [h.‡ev.e.‡ev.Õ17,h.‡ev.Kz.‡ev.16]
[h.‡ev.Õ23] K 10 -6
L 10 -7

K gyLgÛj L KÚ¯^i M 10 -8
N 10 -9

M ‡iwUbv N i³ 51. b¨v‡bvcwU©‡K‡ji AvK…wZ KZ? [Xv.‡ev.Õ23]

37. K¨vcPvi,G·vUªvKkb, KgcvwiRb I g¨vwPs †Kvb cÖhyw³ †&ÿ‡Î K 1‡_‡K 100 nm L 1 ‡_‡K 200 nm
e¨eüZ nq? [wm.‡ev.h.‡ev.Õ23] M 1 ‡_‡K 300 nm N 1‡_‡K 400 nm
52. `k b¨v‡bvwgUvi = KZ wgUvi? [e.‡ev.Õ19]
K ‡ivewU· L ev‡qv‡gwUª· -11 -10
K 10 L 10
M K…wÎg eyw×gËv N ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
M 10-9 N 10-8
38. ‡gvevBj wmg µ‡q †Kvb cÖhyw³ MÖvnK‡K mnvqZv K‡i?
53. b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³ KqwU c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ nq? [X.‡ev.Õ23]
[h.‡ev.Õ16]
K 2wU L 3wU
K ev‡qv‡gwUª· L ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
M b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR N Kªv‡qvmvR©vwi M 4wU N 5wU
39. ‡KvbwU ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUK‡mi Dcv`vb bq? [P.‡ev.Õ23] 54. Top down c×wZ e¨eüZ †KvbwU‡Z [h.‡ev.Õ23;P.‡ev.Õ19]
K imvqb L ‡WUv‡em K ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis L ev‡qv‡gwUª·
M ‡cÖvMÖvg N MwYZ I cwimsL¨vb M ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUKm N b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR
40. ‡cÖvwU‡bi wmKz‡qÝ •Zwii cÖhyw³ †KvbwU? [e.‡ev.Õ23] 55. gwjKzjvi K‡¤ú‡b›U †_‡K •Zwi Ae‡R±‡K Kx e‡j?
K ev‡qv‡gwUª· L ev‡hvBbdi‡gwUKm [w`.‡ev.Õ19]
K ev‡qv‡gwUª· L ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
M b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR N ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
41. ‡KvbwU ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUK‡mi •ewkó¨? [iv.‡ev.Õ16] M b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR N ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·
K ¯^í‡WUv msiÿY L ‣RweK †WUvi mgvnvi 56. AvYweK ch©v‡q avZe c`v_©‡K cwieZ©b I wbqš¿‡Yi cÖhyw³ †KvbwU?
[mKj †evW© Õ18]
M b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwRi e¨envi
K ‡ivewU· L b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR
N cÖhyw³ wbf©i wbivcËv
M ev‡qv‡gwUª· N ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
42. wb‡Pi †KvbwU‡Z RxeweÁv‡bi mv‡_ †WUv‡eR, A¨vjMwi`g,
cwimsL¨vb BZ¨vw` wel‡qi mgš^q n‡q‡Q? [wm.‡ev.Õ 16] 57. b¨v‡bv Ae‡R± •Zwi Kiv nh †Kv_v †_‡K? [h.‡ev.Õ16]
K gwjKzjvi K‡¤ú‡b›U †_‡K
K ev‡qv‡gwUª· L ‡ivewU·
L jvR©vi Gw›UwU n‡Z

12
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

M mvBwbs-Gi gv‡a¨‡g N ‡cÖvMÖvwgs Øviv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

58. mvbw¯Œb I g‡qðviRvi •Zwi‡Z e¨eüZ cÖhyw³ †KvbwU? K i I ii L i I iii
[e.‡ev.Õ23] M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUKm L Kªv‡qvmvR©vwi 69. AvPiYMZ •ewk‡ó¨i ev‡qv‡gwUª· n‡”QÑ [w`.‡ev.Õ23]
M ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis N b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR i. nv‡Zi Kiv ¯^vÿi hvPvBKiY
59. Lv`¨RvZ `ª‡e¨i gvb mwVK ivLvi Rb¨ c¨v‡K‡Ui wfZi cÖ‡jc Kivi ii. DNA ch©‡eÿY
cÖhyw³ Kx? [wm.‡ev.Õ17] iii. KÚ¯^i hvPvBKiY
K ‡ivewU· L ev‡qv‡gwUª· wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUKm N b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR K i I ii L i I iii
60. Lv`¨RvZ `ª‡e¨i c¨v‡KwRs I cÖ‡jc •Zwi‡Z e¨eüZ cÖhyw³Ñ M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
[wm.‡ev.Õ16] 70. ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUKm e¨eüZ nhÑ [Xv.‡ev.Õ23]
K ev‡qv‡gwUª· L ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis i. wWGbG g¨vwcs ii. wRb dvBwÛs
M ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUKm N b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR iii. ‡gwkb jvwb©s
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii •bwZKZv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
61. Kw¤úDUvi Bw_Km Gi wb‡`©kbv KqwU? [wm.‡ev.Õ19; Kz.‡ev.Õ17] K i I ii L i I iii
K8 L 10 M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M 12 N 14 71. ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU‡·i e¨env‡ii †ÿθ‡jv n‡jvÑ [Xv.‡ev.Õ19]
62. ‡bUwfwËK A‡b¨i Z_¨‡K wb‡Ri bv‡g Pvwj‡q †`qv‡K Kx e‡j? i. ‣Re cÖhyw³ ii. RxevYy A¯¿ •Zwi
[w`.‡ev.Õ19] iii. gnvKvk M‡elYv
K n¨vwKs L wdwms wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M w¯œwKs N ‡cøwRqvwiRg K i I ii L i I iii
63. AbygwZ e¨ZxZ †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K© cÖ‡ek K‡i Kw¤úDUvi M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
e¨envi Kiv‡K Kx e‡j? [P.‡ev.Õ16] 72. ‡Uwj‡gwWwmb †mevi Rb¨ Avek¨KÑ [iv.‡ev.Õ19]
K mdUIq¨vi cvB‡imx L b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR i. we‡klÁ wPwKrmK ii. ‡ivM wbY©q †K›`ª
M ‡cøwRqvwiRg N n¨vwKs iii. we‡kgvwqZ †bUIqvK©
64. n¨vKvi ejv nq Kv‡`i‡K? [wm.‡ev.Õ16] wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K hviv cY¨ evRviRvZ K‡i K i I ii L i I iii
L hviv msev`cÎ evRviRvZ K‡i M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M hviv B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gv‡a¨‡g Kw¤úDUvi A‣eafv‡e cÖ‡ek K‡i 73. µv‡qvmvR©vwi‡Z e¨en„Z nqÑ [iv.‡ev.Õ19]
N hviv B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi K‡i i. Zij nvB‡Wªv‡Rb ii. AvM©b M¨vm
eûc`x mgvwßm~PK eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi iii. wnwjqvg M¨vm
65. A1 Gi †ÿθ‡jv n‡jvÑ [P.‡ev.Õ23] wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i. ‡gwkb jvwb©s ii. ‡ivewUKm K i I ii L i I iii
iii. IqvW© cÖ‡mwms M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 74. fP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi cÖfve i‡q‡QÑ [h.‡ev.Õ19]
K i I ii L i I iii i. mvgwiK †ÿ‡Î ii. cÖwkÿ‡Y
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii iii. wkÿv †ÿ‡Î
66. K…wÎg eyw×gËvi cÖ‡qvM‡ÿÎ n‡jvÑ [e.‡ev.Õ23] wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i. K…wl ii. B-Kgvm© K i I ii L i I iii
iii. hyׇÿÎ M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 75. K…wÎg eyw×gËvi e¨envwiK †ÿÎmgynÑ [P.‡ev.Õ19]
K i I ii L i I iii i. G·cvU© wm‡÷g ii. dvwR jwRK
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii iii. jvwb©s wm‡÷g
67. K…wÎg eyw×gËv cÖ‡qv‡Mi ‡ÿ‡Î †h mKj †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv e¨envi Kiv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
nq Zv n‡jvÑ [w`.‡ev.Õ23] K i I ii L i I iii
i. MATLAB ii. SIIRDLU M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
iii. CSS 76. AvPiYMZ ‣ewk‡ó¨i ev‡qv‡gwUª· n‡”QÑ [wm.‡ev.Õ19]
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. ‡dBm wi‡KvMwbkb ii. f‡qm wi‡KvMvbkb
K i I ii L i I iii iii. UªvBwcs Kx †÷ªvK
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
68. e½eÜz m¨v‡UjvBU-1 Gi myweav †fvM Ki‡e Kviv? [P.‡ev.Õ23] K i I ii L i I iii
i. cÖwZiÿv evwnbx M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
ii. AbjvBb e¨vswKs 77. ev‡qv‡gwUª· cÖhyw³ e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡iÑ [mKj †evW© 2018]
iii. ‡Uwj‡gwWwmb i. RvZxq cwiPqc‡Î ii. cvm‡cv‡U©

13
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

iii. Rb¥ wbe܇b M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 86. wek^MÖvg ej‡Z †evSvqÑ [e.‡ev.Õ16]
K i I ii L i I iii i. wi‡qj UvBg †mev wewbgq
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii ii. Z_¨ I we‡bv`b mnRjf¨Zv
78. b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR w`‡q ‣ZwiK…Z hš¿ n‡Z cv‡iÑ [X.‡ev.Õ17] iii. we‡k^i MÖvgmgy‡ni AvšÍtm¤úK©
i. Kw¤úDUvi ii. µv‡qv‡cÖve wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. ‡iveU K i I ii L i I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K i I ii L i I iii Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii  wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 87 I 88 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
79. ‡iveU e¨en„Z nqÑ [iv.‡ev.Õ17] ivBqvbv GgweweGm cvm K‡i ‡gwW‡Kj wek^we`¨vj‡q D”PZi wWwMÖi
i. evmvevwo‡Z M„n¯’vwj Kv‡R Rb¨ fwZ© nq| ‡mLv‡b ‡m K…wÎg cwi‡e‡k †Kv‡bv †ivMx QvovB
ii. cwiKíbv cÖYq‡b mvR©vwi cÖwkÿY MÖnY K‡i| [iv.‡ev.Õ23]
iii. Lwbi Af¨šÍixY Kv‡R 87. ivBqvbvi cÖwkÿY MÖn‡Yi c×wZwU n‡jvÑ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K ev‡qv‡gwUªK L fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU
K i I ii L i I iii M b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR N ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUª·
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 88. D³ c×wZ ev¯Íevq‡b cÖ‡qvRbÑ
80. wek^MÖvg cÖwZôvi cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb n‡jvÑ [e.‡ev.Õ17] i. Kw¤úDUvi wmgy‡jkb ii. wÎ-gvwÎK B‡gR
i. Kv‡bKwUwfwU ii. ‡WUv iii. A¨vKzPz‡qUi
iii. mÿgZv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I ii L i I iii
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 89 I 90 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
81. µv‡qvmvRv©wi‡Z e¨eüZ hš¿cvwZ n‡jvÑ [e.‡ev.Õ17] Avwikvi evev M„n¯’vwji Kv‡R mnvqZv Ki‡Z mÿg GKwU h¯¿ •Zwi
i. µv‡qv‡cÖve ii. ‡¯úª wWfvBm
K‡ib| Avwikv †`Lj h¯¿wU M„nKgx©i g‡Zv Ni cwi®‥vi, ivbœvmn bvbv
iii. A¨vKPz‡qUi
ai‡bi Kv‡R mnvhZv K‡i| [h.‡ev.Õ23]
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii 89. DÏxc‡Ki hš¿wU wbqš¿Y gv‡a¨g †KvbwU?
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K cvIqvi wm‡÷g L ‣e`y¨wZK †gvUi
82. Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ eZ©gv‡bÑ [iv.‡ev.Õ16] M cÖ‡mmi N B‡jKwUªK mvwK©U
i. N‡i e‡mB KvR cvIqv hvq 90. ‡Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î hš¿wUi e¨envi i‡q‡QÑ
ii. B›Uvi‡bU myweav †bIqv hvq i. mvgwiK †ÿ‡Î ii. wPwKrmvi Kv‡R
iii. wewfbœ I‡qe myweav †bIqv hvq iii. g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii K i I ii L i I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
83. †ivewU·-Gi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨Ñ [h.‡ev.Õ16]
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 91 I 92bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
i. nvW©Iq¨vi ii. AvwU©wdwmqvj B‡›Uwj‡RÝ Kw¤úDUvi weÁv‡bi wkÿv_x Kvgvj GKwU hš¿ •Zwi K‡i| †hwU DPyu
iii. bZzb M‡elYv cwiPvjbv wbPz ¯’v‡b Pjv‡div Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges wfwWI aviY K‡i Ab¨‡`i wbKU
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? cvVv‡Z cv‡i| [Kz.‡ev.Õ23]
K i I ii L i I iii 91. Kvgvj hš¿wU‡K †Kvb cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i •Zwi K‡i?
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K ev‡qv‡gwUª· L b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR
84. ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis‡qi gv‡a¨‡gÑ [Kz.‡ev.,e.‡ev.Õ16] M ‡ivewU· N ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUKm
i. Rxe‡bi bZzb wR‡bvg Avwe®‥vi Kiv hvq 92. Kvgv‡ji hš¿wU e¨envi Kiv hvqÑ
ii. evwYwR¨Kfv‡e Bbmywjb •Zwi Kiv hvh i. wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î ii. M„ne¨e¯’vcbvq
iii. Lye mn‡R e¨vw³ kbv³ Kiv hvq iii. wkí KviLvbvq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii K i I ii L i I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
85. µv‡qvmvR©vwi‡ZÑ [P.‡ev.Õ16]  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 93 I 94 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: cÖZvc
i. wUDgvi wUmy¨i ZvcgvÎv n«vm-e„w× Kvi nq GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi GKwU K‡ÿ Av½y‡ji Qvc w`‡q cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges
ii. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb I Ab¨vb¨ µv‡qvRwbK G‡R›U e¨venvi Kiv nq †mLv‡b Kvi WªvBwfs cÖwkÿY †bq| [iv.‡ev.Õ23]
iii. AZ¨waK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq 93. DwÏc‡Ki K‡ÿ cÖ‡ek e¨eüZ cÖhyw³ †KvbwU?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K †ivewU· L ev‡qvg¨vwUªK
K i I ii L i I iii

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 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

M ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUKm N fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU 101. cÖZ¨bÍ A‡j wPwKrmv †`qvi cÖwµqvwU n‡”QÑ
94. cÖZv‡ci cÖwkÿ‡Y e¨en„Z cÖhyw³ f‚wgKv iv‡LÑ i. wfwWI Kbdv‡iÝ ii. ‡Uwj‡gwWwmb
i. wkÿv I M‡elYvq ii. wbivcËvq iii. B-‡gBj
iii.e¨emv-evwYR¨ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I ii L i I iii
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 102. eÜzi wPwKrmvq e¨eüZ c×wZi cÖfv‡eÑ
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 95 I 96 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: i. cvð©-cÖwZwµqv Kg n‡e
wg: 'X' Zzjvi DbœZ RvZ D™¢ve‡b M‡elYv K‡ib| wZwb Liv mwnòz, ii. ‡ivMxi e¨v_v Kg n‡e
AwaK djbkxj I AvMvg Rv‡Zi Zzjv D™¢ve‡b mvdj¨ jvf K‡ib| iii. my¯’ n‡Z mgq jvM‡e [e.‡ev.Õ23]
95. wgt X M‡elYvq †Kvb cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡ib? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUKm L ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis K i I ii L i I iii
M b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR N ev‡qv‡gwUª· M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
96. wgt 'X' Gi e¨eüZ cÖhyw³i cÖfv‡eÑ  DÏxcKwU co Ges 103 I 104 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
i. ‡ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv n«vm cv‡e PuvcvBbeveMÄ †Rjvi GKRb K…lK Zvi Rwg‡Z cÖvq 200wU Avg MvQ
ii. Rxeb‣ewP‡Îv cwieZ©b mvab n‡e Pviv jvwM‡q‡Qb| Zvi Mv‡Q GeQi kxZKv‡j g„`yg›` evZv‡mi mv‡_
iii. RxeweaŸsmx fvBiv‡mi D™¢e n‡Z cv‡i cÖwZwU Mv‡QB eo eo Avg Syj‡Q †`‡L wZwb Lye Lykx n‡jb| wZwb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? N‡i e‡m B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi K‡i Avg wewµ K‡i Avw_©K fv‡e jvfevb
K i I ii L i I iii n‡jb| [Kz.‡ev.Õ19]
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 103. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Avg wewµi cÖwµqv wK‡mi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³?
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 97 I 98 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: K B-‡mev L B-Kgvm©
‡mwjg wgqv K…wl wek^we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_x©| †m GK ai‡b cÖhyw³ e¨envi M B-e¨vswKs N B-weR‡bm
K‡i Rwg‡Z D”P djbkxj nvBweªW Rv‡Zi dmj Drcv`b K‡i‡Qb| 104. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K K…lK †h ai‡bi myweav cv‡ebÑ
[w`.‡ev.Õ23] i. AwaK djb N‡i Zzj‡Z cvi‡e
97. ‡mwjg wgqv †Kvb cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i‡Qb? ii. wUmy¨ KvjPvi e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡e
K b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR L ev‡qv Bbdi‡gwU· iii. ‣ewk^K Dòvqb n«vm Ki‡Z cvi‡e
M ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis N ev‡qv‡gwUªK wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
98. DwÏc‡K †mwjg wgqvi e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wUi jÿ¨ n‡jvÑ
K i I ii L i I iii
i. dmj Drcv`b e„w× Kiv
ii. †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv n«vm Kiv M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
iii. AvMvQv mwnòz Kiv  DÏxcKwU co Ges 105 I 106 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wgt mvjvg D”P djbkxj avb Drcv`‡b wb‡q M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb| Zvi
K i I ii L i I iii Kcv‡j wUDgvi wPwKrmK –200C ZvcgvÎvi Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii e¨envi K‡i AcmviY K‡ib| [wm.‡ev.Õ19]
105. wPwKrmmvq e¨eüZ c×wZ n‡”QÑ
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 99 I 100 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
K Kªv‡qvmvR©vwi L ev‡qv‡gwUª·
wg. ÔKÕ døvBU wmgy‡jU‡ii mvnv‡h¨ wegvb Pvjbvi cÖwkÿY ‡bb|
cÖwkÿY †k‡l hvÎxevnx wegvb Pvjbvi mgq hvwš¿K ÎæwUi Kvi‡Y Zvi M ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· N ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
wegvbwU weaŸ¯Í nq Ges mKj hvÎxiv †`n m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Av¸‡b cy‡o 106. M‡elYvq e¨eüZ cÖhyw&³i ØvivÑ
hvq| [iv.‡ev. Õ19] i. evwYwR¨K fv‡e Bbmywjb •Zwi Kvi hvq
99. `yN©Ubvq wbnZ hvÎx‡`i kbv³Ki‡Yi Rb¨ e¨en„Z n‡Z cv‡iÑ ii. Rx‡ei bZyb wR‡bvg Avwe®‥vi Kiv hvq
K Finger print L Hand Geometry iii. A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb NU‡e
M Retina Scan N DNA Analysis wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
100. wg.ÔKÕ Gi cÖwkÿ‡Y e¨en„Z cÖhyw³wU e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡iÑ K i I ii L i I iii
i. wPwKrmvwe`¨vi wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K ürwc‡Ûi Kvh©KvwiZv eySv‡bvi ‡ÿ‡Î M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
ii. cÖ‡K․kj we`¨vi wkÿv_©x‡`i SzuwKc~Y© Kv‡Ri cÖwkÿY cÖ`v‡b  DÏxcKwU co Ges 107 I 108 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
iii.cywjk evwnbx‡K UªvwdK e¨e¯’vcbvi cÖwkÿ‡Yi ‡ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`k avb M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU M‡elYv K‡i DcK‚jxq A‡j
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? Pvl‡hvM¨ bZzb Rv‡Zi avb D™¢veb K‡i‡Q hvi d‡j DcK~jxq A‡j
K i I ii L i I iii av‡bi Drcv`b eûMy‡Y †e‡o †M‡Q| [e.‡ev.Õ19]
107. DÏxc‡Ki M‡elYvi mnvqK cÖhyw³ n‡jvÑ
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· L b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR
 DÏxcKwU co Ges 101 I 102 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
Wv.ivR kn‡i Ae¯’vb K‡iI cÖZ¨šÍ A‡j mivmwi wPwKrmv †mev w`‡q M ev‡qv‡gwUª· N ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
_v‡Kb| wZwb Zvi eÜzi AvwP‡ji Acv‡ik‡b wb¤œZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i 108. cÖwZôvbwUi mvdj¨ †`‡kÑ
wPwKrmv K‡ib Ges wZwb `ªæZ my¯’ n‡q evwo wd‡i hvb| i. A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb n‡e
[h.‡ev.19] ii. Rxe‣ewPΨ m„w÷i c_ myMg n‡e

15
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

iii. av‡bi †`kxq cÖRvwZ wejyß n‡e iii. B›Uvi‡bU cÖhyw³i

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii K i I ii L i I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
 DÏxcKwU co Ges 109 I 110 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:  wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 117 I 118 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
evey GK we‡kl e¨e¯’vcbvq N‡i e‡mB WªvBwfs cÖwkÿY wb‡”Q| Zvi ICT wkÿK wgRvb m¨vi Qv·`i wb‡q j¨v‡e †h‡Z ‡h‡Z j¨v‡ei
evev Ab¨ GKwU cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i DbœZ Rv‡Zi dzj Pvl K‡i‡Qb| `viRvi w`‡K ZvKv‡ZB `iRv Ly‡j †Mj| Zvici Qv·`i gv_vq
[w`.‡ev.Õ19] †nj‡gU cwi‡q Av‡jv wbwf‡q wb‡q †Mj mgy`ª •mK‡Z, †hLv‡b Zviv
109. eveyi e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wUÑ •mK‡Zi ev¯Íe ¯^v` †cj| [wm.‡ev.Õ17]
K fvPy©qvj wi‡qwjwU L B-jvwbs 117. wkÿK wgRvb †Kvb •ewk‡÷¨i cÖ‡qvM Øviv j¨v‡e cÖ‡ek Ki‡jb?
M B-Kgvm© N K…wÎg eyw×gËv
K Av½‡ji Qvc L gy‡Li Mob
110. evevi e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wUi mxgve×Zv n‡jvÑ
i. ‡`kxq cÖRvwZi wejywß ii. djb K‡g hvIqv M KÚ¯^i N ‡iwUbv
iii. bZzb †ivM m„wó n‡Z cv‡i 118. QvÎiv ev¯Íe ¯^v` cvIqvi mgq †`L‡Z ‡cjÑ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. w`¦-gvwÎK `„k¨ ii. wÎ-gvwÎK `„k¨
K i I ii L i I iii iii. K…wÎg RxešÍ `„k¨
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 111 I 112 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: K i I ii L i I iii
ÔKÕ wkÿv_©x K‡j‡R covïbv K‡i| Z‡_¨i Drm D‡jøL K‡i covïbv M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
cÖ‡qvR‡b Kw¤úDUvi Gevs B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mnvqZvq Uvg©‡ccvi •Zwi  DÏxcKwU c‡o 119 I 120 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
K‡i| wKš‘ ÔLÕ wkÿv_©x †Kv‡bv AbygwZ QvovB jvB‡eªwii Kw¤úDUvi ‡mvbvi evsjv bvgK cÖwZôvbwU `xN© 15 eQi hver M‡elYv K‡i GKwU
†_‡K dBj Kwc K‡i †bq| GgbwK B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K cÖvß Z‡_¨i bZyb Rv‡Zi av‡bi D™¢veb K‡i‡Q hv eb¨vi cvwb‡Z Wy‡e _vKvi ciI
†Kv‡bviƒc K…ZÁZv QvovB wb‡Ri bv‡g cÖKvk K‡i| [X.‡ev.Õ17] bó nq bv| eZ©gv‡b cÖwZôvbwU wb‡R‡`i Af¨všÍixY wbivcËv I Kg©x
111. DÏxc‡Ki ÔLÕ wkÿv_©xi Kg©Kv‡Û †KvbwU? e¨e¯’vcbvi AZ¨vaywbK cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i‡Q|
K ¯ú¨vwgs L n¨vwKs [Xv.‡ev.Õ16]
119. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖhyw³ n‡”QÑ
M w¯œwKs N ùzwds
i. ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis ii. ev‡qv‡gwUª·
112. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K ÒKÓ wkÿv_©xi Kg©KvÛÑ iii. ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUKm
i. KwcivBU AvBb gvbv ii. ‡Uj‡bU wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. Kw¤úDUvi Gw_Km K i I ii L i I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K i I ii L i I iii 120. DÏxc‡Ki cÖwZôvbwUi we`¨vgvb e¨e¯’vqÑ
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii i.bZzb M‡elbvi †ÿÎ ‣Zwi n‡e
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 113 I 114bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: ii. Rxe‣ewP‡Î¨ m„wói c_ myMg Ki‡e
BRRI KZ…©K D™¢vweZ wewfbœ D”Pdjbkxj avb Avwe®‥v‡ii d‡j iii. Z_¨ cÖhyw³i •bwZKZv wewNœZ n‡e
evsjv‡`k GLb Pvj ißvwbKviK †`k wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ jvf K‡i‡Q| wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
[iv.‡ev.Õ17] K i I ii L i I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
113. DÏxc‡K BRRI KZ…©K e¨eüZ cÖhyw³ †KvbwU?
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o Ges 121 I 122 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
K ev‡qv‡gwUª· L ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUKm
kyf mv‡ne Gi †QvU fvB bxj BDGb wgk‡b ‡M‡jb| GKw`b GKwU
M b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR N ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
114. DÏxc‡Ki Kg©Kv‡ÛÑ cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i ïf Zvi Amy¯’ gv Gi mv‡_ bx‡ji K_v ejvi
i. A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb n‡e e¨e¯’v Ki‡jb| Av‡iKw`b wZwb wØZxq Av‡iKwU cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i
ii. wPwKrmv‡ÿ‡Î weiƒc cÖfve co‡e bx‡ji mv‡_ gv‡qi K_v I †`Lvi e¨e¯’v K‡i w`‡jb| [iv.‡ev.Õ16]
iii. Rxe‣ewP‡Î¨i D™¢e n‡e 121. DÏxc‡K wek^MÖv‡gi †Kvb Dcv`v‡bi Bw½Z ‡`Iqv n‡q‡Q?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K wkÿv L ‡hvMv‡hvM
K i I ii L i I iii M wPwKrmv N Awdm
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 122. DÏxc‡Ki bx‡ji e¨eüZ cÖhyw³Ñ
 wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 115 I 116 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: i. wekl mdUIq¨viæ cÖ‡qvRb
mgMÖ c„w_ex GLb GKwU MÖv‡g cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| GLb wewfbœ †`‡ki ii. ‡Uwj‡gwWwmb †mev cvIqv hv‡e
gvbyl Lye mn‡RB GKRb Ab¨ R‡bi myL`yt‡L cvkvcvwk I cÖwZ‡ekxi iii. evm¯’vb wbivcËv wbwðZ Ki‡e
g‡Zv fve wewbgq Ki‡Q| [h.‡ev.Õ17] wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
115. DÏxc‡K †Kvb welq m¤ú‡K ejv n‡q‡Q? K i I ii L i I iii
K wek^MÖvg L fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR N ‡bUIqvK©  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o Ges 123 I 124 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
116. DÏxc‡K †h wel‡q ejv n‡q‡Q Zv n‡”Q wK‡mi Kj¨v‡YÑ Pvi eÜz wfbœ wfbœ ‡Kv¤úvwb‡Z Kg©KZ©v wn‡m‡e Kg©iZ| G‡`i
i. msev`c‡Îi ii. Z_¨ cÖhyw³i Awd‡mi cÖ‡ek c‡_ KvD‡K nv‡Zi AvOzj ev KvD‡K m¤ú~Y© nvZ

16
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

GKwU h‡š¿i Ici †i‡L Awd‡m XzK‡Z nq| KvD‡K GKwU K¨v‡givi iii. Drcv`‡bi cwigvY evov‡bv
mvg‡b K‡qK gyn~Z© ivL‡Z nq| G‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki `vwe n‡”Q, Awd‡mi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
Dcw¯’wZ I wbivcËv wbwðZKi‡Y ¯^-¯^ Awd‡m e¨eün c×wZ AwaK K i I ii L i I iii
Kvh©Ki| [P.‡ev.Õ16] M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
123. DÏxc‡K Awd‡mi cÖ‡ek c‡_ †Kvb cÖhyw³ e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q?  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 129 I 130 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
K fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU L ev‡qv‡gwUª· W. gywbi wkÿvbwek‡`i Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z cwi‡e‡ki gv‡a¨‡g
M ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUKm N b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR K…wÎgfv‡e ev¯Í‡ei AbyKi‡Y mvRv©wi cÖwkÿY ‡`b hv‡Z †Kv‡bviƒc
124. DÏxc‡K e¨eüZ cÖhyw³¸‡jv g‡a¨ wbf©yjfv‡e Kg©KZv©‡`i `vwe c~i‡Y SzuwK bv _v‡K| GKRb hK…Z K¨vÝv‡ii †ivMx Zvi Kv‡Q G‡j wZwb
†KvbwU me‡P‡q †ewk Kvh©Ki? Zv‡K Ñ120 C ZvcgvÎvi gva¨‡g wPwKrmv ‡`b|
0
[e.‡ev.Õ16]
K wdsMvi wcÖ›U L n¨vÛ wRI‡gwUª 129. cÖwkÿ‡Y e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wU n‡”QÑ
M AvBwik I †iwUbv ¯‥¨vb N ‡dBm wiKMwbkb K µv‡qvm&R©vwi L AwU©©wdwmqvj B‡›Uwj‡RÝ
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o Ges 125 I 126 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: M fvPy©qvj wi‡qwjwU N ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
wgRvb ey‡q‡U fwZ©i my‡hvM cvIqvi welqwU I K‡j‡Ri Qwe 3G 130. e¨eüZ wPwKrmv c×wZ‡ZÑ
cÖhyw³i gv‡a¨‡g AwZ `ªæZ Zvi eÜzÑevÜe I AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb‡K Rvbvq| i. wPwKrmv e¨q Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg
Zv‡`i †KD †KD wfwWI Kj K‡i A_ev †dmey‡K Zv‡K Awfb›`b ii. Acv‡ik‡bi aKj mn¨ Ki‡Z nq bv
Rvbvq| [wm.‡ev.Õ16] iii. Av‡kcv‡ki †Kv‡hi ÿwZ nq bv
125. wgRv‡bi LeiwU cvVv‡bvi e¨e¯’v †KvbwU? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K d¨v· L GgGgGm K i I ii L i I iii
MGmGgGm N ‡UwjMÖvd M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
126. DÏxc‡K e¨eüZ cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g †h mKj myweav cvIqv hv‡eÑ  wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 131 I 132 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
i. fvP©yqvj WªvBwfs ‡jvKgvb mv‡ne M‡elYv K‡i bvbvb cÖRvwZi dj I dzj djv‡bvi Rb¨
ii. AbjvBb e¨vswKs bZzb cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡ib; G‡Z wZwb AvKv‡i eo Ges AvKl©Yxq dj
iii. AvDU‡mvwm©s I dzj Drcv`b Ki‡Z mÿg n‡jb| [w`.‡ev.Õ16]
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 131. DÏxc‡Ki †jvKgvb mv‡n‡ei M‡elbvi mnvqK cÖhyw³ †KvbwU?
K i I ii L i I iii K ev‡qv‡gwUª· L b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis N ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUKm
 DÏxcKwU c‡o 127 I 128 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: 132. ‡jvKgvb mv‡n‡ei mvdj¨Ñ
W. wmivR GKRb K…wlweÁvbx| ‡m GLb GKwU D”Pdjbkxj †c‡c i. A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb NU‡e
D™¢veb Kij hvi cÖwZwUi IRb cÖvq 15 †KwR| [wm.‡ev.Õ16] ii. ‡`‡k cÖPzi dj I dzj Drcv`b n‡e
127. W. wmivR Gi e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wUi bvg Kx? iii. ‡`kxq cÖRvwZ wejycwßi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q
K ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUKm L ev‡qv‡gwUª· wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR N ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis K i I ii L i I iii
128. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K W. wmiv‡Ri jÿ¨ n‡jvÑ M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
i. cÖwZKzj cwi‡ek Drcv`b wbwðZ Kiv
ii. ‡ivM-cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv e„w× Kiv
†`‡ki †miv K‡jRmg~‡ni MCQ
wek^MÖv‡gi aviYv 5. Marshall McLuhan 1962 mv‡j †h MÖš’wU iPbv K‡ib Zvi bvg n‡”Q -
1. IOT Gi c~Y©iƒc - [†mvbvi evsjv K‡jR, Kzwgjøv] [miKvwi gwR` †g‡gvwiqvj wmwU K‡jR, Lyjbv]
K Internet to Thoughts K Understanding Media
L Internet of Thinks L Engines of Creation
M Internet of Thins M The Gutenberg Galaxy
N Internet of Things N The Global village
2. 'The Gutenberg Galaxy' eBwUi iPwqZv †K? 6. wek^ MÖv‡gi †giæ`Û †KvwbU? [XvKv †iwm‡Wbwmqvj g‡Wj K‡jR, XvKv]
[PÆMÖvg wmwU K‡jR] K †WUv L nvW©Iq¨vi
K Herbert Marshal McLuhan M mdUIq¨vi N Kv‡bw±wfwU
L Marc Jucarbarg
M John McCarthy wek^MÖv‡gi aviYv mswkøó cÖavY Dcv`vbmg~n
N Jack Williamson 7. AvDU‡mvwm©s m¤úwK©Z welq †KvbwU? [PÆMÖvg K‡jR]
3. Global Village Gi Dcv`vb †KvbwU? K †dmeywKs L wd«j¨vwÝs
[Av`gRx K¨v›Ub‡g›U K‡jR, XvKv] M UzBwUs N A‡Uv‡gkb
K Genetic Engineering 8. Awd‡mi hveZxq Kvh©µg‡K ¯^qswµq Kiv‡K ejv nq - [PÆMÖvg K‡jR]
L Biometerix K A‡Uv‡gkb L †UwjKwgDwb‡Kkb
M Education M wWwRUvjvB‡Rkb N Iqvb ÷c mv‡cvU©
N AI 9. †KvbwU AvDU‡mvwms - G e¨eüZ gv‡K©U‡cøm? [bUi †Wg K‡jR, XvKv]
4. wek^MÖvg Kx? [AvBwWqvj ¯‥yj GÛ K‡jR, gwZwSj, XvKv|] K facebook L Upwork
K Z_¨ cÖhyw³ fiv wek^ L we‡k^i MÖvgvÂj M Google N Yahoo
M GKwU MÖvg N cÖhyw³nxb wek^ 10. Simulation- Gi cÖ‡qvM‡ÿÎ †KvbwU?

17
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

[ivRDK DËiv g‡Wj K‡jR, XvKv] M †cÖvMÖvg wbqš¿Y N cÖwZK‚j Kv‡R mvnvh¨ Kiv
K µv‡qvmvRv©wi L ev‡qv‡gwUª· 27. wb‡Pi †Kvb Test- Gi gva¨‡g Rvbv hvq †gwk‡bi wPšÍv Kivi ÿgZv Av‡Q
M AI N fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU wKbv? [gvBj‡÷vb K‡jR, XvKv]
11. B - †gBj n‡jv - [B¯úvnvwb cvewjK ¯‥yj GÛ K‡jR, XvKv] K AI Test L Biometrics Test
K B‡jKUªwbK †gBj L B‡jKwUªK¨vj †gBj M Robota N Turing Test
M B‡jKwUªK †gBj N B›Uvi‡bU †gBj 28. †ive‡Ui gw¯Í®‹ ejv nq †KvbwU‡K? [ivRkvnx miKvwi wmwU K‡jR, ivRkvnx]
12. B‡gj wVKvbvq KqwU Ask _v‡K? [nwjµm K‡jR, XvKv] K A¨vKz‡qUi L cÖ‡mmi
K2 L3 M †mÝi N ewW
M4 N5 29. †ive‡Ui A½ bovPov ev †Nviv‡bvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq -
13. B›Uv‡b‡Ui hvÎv ïiæ nq KZ mv‡j? [Ag„Z jvi †` K‡jR, ewikvj] [K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‥zj GÛ K‡jR, iscyi]
K 1965 L 1969 K avZe w¯úªs L •e`¨ywZK †gvUi
M 1972 N 1975 M †jW GwmW e¨vUvwi N •e`¨ywZK †Rbv‡iUi
14. †Kvb Dcv`vbwU wek^MÖv‡gi †ÿ‡Î me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©? 30. †iveU n‡”Q GKwU - [AvBwWqvj ¯‥zj GÛ K‡jR, XvKv]
[K·evRvi miKvwi K‡jR, K·evRvi] K gnvKvk M‡elYv hš¿ L gvby‡li weKí hš¿
K †UwjKbdv‡iÝ L †UwjKwgDwb‡Kkb M K…wÎg eyw×gËv N hš¿
M wfwWIKbdv‡iÝ N wfwWI P¨vwUs µv‡qvmvR©vwi
15. B›Uvi‡b‡U hLb B”Qv ZLb KvR Kivi ¯^vaxbZv cÖv߇`i ejv nq - 31. µv‡qv‡RwbK G‡R›U bq †KvbwU? [wfKviæbwbmv b~b ¯‥zj GÛ K‡jR, XvKv]
[nwjµm K‡jR, XvKv] K wnwjqvg L AvM©b
K Bb-Uª¨vbR¨vKkb L wd«-j¨vwÝs M bvB‡Uªv‡Rb N Kve©bg‡bv·vBW
M AvDU‡mvwm©s N wd«-j¨vÝvi 32. µv‡qvmvR©vixi ZvcgvÎv mxgvw - [ivRDK DËiv g‡Wj K‡jR, XvKv]
16. †`‡ki A_©bxwZi PvKv‡K †eMevb Kivi †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi †KvbwU bZzb gvÎv hy³ K 41 n‡Z 196 L 60 n‡Z 200
K‡i‡Q? [K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‥zj I K‡jR, iscyi] M 120 n‡Z 240 N 220 n‡Z 290
K †dBmeyK L AvDU‡mvwm©s 33. cryo kãwUi A_© - [miKvwi weGj K‡jR Lyjbv]
M ¸Mj N msev`cÎ K VvÛv L AvMy‡bi g‡Zv Mig
17. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †dmeyK cÖwZôvi mvj? M ei‡di g‡Zv VvÛv N LyeB Mig
[K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‥zj GÛ K‡jR, Rvnvbvev`, Lyjbv] 34. µv‡qvmvR©vwi‡Z wb‡Pi †KvwbU e¨eüZ nq?
K 1996 mv‡j L 2007 mv‡j [ivRDK DËiv g‡Wj K‡jR, XvKv]
M 2006 mv‡j N 2004 mv‡j K Aw·‡Rb L Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb
fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU M dzj-Wz‡cø· N gvwëKv÷
18. Hardware I Software Gi gva¨‡g •ZwiK…Z ev¯Íe wfwËK K…wÎg 35. µv‡qvmvRv©wi wPwKrmv c×wZ‡Z wb‡Pi †KvwbU e¨eüZ nq?
cwi‡ek‡K Kx e‡j? [PÆMÖvg K‡jR] [miKvwi AvwRRyj nK K‡jR, eMyov]
K †ivewU· L fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU K AvM©b L Kve©b g‡bvA·vBW
M ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· N AvwU©wdwkqvj-B‡›Uwj‡RÝ M KwVb bvB‡Uªv‡Rb N WvB wg_vbj B‡_b
19. †Kvb cÖhyw³wU gbl¨Z¡nxbZv •Zwi K‡i? [nwjµm K‡jR, XvKv] 36. µv‡qvmvRv©wi‡Z ZvcgvÎv evov‡bvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq -
K fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU L K…wÎg e„w×gËv [wfKviæbwbmv b~b ¯‥zj GÛ K‡jR, XvKv]
M †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis N b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR K Zij Aw·‡Rb L Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb
20. fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi Ab¨ bvg Kx? [XvKv K‡jR, XvKv] M wnwjqvg M¨vm N wbqb M¨vm
K nvBcvi wiqvwjwU L fvP©yqvj Gbfvqib‡g›U 37. eZ©gv‡b Pvgovi K¨vÝvi wbivg‡q †Kvb cÖhyw³i e¨envi n‡”P?
M Kw¤úDUvi wmgy‡jkb N fvP©yqvj Ae‡R± [Kv›Ub‡g›U K‡jR, XvKv]
AvwU©wdwkqvj B‡›Uwj‡RÝ K fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU L Bbdi‡gwUª·
21. K…wÎg e„w×gËvi RbK ejv nq Kv‡K? [gvBj‡÷vb K‡jR, XvKv] M µv‡qvmvR©vwi N bigvj mvRv©wi
K A¨vjvb Uzwis L K¨v‡ij K¨v‡cK gnvKvk Awfhvb
M Rb g¨vKvw_© N AvBR¨vK wbDUb 38. wKDwiwmwU †ivfvi bvgK gnvKvkhvb †Kvb MÖ‡n cvVv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
22. AvwU©wdwmqvj Bw›Uwj‡RÝ - G †KvbwU e¨envi Kiv nq? [Avãyj Kv‡`i †gvjøv wmwU K‡jR, biwms`x]
[bUi †Wg K‡jR, XvKv] K eya L ïµ
K †cÖvjM L G·GgGj M g½j N e„n¯úwZ
M †Kvej N GBUwUGmGj 39. KZ mv‡j bxj Avg©÷ªs cÖ_g gnvKvk Awfhv‡b wM‡qwQj?
23. AvwU©wdwkqvj B‡›Uwj‡RÝ •Zwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq - [kvnRvjvj wmwU K‡jR, wm‡jU]
[ivRDK DËiv g‡Wj K‡jR, XvKv] K 1965 mv‡j L 1969 mv‡j
K LISP, JAVA, CLISP M 1968 mv‡j N 1966 mv‡j
L JAVA, CLISP, ALgol 40. we‡k^i cÖ_g gvbyl enbKvix gnvKvkhvb -
M LISP, JAVA, Python [Kv‡j±‡iU ¯‥zj GÛ K‡jR, iscyi]
N LISP, CLISP, Fortraan K ¯úyUwbK - 1 L gvm© - 1
24. ASIMO n‡”Q - [miKvwi AvwRRyj nK K‡jR, XvKv] M G‡cv‡jv N f÷K – 1
K hvwš¿K gvbyl L wnD‡gb‡qW ev‡qv‡gwUª·
M †iveU N K…wÎg gvbyl 41. †Kvb ev‡qv‡gwUª· c×wZ mn‡R e¨envi Kiv hvq? [nwjµm K‡jR,XvKv]
25. K…wÎg e„w×gËv ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q †Kvb cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUv‡i? K AvOz‡ji Qvc L f‡qm wi‡KvMwbkb
[K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‥zj GÛ K‡jR, iscyi] M AvBwim ¯‥¨vb N ¯^vÿi †fwiwd‡Kkb
K Z…Zxq L PZz_© 42. AvPiYMZ ev‡qv‡gwUª· AvB‡Ww›Udvqvi †KvbwU? [bUi †Wg K‡jR, XvKv]
M cÂg N hô K †Pv‡Li †iwUbv L nv‡Zi ¯^vÿi
†ivewU· M gy‡Li MVb N AvOz‡ji Qvc
26. †ive‡Ui KvR †KvbwU? [AvBwWqvj ¯‥zj GÛ K‡jR,gwZwSj, XvKv] 43. ev‡qv‡gwUª· c×wZ cÖavbZ KZ cÖKvi? [bUi †Wg K‡jR, XvKv]
K †cÖvMÖvg Pvjbv Kiv L †cÖvMÖvg Dbœqb K8 L6

18
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

M4 N2 M b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR N ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·
44. mZ¨vmZ¨ wba©vi‡Y AwaK wbf©i‡hvM¨ Z_¨ cª`vb K‡i - 60. b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³ †KvbwU? [Kzwgjøv wf‡±vwiqv miKvwi K‡jR, Kzwgjøv]
[K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‥zj GÛ K‡jR, iscyi] K DbœZ av‡bi exR L AvµvšÍ †Kvl AcmviY
K DNA L Hand Geometry M m~² kw³kvjx Zvi N m~² Kv‡R e¨eüZ Kw¤úDUvi
M Face Recognize N Iris Retina 61. mvbw·‡b e¨eüZ wUUvwbqvg WvBA·vBW •Zwii Kv‡R e¨eüZ cÖhyw³ n‡jv -
45. cÖ‡ekvwaKvi wbqš¿‡Y e¨eüZ c×wZwU n‡jv - [b¨vkbvj AvBwWqvj K‡jR, XvKv]
[wfLviæbwbmv b~b ¯‥zj GÛ K‡jR, XvKv] K ev‡qvg¨vwUª· L ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·
K ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUª· L ev‡qv‡gwUª· M b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR N †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
M †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis N fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU 62. b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR e¨eüZ nq -
ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUª· [Kvw`ivev` K¨v›Ub‡g›U m¨vcvi K‡jR, bv‡Uvi]
46. •RweK c×wZ we‡kølY m¤ú‡K© mg¨K Ges mwVK aviYv AR©b Kivi †ÿ‡Î K mšÍv‡bi wcZ…Z¡ ev gvZ„Z¡ wbY©‡q
e¨eüZ cÖhyw³ n‡jv - [wfKviæbwbmv b~b ¯‥zj GÛ K‡jR, XvKv] L e¨w³‡K kbv³Ki‡Y
K †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis L ev‡qv‡gwUª· M Bbmywjb I ni‡gvb •Zwi‡Z
M ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUª· N b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR N Lv`¨ `ª‡e¨i c¨v‡KwRs •Zwi‡Z
47. ev‡qvjwRK¨vj Bbd‡gkb g¨v‡bR‡g‡›Ui Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi wbf©i cÖhyw³‡K ejv Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii •bwZKZv
nq? [bUi †Wg K‡jR, XvKv] 63. †bUwfwËK A‡b¨i Z_¨‡K wb‡Ri bv‡g Pvjv‡bv‡K e‡j?
K ev‡qv‡gwUª· L ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUª· [evsjv‡`k †b․evwnbx ¯‥zj GÛ K‡jR, Lyjbv]
M †ivewU· N †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis K n¨vwKs L †cøwRqvwiRg
48. Z_¨ cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ •Re imvqb e¨envi K‡i RxeweÁv‡bi mgm¨vi M wdwms N ¯úvwgs
mgvavb‡K Kx ejv nq? [ miKvwi Kgvm© K‡jR, PÆMÖvg] 64. n¨vKvi ejv nq Kv‡`i‡K? [Ag„Z jvj †` gnvwe`¨vjq, ewikvj]
K b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR L ev‡qv‡gwUª· K wbR¯^ cY¨ hviv evRviRvZ K‡i
M ev‡qv‡UK‡bvjwR N ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUª· L †bU †_‡K hviv msev`cÎ c‡o
49. wewfbœ RwUj †iv‡Mi KviY Avwe®‹v‡i †Kvb cÖhyw³ KvR Ki‡Q? M B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡i A‣eafv‡e cÖ‡ek K‡i
[miKvwi AvwRRyj nK K‡jR, e¸ov] N mviÿY hviv B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi K‡i
K ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUª· L b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR 65. †cøwRqvwiRg †Kvb Aciv‡ai mv‡_ RwoZ?
M †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis N µv‡qvmvR©vwi [B¯úvnvbx cvewjK ¯‥zj GÛ K‡jR, Kzwgjøv]
50. †KvbwU ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUª‡·i e¨envi? K KwcivBU jsNb L mdUIq¨vi cvB‡iwm
[Kzwgjøv wf‡±vwiqv miKvwi K‡jR, Kzwgjøv] M A‡b¨i †jLv Pzwi N AvB‡Ww›UwU Pzwi
K WªvBwfs cÖwkÿY L wbivcËv eûc`x mgvwßm~PK cÖ‡kœvËi
M mZ¨Zv hvPvB N wWGbG g¨vwcs 66. †dm wiKMwbk‡bi AšÍf‚©³ - [ivRDK DËiv g‡Wj K‡jR, XvKv]
†R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis i. Qwe †Zvjv ii. AvBwik ¯‥¨vb
51. †Kvb cÖhyw³‡Z Bbmywjb •Zwi Kiv nq? [bUi †Wg K‡jR, XvKv] iii. †WUv‡e‡R iwÿZ c~©‡ei Z‡_¨i mv‡_ wgjv‡bv
K †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis L µv‡qvmvR©vwi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M ev‡qv‡gwUª· N ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUª· K i I ii L i I iii
52. DNA Gi ÿz`ª Ask‡K e‡j - [wfLviæbwbmv b~b ¯‥zj GÛ K‡jR, XvKv] M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K †µv‡gv‡Rvg L wRb 67. †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis Gi AšÍf‚©³ n‡jv -
M wR‡bvg N wbDwK¬qvm [ivRDK DËiv g‡Wj K‡jR, XvKv]
53. †Kvb cÖwµqvq wewfbœ cÖKvi ni‡gvb •Zwi Kiv nq? i. bZzb wR‡bvg Avwe®‥vi
[ivRkvnx miKvwi wmwU K‡jR, ivRkvnx] ii. evwYwR¨Kfv‡e Bbmywjb Drcv`b
K ev‡qv‡gwUª· L †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis iii. AwØZxqfv‡e gvbyl mbv³ Kiv
M †ivewU· N b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
54. gvby‡li kix‡i wR‡bi msL¨v cÖvq - [†mvbvi evsjv K‡jR, Kzwgjøv] K i I ii L i I iii
K 30,000 L 33,000 M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M 300,000 N 3,30,000 68. ev‡qv‡gwUª· c×wZ e¨eüZ nq?
55. Uªv݇RwbK Dw™¢` I cÖvYx m„wó‡Z KvR K‡i †KvbwU? [e¸ov K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‥zj GÛ K‡jR]
[PÆMÖvg K‡jR, PÆMÖvg] i. evwoi wbivcËvq
K †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis L ev‡qv‡gwUª· ii. wkÿv_x©‡`i Dcw¯’wZ wbY©q Ki‡Z
M ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUª· N b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR iii. Aciva kbv³ Ki‡Z
56. cwi‡ek myiÿvi †ÿ‡Î †KvbwU e¨eüZ nq? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
[Ag„Z jvj †` gnvwe`¨vjq,ewikvj] K i I ii L i I iii
K †ivewU· L b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUª· N †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis 69. AvwU©wdwkqvj B‡›Uwj‡R‡Ýi †ÿθ‡jv n‡jv - [PÆMÖvg K‡jR]
b¨v‡bv ‡UK‡bvjwR i. †gwkb jvwbs
57. b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwRi RbK ejv nq Kv‡K? [bUi †Wg K‡jR, XvKv] ii. w¯úP
K wiPvW© dvBbg¨vb L Xxgevb©vimjx iii. wfkb
M gvk©vjg¨vKjynvb N †WwbmwiwP wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
58. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Kw¤úDUvi nvW©wW¯‹ •Zwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq? K i I ii L i I iii
[XvKv †iwm‡Wbwmqvj K‡jR, XvKv] M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR L †ivewU· 70. AvwU©wdwmqvj Bw›UwjR¨vÝ - Gi e¨envwiK †ÿÎmg~n -
M µv‡qvmvR©vix N ev‡qv‡gwUª· [Rvjvjvev` K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‥zj GÛ K‡jR, wm‡jU]
59. gwjKzjvi K‡¤úv‡b›U †_‡K •Zwi Ae‡R±‡K Kx e‡j? i. G·cvU© wm‡÷g ii. dwR jwRK
[miKvwi AvwRRyj nK K‡jR, iscyi] iii. jvwbs wm‡÷g
K ev‡qv‡gwUª· L †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

19
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

K i I ii L i I iii Wvt ivwdqv gvQ-gvs‡mi Drcv`b e„w×i Rb¨ cÖvYxi Rxb cwieZ©b wb‡q
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M‡elYv K‡ib| wZwb GK cÖvYxi Rxb Ab¨ cÖvYxi †`‡n cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i
71. Virtual Reality e¨eüZ nq - mdjZv AR©b K‡ib|
[Av`gRx K¨v›Ub‡g›U K‡jR, XvKv] 79. Wvt ivwdqvi •Zwi bZzb wRe‡Kvl‡K ejv nq -
i. wkÿvq ii. wPwKrmvq [wfKviæbwbmv b~b ¯‥zj GÛ K‡jR, XvKv]
iii. we‡bv`‡b K RDNA L GMO
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M E.Coli N Pseudomonas
K i I ii L i I iii 80. DÏxc‡Ki Kg©Kv‡Ûi d‡j -
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii [wfKviæbwbmv b~b ¯‥zj GÛ K‡jR, XvKv]
72. †Møvevj AvDU‡mvwm©s gv‡K©U †cøm - i. Rxe •ewP‡Îi m„wó nq
[ivRDK DËiv g‡Wj K‡jR, XvKv] ii. A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb NU‡e
i. wdj¨vÝvi WU Kg ii. B-j¨vÝvi iii. wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î Dbœqb NU‡e
iii. ¸iæ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I ii L i I iii
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii  wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 81 I 82 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
73. ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· Bbdi‡gkb wm‡÷g •Zwi‡Z e¨eüZ A¨vjMwi`g †KvbwU? Avn‡g` m¨vi wkÿv_x©‡`i wb‡q AvBwmwU j¨v‡ei mvg‡b `vuo v‡bvi mv‡_ mv‡_
[nwjµm K‡jR, XvKv] `iRv Ly‡j †Mj| wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡j wZwb mKj Qv·`i we‡kl ai‡bi
i. B‡gR cÖ‡mwms †nj‡gU cwi‡q w`j| d‡j mKj wkÿv_x©iv mvdvix cv‡K© Ny‡i †eov‡bvi
ii. †WUv gvBwbs Abyf‚wZ †cj|
iii. K…wÎg e„w×gËv 81. Avn‡g` m¨vi †Kvb c×wZ‡Z j¨v‡e cÖ‡ek Ki‡jb?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? [bUi †Wg K‡jR, XvKv]
K i I ii L i I iii K ev‡qv‡gwUª· L ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR N †ivewU·
74. Biometerics Gi e¨envi †Kv_vq n‡Z cv‡i? 82. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wkÿv_©xiv †`L‡Z †c‡jb-
[gvBj‡÷vb K‡jR, XvKv] [bUi †Wg K‡jR, XvKv]
i. wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b ii. Awd‡m i. wØ-gvwÎK `„k¨ ii. wÎ-gvwÎK `„k¨
iii. we‡bv`b †K‡›`ª iii. K…wÎgfv‡e RxešÍ `„k¨
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii K i I ii L i I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
75. ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU‡·i mdUIq¨vi Uzjm wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq -  wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 83 I 84 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
[h‡kvi miKvwi gwnjv K‡jR, h‡kvi] m¤úªwZ evRv‡i wewfbœ c¨v‡KURvZ †fvM¨ c‡Y¨i cÖPjb ïiæ n‡q‡Q| †fvM¨
i. SQL ii. CUDA c‡Y¨i ¸YMZ gvb e„w×, iÿv Ges msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv wewfbœ mgq
we‡kl ai‡bi †gvoK e¨envi Ki‡i|
iii. Matlab
83. DÏxcKwU‡Z †gvoK e¨env‡i •ZwiK…Z cÖhyw³ -
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? [nwj µm K‡jR, XvKv]
K i I ii L i I iii
K b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR L †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· N ev‡qv‡gwUª·
76. ev‡qv‡gwUª‡·i gva¨‡g wmwKDwiwU wm‡÷g •Zwi K‡i - 84. cY¨¸‡jvi w`b w`b RbwcÖqZv e„w× cv‡”Q - [nwj µm K‡jR, XvKv]
[†gvnv¤§`cyi wcÖcv‡iUwi ¯‥zj GÛ K‡jR, XvKv]
i. Av`©ªZv cÖwZ‡ivax
i. Kw¤úDUvi wbqš¿Y Kiv nq
ii. wbw`©ó mgq ¯^v` AUzU _v‡K
ii. bZzb cÖRvwZ m„wó Kiv nq
iii. `vg Kg
iii. Aby‡gvw`Z e¨w³‡K kbv³ Kiv nq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii
K i I ii L i I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
 wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 85 I 86 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
77. GPS Gi gva¨‡g †h‡Kv‡bv Pjgvb hvbevn‡bi - AvdRvj wgqv K…wlKvR K‡i RxweKv wbev©n K‡ib| m¤úªwZ Zvi GjvKvq
[K¨v›Ub‡g›U K‡jR, h‡kvi] eb¨v nIqvq Zvi A‡bK dmj bó n‡q‡Q| fwel¨‡Z †hb Giƒc bv nq G
i. wbf©yj Ae¯’vb wbY©q Kiv hvq Kvi‡Y †m K…wl wefvM †_‡K DbœZ Rv‡Zi avb msMÖn K‡i‡Qb †h¸‡jv
ii. MwZ‡eM wbY©q Kiv hvq AvKv‡i j¤^v nq Ges eb¨v mnbkxj cÖRvwZ|
iii. MwZc_ wbY©q Kiv hvq 85. bZzb cÖRvwZi avb D™¢ve‡b †Kvb cÖhyw³ e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? [gvBj‡÷vb K‡jR, XvKv]
K i I ii L i I iii K µv‡qvmvR©vwi L b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis N ev‡qv‡gwU·
78. †ivewU· - Gi mvaviY welq¸‡jv n‡jv - 86. DÏxc‡Ki cÖhyw³wUi mvnv‡h¨ - [gvBj‡÷vb K‡jR, XvKv]
[we G Gd kvnxb K‡jR, h‡kvi] i. bZzb Rv‡Zi D™¢veb n‡e
i. K…wÎg e„w×gËv ii. BwÄwbqvwis ii. K…wl‡ÿ‡Î wecøe NU‡e
iii. g‡bvwe`¨v iii. †`kxq cÖRvwZ wejyß n‡Z cv‡i
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
Ki L ii K i I ii L i I iii
M iii N i, ii I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK cÖ‡kœvËi  wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 87 I 88 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
 wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 79 I 80 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:

20
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q w`qv cov- †jLvi cvkvcvwk wgicyi †ebviwm cjøx †_‡K kvwo [exi‡kÖô gyÝx Avãyi iDd cvewjK K‡jRg, XvKv]
wK‡b Ab - jvB‡bi gva¨‡g †m¸‡jv weµq KiZ| cieZx©‡Z Zvi mvB‡U i. wPwZrmv‡ÿ‡Î †bwZevPK cÖfve †dj‡e
RbwcÖqZv †e‡o hvIqvq †`k - we‡`‡k Av‡iv A‡bK‡KB †m GKv‡Ri Rb¨ ii. A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb NU‡e
wbhy³ K‡i, hviv Ab-jvB‡b AW©vi MÖnY K‡i Ges mvcøvB Gi e¨e¯’v K‡i| iii. Rxe‣ewP‡Î¨i m„wó n‡e
87. w`qv †jLvcovi cvkvcvwk †h KvR K‡i, Zv‡K Kx e‡j? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
[ivRkvnx miKvwi wmwU K‡jR, ivRkvnx] Ki L ii
K B- †gBj L B-Kgvm© M iii N i, ii I iii
M AvB-e¨vswKs N B-Mf‡b©Ý  wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 91 I 92 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
88. w`qvi KvRK‡g©i gva¨‡g - [ivRkvnx miKvwi wmwU K‡jR, ivRkvnx] bvwej mv‡n‡ei GKwU Mvwo •Zwii KviLvbv Av‡Q| m¤úªwZ wZwb Kg©Pvix‡`i
i. mgq mvkÖq nq Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ KviLvbv‡Z GKwU we‡kl e¨e¯’v Pvjy K‡ib| Mvwo
ii. Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó nq •Zwii wewfbœ Kv‡R wZwb GKwU bZzb hš¿ ¯’vcb K‡ib|
iii. RwUjZv e„w× cvq 91. DÏxc‡Zi we‡kl e¨e¯’vwU †Kvb ai‡bi cÖhw³?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? [Avãyj Kv‡`i †gvjøv wmwU K‡jR, biwms`x]
Ki L ii K †ivewU· L ev‡qv‡gwUª·
M i I ii N i, ii I iii M µv‡qvmvRv©wi N ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·
 wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 89 I 90 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: 92. DÏxc‡Ki bZzb hš¿wU K‡i -
D”Pdjbkxj avb M‡elYvq K…wlweÁvbx Rbve Avãyi ingvb bZzb cÖhyw³ [Avãyj Kv‡`i †gvjøv wmwU K‡jR, biwms`x]
e¨envi Kivi gva¨‡g A_©bxwZ Dbœqb I Lv`¨ Drcv`‡b ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv AR©b i. SuywKc~Y© KvR
Kivi †ÿ‡Î f‚wgKv iv‡Lb| ii. Kgx© kbv³KiY
89. DÏxc‡K e¨eüZ cÖhyw³ †KvbwU? iii. fvix hš¿vsk cwienb
[exi‡kÖô gyÝx Avãyi iDd cvewjK K‡jRg, XvKv] wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K AvwU©wdwkqvj B‡›Uwj‡RÝ L ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· K i I ii L i I iii
M ev‡qv‡gwUª· N †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
90. DÏxc‡Ki Kg©KvÐ -
wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cwiÿvi eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1. †Møvevj wf‡jR - Gi backbone †KvbwU? [¸”Q we. M BDwbU 2021] Ⓐ Magnetic Ink Cheque Recognition
Ⓐ nvW©Iq¨vi Ⓑ mdUIq¨vi Ⓑ Magnetic Information Character Recognition
Ⓒ Kv‡bw±wfwU Ⓓ †WUv Ⓒ Magnetic Ink Character Realization
2. †KvbwU AbjvBb wfwWI wgwUs cøvUdg© bq? [¸”Q we. K BDwbU 2021] Ⓓ Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
Ⓐ †nvqvUmA¨vc Ⓑ I‡q‡e· 10. †P‡Ki AvaywbK ms¯‹iY‡K Kx bv‡g WvKv nq?
Ⓒ Ryg Ⓓ ¸Mj wgU [PÆMÖvg wek^we`¨vjq BDwbU wm-1 e¨emvq cÖkvmb Abyl` 2014-15]
3. GPS Kx Kv‡R jv‡M? [evsjv‡`k †gwib GKv‡Wwg we BDwbU 2016-17] Ⓐ MICR Ⓑ ATM
Ⓐ AvqZb wbY©‡q Ⓑ Ae¯’vb wbY©‡q Ⓒ 3G Ⓓ Wi-Fi
Ⓒ MwZ wbY©‡q Ⓓ AvKvi wbY©‡q 11. 'ATM' Gi c~Y©iƒc †KvbwU?
4. GIS – Gi A_© Kx? [Xvwe N BDwbU: mvgvwRK weÁvb Abyl` 2014-15] [Xvwe P BDwbU 2017-18; Pwe BDwbU wW3 (e¨emvq wkÿv) 2016-17; Pwe
BDwbU we -7 (AvBBAvi) 2016-17; Pwe BDwbU wm-1 2015-16; Pwe
Ⓐ wRIMÖvwdK Bbdi‡gkb mvwf©m BDwbU wW-3 2015-16; Pwe wW BDwbU 2013-14]
Ⓑ wRIMÖvwdK Bbdi‡gkb wm‡÷g Ⓐ Automatic Teller Machine
Ⓒ †Møvevj Bbdi‡gkb mvwf©m Ⓑ Automated Teller Machine
Ⓓ †Møvevij Bbdi‡gkb wm‡÷g Ⓒ Autonomous Teller Machine
5. B- †gBj †K Avwe®‹vi K‡ib? [ewikvj wek^we`¨vjq L BDwbU 2013-14] Ⓓ Automated Teller Machinability
Ⓐ GGg cwbqvUK Ⓑ †i Ugwjbmb
12. ATM eya ewnf~©Z †mev - [ivwe wW BDwbU 2013-14]
Ⓒ A‡Uv †iv‡qWvivi Ⓓ Av_©vi DBqvb Ⓐ †µwWU KvW© Ⓑ AbjvBb e¨vswKs
6. gamail.com Kx wb‡`©k K‡i? [¸”Q we.L BDwbU 2021]
Ⓒ †WweU KvW© Ⓓ wfmv KvW©
Ⓐ mvP© BwÄb Ⓑ B- †gBj G‡Wªm 13. SWIFT †KvW mvaviYZ e¨envi nq - [Pwe BDwbU wW -2 2016-17]
Ⓒ †gBj mvfv©i Ⓓ cÖ‡UvKj Ⓐ CIBIL Ⓑ Stock Exchange
7. B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g wPwKrmv c×wZ‡K Kx e‡j?
[RvZxq Kwe KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg wek^we`¨vjq wW BDwbU 2017-18]
Ⓒ Banks Ⓓ Credit Agencies
Ⓐ †Uwj‡gwWwmb Ⓑ B‡j±ª †gwWwmb 14. SWIFT Kx?
[Xvwe M BDwbU: weR‡bm ÷vwWR Abyl` 2013-14; Bmjvgx wek^we`¨vjq
Ⓒ B-wUªU‡g›U Ⓓ GbwRIMÖvg BDwbU wR 2015-16]
8. e¨vs‡Ki †P‡Ki †PK b¤^i †jLv I cov nq †Kvb c×wZ‡Z? Ⓐ GKwU e¨vsK mwgwZ Ⓑ GKwU cwi‡kva c×wZ
[RvKKvbBwe wW BDwbU 2017-18]
Ⓒ †µwWU †iwUs c×wZ Ⓓ GKwU e¨vswKs wm‡÷g
Ⓐ MUCR Ⓑ MYCR
15. wWwRUvj gy`ªvi D`vniY - [ivwe BDwbU wW (†Rvo) 2014-15]
Ⓒ MRCR Ⓓ MICR Ⓐ †µwWU KvW© Ⓑ weUK‡qb
9. MICR †PK ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
[ewikvj wek^we`¨vjq M BDwbU 2015-16; Kywgjøv wek^we`¨vjq wm BDwbU
Ⓒ †WweU KvW© Ⓓ me¸‡jv
weR‡bm ÷vwWR Abyl` 2015-16; RMbœv_ wek^we`¨vjq wm BDwbU 2013- 16. AbjvBb e¨vswKs Gi GKwU D`vniY n‡jv - [ewe M BDwbU 2013-14]
14] Ⓐ B›Uvi‡bU e¨vswKs Ⓑ †UwjMÖ vwdK gvwb UªvÝdvi

21
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

Ⓒ †c-AW©vi Bmy¨KiY Ⓓ e¨vs‡Ki KvMRcÎ Ⓑ GKwU wÎgvwÎK K…wÎg cwi‡ek

17. B-e¨vswKs Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z bq - Ⓒ K I L DfqB
[ivwe wW BDwbU: weR‡bm ÷vwWR wefvM 2013-14] Ⓓ GKwU AZ¨vaywbK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
Ⓐ SWIFT Ⓑ †µwWU KvW© 30. †h †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡qR mvaviYZ K…wÎg eyw×gËv cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î
Ⓒ †WweU KvW© Ⓓ wej KvW© e¨eüZ nq bv - [Xvwe L BDwbU 2021]
18. ÔCyber MondayÕ cwifvlvwU wb‡Pi †KvbwU mv‡_ m¤ú„³? Ⓐ wm++ Ⓑ g¨vUj¨ve
[ivRkvnx wek^we`¨vjq BDwbU wW 2016-17] Ⓒ d·‡cÖv Ⓓ †cÖvjM
Ⓐ †µwWU AbjvBb Ⓑ †KbvKvUv AbjvBb 31. K…wÎg eyw×gËvq cÖavbZ e¨eüZ nq †KvbwU?
Ⓒ P¨vU AbjvBb Ⓓ wkÿv AbjvBb [RvKKvBbwe we BDwbU 2017-18]
19. E – retailling ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? Ⓐ PROLOG Ⓑ PYTHON
[ewikvj wek^we`¨vjq M BDwbU 2015-16] Ⓒ COBOL Ⓓ HTML
Ⓐ ICT wbf©i †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v M‡o †Zvjv 32. K…wÎg eyw×gËv cÖ‡qvM Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv e¨envi Kiv
Ⓑ †WweU Kv‡W©i gva¨‡g weµq nq? [¸we M BDwbU 2021]
Ⓒ B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g LyPiv weµq Ⓐ BASIC Ⓑ LISP
Ⓓ †µwWU Kv‡W©i gva¨‡g weµq Ⓒ FORTRAN Ⓓ PASCAL
20. †jb‡`‡bi aiY Abyhvqx B-wi‡UBwjs mvaviYZ †Kvb ai‡bi n‡q 33. RADAR – Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx? [Rvwe wW BDwbU 2013-14]
_v‡K? [Bmjvgx wek^we`¨vjq G BDwbU 2014-15] Ⓐ Radio Detection And Range
Ⓐ B2C Ⓑ B2C Ⓑ Radio Detection And Ranging
Ⓒ C2B Ⓓ B2G Ⓒ Radio Decoding And Ranging
21. G hver AvBwcIÕi gva¨‡g we‡k^i m‡e©v”P A_© msMÖnKvix †Kv¤úvwb Ⓓ Radio Detection Air Ranging
Avwjevev †h e¨emvi mv‡_ RwoZ -
[ivRkvnx wek^we`¨vjq BDwbU wW †Rvo 2014-15]
34. ev‡qv‡gwUª· †Kv_vq e¨eüZ nq ? [ivwe †K BDwbU 2017-18]
Ⓐ wi‡qj G‡÷U Ⓑ †Zj I M¨vm Ⓐ wPwKrmv weÁv‡b Ⓑ wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î
Ⓒ B-Kgvm© Ⓓ RvnvR wbg©vY Ⓒ e¨w³ kbv³Ki‡Y Ⓓ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î
22. AvIZv wePv‡i †KvbwU eo? 35. AvOy ‡ ji Qvc wb‡q e¨w³ kbv³Ki‡Yi cÖhyw³ †KvbwU?
[†eMg †iv‡Kqv wek^we`¨vjq BDwbU wm 2013-14] [Pwe G BDwbU 2017-18]
Ⓐ B-wi‡UBwjs Ⓑ B-gv‡K©wUs Ⓐ †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis Ⓑ b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR
Ⓒ B-Kgvm© Ⓓ B-weR‡bm Ⓒ ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· Ⓓ ev‡qv‡gwUª·
23. B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs - Gi m¤ú~iK bq - 36. ev‡qv‡gwUª· c×wZ‡Z wmgKvW© wbeÜb ïiæ Kiv 1g I 2q †`k Kx
[ivRkvnx wek^we`¨vjq wW BDwbU 2012-13] Kx? [†eMg †iv‡Kqv wek^we`¨vjq BDwbU wm 2015-16]
Ⓐ POS Ⓑ FDR Ⓐ evsjv‡`k I fviZ Ⓑ evsjv‡`k I cvwK¯Ívb
Ⓒ Bkash Ⓓ ATM Ⓒ fviZ I cvwK¯Ívb Ⓓ cvwK¯Ívb I evsjv‡`k
24. UzBUvi n‡jv - [Xvwe L BDwbU 2017-18] 37. ev‡qv‡gwUªK c×wZ‡Z wmg KvW© wbe܇b evsjv‡`g we‡k^i ....... Zg
Ⓐ mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM mvBU †`k| [†eMg †iv‡Kqv wek^we`¨vjq BDwbU we (wkdU 3) 2016-17]
Ⓐ cÖ_g Ⓑ wØZxq
Ⓑ mvgvwRK msMVb
Ⓒ Z…Zxq Ⓓ PZy_©
Ⓒ †ckvRxex †hvMv‡hvM mvBU
38. AwØZxqfv‡e GKRb e¨w³‡K kbv³ Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb Z_¨wU e¨eüZ
Ⓓ K‡c©v‡iU e¨emvq nq bv? [¸we K BDwbU 2021]
25. †dmey‡Ki cÖwZôvZv - Ⓐ †Pv‡Li gwY Ⓑ Kɯ^i
[XvKv wek^we`¨vjq L BDwbU 2013-14; PÆMÖvg wek^we`¨vjq Gd - 3
BDwbU; RxeweÁvb Abyl` 2015-16] Ⓒ AvOz‡ji Qvc Ⓓ wWGbG
Ⓐ wej †MUm Ⓑ wUg evY©vm wj 39. †Kvb c×wZ‡Z AvOz‡ji Qvc e¨envi K‡i Acivax wbY©q Kiv hvq?
[Mywe L BDwbU 2021]
Ⓒ gvK© RyKvievM© Ⓓ A¨vwÛ‡MÖvf
Ⓐ †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis Ⓑ ev‡qv‡gwUª·
26. wb¤œwjwLZ †KvbwU GKwU mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g?
[Rvnv½xibMi wek^we`¨vjq b„weÁvb (we3) 2013-14] Ⓒ b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR Ⓓ AvwU©wdwkqvj B‡›Uwj‡RÝ
Ⓐ CNN Ⓑ Twitter 40. BwfGg - Gi B As‡ki c~ Y i
© ƒc - [Xvwe L BDwbU 2017-18]
Ⓒ BBC Ⓓ BSS Ⓐ B‡jw±ª K Ⓑ B‡j±ª w bK
27. fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU‡Z †Kvb ai‡bi B‡gR e¨envi Kiv nq? Ⓒ Bjvw÷K Ⓓ Gwdwm‡q›U
[¸we K BDwbU 2021] 41. evsjv‡`‡k me©cÖ_g Q – cash Pvjy K‡i - [K…wl we BDwbU 2015-16]
Ⓐ GKgvwÎK Ⓑ wØgvwÎK Ⓐ †mvbvjx e¨vsK wjt Ⓑ AMÖYx e¨vsK wjt
Ⓒ wÎgvwÎK Ⓓ eûgvwÎK Ⓒ RbZv e¨vsK wjt Ⓓ cÖvBg e¨vsK wjt
28. HDMI Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx? [ivwe BDwbU wW (AevwYR¨) 2016-17] 42. EVM Gi c~Y©iƒc-[Kzwe wW BDwbU 2012-13;Xvwe L BDwbU 2011-12]
Ⓐ High Definition Multilanguage Interface Ⓐ Electrical Voting Management
Ⓑ High Definition Multimedia Interface Ⓑ Electronic Voting Machine
Ⓒ Highly Defined Multinational Integrity Ⓒ Electronic Voting Manual
Ⓓ Highly Defined Multimedia International Ⓓ Electrical Voting Machine
29. fvPy©qvj wi‡qwjwU g~jZ - [ivwi GBP BDwbU 2017-18] 43. E-goverence ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?[gvIjvbv fvmvbx weÁvb I cÖhyw³
Ⓐ Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³ I wmgy‡jkb Z‡Ë¡i Ici cÖwZwôZ wek^we`¨vjq wW BDwbU 2016-17]

22
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

Ⓐ A_©bxwZK kvmb Ⓑ AvaywbK kvmb 46. RvZxq cwiPqcÎ (¯§vU© KvW©) - Gi gva¨‡g KZ ai‡bi †mev cvIqv
Ⓒ we‡kl kvmb Ⓓ B‡jKwUªK Mf©b¨vÝ hv‡e? [Rwe wW BDwbU 2016-17]
44. E – GP Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx? [Rwe wW BDwbU 2014-15] Ⓐ 20 Ⓑ 21
Ⓐ Electric Government Procedure Ⓒ 22 Ⓓ 23
Ⓑ Electronic Governmental Procedure 47. cÖhyw³ Øviv ÿwZMÖ¯’v wecbœ †ckvi ZvwjKvq kx‡l© i‡q‡Q wb‡¤œi
†KvbwU? [†eMg †iv‡Kqv wek^we`¨vjq BDwbU wm 2015-16]
Ⓒ Electronic Government Procurement
Ⓐ WvKwcqb Ⓑ K„lK
Ⓓ Electronic Grameen Phone
Ⓒ KivwZ Ⓓ `wR©
45. 2016 mv‡ji ICT Dbœqb m~P‡K evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb KZZg?
[h‡kvi weÁvb I cÖhyw³ wek^we`¨vjq wW BDwbU 2016-17]
48. Ki cwi‡kva KLb evsjv‡`‡k B- †c‡g›U c×wZ Pvjy nq?
[Rwe wm BDwbU 2013-14]
Ⓐ 124 Zg Ⓑ 134 Zg
Ⓐ May 2012 Ⓑ May 2013
Ⓒ 140 Zg Ⓓ 144 Zg
Ⓒ June 2012 Ⓓ June 2013
Ávbg~jK I Abyavebg~jK cÖ‡kœvËi
Ávbg~jK cÖ‡kœvËi 14. K…wÎg eyw×gËv Kx?
1. b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR Kx? DËi: gvbyl †hfv‡e wPšÍv fvebv K‡i, K…wËg Dcv‡q Kw¤úDUv‡i †mfv‡e wPšÍv
DËi: b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR ev b¨v‡bvcÖhyw³ n‡jv cvgvYweK ev AvYweK †¯‥‡j fvebv Kivi mÿgZvi iæcv`vb Kiv‡K artificial intelligence ev K…wËg
AwZÿz`ª wWfvBm •Zwi Kivi Rb¨ avZe e¯‘‡K mywbcyYfv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi eyw×gËv ejv nq|
weÁvb| 15. B-Kgvm© Kx?
2. CAD Kx? DËi: eZ©gvb we‡k^i cÖvq mKj †`‡ki g‡a¨ we¯Í…Z B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g e¨w³
DËi: CAD Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv Computer Aided Desing (Kw¤úDUvi wKsev cÖwZôv‡bi g‡`¨ †jb‡`b‡K B-Kgvm© (E-Commerce) e‡j|
GB‡WW wWRvBb)| GwU GKwU we‡kl mdUIq¨vi hv BwÄwbqvwis Gi wewfbœ Abyavebg~jK cÖ‡kœvËi
KvR †hgb- WªvdwUs, wWRvBb wKsev wmgy‡jkb BZ¨vw` Kv‡R e¨envi nq| 1. ÔeZ©gv‡b WªvBfviwenxb Mvwo‡ZI hvZvqvZ Kiv hvqÕ| e¨vL¨v Ki|
3. fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU Kx? DËi: Z_¨ cÖhyw³i Kj¨v‡b eZ©gv‡b WªvBfvi wenxb Mvwo‡Z hvZvqvZ Kiv
DËi: cÖK…Z A‡_© ev¯Íe bq wKš‘ ev¯Í‡ei ‡PZbv D‡`«MKvix weÁvbwbf©i m¤¢e| G‡ÿ‡Î mvnvh¨ Kvix hš¿wU n‡jv †iveU, hv AZ¨šÍ `ªæZ, K¬vwšÍnxb Ges
Kíbv‡K fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU (VR) ev Abyf‡e ev¯ÍeZv wKsev Kíev¯ÍeZv e‡j| wbLuyZ Kg©ÿg ¯^qswµq AvaywbK hš¿| †ive‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ WªvBfviwenxb Mvwo‡Z
4. µv‡qv‡cÖve Kx? hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨ †ive‡Ui g‡a¨ WªvBwfs Gi bvbv wbqg Kvbyb (†hgb: UªvwdK
DËi: µv‡qvmvR©vwi‡Z ‡ivMvµvšÍ ¯’v‡b µv‡qvRwbK M¨vm cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ e¨eüZ wmMb¨vj,moK wPý,w¯úW wjwgU, Ifvi‡UwKs, cvwK©s/‡bv cvwK©s GjvKv
AZ¨šÍ m~² myPhy³ bj‡K µv‡qv‡cÖve e‡j| BZ¨vw`) †cÖvMÖvg Kiv nq| Mvwo‡Z e¨eüZ wewfbœ ¯‥¨vbvi Ges †mÝi e¨envi
5. µv‡qvmvR©vwi Kx? K‡i †iveU ¯^qswµqfv‡e †cÖvMÖvg Abymv‡i Mvwo Pvjv‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î Zvi
DËi: µv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡”Q GK cÖKvi wPwKrmv c×wZ hvi gva¨‡g AZ¨waK KvRwUi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K Avi †Kv‡bv wKQz Ki‡Z nq bv|
kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z¡‡Ki A¯^vfvweK Ges †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨ aŸsm Kiv 2. ÔAvPiwYK †WUvÕ e¨vL¨v Ki|
nq| DËi: ev‡qv‡gwUªK cÖhyw³i AvPiYMZ •ewk‡ó¨i Dci wfwË K‡i †Kv‡bv
6. Ô¯§vU© †nvgÕ Kx? e¨w³‡K kbv³Ki‡Yi Rb¨ AvPiwYK †WUv ( †hgb: Kɯ^i, nv‡Zi ¯^vÿi Ges
DËi: ‡h evm¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g wi‡gvU K‡›Uªvwjs c×wZ‡Z wbR N‡i e‡mB Kx-‡evW© UvBwcs) e¨envi Kiv nq| †Kv‡bv e¨w³i AvPiYMZ •ewk󨸇jv
wbivcËv e¨e¯’v wbwðZKiY, K‡ÿi ZvcgvÎv n«vm-e„w× Kiv, jvBwUs wm‡÷g BbcyU †WUv wnmv‡e †WUv‡eR msiÿb Kiv nq| †hgb Kɯ^i kbv³KiY
K‡›Uªvjmn wPwKrmv †mev MÖnY, `~ieZ©x †`‡ki eÜz evÜe Gi mv‡_ mvgbvmvgwb c×wZ‡Z e¨enviKvixi Kɯ^i‡K gvB‡µv‡dv‡bi gva¨‡g aviYc~e©K Kw¤úDUvi
K‡_vcK_b BZ¨vw` myweavmg~n cvIqv hvq Zv‡K ¯§vU© †nvg e‡j| †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi mvnv‡h¨ B‡jKwUªK wmMb¨v‡j iƒcvšÍ K‡i †WUv‡e‡R msiÿb Kiv
7. B-Kgvm© Kx? nq| cieZ©x‡Z msiwÿZ Kɯ^i AvPiwYK †WUvi mv‡_ wgwj‡q e¨w³
DËi: eZ©gvb we‡k^i cÖvq mKj †`‡ki g‡a¨ we¯Í…Z B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g e¨w³ kbv³Ki‡Yi KvR m¤úbœ Kiv nq|
wKsev cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ †jb‡`b‡K B-Kgvm© (E-Commerce) e‡j| 3. AvBwmwU wbf©i Drcv`b e¨e¯’v DbœZ †`k MV‡b Acwinvh© e¨vL¨v Ki|
8. µv‡qvRwbK G‡R›U Kx? DËi: AvBwmwU wbf©i Drcv`b e¨e¯’v DbœZ ‡`k MV‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb
DËi: µv‡qvmvR©vwi wPwKrmvq †iv‡Mi AvµvšÍ ¯’vb I †iv‡Mi aiYvbyhvqx wbw`©÷ K‡i| wkícÖwZôvb Drcvw`Z c‡Y¨i gvb wbY©‡q Kw¤úDUvi e¨eüZ nq|
kxZjZvq †c․Qv‡bvi Rb¨ †hmKj Zij M¨vm e¨eüZ nq| Zv‡`i‡K Drcv`b Kv‡R e¨eüZ hš¿cvwZ¸‡jv wVKg‡Zv KvR Ki‡Q wKbv Zv
µ‡qvRwbK G‡R›U ejv nq| µv‡qvRwbK G‡R›U wn‡m‡e Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g wbY©q Kiv nq| Drcv`‡bi ‡¶‡Î AwaK SyuwKc~Y© Kv‡R
Aw·‡Rb, AvM©b, Kve©b-WvB A·vBW BZ¨vw` M¨vmmg~n e¨envi Kiv nq| Kw¤úDUvi PvwjZ ‡iveU e¨eüZ nq| Mªyc Ae K¤úvwbi wewfbœ c«wZôv‡bi ‡h
9. ev‡qv‡gwUª· Kv‡K e‡j? ‡KD B‡jKU«wbK ‡gBj, ‡UwjKbdv‡iÝ, ey‡jwUb ‡evW© BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g
DËi: ev‡qv‡gwUª· n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖhyw³ †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv e¨w³i †`‡ni MVb ‡hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Kg©iZ k«wg‡Ki Kv‡Ri mgh, ‡eZb I IfviUvBg
I AvPiYMZ •ewk‡ó¨i Dci wfwË K‡i Zv‡K AwØZxqfv‡e wPwýZ ev mbv³ wnmve Kiv Rb¨ cªhyw³ e¨envi Kiv nq|
Kiv nq| 4. SuywKc~Y© Kv‡R e¨en„Z hš¿wU Kxfv‡e gvby‡li weKí wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i?
10. HTML Gwj‡g›U Kx? DËi: Z_¨ c«hyw³i Kj¨v‡Y eZ©gv‡b A‡bK hš¿ Avwe®‥vi n‡q‡Q hv SyuwKc~Y©
DËi: HTML WKz‡g‡›U I‡cwbs ev ¸iæi U¨vM †_‡K Avi¤¢ K‡i ‡KøvwRs ev Kv‡R gvby‡li weKí wnmv‡e ¯^qswµqfv‡e KvR K‡i| GgbB GKwU hš¿ n‡jv
†kl U¨vM ch©šÍ mKj wKQz‡K HTML Gwj‡g›U e‡j| ‡iveU, hv AZ¨šÍ `ªyZ, K¬vwšÍnxb Ges wbLyuZ Kg©¶g ¯^qswµq AvaywbK hš¿|
11. †ivewU· Kx? KviLvbvq Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z ‡ive‡Ui g‡a¨ wewfbœ SyuwKc~Y© Kv‡Ri ‡cÖvMÖvg
DËi: ‡UK‡bvjwR †h kvLvq †ive‡Ui bKkv, MVb I KvR m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv _v‡K| wewfbœ ¯‥¨vbvi, ‡mÝi I K¨v‡givi e¨envi K‡i ‡iveU
Kiv nq †mB kvLv‡K †ivewU· ejv nq| ¯^qswµqfv‡e ‡cÖvMÖvg Abymv‡i KviLvbvi SyuwKc~Y© KvR¸‡jv m¤úbœ K‡i|
12. n¨vwKs Kx? G‡¶‡Î Zvi KvRwUi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K Avi ‡Kv‡bv wKQy Ki‡Z nq bv|
DËi: AbygwZ e¨ZxZ ‡Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi ‡bUIqv‡K© c«‡ek K‡i Kw¤úDUvi 5. ÒSuywKc~Y© KvR h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ Kiv m¤¢eÓ eywS‡q †jL|
e¨envi Kiv A_ev ‡Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi‡K ‡gvn”Qbœ K‡i Zvi cy‡iv wbqš¿Y wb‡q DËi: Z_¨ c«hyw³i Kj¨v‡Y eZ©gv‡b A‡bK hš¿ Avwe®‥vi n‡q‡Q hv SyuwKc~Y©
‡bqv‡K n¨vwKs e‡j| Kv‡R gvby‡li weKí wnmv‡e ¯^qswµqfv‡e KvR K‡i| GgbB GKwU hš¿ n‡jv
13. †cøwRqvwiRg Kx? ‡iveU, hv AZ¨šÍ `ªyZ, K¬vwšÍnxb Ges wbLyuZ Kg©¶g ¯^qswµq AvaywbK hš¿|
DËi: ‡Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi †Kv‡bv mvwnZ¨, M‡elYv ev m¤úv`bv Kg© KviLvbvq Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z ‡ive‡Ui g‡a¨ wewfbœ SyuwKc~Y© Kv‡Ri ‡cÖvMªvg
ûeû bKj ev AvswkK cwieZ©b K‡i wb‡Ri bv‡g cÖKvk KivB nj Kiv _v‡K| wewfbœ ¯‥¨vbvi, ‡mÝi I K¨v‡givi e¨envi K‡i ‡iveU
†cøwRqvwiRg

23
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

¯^qswµqfv‡e ‡cÖvMªvg Abymv‡i KviLvbvi SyuwKc~Y© KvR¸‡jv m¤úbœ K‡i| B‡jKwUªK wmMb¨v‡j iƒcvšÍi K‡i †WUv‡e‡R msiÿY Kiv nq| cieZx©‡Z
G‡¶‡Î Zvi KvRwUi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K Avi ‡Kv‡bv wKQy Ki‡Z nq bv| msiwÿZ Kɯ^i AvPiwYK †WUvi mv‡_ wgwj‡q e¨w³ kbv³Ki‡Yi KvR mgcbœ
6. ÒcÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g e¨w³ kbv³KiY Kiv hvqÓ e¨vL¨v Ki| Kiv nq|
DËi: cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g e¨wK³ kbv³KiY m¤¢e| e¨w³ kbv³Ki‡Yi 13. cÖhyw³i e¨env‡i gUi WªvBwfs cÖwkÿY m¤¢e K_vwU e¨vL¨v Ki|
cÖhyw³wU n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUª·| ev‡qv‡gwUª· n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖhyw³ †hLv‡b †Kvb DËi: c«hyw³ e¨envi K‡i wbivc‡` Kvi W«vBwfs c«wk¶Y m¤¢e| G‡¶‡Î mvnvh¨
e¨w³i †`‡ni MVb Ges AvPiYMZ •ewk‡ó¨i Dci wfwË K‡i Zv‡K Ki‡Z cv‡i fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi | fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g W«vBwfs‡qi bvbv
AwØZxfv‡e wPwýZ ev kbv³ Kiv nq| Kw¤úDUvi weÁv‡b ev‡qv‡gwwUª·‡K wbqg-Kvbyb Lye mn‡RB AvqË Kiv m¤¢e| fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g ev¯Í‡ei
e¨w³ kbv³KiY Ges †Kvb wm‡÷‡g cÖ‡ekvwaKvi wbqš¿‡Yi †K․kj wnmv‡e g‡Zv iv¯Ívq Mvwo Pvwj‡q c«wk¶Yv_©x Lye mn‡RB ev¯Í‡e Mvox Pvjv‡bvi mvnm
e¨envi Kiv nq| GB c×wZi gva¨‡g ev‡qv‡gwUª· wWfvBm¸‡jv AR©b K‡i `ªyZ Mvwo Pvjbv wkL‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`k cywj‡ki gwnjv
e¨enviKvix‡`i †Kvb †cÖvMÖvg, wm‡÷g ev Kÿ e¨env‡ii AbygwZ w`‡q Zv‡K| cywjk‡`i‡K W«vBwfs ‡kLv‡bvi Rb¨ fvP©yqvj Kvi e¨envi Kiv nq|
m‡›`nfvRb e¨w³‡`i GKwU `j n‡Z KvD‡K Avjv`vfv‡e kbv³ Kivi 14. Z_¨ cÖhyw³ wbf©i wek¦B wek¦MÖvg e¨vL¨v Ki|
Kv‡RI ev‡qv‡gwUªK c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq| DËi: wek¦M«vg Ggb GKwU cwi‡ek ‡hLv‡b c…w_exi mKj gvbyl GKK mgv‡R
7. ÒZ_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g `~ieZ©x †ivMx‡`i wPwKrmv †mev †`Iqv m¤¢eÓ| emevm K‡i Ges B‡j±ªwbK wgwWqv I Z_¨ c«hyw³ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g G‡K
e¨vL¨v Ki| Aci‡K ‡mev c«`vb K‡i| Z_¨ I ‡hvM‡hvM c«hyw³i we¯Í…Z e¨envi QvWv
DËi: Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g `~ieZ©x †ivMx‡`i wPwKrmv †mev †`qv wek¦M«vg Kíbv Kiv hvh bv| ZvB ejv hvh Z_¨ c«hyw³ wbf©i wek¦B wek¦M«vg|
m¤¢e| G‡ÿ‡Î mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i †Uwj‡gwWwmb| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i 15. cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i gUi WªvBwfs wkLv m¤¢e K_vwU e¨vL¨v Ki|
mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb †f․MwjK `~i‡Z¡ Ae¯’vbiZ †ivMx‡K we‡klÁ wPwKrmK, †ivM DËi: c«hyw³ e¨envi K‡i wbivc‡` Kvi W«vBwfs c«wk¶Y m¤¢e| G‡¶‡Î mvnvh¨
wbY©q †K›`ª, we‡klvwqZ †bUIqvK© BZ¨vw`i m¤^‡q ¯^v¯’¨‡mev †`Iqv‡K Ki‡Z cv‡i fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU | fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU gva¨‡g W«vBwfs‡qi bvbv
†Uwj‡gwWwmb ejv nq| †Uwj‡gwWwmb GK ai‡bi †mev| †Uwj‡gwWwmb cÖhyw³i wbhg-Kvbyb Lye mn‡RB AvqË Kiv m¤¢e| fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU gva¨‡g ev¯Í‡ei
gva¨‡g GK †`‡k Ae¯’vb K‡i Ab¨ †`‡ki we‡klÁ Wv³v‡ii wPwKrmve †mev g‡Zv iv¯Ívq Mvwo Pvwjh‡ c«wk¶Yv_©x Lye mn‡RB ev¯Í‡e MvwoPvjv‡bvi mvnm
MÖnY Kiv hvq| evsjv‡`‡ki wPwKrmv e¨e¯’v‡ZI Z_¨ cÖhyw³i e¨envi ïiæ AR©b Kivi gva¨‡g `ªyZ Mvwo Pvjbv wkL‡Z cv‡i|
n‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b Avgv‡`i †`‡ki bvMwiKMY †gvevBj †dv‡bi gva¨‡g miKvwi 16. ev‡qvBbdig¨vwU·-G e¨en„Z †WUv Kx? e¨vL¨v Ki|
¯^v¯’¨ †K‡›`ª Kg©iZ wPwKrm‡Ki KvQ †_‡K webvg~‡j¨ ¯^v¯’¨ civgk© wb‡Z DËi: ev‡qvBbdig¨vwU· n‡jv weÁv‡bi †mB kvLv hv ev‡qvjwRK¨vj †WUv
cv‡ib| d‡j `~ieZ©x A‡ji bvMwiKMY Riæwi cÖ‡qvR‡b ¯^v¯’¨ †K‡›`ª bv GbvjvBwmm Kivi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³, Bbdi‡gkb w_Iwi Ges MvwYwZK
G‡mI wPwKrmv †mev MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb| Ávb‡K e¨envi K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î, †WUv AšÍf©~³ K‡i wW Gb G, A¨vwg‡bv GwmW
8. ÒAvMvgx wek¦ n‡e b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwRi wek¦|Ó e¨vL¨v Ki| Ges wbDwK¬K GmwWmn Ab¨vb¨ welq‡K| mvaviYZ ev‡qvBbdig¨vwU·
DËi: b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g e„nr †¯‥‡j c‡Y¨vrcv`b m¤¢e nq| WvUv‡e‡R wRb e¨vsK, wbDwK¬IUvBW, †cÖvwUb wmKz‡qÝ BZ¨vw` welq _v‡K|
G cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g Drcvw`Z cY¨ AZ¨šÍ gReyZ, we`y¨r mvkÖqx, †UKmB Ges 17. Òb~¨bZg aKj mwnòz kj¨wPwKrmv c×wZwUÓ e¨vL¨v Ki|
AvKv‡i my², †QvU I nvjKv nq| b¨v‡bvcÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ fwel¨‡Z ¯§vU© Ily‡ai DËi: b~¨bZg aKj mwnòz kj¨wPwKrmv c×wZwU n‡jv µv‡qvmvR©vwi|
gva¨‡g cÖvYNvZx K¨vÝv‡ii g‡Zv `yiv‡ivM¨ e¨vwa n‡Z gyw³, cÖwZiÿv e¨e¯’vq µv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡”Q GK cÖKvi wPwKrmv c×wZ hvi gva¨‡g AZ¨waK kxZj
b¨v‡bv †iveU, †Kvqv›Uvg Kw¤úDwUs, wek^e¨vcx e„nr Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó, ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z¡‡Ki A¯^vfv‡eK Ges †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨ aŸsm Kiv nq|
Kvh©Kix I m¯Ívq kw³ Drcv`bmn cvwb I evqy`~lY Kgv‡bv m¤¢e n‡e e‡j µv‡qvmvR©vwi †K․kj cÖ‡qvM K‡i wPwKrmv Kiv‡K µv‡qv‡_ivwc e‡j|
M‡elKMY Avkvve`x| GRb¨B AvMvgx wek^ n‡e b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR wek^| µv‡qv‡_ivwc‡Z wUDgvi wUmy¨i ZvcgvÎv Kwg‡q- 410 †_‡K 1960 †m.
9. wmgy‡jUi I g‡Wwjs mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g cÖwkÿY m¤¢e| e¨vL¨v Ki| ZvcgvÎvq wb‡q Avmv nq| GB mgq µv‡qv‡cÖve ev GKwU m~‡Pi cÖvšÍ Øviv
DËi: wmyg‡jUi I g‡Wwjs mdIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g KvíwbK wÎgvwÎK cwi‡ek wUDgvi wUmy¨i wfZ‡i Lye `ªæZ AvM©b M¨v‡mi wbtmiY Kiv‡bv nq| ZvgcvÎvi
A_©vr fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g cÖwkÿY m¤¢e| fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g AZ¨waK n«v‡mi d‡j †Kv‡li cvwb RgvUe× n‡q H wUmy¨i g‡a¨ AvUKv c‡o
mwZ¨Kvi hyׇÿ‡Î •Zwi K‡i •mwbK‡`i DbœZ I wbLuyZ cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv †M‡j G‡Z i³ I Aw·‡Rb cwienb eÜ n‡q wUmy¨wU aŸsm n‡q hvq|
hvq| G QvovI †gvUiMvwo, RvnvR, wegvb BZ¨vw` Pvjv‡bvi cÖwkÿ‡Y 18. N‡ii g‡a¨B WªvBwfs †kLv m¤¢e e¨vL¨v Ki|
wmgy‡jUi I g‡Wwjs mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g cÖwkÿYv_©x Lye mn‡RB ev¯Í‡e DËi: cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i wbivc‡` Kvi WªvBwfs cÖwkÿY m¤¢e| G‡ÿ‡Î mvnvh¨
†gvUiMvox, RvnvR ev wegvb Pvjv‡bvi bvbv wbqg-Kvbyb AvqË Ki‡Z cv‡i Ki‡Z cv‡i fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU| fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g WªvBwfs‡qi bvbv
Ges ev¯Í‡ei b¨vq cÖwkÿY AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| wbqg-Kvbyb Lye mn‡RB AvqË Kiv m¤¢e| fvP©yqvj wi‡qwiwUi gva¨‡g ev¯Í‡ei
10. †Kvb cÖhyw³‡Z mviv eQi Av‡gi djb m¤¢e? e¨vL¨v Ki| g‡Zv iv¯Ívq Mvwo Pvwj‡q cÖwkÿYv_x© Lye mn‡RB ev¯Í‡e Mvwo Pvjv‡bvi mvnm
DËi: †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g mviv eQi Av‡gi djb m¤¢e| AR©b K‡i `ªæZ Mvwo Pvjbv wkL‡Z cv‡i|
†R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis cÖhyw³i wiKw¤^‡bU wWGbG Gi gva¨‡g †hme wRb cywói 19. AvPi‡Yi gva¨‡g e¨w³ kbv³Ki‡Yi c×wZ eywS‡q †jL|
evnK, djea©K mv‡jvKms‡kølY ÿgZv m¤úbœ Ges mviveQi djbkxj †mme DËi: ev‡qv‡gwUª‡Ki †ÿ‡Î e¨vw³ mbv³Ki‡Yi Ab¨Zg GKwU cš’v n‡jv
wRb‡K wewfbœ wbKUeZ©x ev `~ieZ©x †h‡Kv‡bv Dw™¢` †_‡K msMÖn K‡i Av‡gi e¨vw³i AvPibMZ ‣ewkó †`Lv| gvby‡li •`wnK MVb ev AvPibMZ •ewkó
Pvivq XzwK‡q w`‡q mviv eQi Av‡gi AvkZxZ djb cvIqv m¤¢e n‡”Q| cwigv‡ci wfwˇZ †Kv‡bv e¨vw³‡K AwØZxqfv‡e kbv³ Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ
11. < a > U¨v‡Mi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki| cÖhyw³ n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUª·| AvPibMZ ev‡qv‡gwUª· c×wZ ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q-
DËi: <anchor> <a> U¨vM e¨envi Kiv nq B›Uvibvi ev G·Uvibvj wK‡evW© UvBwcs MwZ hvPvBKiY, nv‡Z Kiv ¯^vÿi hvPvBKiY Ges KÚ¯^i
nvBcviwjsK Kivi Rb¨| A¨vsKi Øviv †hgb †b․Kv‡K †eu‡a ivLv nq †Zgwb hvPvBKiY| Gme •ewkó¸‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv e¨vw³‡K AwØZxqfv‡e kbv³
<a> Øviv GK †c‡Ri mv‡_ Ab¨ †c‡Ri wjsK Kiv hvq| †hgb: <ahref='' Kiv hvq|
http:// www. google. com''> Google </a> 20. Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wek¦‡K nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq wb‡q G‡m‡Q e¨vL¨v Ki|
12. AvPi‡Yi gva¨‡g e¨w³ kbv³Ki‡Yi c×wZ eywS‡q wjL| DËi: AvaywbK †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi DbœwZ‡Z Ges `ªæZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweavi d‡j
DËi: AvPi‡Yi gva¨‡g e¨w³ kbv³KiY c×wZ n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUªK cÖhyw³ GKwU c„w_ex †QvU n‡q Avm‡Q| Avgiv GLb AwZ Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨B c„w_exi †Kv_vq
gva¨‡g †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv e¨w³i AvPiYMZ ‣ewk‡ó¨i †hgb: (Kɯ^, nv‡Zi Kx NU‡Q ZvrÿwYKfv‡e Rvb‡Z cvwi| Kw¤úDUvimn wewfbœ B‡jKUªwbK h‡š¿i
¯^vÿi Ges Kx-‡evW© UvBwcs) Dci wfwË K‡i Zv‡K AwØZxqfv‡e wPwýZ ev mnRjf¨Zv Ges wWwRUvj KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷‡gi Af~Zc~e© DbœwZi Kvi‡YB
kbv³ Kiv nq| †Kv‡bv e¨w³i AvPiYMZ ‣ewk󨸇jv BbcyU †WUv wn‡m‡e GwU m¤¢e n‡”Q| cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki nv‡ZB GLb ¯§vU©‡dvb †cuv‡Q †M‡Q| hv cy‡iv
†WUv‡e‡R msiÿY Kiv nq| †hgb: Kɯ^i kbv³KiY c×wZ‡Z e¨enviKvixi wek^‡K Avgv‡`i nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq wb‡q G‡m‡Q|
Kɯ^i‡K gvB‡µv‡dv‡bi gva¨‡g aviYvc~e©K Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMªvwgs Gi mvnv‡h¨-

24
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welq: Z_¨ I †hvM‡hvM cÖhyw³

Aa¨vq-01 (Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³: wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ)
Board Questions

1|
bZzb Rxe‡Kvl m„wó

nvBweªW km¨ ?

`y‡a Avwg‡li cwigvb evov‡bv

`„k¨Kí-1
eZ©gv‡b wewfbœ cÖwZôvb Zv‡`i wbivcËv, M‡elYvGgbwK we‡bv`‡bi
†ÿ‡ÎI gvby‡li e¨envi mxwgZ K‡i wb‡q Avm‡Q| cÖhyw³i RM‡Z GwU
ÔPZz_© wkí wecøeÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
`„k¨Kí-2
[XvKv †evW© -2023]
(K) b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR Kx? 1
(L) ÔeZ©gv‡b WªvBfviwenxb Mvwo‡ZI hvZvqvZ Kiv hvqÕ| e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
(M) DÏxc‡Ki `„k¨Kí-1 G ? wPwýZ ¯’v‡b cÖhyw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
(N) PZz_© wkí wecø‡ei †ÿ‡Î `„k¨Kí-2 G DwjøwLZ cÖhyw³wUi f‚wgKv g~j¨vqb Ki| 4
1 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR ev b¨v‡bvcÖhyw³ n‡jv cvgvYweK ev AvYweK †¯‥‡j AwZÿz`ª wWfvBm •Zwi Kivi Rb¨ avZe e¯‘‡K mywbcyYfv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi weÁvb|
(L) Z_¨ cÖhyw³i Kj¨v‡b eZ©gv‡b WªvBfvi wenxb Mvwo‡Z hvZvqvZ Kiv m¤¢e| G‡ÿ‡Î mvnvh¨ Kvix hš¿wU n‡jv †iveU, hv AZ¨šÍ `ªæZ, K¬vwšÍnxb Ges wbLuyZ Kg©ÿg
¯^qswµq AvaywbK hš¿| †ive‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ WªvBfviwenxb Mvwo‡Z hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨ †ive‡Ui g‡a¨ WªvBwfs Gi bvbv wbqg Kvbyb (†hgb: UªvwdK wmMb¨vj,moK wPý,w¯úW
wjwgU, Ifvi‡UwKs, cvwK©s/‡bv cvwK©s GjvKv BZ¨vw`) †cÖvMÖvg Kiv nq| Mvwo‡Z e¨eüZ wewfbœ ¯‥¨vbvi Ges †mÝi e¨envi K‡i †iveU ¯^qswµqfv‡e †cÖvMÖvg Abymv‡i
Mvwo Pvjv‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î Zvi KvRwUi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K Avi †Kv‡bv wKQz Ki‡Z nq bv|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki `„k¨Kí-1G ? wPwýZ ¯’v‡bi cÖhyw³wU n‡jv †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis| ev‡qv‡UK‡bvjwRi gva¨‡g †Kvb Rx‡ei wR‡bvg‡K wb‡Ri myweavbyhvqx mvwR‡q †bqv‡KB
‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis ev †R‡bwUK gwWwd‡Kkb e‡j| wR‡bvg n‡jv †Kv‡bv Rx‡ei eskMZ •ewk‡ó¨i Z_¨| dmj Drcv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis e¨vcKfv‡e
e¨eüZ n‡”Q| †hgb-mqvweb, fzÆv, Zzjv, •Zj exR, U‡g‡Uv, †cu‡c BZ¨vw`i wRb •ewkó¨ cwieZ©b K‡i G¸‡jvi Drcv`b e„w×,‡cvKv-gvKo I Ab¨vb¨ Dw™¢`bvkK
QÎvK I fvBivm cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hv‡”Q| †R‡bwUK¨vwj cwiewZ©Z dmj AwaK Liv I VvÐv mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
(N) `„k¨Kí-2 Gi cÖhyw³wU n‡jv †ivewU·| PZz_© wkí wecø‡ei †ÿ‡Î ivRZ¡ Ki‡e †ivewU· cÖhyw³i †iveU|
Ò‡iveU n‡”Q Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z GKwU ¯^qswµq e¨e¯’v;hv gvbyl †hfv‡e KvR K‡i Zv †mfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i A_ev Gi Kv‡Ri aiY †`‡L g‡b n‡e Gi K…wÎg
eyw×gËv Av‡Q|Ó
Kw¤úDUvi †iveU mKj KvRKg© wbqš¿b K‡i| mKj †ive‡Ui Kv‡Ri aviv c~e© †_‡K wVK K‡i †`Iqv _v‡K| †iveU ïay gvÎ Zv‡K wb‡`©wkZ Kv‡Ri aviv Abyhvqw mvov
w`‡q Zv‡K| cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v fv‡e wb‡`©kbv †ive‡Ui †g‡gvwi‡Z •Zwi K‡i w`‡Z nq| †iveU AZ¨šÍ `ªæZ,K¬vwšÍnxb I wbLuyZ Kgÿg GKwU hš¿|
GwU GKwU ¯^wbqwš¿Z Kw¤úDUvi c×wZ|
PZz_© wkí wecø‡ei †ÿ‡Î †iveU Gi ¸iæZ¡/cÖ‡qvM:
 wkí-KviLvbvq cb¨ Drcv`b,ms‡hvRb,c¨vwKs Ges cwien‡bi Rb¨ †ive‡Ui e¨envi djcÖm~| †hgb-eZ©gv‡b Mvox I wegvb ms‡hvRb BZ¨vw` Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †ive‡Ui
mdj e¨envi n‡”Q|
 ‡h me †ÿ‡Î AwZ my² KvR Kiv `iKvi nq †hgb B‡jKUªwb· Ges IC ¸‡jv evbv‡bvi Rb¨ Ges PBC ( Printed Circuit Board) evbv‡bvi Rb¨ †iveU
e¨eüZ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î nv‡Z •Zwi wRwbm mwVK bvI n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-Kw¤úDUv‡ii gv`vi‡evW©mn Ab¨vb¨ mvwK©U †evW© •Zwi‡Z †iveU e¨eüZ nq|
 wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î mvR©vwii Kv‡R †iveU mdjfv‡e e¨envi Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
 wbDwK¬qvm wiq¨v±mn wewfbœ wec`RbK I SuywKc~Y© Kv‡R †iveU e¨envi Kiv nq|
 DbœZ we‡k¦ wbivcËvi Kv‡R †iveU mdj e¨envi n‡”Q|
 evmv-evox‡Z Kv‡Ri †jv‡Ki weKí wnmv‡e †ive‡Ui e¨envi ïiæ n‡q‡Q|
‡iveU Ges PZz_© wkí wecøe c„w_ex‡K cÖK…Ziƒ‡c wek¦MÖv‡g iƒcvšÍi K‡i Zzj‡e| PZz_© wkí wecø‡ei mg‡q mKj Drcv`b e¨e¯’v n‡e †iveU wbf©i| AwZ ÿz`ª hš¿vsk
†_‡K eo eo hš¿ •Zwi‡Z †ive‡Ui e¨envi cwijwÿZ n‡e| myZivs, PZz_© wkí wecø‡ei †ÿ‡Î we‡bv`b, wPwKrmv.WªvBwfs,wbgv©Y kÖwgK BZ¨vw` mKj Kv‡R †iveU
e¨vcK f~wgKv ivL‡e|

2| Wv. †R. wm. †`e wbqwš¿Z ZvcgvÎvi wPwKrmv c×wZ m¤ú‡K© we‡kl cÖwkÿY
MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Rvcvb wM‡qwQ‡jb| we‡kl e¨e¯’vq Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z cwi‡e‡k †_‡K wZwb GB wPwKrmv c×wZ m¤ú‡K© ev¯Íe AwfÁZv AR©b K‡i †`‡k wd‡i G‡m‡Qb|
GLb Zvi Kv‡Q †ivMx G‡j wZwb we‡kl wKQy RwUj †iv‡Mi Acv‡ik‡b mdjZvi mv‡_ GB wPwKrmv c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i _v‡Kb|
[XvKv †evW© -2023]
(K) CAD Kx? 1
(L) ÔAvPiwYK †WUvÕ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
(M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Wv³v‡ii cÖwkÿY MÖn‡Yi cÖhyw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
(N) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wPwKrmv c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i Ae`vb g~j¨vqb Ki| 4
2 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

(K) CAD Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv Computer Aided Desing (Kw¤úDUvi GB‡WW wWRvBb)| GwU GKwU we‡kl mdUIq¨vi hv BwÄwbqvwis Gi wewfbœ KvR †hgb-
WªvdwUs, wWRvBb wKsev wmgy‡jkb BZ¨vw` Kv‡R e¨envi nq|
(L) ev‡qv‡gwUªK cÖhyw³i AvPiYMZ •ewk‡ó¨i Dci wfwË K‡i †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K kbv³Ki‡Yi Rb¨ AvPiwYK †WUv ( †hgb: Kɯ^i, nv‡Zi ¯^vÿi Ges Kx-‡evW© UvBwcs)
e¨envi Kiv nq| †Kv‡bv e¨w³i AvPiYMZ •ewk󨸇jv BbcyU †WUv wnmv‡e †WUv‡eR msiÿb Kiv nq| †hgb Kɯ^i kbv³KiY c×wZ‡Z e¨enviKvixi Kɯ^i‡K
gvB‡µv‡dv‡bi gva¨‡g aviYc~e©K Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi mvnv‡h¨ B‡jKwUªK wmMb¨v‡j iƒcvšÍ K‡i †WUv‡e‡R msiÿb Kiv nq| cieZ©x‡Z msiwÿZ Kɯ^i AvPiwYK
†WUvi mv‡_ wgwj‡q e¨w³ kbv³Ki‡Yi KvR m¤úbœ Kiv nq|
(M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Wv³v‡ii cÖwkÿY MÖn‡Yi cÖhyw³wU n‡jv fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU| fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU n‡jv nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g •ZwiK…Z Ggb GKai‡bi
K…wÎg cwi‡eg,hv e¨enviKvix‡`i Kv‡Q Ggbfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq hv‡Z Zviv GwU‡K ev¯Íe cwi‡ek wn‡m‡e g‡b K‡i| fvP©yqvj we‡qwjwU‡Z AbyKiYK…Z cwi‡ek
ûeû ev¯Íe c„w_exi g‡Zv n‡Z cv‡i|G‡ÿ‡Î e¨enviKvix m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c GKwU Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z cwi‡e‡k wbgw¾Z n‡q hvq|Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vbKvix wewfbœ ai‡Yi
wWfvBm msewjK Pkgv, headset, gloves,suit BZ¨vw` cwiavb Kivi gva¨‡g fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU‡Z ev¯Íe‡K Dcjwã Kiv nq| GKwU typical VR format –G
GKRb e¨enviKvix wÎgvwÎK w¯…b msewjZ †nj‡gU c‡i Ges Zvi g‡a¨ w`‡q ev¯Íe †_‡K AbyKiYK…Z Aªvwb‡g‡UW ev cÖvYešÍ Qwe †`‡L| fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU‡Z
gvwj‡mÝi wnDg¨vb-Kw¤úDUvi B›Uvi †mÝimg~‡ni e¨envi AbyKf©y³ _v‡K hv gvbe e¨enviKvix‡`i‡K Kw¤úDUvi †mgy‡j‡UW Ae‡R±,‡¯úm,Kvh©µg Ges wek¦‡ K
GKev‡i ev¯Í‡ei g‡Zv vwfÁZv cÖ`v‡b mÿg K‡i †Zv‡j|
DÏxc‡K Wvt †R. wm. †`e Dc‡i ewY©Z Dcv‡q Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z GKwU wmgy‡j‡UW cwi‡e‡k wbqwš¿Z ZvcgvÎvi wPwKrmv c×wZ m¤ú©‡K we‡kl cÖ wkÿY MÖnY
K‡iwQ‡jb Ges ev¯Íe AwfÁZv AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb|
(N) DÏxc‡K Wvt †R.wm †`e Gi wPwKrmv c×wZwU n‡jv µv‡qvmvR©vwi| µv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡”Q AZ¨vwaK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z¡‡Ki A¯^vfvweK I †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨‡K
aŸsm Kivi cÖwµqv| µv‡qvmvR©vwi‡Z Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i wewfbœ ‡ÿÎ e¨eüZ nq| †hgb Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷g I c~e© wba©vwiZ †cÖvMv‡gi gva¨‡g mvR©vwii mgq
mvR©vwi GjvKvi wPÎ AR©b, mvR©vwi GjvKvi Ici wfwË K‡i wPwKrmvi gvÎv wbY©q,mvR©vwii ¯’v‡b †hfv‡e µv‡qv‡cÖve hv‡e Zvi wPÎ AR©b, ev¯Í‡e µv‡qv‡cÖve †hfv‡e
hv‡”Q Zvi wPÎ cÖ`k©b BZ¨vw`| Avevi, µv‡qvmvR©vwi wb‡q M‡elYv I gZ wewbg‡qi Rb¨ wPwKrmKMY Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i BÈvi‡bU,‡UwjKbdv‡iwÝs e¨envi
K‡ib| µv‡qvmvR©vwi wPwKrmv msµvšÍ M‡elYvi djvdj msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ wPwKrm‡Kiv †WUv‡eR e¨envi K‡i _v‡Kb hv‡Z cieZ©x‡Z Lye mn‡RB M‡elYvi djvdj †h
†Kvb mgq A¨vK‡mm Ki‡Z cv‡ib| µv‡qvmvR©vwi wPwKrmvq wPwKrm‡Kiv cÖwkÿ‡bi Rb¨ Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi e¨envi K‡i ev¯Í‡e mvR©vwi
Kivi AwfÁZv AR©b K‡i _v‡Kb| Avevi cy‡iv mvR©vwii cÖwµqvwU Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z †ive‡Ui gva¨‡g m¤úbœ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| myZivs, µv‡qvmvR©vwi wPwKrmvq
cÖwkÿb, ch©‡eÿb, m¤úv`b, Z_¨ msiÿbmn mKj †ÿ‡Î Z_¨ cÖhyw³i Ae`vb i‡q‡Q|

3| wgt mv¾v` K…wl wek¦we`¨vj‡qi GKRb Aa¨vcK, wZwb D”P djbkxj Rv‡Zi avb Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ M‡elYv Ki‡Qb| wZwb `xN©w`b hver gy‡L AuvwP‡ji mgm¨vq
fzM‡Qb| Ae‡k‡l wZwb Zvi eÜy Wv³vi dzqv‡`i Kv‡Q wPwKrmvi Rb¨ †M‡j Wv³vi kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i i³cvZ QvovB AuvwPj Acv‡ikb Ki‡jb|
[ivRkvnx †evW© -2023]

(K) fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU Kx? 1

(L) AvBwmwU wbf©i Drcv`b e¨e¯’v DbœZ †`k MV‡b Acwinvh© e¨vL¨v Ki|2
(M) Wv³vi dzqv‡`i wPwKrmv c×wZ eY©bv Ki| 3
(N) mv¾v` mv‡n‡ei M‡elYvq e¨en„Z cÖhyw³ Ilya •Zwi‡Z Kxfv‡e mnvqZv Ki‡Q Zv we‡kølYmn Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4
3 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) cÖK…Z A‡_© ev¯Íe bq wKš‘ ev¯Í‡ei ‡PZbv D‡`«MKvix weÁvbwbf©i Kíbv‡K fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU (VR) ev Abyf‡e ev¯ÍeZv wKsev Kíev¯ÍeZv e‡j|
(L) AvBwmwU wbf©i Drcv`b e¨e¯’v DbœZ ‡`k MV‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| wkícÖwZôvb Drcvw`Z c‡Y¨i gvb wbY©‡q Kw¤úDUvi e¨eüZ nq| Drcv`b Kv‡R e¨eüZ
hš¿cvwZ¸‡jv wVKg‡Zv KvR Ki‡Q wKbv Zv Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g wbY©q Kiv nq| Drcv`‡bi ‡¶‡Î AwaK SyuwKc~Y© Kv‡R Kw¤úDUvi PvwjZ ‡iveU e¨eüZ nq| Mªyc
Ae K¤úvwbi wewfbœ c«wZôv‡bi ‡h ‡KD B‡jKU«wbK ‡gBj, ‡UwjKbdv‡iÝ, ey‡jwUb ‡evW© BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g ‡hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Kg©iZ k«wg‡Ki Kv‡Ri
mgh, ‡eZb I IfviUvBg wnmve Kiv Rb¨ cªhyw³ e¨envi Kiv nq|
(M) Wv³vi dyqv‡`i wPwKrmv c×wZwU n‡jv µv‡qvmvR©vwi|
µv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡”Q AZ¨waK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z¡‡Ki A¯^vfvweK I ‡ivMvµvšÍ wUm¨y‡K aŸsm Kivi c«wµqv| µv‡qv‡_ivwc‡Z wUDgvi wUm¨yi ZvcgvÎv 12
‡m‡K‡Ûi wfZ‡i Kwg‡q -41°C ‡_‡K -196°C ZvcgvÎv wb‡q Avmv nq| GB mgh GKwU myu‡Pi cÖvšÍØviv wUDgvi wUm¨yi wfZ‡i Lye `ªyZ AvM©b M¨v‡mi wbtmiY
Kiv‡bv nq| ZvcgvÎvi AZ¨vwaK n«v‡mi d‡j ‡Kv‡li cvwb RgvUe× n‡q H wUm¨ywU GKwU eidwc‡Û cwiYZ nq| eidwc‡Ûi ‡fZ‡i wUDgvi wUm¨ywU AvUKv c‡o
‡M‡j G‡Z i³ I Aw·‡Rb mieivn eÜ n‡q hvq| KviY -196° C ZvcgvÎvq i³ I Aw·‡Rb cwienb m¤¢e bq| Gi d‡j RgvUe× Ae¯’vq wUDgvi wUm¨ywUi ¶q
mvwaZ nq| Avevi m~‡Pi cÖvšÍ w`‡q wUDgvi wUm¨ywUi ‡fZ‡i wnwjqvg M¨vm wbtmi‡Yi gva¨‡g wUm¨ywUi ZvcgvÎv 20°-40°C G DVv‡bv nq| ZLb RgvUe× wUDgvi
wUm¨ywUi eid M‡j hvq Ges wUm¨ywU aŸsm n‡q hvq|
(N) mv¾v` mv‡n‡ei M‡elYvq e¨eüZ c«hyw³wU n‡jv ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis| AvaywbK wPwKrmv weÁv‡b ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis Gi e¨envi e¨vcK nv‡i e…w× ‡c‡q‡Q|
‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ wiKw¤^‡bU DNA e¨envi K‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi Ilya, f¨vKwmb, ni‡gvb, B›Uvi‡dib, A¨vw›U‡Rb, A¨vw›UewW cÖf…wZ Drcv`b
Kiv n‡”Q|
cÖK…wZ‡Z we`¨gvb Bbmywj‡bi cwigvY Kg nIqvq ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis cªhyw³ Kv‡R jvwM‡q gvby‡li wRb‡K e¨envi K‡i K…wÎg Dcv‡q Bbmywjb Drcv`b Kiv nh| hv
Wvqv‡ewUm ‡iv‡Mi wPwKrmvq c«Pyi cwigv‡Y e¨eüZ nq| Bbmywj‡bi g‡Zv B›Uvi‡dib Drcv`‡bI ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis cÖhyw³ e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q|
B›Uvi‡dib n‡jv GK ai‡bi D”P AvYweK IRb m¤úbœ ‡cÖvwUb hv K¨vÝvi ‡Kv‡li e…w× I fvBiv‡mi eske…wׇZ evav ‡`q| ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis Gi gva¨‡g
B›Uvi‡dib ‣Zwii d‡j Lye mn‡RB ‡ncvUvBwUm- B I RjvZ‡¼i g‡Zv RwUj ‡ivM ‡_‡K gyw³ cvIqv m¤¢e n‡”Q| GQvWvI ü`‡ivM wPwKrmv kj¨wPwKrmv, i³
msenb RwUjZv mn bvbv RwUj I KwVb ‡iv‡Mi wPwKrmvi Ilya ‣Zwi‡Z ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis Gi Ae`vb i‡q‡Q|

4| Wv. Bdv` AZ¨waK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g wPwKrmv K‡ib| Zvi †P¤^v‡ii cÖ‡ek c‡_ cÖ_g `iRvq Av½yj Ges wØZxq `iRvq m¤ú~Y© nvZ GKwU †gwk‡bi
Dci ivL‡Z nq|
[Kzwgjøv †evW© -2023]
(K) b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR Kx? 1
(L) SuywKc~Y© Kv‡R e¨en„Z hš¿wU Kxfv‡e gvby‡li weKí wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i? 2
(M) Wv. Bdv‡`i wPwKrmv cÖhyw³ eY©bv Ki| 3
(N) Wv. mv‡n‡ei †P¤^v‡i cÖ‡ek c‡_ e¨en„Z cÖhyw³¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †KvbwU RbwcÖq we‡kølY Ki| 4
4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) b¨v‡bv ‡UK‡bvjwR ev b¨v‡bvc«hyw³ n‡jv cvigvYweK ev AvYweK ‡¯‥‡j AwZ¶y`« wWfvBm ‣Zwi Kivi Rb¨ avZe e¯‘‡K mywbcyYfv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi weÁvb|
(L) Z_¨ c«hyw³i Kj¨v‡Y eZ©gv‡b A‡bK hš¿ Avwe®‥vi n‡q‡Q hv SyuwKc~Y© Kv‡R gvby‡li weKí wnmv‡e ¯^qswµqfv‡e KvR K‡i| GgbB GKwU hš¿ n‡jv ‡iveU, hv AZ¨šÍ
`ªyZ, K¬vwšÍnxb Ges wbLyuZ Kg©¶g ¯^qswµq AvaywbK hš¿| KviLvbvq Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z ‡ive‡Ui g‡a¨ wewfbœ SyuwKc~Y© Kv‡Ri ‡cÖvMÖvg Kiv _v‡K| wewfbœ ¯‥¨vbvi, ‡mÝi
I K¨v‡givi e¨envi K‡i ‡iveU ¯^qswµqfv‡e ‡cÖvMÖvg Abymv‡i KviLvbvi SyuwKc~Y© KvR¸‡jv m¤úbœ K‡i| G‡¶‡Î Zvi KvRwUi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K Avi ‡Kv‡bv wKQy Ki‡Z
nq bv|
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

(M) Wvt Bdv‡`i wPwKrmv c×wZwU n‡jv µv‡qvmvR©vwi| µv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡”Q AZ¨waK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z¡‡Ki A¯^vfvweK I ‡ivMvµvšÍ wUm¨y‡K aŸsm Kivi
c«wµqv|
µv‡qv‡_ivwc‡Z wUDgvi wUm¨yi ZvcgvÎv 12 ‡m‡K‡Ûi wfZ‡i Kwg‡q -41°C ‡_‡K -196°C ZvcgvÎvq wb‡q Avmv nq| GB mgq GKwU my‡Pi cÖvšÍØviv wUDgvi
wUm¨yi wfZ‡i Lye `ªyZ AvM©b M¨v‡mi wbtmiY Kiv‡bv nh| ZvcgvÎvi AZ¨waK n«v‡mi d‡j ‡Kv‡li cvwbRgvUe× nq H wUm¨ywU GKwU eidwc‡Û cwiYZ nq|
eidwc‡Ûi ‡fZ‡i wUDgvi wUm¨ywU AvUKv c‡o ‡M‡j G‡Z i³ I Aw·‡Rb mieivn eÜ n‡q hvh| KviY -196° C. ZvcgvÎvq i³ I Aw·‡Rb cwienb m¤¢i bq|
Gi d‡j RgvUe× Ae¯’vq wUDgvi wUm¨ywUi ¶q mvwaZ nq| Avevi m~‡Pi cÖvšÍ w`‡q wUDgvi wUm¨ywUi ‡fZ‡i wnwjqvg M¨vm wbtmi‡Yi gva¨‡g wUm¨ywUi ZvcgvÎv 20°-
40°C G DVv‡bv nq| ZLb RgvUe× wUDgvi wUm¨ywUi eid M‡j hvq Ges wUm¨ywU aŸsm n‡q hvq |
(N) Wvt mv‡n‡ei ‡P¤^v‡i cÖ‡ek c‡_ e¨eüZ cÖhyw³¸‡jv n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUª· cÖhyw³¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖ_g `iRvq AvOy‡ji Qvc Ges wØZxq `iRvq m¤ú~Y© nv‡Zi Qvc e¨eüZ
n‡q‡Q| AvOy‡ji Qvc c×wZ‡Z c~‡e© msiw¶Z AvOy‡ji Qv‡ci ‡U¤ú‡j‡Ui mv‡_ g¨vP K‡i ‡Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K kbv³ Kiv nq| Aciw`‡K nv‡Zi Qvc ev ‡iLv c×wZ‡Z
nv‡Zi AvKvi cyiæZ¡ nv‡Zi web¨vm I AvOy‡ji ‣`N¨© we‡kølY K‡i wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv nq|
AvOy‡ji Qvc I nv‡Zi Qvc cÖhyw³ `ywUi g‡a¨ Avgv‡`i ‡`‡k AvOy‡ji Qvc cÖhyw³ ‡ewk e¨eüZ nq| KviY KvwqK cwik«g K‡i Ggb gvbyl ev nv‡Z wKQy ‡j‡M _vK‡j
nv‡Zi ‡iLv c×wZ Kvh©Ki bvI n‡Z cv‡i| cÖ‡Z¨K gvby‡li wd½vi wc«›U m¤ú~Y© BDwbK Ges mvivRxeb a‡i AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| cÖwZwU e¨w³i wd½vi wc«›U G‡ZvUvB
¯^Zš¿ ‡h `ywU hgR wkï GKB wWGbG ‡c«vdvBj wb‡q Rb¥MªnY Ki‡jI wd½vi wc«›U w`‡q Avjv`v Kiv hvq| G‡¶‡Î Av‡M ‡_‡KB gvby‡li AvOy‡ji Qvc ‡gwk‡b aviY
K‡i ivLv nq| cieZ©x‡Z GB wiWvi AvOy‡ji wb‡Pi As‡k Z¡‡K ixW K‡i msiw¶Z Qv‡ci mv‡_ Zyjbv K‡i wg‡j ‡M‡j A¨vK‡mm c«`vb K‡i| G c×wZ‡Z mdjZvi
cwigvYI ‡ewk| G me Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i ‡`‡k AvOy‡ji Qvc c×wZB eûj e¨eüZ| nv‡Zi Qvc c×wZ‡ZI GKBfv‡e e¨w³ kbv³ Kiv ‡M‡jI Gi mdjZvi nvi
Zyjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg nIqvq Gi e¨envi Kg|
5| Wvt ivwRe †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡Ri e¨envwiK K¬v‡m †ivMx QvovB we‡kl cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g nv‡U©i Acv‡ik‡bi AwfÁZv jvf K‡ib| wZwb js †Uwbm †Lj‡Z wM‡q jÿ¨
Ki‡jb Ab¨vb¨ e‡ji Zzjbvq G e‡ji ¯’vwqZ¡ A‡bK †ewk|
[h‡kvi †evW© -2023]
(K) µv‡qv‡cÖve Kx? 1
(L) ÒSuywKc~Y© KvR h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ Kiv m¤¢eÓ eywS‡q †jL| 2
(M) DÏxc‡Ki ejwU •Zwii cÖhyw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
(N) e¨envwiK K¬v‡m e¨en„Z cÖhyw³wU `ÿ Rbej •Zwi‡Z †Kv‡bv f‚wgKv ivL‡e Kx? we‡kølYc~e©K gZvgZ `vI| 4
5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) µv‡qvmvR©vwi‡Z ‡ivMvµvšÍ ¯’v‡b µv‡qvRwbK M¨vm cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ e¨eüZ AZ¨šÍ m~² myPhy³ bj‡K µv‡qv‡cÖve e‡j|
(L) Z_¨ c«hyw³i Kj¨v‡Y eZ©gv‡b A‡bK hš¿ Avwe®‥vi n‡q‡Q hv SyuwKc~Y© Kv‡R gvby‡li weKí wnmv‡e ¯^qswµqfv‡e KvR K‡i| GgbB GKwU hš¿ n‡jv ‡iveU, hv AZ¨šÍ
`ªyZ, K¬vwšÍnxb Ges wbLyuZ Kg©¶g ¯^qswµq AvaywbK hš¿| KviLvbvq Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z ‡ive‡Ui g‡a¨ wewfbœ SyuwKc~Y© Kv‡Ri ‡cÖvMªvg Kiv _v‡K| wewfbœ ¯‥¨vbvi, ‡mÝi
I K¨v‡givi e¨envi K‡i ‡iveU ¯^qswµqfv‡e ‡cÖvMªvg Abymv‡i KviLvbvi SyuwKc~Y© KvR¸‡jv m¤úbœ K‡i| G‡¶‡Î Zvi KvRwUi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K Avi ‡Kv‡bv wKQy Ki‡Z
nq bv|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki ejwU ‣Zwii cÖhyw³wU n‡jv b¨v‡bvcÖhyw³| b¨v‡bvcÖhyw³ n‡”Q cvigvYweK ev AvYweKgvÎvi Kvh©¶g c«‡K․kj kv¯¿ hv ‡Kv‡bv wWfvBm ev wm‡÷‡gi KvR Ges
AviI AwaK Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú…³| GwU cvigvYweK ev AvYweK †¯‥‡j AwZ¶y`« wWfvBm ‣Zwi Kivi Rb¨ avZe e¯‘‡K mywbcyYfv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi weÁvb| GKwU
Dcv`v‡bi ‡Mvovi w`‡Ki Avwe®‥vi ‡_‡K eZ©gv‡b DbœqbK…Z c×wZ Ges mvgM«x e¨envi K‡i D”P ¶gZvm¤úbœ cY¨ ev Dcv`vb ‣Zwii Rb¨ b¨v‡bvcÖhyw³‡K Kv‡R
jvMv‡bv nq| b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³ gva¨‡g AYyi MVb ‡`Lv m¤¢e| Gi GKwU D`vniY nj STM (Scanning Tunneling Microscope)| 1980 m‡b IBM -Gi
M‡elKiv cÖ_g STM Avwe®‥vi K‡ib| hv w`‡q AYyi MVb ch©šÍ ‡`Lv m¤¢e| G hš¿wUi Avwe®‥viB b¨v‡bv c«hyw³‡K ev¯Í‡e iƒc w`‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q|
(N) e¨envwiK K¬v‡m e¨eüZ c«hyw³wU n‡jv fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU| cªK…Z A‡_© ev¯Íe bq wKš‘ ev¯Í‡ei ‡PZbv D‡`«KKvix weÁvb wbf©i Kíbv‡K fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU e‡j| `¶
Rbej ‣Zwi‡Z fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU f~wgKv wbgœiƒc:
hvbevnb Pvjv‡bv I c«wk¶Y:fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU me‡P‡q ev¯ÍegyLx e¨envi n‡q _v‡K d¬vBU wmgy‡jU‡i ‡hLv‡b ‣egvwbKiv ev¯Í‡e Avmj wegvb DÇq‡bi c~‡e©B wegvb
cwiPvjbvi ev¯Í‡e RMr‡K Abyaveb K‡i _v‡Kb| G QvWvI ‡gvUiMvwo, RvnvR BZ¨vw` Pvjv‡bvi c«wk¶‡Y mswkøó wmgy‡jUi I g‡Wwjs mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g
cÖwkÿ‡Y-mswkøó K…wÎg cwi‡ek ‣Zwi K‡i ev¯Í‡e b¨vq cÖwkÿY ‡`qv n‡q _v‡K|
wk¶v I M‡elYvq: wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g RwUj welq¸‡jv fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g wmgy‡jkb I g‡Wwjs K‡i wk¶v_©x‡`i mvg‡b mnR‡eva¨ I wPËvKl©Kfv‡e
Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq| M‡elYvjä djvdj we‡kølY I Dc¯’vcb, RwUj AYyi AvYweK MVb, wWGbG MVb hv ‡Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡ZB ev¯Í‡e Ae‡jvKb m¤¢e bq ‡m¸‡jv
fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi cwi‡e‡k wmgy‡jk‡bi gva¨‡g ‡`Lv m¤¢e n‡”Q|
wPwKrmv‡¶‡Î: wPwKrmvweÁv‡bi mye„nr cwim‡i Gi e¨envi e¨vcK| RwUj Acv‡ikb, K…wÎg A½-c«Z¨½ ms‡hvR‡b, wWGbG ch©v‡jvPbv BZ¨vw`mn bexb kj¨
wPwKrmK‡`i c«wk¶Y I ‡ivM wbY©‡q e¨vcK nv‡i fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi e¨eüZ nq|
mvgwiK c«wk¶Y:fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g mwZ¨Kvi hyׇ¶‡Îi Aven ‣Zwi K‡i ‣mwbK‡`i‡K DbœZ I wbLyuZ c«wk¶Y c«`vb Kiv hvq| 'mwZ¨Kv‡ii hy×Kvjxb
wec¾bK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z ‣mwb‡Kiv Zv‡`i mwVK KiYxq m¤ú‡K© Av‡MB cwiwPZ nIqvi my‡hvM ‡c‡q _v‡K|
e¨emv evwY‡R¨: Drcvw`Z wKsev cÖ¯ÍvweZ c‡Y¨i ¸YMZ gvb, MVb, wecYb, m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB, g~j¨vqb, wecYb Kg©x cÖwk¶Y BZ¨vw` me ai‡bi Kvh©µ‡g fvP©yqvj
wi‡qwjwUi wmgy‡jkb c×wZ e¨eüZ nq| ‡Kv‡bv wec¾bK I ¶wZKi `«e¨ evRviRvZ Kivi Av‡M ‡Kv‡bv Kg©Pvixi Rxe‡bi SyuwK bv wb‡q fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi
cwi‡e‡k ‡m¸‡jv cix¶v K‡i ‡bIqv m¤¢e nq|
myZivs fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi ev¯Í‡ei b¨vq wÎgvwÎK wmgy‡j‡UW cwi‡ek m…wó K‡i `¶ Rbej ‣Zwi‡Z mnvqK f~wgKv ivL‡Q|

6| `„k¨Kí-1 : mv¤úÖwZKKv‡j AvaywbK cÖhyw³i Kj¨v‡Y c„w_ex‡Z e‡mB K…wÎg cwi‡e‡k P›`ª åg‡Yi AwfÁZv AR©b m¤¢e n‡”Q|
`„k¨Kí-2 : K…wl I cÖvwYm¤ú` Dbœq‡b we‡kl cÖhyw³ e¨env‡i evsjv‡`k GLb Lv‡`¨ ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©|
[PÆMÖvg †evW© -2023]
(K) µv‡qvmvR©vwi Kx? 1
(L) ÒcÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g e¨w³ kbv³KiY Kiv hvqÓ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
(M) DÏxc‡Ki `„k¨Kí-1 Gi cÖhyw³wU e¨env‡ii †ÿÎmg~n eY©bv Ki| 3
(N) `„k¨Kí-2 Gi cÖhyw³ evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœq‡b we‡kl f‚wgKv ivL‡Q Dw³wU we‡kølY Ki| 4
6 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) µv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡”Q GK cÖKvi wPwKrmv c×wZ hvi gva¨‡g AZ¨waK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z¡‡Ki A¯^vfvweK Ges †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨ aŸsm Kiv nq|
(L) cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g e¨wK³ kbv³KiY m¤¢e| e¨w³ kbv³Ki‡Yi cÖhyw³wU n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUª·| ev‡qv‡gwUª· n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖhyw³ †hLv‡b †Kvb e¨w³i †`‡ni
MVb Ges AvPiYMZ •ewk‡ó¨i Dci wfwË K‡i Zv‡K AwØZxfv‡e wPwýZ ev kbv³ Kiv nq| Kw¤úDUvi weÁv‡b ev‡qv‡gwwUª·‡K e¨w³ kbv³KiY Ges †Kvb wm‡÷‡g
cÖ‡ekvwaKvi wbqš¿‡Yi †K․kj wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv nq| GB c×wZi gva¨‡g ev‡qv‡gwUª· wWfvBm¸‡jv e¨enviKvix‡`i †Kvb †cÖvMÖvg, wm‡÷g ev Kÿ e¨env‡ii
AbygwZ w`‡q Zv‡K| m‡›`nfvRb e¨w³‡`i GKwU `j n‡Z KvD‡K Avjv`vfv‡e kbv³ Kivi Kv‡RI ev‡qv‡gwUªK c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki `„k¨Kí-1 Gi cÖhyw³wU n‡jv fvPz©qvj wi‡qvwjwU|
cÖK…Z A‡_© ev¯Íe bq wKš‘ ev¯Í‡ei †PZbv D‡`¨KKvix weÁvb wbf©i Kíbv‡K fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU e‡j| fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU cÖhyw³wU e¨env‡ii wewfbœ †ÿÎmg~n wb¤œiƒc:
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

we‡bv`b †ÿ‡Î: bvbv ai‡bi we‡bv`‡bi gva¨‡g mvaviY gvbyl fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi mv‡_ me‡P‡q †ewk cwiwPZ nIqvi my‡hvM †c‡q‡Q| wÎgvwÎK c×wZ‡Z wbwg©Z
fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU wbf©i KíKvwnb, †c․ivwYK Kvwnwb, KvU©yb, HwZnvwmK Pjw”PÎ BZ¨vw` gvby‡li Kv‡Q RbwcÖqZv I MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv †c‡q‡Q|
hvbevvnb Pvjv‡bv I cÖwkÿY: fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi me‡P‡q ev¯ÍegyLx e¨envi n‡q _v‡K d¬vBU wmgy‡jU‡i †hLv‡b •egvwbKiv ev¯Í‡e Avmj wegvb DÇq‡bi c~‡e©B wegvb
cwiPvjbvi ev¯Íe RMr‡K Abyaveb K‡i _v‡Kb| G QvovI †gvUiMvwo, RvnvR BZ¨vw` Pvjv‡bvi cÖwkÿ‡Y mswkøó wmgy‡jUi I g‡Wwjs mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g cÖwkÿY-
mswkøó K…wÎg cwi‡ek •Zwi K‡i ev¯Í‡ei b¨vq cÖwkÿY †`qv n‡q _v‡K|
wkÿv I M‡elYvq: wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g RwUj welq¸‡jv fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g wmgy‡jkb I g‡Wwjs K‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i mvg‡b mnR‡eva¨ I wPËvKl©Kfv‡e
Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq| M‡elYvjä djvdj we‡kølY I Dc¯’vcb, RwUj AYyi AvYweK MVb, wWGbG MVb hv †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡ZB ev¯Í‡e Ae‡jvKb m¤¢e bq †m¸‡jv fvP©yqvj
wi‡qwjwUi cwi‡e‡k wmgy‡jk‡bi gva¨‡g †`Lv m¤¢e n‡”Q|
wPwKrmv‡ÿ‡Î: wPwKrmvweÁv‡bi mye„nr cwim‡i Gi e¨envi e¨vcK| RwUj Acv‡ikb, K…wÎg A½-cÖZ¨½ ms‡hvR‡b, wWGbG ch©v‡jvPbv BZ¨vw`mn bexb kj¨
wPwKrmK‡`i cÖwkÿY I †ivM wbY©‡q e¨vcK nv‡i fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU e¨eüZ nq|
mvgwiK cÖwkÿY: fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g mwZ¨Kvi hyׇÿ‡Îi Aven •Zwi K‡i •mwbK‡`i‡K DbœZ I wbLyuZ cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| mwZ¨Kv‡ii hy×Kvjxb
wec¾bK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z •mwb‡Kiv Zv‡`i mwVK KiYxq m¤ú‡K© Av‡MB cwiwPZ nIqvi my‡hvM †c‡q _v‡K|
e¨emv evwY‡R¨: Drcvw`Z wKsev cÖ¯ÍvweZ c‡Y¨i ¸YMZ gvb, MVb, wecYb, m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB, g~j¨vqb, wecYb Kg©x cÖwkÿY BZ¨vw` me ai‡bi Kvh©µ‡g fvP©yqvj
wi‡qwjwUi wmgy‡jkb c×wZ e¨eüZ nq| †Kv‡bv wec¾bK I ÿwZKi `ªe¨ evRviRvZ Kivi Av‡M †Kv‡bv Kg©Pvixi Rxe‡bi SuywK bv wb‡q fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi cwi‡ek
†m¸‡jv cixÿv K‡i †bIqv m¤¢e nq|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki `„k¨Kí-2 Gi cÖhyw³wU n‡jv †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis|
ev‡qv‡UK‡bvjwRi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv Rx‡ei wb‡bvg‡K wb‡Ri myweavbyhvqx mvwR‡q †bqv‡KB †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis e‡j| Avgv‡`i †`‡k dmj Drcv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î
†R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q| †hgb: †mvqvweb, cvU, fzƪv, Zzjv, •Zj exR, U‡g‡Uv, †cu‡c BZ¨vw`i wRb •ewkó¨ cwieZ©b K‡i G¸‡jvi Drcv`b
e„w×, †cvKv-gvKo I Ab¨vb¨ Dw™¢`bvkK QÎvK I fvBivm cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hv‡”Q| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki weÁvbx W. gvKmy`yj Avjg cv‡Ui Rxeb inm¨ D‡b¥vPb K‡ib|
hvi d‡j D”P djbkxj, `xN©¯’vqx I fvBivm cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv m¤úbœ cvU Drcv`‡b evsjv‡`‡ki mvdj¨ m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| GKBfv‡e, AvaywbK wPwKrmv weÁv‡b
wiKw¤^‡bU DNA Gi e¨envi e¨vcK nv‡i e„w× †c‡q‡Q| †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ wiKw¤^‡bU DNA e¨envi K‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi f¨vKwmb, ni‡gvb,
B›Uvi‡dib, A¨vw›U‡Rb, A¨vw›UewW cÖf…wZ Drcv`b Kiv n‡”Q| Ab¨w`‡K †ivM kbv³KiY I wRb †_ivwci gva¨‡g my¯’ -mej wkïi Rb¥`v‡b G cÖhyw³ •ecøweK
cwieZ©b G‡b‡Q| wiKw¤^‡bU DNA e¨envi K‡i Dw™¢‡` AvMvQvbvkK cÖwZ‡ivax wRb cÖwZ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g Dw™¢`‡K AvMvQvbvkK cÖwZ‡iva Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
e¨vK‡Uwiqv, PÎvK I bvbv iKg KxUcZ½ RvZ D™¢ve‡b G M‡elYv mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| GgbwK eZ©gv‡b wiKw¤^‡bU DNA Gi e¨envi K‡i D”P
ÿgZvm¤úbœ wewfbœ AbyRxe m„wó Kiv n‡”Q hv wewfbœ eR©¨ cqtwb®‥vkb, wkí eR©¨, †Zj BZ¨vw` cwi‡kva‡bi gva¨‡g `~lY wbqš¿‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i| Gi d‡j Avgv‡`i
A‡bK evqy I cvwbNwUZ †ivM nIqvi m¤¢vebv K‡g‡Q|
myZivs, `xN©¯’vqx, fvBivm cÖwZ‡iva m¤úbœ I D”P djbkxj km¨ Drcv`b, wPwKrmv weÁvb, Ilya •Zwi BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœq‡b †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
we‡kl f~wgK cvjb Ki‡Q|

7| Wvt ÔKÕ wPwKrmvq µv‡qv‡RwbK G‡R›U e¨envi K‡i wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvq wPwKrmv †mev w`‡q _v‡Kb| wZwb Zuvi IwU‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ GKwU wWfvB‡m AvOzj ¯úk© Kivb|
Ab¨w`‡K M‡elK ÔLÕ Zuvi K‡ÿ cÖ‡ek Kivi Rb¨ Kɯ^i e¨envi K‡ib|
[ewikvj †evW© -2023]
(K) Ô¯§vU© †nvgÕ Kx?
(L) ÒZ_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g `~ieZ©x †ivMx‡`i wPwKrmv †mev †`Iqv m¤¢eÓ| e¨vL¨v Ki|
(M) Wvt ÔKÕ Gi wPwKrmv †mev †`Iqvi c×wZwU Av‡jvPbv Ki|
(N) Wvt ÔKÕ Gi IwU‡Z cÖ‡ek Kivi cÖhyw³ Ges M‡elK ÔLÕ Zuvi K‡ÿ cÖ‡ek Kivi cÖhyw³i g‡a¨ †KvbwU DËg? hyw³mn gZvgZ `vI|
7 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) ‡h evm¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g wi‡gvU K‡›Uªvwjs c×wZ‡Z wbR N‡i e‡mB wbivcËv e¨e¯’v wbwðZKiY, K‡ÿi ZvcgvÎv n«vm-e„w× Kiv, jvBwUs wm‡÷g K‡›Uªvjmn wPwKrmv †mev
MÖnY, `~ieZ©x †`‡ki eÜz evÜe Gi mv‡_ mvgbvmvgwb K‡_vcK_b BZ¨vw` myweavmg~n cvIqv hvq Zv‡K ¯§vU© †nvg e‡j|
(L) Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g `~ieZ©x †ivMx‡`i wPwKrmv †mev †`qv m¤¢e| G‡ÿ‡Î mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i †Uwj‡gwWwmb| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb
†f․MwjK `~i‡Z¡ Ae¯’vbiZ †ivMx‡K we‡klÁ wPwKrmK, †ivM wbY©q †K›`ª, we‡klvwqZ †bUIqvK© BZ¨vw`i m¤^‡q ¯^v¯’¨‡mev †`Iqv‡K †Uwj‡gwWwmb ejv nq|
†Uwj‡gwWwmb GK ai‡bi †mev| †Uwj‡gwWwmb cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g GK †`‡k Ae¯’vb K‡i Ab¨ †`‡ki we‡klÁ Wv³v‡ii wPwKrmve †mev MÖnY Kiv hvq| evsjv‡`‡ki
wPwKrmv e¨e¯’v‡ZI Z_¨ cÖhyw³i e¨envi ïiæ n‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b Avgv‡`i †`‡ki bvMwiKMY †gvevBj †dv‡bi gva¨‡g miKvwi ¯^v¯’¨ †K‡›`ª Kg©iZ wPwKrm‡Ki KvQ
†_‡K webvg~‡j¨ ¯^v¯’¨ civgk© wb‡Z cv‡ib| d‡j `~ieZ©x A‡ji bvMwiKMY Riæwi cÖ‡qvR‡b ¯^v¯’¨ †K‡›`ª bv G‡mI wPwKrmv †mev MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb|
(M) Wvt ÔKÕ Gi wPwKrmv †mev †`qvi c×wZwU n‡j µv‡qvmvR©vwi|
µv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡”Q AZ¨waK kZj ZvcgÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z¡‡Ki A¯^vfvweK I †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨‡K aŸsm Kivi cÖwµqv|
µv‡qv‡_ivwc‡Z wUDgvi wUmy¨i ZvcgvÎv Kwg‡q- 41 ‡m. †_‡K -196 †m. ZvcgvÎvq wb‡q Avmv nq| GB mgq GKwU m~‡Pi cÖvšÍ Øviv wUDgvi wUmy¨i wfZ‡i Lye `ªæZ
0 0

AvM©b M¨v‡mi wbtmiY Kiv‡bv nq| ZvgcvÎvi AZ¨waK n«v‡mi d‡j †Kv‡li cvwb RgvUe× n‡q H wUmy¨wU GKwU eidwc‡Û cwiYZ nq| eidw‡Ûi †fZ‡i wUDgvi
wUmy¨wU AvUKv c‡o †M‡j G‡Z i³ I Aw·‡Rb mievn eÜ n‡q hvq| KviY -196 †m. ZvcgvÎvq i³ I Aw·‡Rb cwienb m¤¢e bq| Gi d‡j RgvUe× Ae¯’vq
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wUDgvi wUmy¨wUi ÿq mvwaZ nq| Avevi m~P‡Ki cÖvšÍ w`‡q wUDgvi wUmy¨wUi †fZ‡i wnwjqvg M¨vm wbtmi‡Yi gva¨‡g wUmy¨wUi ZvcgvÎv 20 -40 †m. G DVv‡bv nq|
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ZLb RgvUe× wUDgvi wUmy¨wU eid M‡j hvq Ges wUmy¨wU aŸsm n‡q hvq|
(N) DÏxc‡K Wvt ÔKÕ Gi IwU‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki cÖhyw³wU n‡jv wd½vi wcÖ›U Ges M‡elK ÔLÕ Gi K‡ÿ cÖ‡ek Kivi cÖhyw³wU n‡jv f‡qm wi‡KvMwbkb cÖhyw ³ G `ywU ev‡qv‡gwUªK
cÖhyw³i g‡a¨ wd½vi wcÖ›U cÖhyw³ DËg| KviY wb‡¤œ we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv:
wd½vi wcÖ›U cÖhyw³‡Z gvby‡li AvOz‡ji Qvc ev wUcmB‡K wd½vi wcÖ›U wiWv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ BbcyU wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i Zv c~e© †_‡K msiwÿZ AvOz‡ji Qvc ev wUcmB‡qi
mv‡_ wgwj‡q cixÿv Kiv nq| †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi wbivcËv wbwðZ Ki‡Z AbwaKvi cÖ‡ek wbqš¿‡Y wd½vi wcÖ›U cÖhyw³ e¨eüZ nq| G c×wZ e¨env‡i LiP Zzjbvg~jK
Kg nq Gfs mdjZvi cwigvY cÖvq kZfvM|
Aciw`‡K, f‡q wi‡KvMwbkb c×wZ‡Z GKRb e¨enviKvixi KÚ‡K †WUv‡e‡R msiwÿZ f‡qm †WUv dvB‡ji mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq| G c×wZ‡Z cÖ_‡g mKj
e¨envKvixi KÚ‡K Kw¤úDUvi ‡cÖvMÖvwgs Gi mvnv‡h¨ B‡jKwUªK wmMb¨v‡j iƒcvšÍi K‡i †WUv‡e‡R msiÿY Ki‡Z nq| eo ai‡Yi cÖwZôv‡b UvBg Ges Dcw¯’wZ wbY©‡q
f‡qm wi‡KvMwbkb c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq| Z‡e Amy¯’¨ZvRwbZ KviY †hgb- VvÛv, mw`©, Kvwk BZ¨vw`i Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv e¨enviKvixi KÚ cwieZ©b n‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î
A‡bK mgq mwVK djvdj cvIqv hvq bv|

8| wg. G· M‡elYv Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ ÔKÕ †`‡k †cu․‡Q wegvb †_‡K †b‡g WªvBfviwenxb ¯^qswµq Mvwo P‡o MšÍe¨¯’‡j †cu․Qvb| †mLv‡b Zuv‡K Ggb GKwU evwo‡Z _vK‡Z
†`Iqv nq, hvi me wKQyB AvaywbK Z_¨ cÖhyw³ Øviv wbqwš¿Z|
[ewikvj †evW© -2023]
(K) B-Kgvm© Kx?
(L) ÒAvMvgx wek¦ n‡e b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwRi wek¦|Ó e¨vL¨v Ki|
(M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ MvwowU •Zwi Kivi cÖhyw³ Av‡jvPbv Ki|
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

(N) mvaviY evwoi Zzjbvq DÏxc‡Ki evwoi RbwcÖqZv w`bw`b e„w× cvevi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki|
8 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) eZ©gvb we‡k^i cÖvq mKj †`‡ki g‡a¨ we¯Í…Z B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g e¨w³ wKsev cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ †jb‡`b‡K B-Kgvm© (E-Commerce) e‡j|
(L) b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g e„nr †¯‥‡j c‡Y¨vrcv`b m¤¢e nq| G cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g Drcvw`Z cY¨ AZ¨šÍ gReyZ, we`y¨r mvkÖqx, †UKmB Ges AvKv‡i my², †QvU
I nvjKv nq| b¨v‡bvcÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ fwel¨‡Z ¯§vU© Ily‡ai gva¨‡g cÖvYNvZx K¨vÝv‡ii g‡Zv `yiv‡ivM¨ e¨vwa n‡Z gyw³, cÖwZiÿv e¨e¯’vq b¨v‡bv †iveU, †Kvqv›Uvg
Kw¤úDwUs, wek^e¨vcx e„nr Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó, Kvh©Kix I m¯Ívq kw³ Drcv`bmn cvwb I evqy`~lY Kgv‡bv m¤¢e n‡e e‡j M‡elKMY Avkvve`x| GRb¨B AvMvgx
wek^ n‡e b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR wek^|
(M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ MvwowU •Zwi Kivi cÖhyw³ n‡jv †ivewU·|
‡UK‡bvjwRi †h kvLvq †ive‡Ui bKkv, MVb I KvR m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq †mB kvLv‡K †ivwU· ejv nq|
ÿz`ª hš¿vsk •Zwi‡Z †iveU e¨eüZ nq| KviY Gme ÿz`ª hš¿ nv‡Z •Zix Ki‡j mwVK bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
Ò‡iveU n‡”Q Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z GKwU ¯^qswµq e¨e¯’v; hv gvbyl †hfv‡e KvR K‡i Zv †mfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i A_ev Gi Kv‡Ri aiY †`‡L g‡b n‡e Gi K…wÎg
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`ªæZ, K¬vwšÍnxb I wbLyuZ Kg©ÿg GKwU hš¿| GUv GKwU ¯^wbqwš¿Z Kw¤úDUvi c×wZ|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki evwowU n‡jv AvaywbK evm¯’vb ev ¯§vU †nvg| wb‡¤œ mvaviY evwoi Zzjbvq AvaywbK evwo ev ¯§vU© †nv‡gi RbwcÖqZv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv:
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_v‡K| wKš‘ †m¸‡jv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ e¨envKvix‡K wbR nv‡Z cvIqvi myBP Ab A_ev Ad Ki‡Z nq| Aciw`‡K ¯§vU© †nvg n‡jv Ggb GKwU evm¯’vb †hLv‡b †nvg
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Zvi Rb¨ mwZ¨Kv‡i mnvqZv n‡Z cv‡i| †Kbbv, Kɯ^‡ii gva¨‡g `iRv, Rvbvjv †Lvjv ev eÜ Kiv jvBU, d¨vb, Kw¤úDUvi, †Uwjwfkb Pvjy wKsev eÜ Kiv BZ¨vw`
KvR ZLb mn‡RB Kiv m¤¢e n‡q hvq| GmKj my‡hvM myweavi Kvi‡b mvaviY evwoi Zzjbvq ¯§vU© evwoi RbwcÖqZv w`bw`b e„w× cv‡”Q|

9| ivnevi D”P gva¨wgK cvm K‡i wek¦we`¨vj‡q fwZ© n‡jv| †m Zvi GK we‡`wk eÜyi KvQ †_‡K Rvb‡Z cvij †h, †m‡`‡k wKQy Mvwo i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv PjvP‡j Pvj‡Ki
cÖ‡qvRb nq bv Ges ¯^qswµqfv‡e iv¯Ívq PjvP‡j mÿg| ivnevi Zvi wek¦we`¨vj‡q cÖ‡e‡ki mgq AvOz‡ji Qvc w`‡q K¨v¤úv‡mi wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i †`Lj †h,
K¨v¤úv‡mi GKwU wbw`©ó K‡ÿ GK`j wkÿv_©x K¨vÝv‡ii Dci M‡elYv Ki‡Q|
[wm‡jU †evW© -2023]
(K) µv‡qvRwbK G‡R›U Kx?
(L) wmgy‡jUi I g‡Wwjs mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g cÖwkÿY m¤¢e| e¨vL¨v Ki|
(M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Mvwo PjvP‡j e¨en„Z cÖhyw³ e¨vL¨v Ki|
(N) wek¦we`¨vj‡q cÖ‡e‡ki †ÿ‡Î e¨en„Z cÖhyw³i mv‡_ M‡elYvi Rb¨ e¨en„Z cÖhyw³i Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY Ki |
9 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
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nq| µv‡qvRwbK G‡R›U wn‡m‡e Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, Aw·‡Rb, AvM©b, Kve©b-WvB A·vBW BZ¨vw` M¨vmmg~n e¨envi Kiv nq|
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gva¨‡g cÖwkÿYv_©x Lye mn‡RB ev¯Í‡e †gvUiMvox, RvnvR ev wegvb Pvjv‡bvi bvbv wbqg-Kvbyb AvqË Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges ev¯Í‡ei b¨vq cÖwkÿY AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
(M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Mvwo PjvP‡j e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wU n‡jv †ivewU·|
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Ifvi‡UwKs, cvwK©s/‡bv cvwK©s GjvKv BZ¨vw`) †cÖvMÖvg Kiv nq| Mvwo‡Z e¨eüZ wewfbœ ¯‥¨vbvi Ges †mÝi e¨envi K‡i †iveU ¯^qswµqfv‡e †cÖvMÖvg Abymv‡i Mvwo
Pvjv‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î Zvi KvRwUi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K Avi †Kvb wKQz Ki‡Z nq bv|
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†R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis|
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ev‡qv‡gwUªK c×wZi GKwU †K․kj n‡jv wd½viwcÖ›U| AvOz‡ji Qvc ev wd½viwcÖ›U n‡jv †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K h_vh_ev‡e kbv³ Kivi Rb¨ D³ e¨w³i AvOz‡ji Qvc‡K
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msiÿY Ki‡Z nq| cieZ©x‡Z hLb GKB e¨w³ wd½viwcÖ›U wiWv‡i AvOzj iv‡L ZLb †h AvOz‡ji Qv‡ci Qwe •Zwi nq Zv c~‡e© †WUv‡e‡R iwÿZ Qwei mv‡_ wgwj‡q
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ev‡qv‡UK‡bvjwRi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv Rx‡ei wR‡bvg‡K wb‡Ri myweavbyhvqx mvwR‡q †bqv‡KB †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis ev †R‡bwUK gwWwd‡Kkb e‡j| wR‡bvg n‡jv †Kvb
Rx‡ei eskMZ •ewk‡ó¨i Z_¨| wRbcÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨vK‡Uwiqv I AbyRxe †_‡K •Zwi n‡”Q Rxeb iÿvKvix IlyacÎ| wRb cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i
gvby‡li wewfbœ ai‡bi RwUj †iv‡Mi ( †hgb: nvucvwb, K¨vÝvi, Wvqv‡ewUm BZ¨vw`) wPwKrmv e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡”Q| GB cÖhyw³i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvdj¨ n‡jv wiKw¤^‡bU wWGbG
•Zwi Kiv hv w`‡q cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv I cwigvY g‡Zv weï× gvbe Bbmywjb I gvby‡li e„w× wbqš¿YKvix ni‡gvb Drcv`b Ki‡Z mÿg|

10|GKRb hš¿ cÖ‡K․kjx we‡kl cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g GKwU †ggwi wWfvBm •Zwi K‡i‡Qb hv AvKv‡i †QvU wKš‘ Z_¨ aviY ÿgZv †ewk| wZwb wWfvBmwU DbœZ
Kivi Rb¨ AviI GKwU we‡kl cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ KvíwbK wÎ-gvwÎK g‡Wj •Zwi Ki‡jb|
[w`bvRcyi †evW© -2023]
(K) ev‡qv‡gwUª· Kv‡K e‡j?
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

(L) †Kvb cÖhyw³‡Z mviv eQi Av‡gi djb m¤¢e? e¨vL¨v Ki|
(M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †ggwi wWfvBm •Zwii cÖhyw³wU eY©bv Ki|
(N) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wWfvBmwU DbœZ Kivi cÖhyw³wUi h_v_©Zv g~j¨vqb Ki|
10 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) ev‡qv‡gwUª· n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖhyw³ †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv e¨w³i †`‡ni MVb I AvPiYMZ •ewk‡ó¨i Dci wfwË K‡i Zv‡K AwØZxqfv‡e wPwýZ ev mbv³ Kiv nq|
(L) †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g mviv eQi Av‡gi djb m¤¢e| †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis cÖhyw³i wiKw¤^‡bU wWGbG Gi gva¨‡g †hme wRb cywói evnK, djea©K
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Av‡gi AvkZxZ djb cvIqv m¤¢e n‡”Q|
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Kivi Rb¨ avZe I e¯Íy‡K mywbcyYfv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi weÁvb| eZ©gvb mg‡q Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³i mv‡_ b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwRi GKwU wbweo m¤úK© weivR Ki‡Q| KviY
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Af¨šÍ‡i AmsL¨ ÿz`ª ÿz`ª b¨v‡bvwgUvi †¯‥‡ji mvwK©U Øviv gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi •Zwi n‡”Q| eZ©gvb †ggwi‡ZI b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR e¨eüZ n‡”Q| d‡j
Kw¤úDUv‡ii †ggwii Z_¨ msiÿ‡Yi ÿgZv w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q| †mRb¨ GLb evRv‡i †UivevBU mvB‡Ri †ggwi wWfvBm cvIqv hv‡”Q|
(N) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wWfvBmwU DbœZ Kivi cÖhyw³wU n‡jv fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU| fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q K…wÎg ev¯ÍeZv| fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU n‡jv nvW©Iq¨vi I
md&UIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g •ZwiK…Z Ggb GK ai‡bi K…Îg cwi‡ek hv ev¯Íe g‡b nq| M‡elYv Kvh©µ‡g RwUj I KwVb welq¸‡jv fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g wmgy‡jkb I
g‡Wwjs K‡i M‡elK‡`i mvg‡b mnR‡eva¨ I wPËvKl©Kfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wWfvBmwU DbœZ Kivi Rb¨ fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g K…wÎgfv‡e wWfvBmwUi wÎ-gvwmK g‡Wj •Zwi Kiv nq| d‡j hš¿ cÖ‡K․kjx wWfvBmwU DbœZ
Kivi RwUj KvR¸‡jv ev¯Í‡ei b¨vq wÎgvwÎK KvíwbK ci‡e‡k m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j ev¯Í‡e wWfvBmwU Dbœq‡bi mgq †hmKj mgm¨v n‡Z cv‡i Zv m¤ú‡K©
Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †mM‡jv Gwo‡q Lye mn‡RB mwVKfv‡e wWfvBmwU Dbœqb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
A_©vr, M‡elYvjä djvdj we‡kølY I Dc¯’vcb, RwUj AYyi AvYweK MVb BZ¨vw` hv †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡ZB ev¯Í‡e Ae‡jvKb m¤¢e bq †m¸‡jv fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi
cwi‡e‡k wmgy‡jk‡bi gva¨‡g †`Lv m¤¢e| myZivs, †ggwi wWfvBmwU DbœZ Kivi Kv‡R fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU e¨env‡ii h_v_©Zv i‡q‡Q|

11| GKwU K‡j‡Ri wkÿv_©xiv K¬v‡m Dcw¯’wZi mgq GKwU h‡š¿i Dci AvOzj †i‡L Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ K‡i| D³ K‡j‡Ri ICT j¨v‡e cÖ‡e‡ki mgq we‡kl
h‡š¿i w`‡K ZvKv‡bvi d‡j `iRv Ly‡j hvq|
[w`bvRcyi †evW© -2023]
(K) HTML Gwj‡g›U Kx? 1
(L) < a > U¨v‡Mi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
(M) DÏxc‡Ki wkÿv_©x‡`i K¬v‡m Dcw¯’wZi cÖhyw³ eY©bv Ki| 3
(N) DÏxc‡Ki cÖhyw³Ø‡qi †KvbwU AwaK wbf©i‡hvM¨? †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI|4
11 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) HTML WKz‡g‡›U I‡cwbs ev ¸iæi U¨vM †_‡K Avi¤¢ K‡i ‡KøvwRs ev †kl U¨vM ch©šÍ mKj wKQz‡K HTML Gwj‡g›U e‡j|
(L) <anchor> <a> U¨vM e¨envi Kiv nq B›Uvibvi ev G·Uvibvj nvBcviwjsK Kivi Rb¨| A¨vsKi Øviv †hgb †b․Kv‡K †eu‡a ivLv nq †Zgwb <a> Øviv GK †c‡Ri
mv‡_ Ab¨ †c‡Ri wjsK Kiv hvq| †hgb: <ahref='' http:// www. google. com''> Google </a>
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gvby‡li AvOz‡ji Qvc ev wUcmB Ab¨ †Kv‡bv gvby‡li AvOz‡ji Qv‡ci ev wUcmB‡qi mv‡_ wgj‡e bv| wdsMvi wcÖ›U wiWvi n‡”Q eûj e¨eüZ GKwU ev‡qv‡gwUªK
wWfvBm hvi mvnv‡h¨ gvby‡li AvOz‡ji Qvc ev wUcmB BbcyU wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i Zv c~e © †_‡K msiwÿZ AvOz‡ji Qvc ev wUcmB‡qi mv‡_ wgwj‡q cixÿv Kiv nq|
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c×wZ‡Z KvR K‡i
(N) DÏxc‡Ki cÖhyw³ `ywU n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUªK cÖhyw³ wd½vi wcÖ›U Ges AvBwik I †iwUbv ¯‥¨vwbs `¦viv e¨w³ kbv³KiY| cÖhyw³ `yBwUi g‡a¨ wkÿv_x©‡`i K¬v‡m Dcw¯’Z
cÖhyw³ AwaK wbf©i‡hvM¨| Køv‡m Dcw¯’wZi Rb¨ wdsMvi wcÖ›U e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ wWfvB‡mi `vg Kg ZvB GB c×wZ e¨env‡ii LiP
Zzjbvg~jK Kg wKš‘ mdjZvi nvi cÖvq kZfvM| KviY cÖ‡Z¨K gvby‡li wdsMvi wcÖ›U m¤ú~Y© ¯^Zš¿ Ges mviv Rxeb AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
Aciw`‡K ICT j¨v‡e cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ AvBwik Ges †iwUbv ¯‥¨vb c×wZ e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB c×wZ AZ¨šÍ e¨qeûj | Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk †g‡gvwi cÖ‡qvRb
nq| †Pv‡Li Pkgv e¨envi K‡i GB c×wZ‡Z kbv³KiY Kiv hvq bv d‡j wWfvBm e¨envi Kivi mgq Pkgv †Lvjvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib GB c×wZ
e¨envi Kivi d‡j †Pv‡Li ÿwZI nq| K¨v‡givi mvg‡b Av‡jvi ch©vßZvi DciI kbv³KiY wbf©ikxj|

12| wn‡gj WªvBj¨ve •RemsµvšÍ mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †Póv KiwQj| GKw`b Zvi eÜy Zv‡K GKwU K‡ÿ wb‡q hvq Ges †mLv‡b Zviv gnvk~b¨ åg‡Yi AwfÁZv jvf Kij|
[gqgbwmsn †evW© -2023]
(K) †ivewU· Kx? 1
(L) AvPi‡Yi gva¨‡g e¨w³ kbv³Ki‡Yi c×wZ eywS‡q wjL| 2
(M) wn‡gj †Kvb cÖhyw³i mnvqZv wb‡”Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
(N) K‡ÿ †Kvb cÖhyw³i AvkÖq †bIqv n‡q‡Q? cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b f‚wgKv g~j¨vqb Ki| 4
12 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) ‡UK‡bvjwR †h kvLvq †ive‡Ui bKkv, MVb I KvR m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq †mB kvLv‡K †ivewU· ejv nq|
(L) AvPi‡Yi gva¨‡g e¨w³ kbv³KiY c×wZ n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUªK cÖhyw³ GKwU gva¨‡g †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv e¨w³i AvPiYMZ ‣ewk‡ó¨i †hgb: (Kɯ^, nv‡Zi ¯^vÿi Ges Kx-
‡evW© UvBwcs) Dci wfwË K‡i Zv‡K AwØZxqfv‡e wPwýZ ev kbv³ Kiv nq| †Kv‡bv e¨w³i AvPiYMZ ‣ewk󨸇jv BbcyU †WUv wn‡m‡e †WUv‡e‡R msiÿY Kiv nq|
†hgb: Kɯ^i kbv³KiY c×wZ‡Z e¨enviKvixi Kɯ^i‡K gvB‡µv‡dv‡bi gva¨‡g aviYvc~e©K Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMªvwgs Gi mvnv‡h¨- B‡jKwUªK wmMb¨v‡j iƒcvšÍi K‡i
†WUv‡e‡R msiÿY Kiv nq| cieZx©‡Z msiwÿZ Kɯ^i AvPiwYK †WUvi mv‡_ wgwj‡q e¨w³ kbv³Ki‡Yi KvR mgcbœ Kiv nq|
(M) wn‡gj W«vBj¨v‡e ‣Re msµvšÍ mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· cÖhyw³ mnvqZv wb‡”Q| Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi I cwimsL¨vbMZ ‡K․kj e¨envi K‡i ‣Re
‡WUv msM«n I we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g ‣ReM‡elYvh e¨eüZ GKwU DbœZ c×wZ‡K e‡j ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·| G‡Z RxeweÁvb msµvšÍ M‡elYv (AvYweK ch©vqmn) I
mgm¨vw` D`NvU‡bi Rb¨ dwjZ MwYZ, Z_¨weÁvb, cwimsL¨vb, Kw¤úDUvi weÁvb, K…wÎg eyw×gËv, imvhb I ‣Re imvhb e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· Gi cÖ‡qvM‡¶Î n‡jv wbgœiƒc:
g~jZ ‣RweK c×wZ we‡kølY m¤ú‡K© mg¨K Ges mwVK aviYv AR©b Kivi ‡¶‡Î ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· e¨eüZ nh| Avi GB ‣RweK Z_¨ wnmve-wbKvk Ges G m¤úwK©Z
hveZxh mgm¨vi mgvav‡b Kw¤úDUvi c«hyw³i e¨enviI Acwinvh©| Z‡e wR‡bvg wm‡Kv‡q‡Ý, ‡c«vwUb wm‡Kv‡qÝBZ¨vw` MVb Dcv`v‡bi B‡jKU«wbK ‡WUv‡eR MV‡b
Kw¤úDUvi c«hyw³ we‡klfv‡e e¨eüZ nh| GQvWvI gwjKyjvi ‡gwWwmb, wRb‡_ivwc, Ilya ‣Zwi‡Z, eR¨© cwi®‥viKi‡Y, Rjevhy cwieZ©b M‡elYvq, weKí kw³i Drm
mÜv‡b, RxevYy A¯¿‣Zwi‡Z, wWGbG g¨vwcs I A¨vbvjvBwmm, wRb dvBwÛs, ‡c«vwU‡bi wg_w¯…qv ch©‡e¶‡Y ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·e¨eüZ nq|
(N) wn‡gj I Zvi eÜyi GKwU K‡¶ Ae¯’vb K‡i gnvk~b¨ åg‡Yi AwfÁZvjv‡f 'Z_¨ I ‡hvMv‡hvM c«hyw³i fvP©yhvj wih‡wjwUi Avk«q‡bqv nh‡‡Q| c«K…Z A‡_© ev¯Íe bq
wKš‘ev¯Í‡ei‡PZbv D‡`«KKvix weÁvb wbf©i Kíbv‡K fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU e‡j| c«vZ¨wnK Rxe‡b fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU f~wgKv wb‡gœ‡`Ihv n‡jv:
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

we‡bv`b ‡¶‡Î: bvbv ai‡bi we‡bv`‡bi gva¨‡g mvaviY gvbyl fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi mv‡_ me‡P‡q ‡ewk cwiwPZ nIhvi my‡hvM ‡c‡q‡Q| wÎgvwÎK c×wZ‡Z wbwg©Z
fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU wbf©i KíKvwnwb, ‡c․ivwYK Kvwnwb, KvU©yb, HwZnvwmK Pjw”PÎ BZ¨vw` gvby‡li Kv‡Q Rbwc«qZv I M«nY‡hvM¨Zv ‡c‡q‡Q|
hvbevnb Pvjv‡bv I c«wk¶Y:fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi me‡P‡qev¯ÍegyLx e¨envi n‡q _v‡K d¬vBU wmgy‡jU‡i ‡hLv‡b ‣egvwbKiv ev¯Í‡e Avmj wegvb DÇq‡bi c~‡e©B wegvb
cwiPvjbvi ev¯Íe RMr‡K Abyaveb K‡i _v‡Kb| G QvWvI ‡gvUi Mvwo BZ¨vw` Pvjv‡bvi c«wk¶‡Y mswkøówmgy‡jUiI g‡WwjsmdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g c«wk¶Y-mswkøó
K…wÎg cwi‡ek ‣Zwi K‡i ev¯Í‡ei b¨vq c«wk¶Y ‡`qv n‡q _v‡K |
wk¶v I M‡elYvh: wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g RwUj welh¸‡jv fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g wmgy‡jkb I g‡Wwjs K‡i wk¶v_©x‡`i mvg‡b mnR‡eva¨ I wPËvKl©Kfv‡e
Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvh | M‡elYvjä djvdj we‡kølY I Dc¯’vcb, RwUj AYyi AvYweK MVb, wWGbG MVb hv ‡Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡ZB ev¯Í‡e Ae‡jvKb m¤¢e bq‡m¸‡jv
fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi cwi‡e‡kwmgy‡jk‡bi gva¨‡g ‡`Lv m¤¢e n‡”Q|
wPwKrmv‡¶‡Î: wPwKrmvweÁv‡bi mye„nr cwim‡i Gi e¨envi e¨vcK| RwUj Acv‡ikb, K…wÎg A½-c«Z¨½ ms‡hvR‡b, wWGbG ch©v‡jvPbv BZ¨vw`mn bexb kj¨
wPwKrmK‡`i c«wk¶Y I ‡ivM wbY©‡q e¨vcK nv‡i fvP©yhvj wih‡wjwU e¨eüZ nh |
e¨emv evwY‡R¨: Drcvw`Z wKsev cÖ¯ÍvweZ c‡Y¨i ¸YMZ gvb, MVb, wecYb, m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB, g~j¨vhb, wecYb Kg©x c«wk¶Y BZ¨vw` me ai‡bi Kvh©µ‡g fvP©yqvj
wi‡qwjwUi wmgy‡jkb c×wZ e¨eüZ nh| ‡Kv‡bv wec¾bK I ¶wZKi `«e¨ evRviRvZ Kivi Av‡M ‡Kv‡bv Kg©Pvixi Rxe‡bi SyuwK bv wb‡q fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi
cwi‡e‡k ‡m¸‡jv cix¶v K‡i ‡bIqv m¤¢e nq|

13| wgt †gvK‡jQ mv‡ne †ckvq grm¨we`| †`‡k gv‡Qi NvUwZ c~i‡Yi Rb¨ cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i bZzb bZzb cÖRvwZi gvQ Drcv`b K‡ib| Zvi Awd‡m cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨
`iRvi mvg‡b ivLv GKwU †gwk‡b AvOz‡ji Qvc w`‡j `iRv Ly‡j hvq| AZtci Zvi K‡ÿ cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ `iRvi mvg‡b ivLv GKwU †gwk‡bi w`‡K ZvKv‡j `iRv Ly‡j
hvq|
[XvKv †evW© -2019]
(K) †ivewU· Kx?
(L) cÖhyw³i e¨env‡i gUi WªvBwfs cÖwkÿY m¤¢e K_vwU e¨vL¨v Ki|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K gvQ Drcv`‡bi cÖhyw³wU eY©bv Ki|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Awd‡m cÖ‡ek I K‡ÿ cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ †K․kj `ywUi g‡a¨ †KvbwU †ewk myweavRbK? we‡kølY Ki|
13 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) ‡UK‡bvjwR †h kvLvq †ive‡Ui bKkv, MVb I KvR m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq †mB kvLv‡K †ivewU· ejv nq|
(L) c«hyw³ e¨envi K‡i wbivc‡` Kvi W«vBwfs c«wk¶Y m¤¢e| G‡¶‡Î mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi | fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g W«vBwfs‡qi bvbv wbqg-Kvbyb
Lye mn‡RB AvqË Kiv m¤¢e| fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g ev¯Í‡ei g‡Zv iv¯Ívq Mvwo Pvwj‡q c«wk¶Yv_©x Lye mn‡RB ev¯Í‡e Mvox Pvjv‡bvi mvnm AR©b K‡i `ªyZ Mvwo
Pvjbv wkL‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`k cywj‡ki gwnjv cywjk‡`i‡K W«vBwfs ‡kLv‡bvi Rb¨ fvP©yqvj Kvi e¨envi Kiv nq|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K gvQ Drcv`‡bi c«hyw³wU n‡jv ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis| ‡h c×wZi gva¨‡g ‡Kv‡bv Rx‡ei wR‡bv‡gi g‡a¨ bZyb wRb ‡hvM K‡i ev ‡Kv‡bv wRb
AcmviY K‡i ev cwieZ©b I cwiea©b K‡i bZyb Rxe‡Kvl m…wó Kiv nq, ‡mB c×wZ‡K wRb c«‡K․kj ev ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbhvwis e‡j| ms‡¶‡c ejv hvh, ‡Kv‡bv Rxe
‡_‡K GKwU wbw`©ó wRb enbKvix DNA LÛ c…_K K‡i wfbœ GKwU Rx‡e ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii ‡K․kj n‡”Q ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbhvwis| ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis ev wRb c«‡K․k‡ji
kvwãK A_© eskMwZi cÖhyw³we`¨v| ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis Gi avcmg~n wbgœiƒc:
 me©c«_‡g ‡hB wRbwU Øviv GKwU Rx‡ei ‣ewkó¨ cwieZ©b Kiv n‡e Zv‡K Avjv`v Kiv nh|
 GKwU DNA Gi wRb Ab¨ GKwU wR‡b ‣`ePqbfv‡e c«wZ¯’vcb Kiv nq A_ev DNA wU GKwU wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b c«wZ¯’vcb Kiv nq| Zvc I B‡jKwU«K kK w`‡q
GKwU DNAe¨vK‡Uwiqv ‡Kv‡l ‡XvKv‡bv nq|
 wewfbœ ‡cvlK ‡`‡n DNA mg~n mvaviYZ gvB‡µv Bb‡RKk‡bi gva¨‡g c«vYx‡Kv‡li wbDwK¬qv‡m c«‡ek Kiv‡bv nh|
 ‡hB DNA bZyb wRb‡K ‣Zwi Ki‡e Zv‡K GKwU e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡Z iæcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq| AZtci ‡mB e¨vK‡Uwiqv Dw™¢‡`i g‡a¨ GK ai‡bi wUDgvi ‣Zwi Ki‡e
Ges Zv ‡_‡K c«vK…wZKfv‡e bZyb GMO (Genetically Modified Organism) ‣Zwi n‡e|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Awd‡m cÖ‡ek I K‡¶ cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ ‡K․kj `ywUi g‡a¨ ‡K․kj `ywUi g‡a¨ Awdm cÖ‡e‡ki †K․kj †ewk myweavRbK| Awd‡m c«‡e‡ki Rb¨
wdsMvi wc«›U e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ wWfvB‡mi `vg Kg ZvB GB c×wZ e¨env‡ii LiP Zzjbvg~jK Kg wKš‘ mdjZvi nvi c«vq kZfvM| KviY
c«‡Z¨K gvby‡li wdsMvi wc«›U m¤ú~Y© ¯^Zš¿ Ges mviv Rxeb AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K | Aciw`‡K K‡¶ c«‡e‡ki Rb¨ AvBwik Ges ‡iwUbv ¯‥¨vb c×wZ e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡‡Q|
GB c×wZ AZ¨šÍ e¨heûj| Zyjbvg~jKfv‡e ‡ewk ‡g‡gvwi cÖ‡qvRb nq| ‡Pv‡Li Pkgv e¨envi K‡i GB c×wZ‡Z kbv³KiY Kiv hvh bv d‡j wWfvBm e¨envi Kivi
mgq Pkgv ‡Lvjvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib GB c×wZ e¨envi Kivi d‡j ‡Pv‡Li ¶wZI nq| K¨v‡givi mvg‡b Av‡jvi ch©vßZvi Dci I kbv³KiY
wbf©ikxj|

14| evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbxi A`~‡i Z_¨ cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qv‡M GKwU wek¦gv‡bi wkí KviLvbv ¯’vcb Kivi cwiKíbv Kiv n‡q‡Q, †hLv‡b A¨vKPz‡qUi Gi mvnv‡h¨ `ÿ nv‡Z
Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ •Zwi Kivi gva¨‡g †`k‡K DbœZ I A_©‣bwZKfv‡e ¯^vej¤^x n‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e| D³ cÖwZôv‡bi `ÿ †cÖvMÖvgviMY wmgy‡j‡UW
cwi‡ek ¯’vcb K‡i N‡i e‡m `k©bv_©x‡`i kn‡ii wewfbœ `k©bxq ¯’vb †`Lvi e¨e¯’v Ki‡eb|
[ivRkvnx †evW© -2019]
(K) n¨vwKs Kx?
(L) Z_¨ cÖhyw³ wbf©i wek¦B wek¦MÖvg e¨vL¨v Ki|
(M) wkí KviLvbvq e¨en„Z cÖhyw³ wPwýZ K‡i e¨vL¨v Ki|
(N) †cÖvMÖvgvi‡`i •Zwi cÖhyw³ BwZnvm I HwZn¨ iÿvq KZUzKz f‚wgKv iv‡L g~j¨vqb Ki|
14 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) AbygwZ e¨ZxZ ‡Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi ‡bUIqv‡K© c«‡ek K‡i Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Kiv A_ev ‡Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi‡K ‡gvn”Qbœ K‡i Zvi cy‡iv wbqš¿Y wb‡q ‡bqv‡K n¨vwKs
e‡j|
(L) wek¦M«vg Ggb GKwU cwi‡ek ‡hLv‡b c…w_exi mKj gvbyl GKK mgv‡R emevm K‡i Ges B‡j±ªwbK wgwWqv I Z_¨ c«hyw³ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g G‡K Aci‡K ‡mev c«`vb
K‡i| Z_¨ I ‡hvM‡hvM c«hyw³i we¯Í…Z e¨envi QvWv wek¦M«vg Kíbv Kiv hvh bv| ZvB ejv hvh Z_¨ c«hyw³ wbf©i wek¦B wek¦M«vg|
(M) wkí KviLvbvq e¨eüZ c«hyw³wU n‡jv ‡ivewU·| ‡ivewU· n‡jv ‡iveU ‡UK‡bvjwRi GKwU kvLv ‡hLv‡b ‡ive‡Ui MVb, KvR, ‣ewkó¨ wb‡q KvR Kiv nh| Kw¤úDUvi
wbhwš¿Z hš¿mg~‡ni wWRvBb I Drcv`b msµvšÍ weÁvbB n‡jv ‡ivewU·| GKwU ‡ive‡Ui mvaviYZ wb‡Pi Dcv`vb¸‡jv _v‡K-
‡c«vM«vgK…Z gw¯ÍK ev c«‡mmi: ‡ive‡Ui g‡a¨ GK ev GKvwaK c«‡mmi _v‡K hv‡Z ‡iveU‡K ‡K›`«xqfv‡e wbqš¿Y Kivi GKwU ‡c«vM«vg msiw¶Z _v‡K| GwU ‡ive‡Ui g~j
Ask hv ‡ive‡Ui PjvPj I Kg©KvÛ mKj wKQy wbqš¿Y K‡i|
cvIhvi wm‡÷g: mvaviYZ ‡jW GwmW e¨vUvix w`‡q ‡ive‡Ui cvIhvi ‡`Ihv nq| GB e¨vUvix wiPv‡R©ej A_©vr G‡Z cybivh PvR© Kiv hvq |
A¨vKPy‡qUi (Actuator): ‡ive‡Ui nvZ-cv A_ev we‡kl fv‡e ‣Zwi ‡Kvb A½-c«Z‡½i bovPWv Kivi Rb¨ KZ¸‡jv ‣e`¨ywZK gU‡ii m¤^š^‡q ‣Zwi we‡kl e¨e¯’v
n‡jv A¨vKPy‡qUi|
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

Abyf~wZ (Sensing): ‡m݇ii gva¨‡g ‡ive‡UI gvby‡li gZ Abyf~wZ ‣Zwi Kiv nq| Kv‡RB Abyf~wZ ‡ive‡Ui GKwU we‡kl Dcv`vb| ‡ive‡Ui nvZ ev cv ‡Kvb
GKwU RvqMvq ¯úk© Ki‡j ‡mB RvqMv m¤ú‡K© hveZxh Z_¨ ‡bIhvi ¶gZv _vK‡e| gvby‡li ‡Pv‡Li b¨vq ‡ive‡Ui K¨v‡giv w`‡q mvg‡bi ev wcQ‡bi `…k¨ ‡bIhv nh|
Kv‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡b ‡iveU‡K 360wWwMÖ ‡Kv‡Y Nyiv‡bv ‡h‡Z cv‡i|
g¨vwbcy‡jkb ev cwieZ©b Kiv (Manipulation): ‡ive‡Ui Av‡kcv‡ki e¯‘¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b ev e¯‘wU cwieZ©b Kivi c×wZ‡K ejv nq g¨vwbcy‡jkb|
mvaviYZ ‡ive‡Ui nvZ-cv GB cwieZ©‡bi hveZxh KvR K‡i _v‡K|
(N) ‡c«vM«vgvi‡`i ‣Zwi c«hyw³wU n‡jv fvP©yqvj wi‡hwjwU| fvP©yqvj wi‡hwjwU k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q K…wÎg ev¯ÍeZv| fvP©yqvj wi‡hwjwU n‡jv nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIqv‡ii gva¨‡g
‣ZwiK…Z Ggb GK ai‡bi K…wÎg cwi‡ek hv ev¯Íe g‡b nq|
DÏxc‡K BwZnvm i¶vi Rb¨ fvP©yqvj wi‡hwjwU gva¨‡g K…wÎg fv‡e D³ cwi‡ek ‣Zwi Kiv nh| d‡j GKRb `k©K ‡mwU RxešÍfv‡e ‡`L‡Z I eyS‡Z cv‡i| BwZnvm
I HwZn¨ i¶vi Rb¨ Rv`yN‡i fvP©yqvj wi‡hwjwU Gi c«h‡vM n‡”Q, d‡j AvMZ `k©bv_©xiv Zv ‡`‡L gy» n‡”Qb I wewfbœ welh m¤ú‡K© ev¯Íe aviYv jvf Ki‡Qb|
Rv`yNi KZ©…c¶ wewfbœ HwZnvwmK welh fvP©yqvj wi‡hwjwU Gi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcbvi Rb¨ wewfbœ e¨e¯’v M«nY K‡i _v‡Kb|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi ‡c«w¶‡Z ejv hvh, fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU BwZnvm I HwZn¨ i¶vq e¨vcK f~wgKv iv‡L|'

15| wPcm& mevi LyeB wcÖq| wPcm& c¨v‡KURvZKi‡Yi mgq GKwU we‡kl cÖhyw³ e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| wPcm& KviLvbvi wbivcËv wbwðZKi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡e‡ki c‡_
AvOz‡ji Qvc †`qvi Rb¨ GKwU wWfvBm ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
[Kzwgjøv †evW© -2019]
(K) †ivewU· Kx?
(L) cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i gUi WªvBwfs wkLv m¤¢e K_vwU e¨vL¨v Ki|
(M) DÏxc‡K KviLvbvq e¨en„Z wWfvBmwUi cÖhyw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki|
(N) wPc‡m&i †ÿ‡Î e¨en„Z cÖhyw³i myweav I Amyweav D‡jøLmn †Zvgvi gZvgZ we‡kølY Ki|
15 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) ‡UK‡bvjwR †h kvLvq †ive‡Ui bKkv, MVb I KvR m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq †mB kvLv‡K †ivewU· ejv nq|
(L) c«hyw³ e¨envi K‡i wbivc‡` Kvi W«vBwfs c«wk¶Y m¤¢e| G‡¶‡Î mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU | fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU gva¨‡g W«vBwfs‡qi bvbv wbhg-Kvbyb Lye
mn‡RB AvqË Kiv m¤¢e| fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU gva¨‡g ev¯Í‡ei g‡Zv iv¯Ívq Mvwo Pvwjh‡ c«wk¶Yv_©x Lye mn‡RB ev¯Í‡e MvwoPvjv‡bvi mvnm AR©b Kivi gva¨‡g `ªyZ Mvwo
Pvjbv wkL‡Z cv‡i|
(M) DÏxc‡K KviLvbvq e¨eüZ wWfvBmwUi c«hyw³wU n‡jv wdsMvi wc«›U wiWvi| gvby‡li Av½y‡ji Qvc ev wUcmB AwØZxh A_©vr GKRb gvby‡liAv½y‡ji Qvc ev wUcmB
Ab¨ ‡Kv‡bv gvby‡li Av½y‡ji Qv‡ci ev wUcmB‡qi mv‡_ wgj‡e bv| wdsMvi wc«›U wiWvi n‡”Q eûj e¨eüZ GKwU ev‡qv‡gwU«K wWfvBm hvi mvnv‡h¨ gvby‡li Av½y‡ji
Qvc ev wUcmB‡K BbcyU wnmv‡e M«nY K‡i Zv c~e© ‡_‡K msiw¶Z Av½y‡ji Qvc ev wUcmB‡q‡i mv‡_ wgwj‡q cix¶v Kiv nq| wdsMvi wc«›U ev‡qv‡gwU«K c«hyw³
e¨envi Kivi c~‡e©B e¨enviKvixi Av½y‡ji Qvc ‡WUv‡e‡R msi¶Y Ki‡Z nh| cieZ©x‡Z GB wiWvi Av½y‡ji bx‡Pi As‡ki Z¡K‡K ixW K‡i msiw¶Z Qv‡ci mv‡_
Zyjbv K‡i kbv³KiY K‡i _v‡K| wiWviwU Z¡‡Ki wUm¨y Ges Z¡‡Ki bx‡Pi i³ mÂvj‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i B‡jK‡U«vg¨vM‡bwUK c×wZ‡Z KvR K‡i |
(N) wPc‡mi ‡¶‡Î e¨eüZ c«hyw³wU n‡jv b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR| hLb ‡Kv‡bv GKwU e¯‘i Kvh©¶gZv evov‡bvi Rb¨ ‡Kv‡bv we‡kl c«hyw³ ev hš¿ e¨envi K‡i AYy ev
cigvYy¸‡jv‡K b¨v‡bv wgUvi ‡¯‥‡j| ev b¨v‡bv cvwU©‡Kj iƒ‡c cwieZ©b Kiv nq ZLb ‡mB c«hyw³‡K b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR e‡j|
b¨v‡bv ‡UK‡bvjwRi myweav :
 b¨v‡bv ‡UK‡bvjwR e¨env‡i Drcvw`Z cY¨ gReyZ, ‡UKmB AvKv‡i ‡QvU I nvjKv nh|
 b¨v‡bv ‡iveU e¨envi K‡i gvbe‡`‡ni Af¨šÍ‡i A‡¯¿vcPvi m¤¢e |
 dz‡qj ‡mj ‣Zwi‡Z b¨v‡bv ‡UK‡bvjwR e¨eüZ nh|
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii MwZ, `¶Zv, ‡g‡gvwi BZ¨vw` e…w× Kiv hvh|
 b¨v‡bv ‡UK‡bvjwRi mvnv‡h¨ K¨vÝvi kbv³ I wbivgq Kiv hvh|
b¨v‡bv ‡UK‡bvjwRi Amyweav:
 b¨v‡bv ‡UK‡bvjwRi M‡elYv I cÖ‡qvM ‡ek e¨qeûj| d‡j GB c«hyw³i cÖ‡qv‡M Drcvw`Z cY¨ GLbI AwaK `vgx|
 b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR c~Y©gvÎvh weKwkZ n‡j AvYweK kw³ mnRjf¨ n‡q ‡h‡Z cv‡i hv gvbeRvwZi Rb¨ wec`RbKb¨v‡bvcÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i gvivZ¥K hy×v¯¿ ‣Zwi
Kiv m¤¢e weavq hyׇ¶‡Î fqvenZvi AvksKv iq‡Q|
 b¨v‡bvcvwU©K¨vj A_©vr b¨v‡bvc«Wv± gvby‡li kix‡ii Rb¨ ¶wZKi| ZvQvWv GB c«hyw³ e¨env‡ii d‡j cvwb I evqy `~lY n‡Z cv‡i hv gvbyl I Ab¨vb¨ c«vYxi
Rb¨ gviZ¥K ¶wZKi| wPc‡mi c¨v‡KURvZKi‡Yi mgh A‡bK `ªyZ KvR Ki‡Z nq| cvkvcvwk GKB KvR A‡bK¶Y a‡i Kiv weiw³Ki I GK‡N‡q| GRb¨
c¨v‡KURvZKi‡Y ‡iveU e¨envi Kiv myweavRbK|

16| m~h© covïbv †kl Kivi ci PvKwi bv †c‡q B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g N‡i e‡m KvR K‡i A_© DcvR©‡bi c_ †e‡Q †bq| K‡qK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ †m
A_©‣bwZKfv‡e ¯^vej¤^x nq Ges cÖPzi •e‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b K‡i| cieZ©x‡Z Zvi GjvKvi A‡b‡KB G c_ AbymiY K‡i ¯^vej¤^x nq| Zvi fvB cÖZvc
evwo‡Z †_‡K Av‡gwiKvi GKwU wek¦we`¨vj‡q covïbv K‡i D”PZi wWwMÖ AR©b K‡i|
[h‡kvi †evW© -2019]
(K) †cøwRqvwiRg Kx?
(L) ev‡qvBbdig¨vwU·-G e¨en„Z †WUv Kx? e¨vL¨v Ki|
(M) DÏxc‡K cÖZv‡ci D”PZi wWwMÖ AR©‡bi cÖwµqv Kx? e¨vL¨v Ki|
(N) evsjv‡`‡ki ev¯ÍeZvq m~‡h©¨i Kvh©µ‡gi †h․w³KZv we‡kølY Ki|
16 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) ‡Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi †Kv‡bv mvwnZ¨, M‡elYv ev m¤úv`bv Kg© ûeû bKj ev AvswkK cwieZ©b K‡i wb‡Ri bv‡g cÖKvk KivB nj †cøwRqvwiRg
(L) ev‡qvBbdig¨vwU· n‡jv weÁv‡bi †mB kvLv hv ev‡qvjwRK¨vj †WUv GbvjvBwmm Kivi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³, Bbdi‡gkb w_Iwi Ges MvwYwZK Ávb‡K e¨envi
K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î, †WUv AšÍf©~³ K‡i wW Gb G, A¨vwg‡bv GwmW Ges wbDwK¬K GmwWmn Ab¨vb¨ welq‡K| mvaviYZ ev‡qvBbdig¨vwU· WvUv‡e‡R wRb e¨vsK,
wbDwK¬IUvBW, †cÖvwUb wmKz‡qÝ BZ¨vw` welq _v‡K|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki cÖZv‡ci D”PZi wWwMÖ AR©‡bi cÖwµqv n‡jv: B-jvwb©s| B‡jKUªwbK cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i cÖPwjZ K¬vmiæ‡gi evB‡i †_‡K wkÿv MÖnY c×wZB n‡jv B-jvwb©s|
B-jvwb©s Øviv †h †Kvb mgq †h †Kv‡bv ¯’vb †_‡K wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq| GwU GKwU mvkÖqx wkLb c×wZ †hLv‡b mgqI iÿv nq| GKRb Kg©Rxex
e¨w³I B-jvwb©s Øviv wkÿv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| B-jvwb©s G wkLvi gva¨g¸‡jv Av‡iv we¯Í…Z n‡q‡Q| G e¨e¯’vq QvÎ wfwWI, ¯øvBW †kv, WKz‡g›U, wcwWGd, wmgy‡jkb
BZ¨vw` gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv welq‡K mn‡RB eyS‡Z cv‡i|
(N) m~‡h©i KvRwU n‡jv-AvDwU‡mvwm©s| GKwU n‡”Q †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi KvR wb‡Riv bv K‡i Z…Zxq †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi mvnv‡h¨ Kwi‡q †bqv| AvDU‡mvwm©s GLb
GKwU wk‡í cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| AvDU‡mvwm©s wkí‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q Avgv‡`i †`‡ki wkwÿZ weivU Rb‡Mvôx GLb A_© DcvR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡Q| AvDU‡mvwm©s GLb
A‡b‡KiB †ckv wnmv‡e cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k cÖwZ eQi AvDU‡mvwm©s n‡Z K‡qLk wgwjqb Wjvi Avq K‡i| wkwÿZ †eKvi Rb‡Mvôx GB wkí‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q
A‡b‡KB ¯^vej¤^x n‡q D‡V‡Q| Kv‡iv Kv‡Q hw` B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvMmn GKwU Kw¤úDUvi _v‡K Zvn‡j †m †h †Kvb RvqMv‡Z e‡mB wd«j¨vwÝs I AvDU‡mvwm©s Gi
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

KvR¸‡jv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| I‡qemvBU •Zwi, w_ªwW Gwb‡gkb, MÖvwd· wWRvBb ev Qwe m¤úv`bv, WvUv Gw›Uª, †jLv‡jwL Kiv, †Kvb c‡Y¨i evRvi Ly ‡Ru †`Iqv, mvP©
BwÄb AcwUgvBR Kiv, †WUv we‡kølY Kiv BZ¨vw`mn Av‡iv AmsL¨ KvR GB c×wZ‡Z Kiv m¤¢e|
DbœZ wek^ AvDU‡mvwm©s G A‡bK `~‡i GwM‡q wM‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡kI GB AbjvBb wbf©i wkíwU‡K cÖvavb¨ †`Iqv n‡”Q| AvDU‡mvwm©s wel‡q cÖwkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ Z_¨ I
†hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvjqmn A‡bK cÖwZôvb •Zwi n‡q‡Q| nqZ A`~i fwel¨‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki K‡qK †KvwU †jvK GB wk‡íi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ n‡e| G‡Z K‡i †eKviZ¡
NywP‡q †`k Avq Ki‡e cÖPzi cwigv‡Y •e‡`wkK gy`ªv, •Zwi n‡e e¨vcK Kg©ms¯’vb|

17| kwdK mv‡ne Zvi M‡elYvMv‡i w`bvRcy‡ii HwZn¨ avi‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ wjPz wb‡q M‡elYv K‡i, Zvi djvdj msiÿY K‡ib| wZwb M‡elYvMv‡ii cÖ‡ekgy‡L Ggb GKwU hš¿
ewm‡q‡Qb †hwUi w`‡K wbw`©ó mgq ZvKv‡j Aby‡gvw`Z e¨w³eM© wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
[PÆMÖvg †evW© -2019]
(K) ¯§vU© †nvg Kx?
(L) Òb~¨bZg aKj mwnòz kj¨wPwKrmv c×wZwUÓ e¨vL¨v Ki|
(M) M‡elYvMv‡ii cÖ‡ekgy‡L e¨en„Z cÖhyw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki M‡elYv Kvh©µ‡g Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i †h w`KwU cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q, we‡kølYc~e©K †mwUi cÖ‡qvM‡ÿÎ Av‡jvPbv Ki|
17 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) ‡h evm¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g wi‡gvU K‡›Uªvwjs c×wZ‡Z wbR N‡i e‡mB wbivcËv e¨e¯’v wbwðZKiY, K‡ÿi ZvcgvÎv n«vm-e„w× Kiv, jvBwUs wm‡÷g K‡›Uªvjmn wPwKrmv †mev
MÖnY, `~ieZ©x †`‡ki eÜz evÜe Gi mv‡_ mvgbvmvgwb K‡_vcK_b BZ¨vw` myweavmg~n cvIqv hvq Zv‡K ¯§vU© †nvg e‡j|
(L) b~¨bZg aKj mwnòz kj¨wPwKrmv c×wZwU n‡jv µv‡qvmvR©vwi| µv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡”Q GK cÖKvi wPwKrmv c×wZ hvi gva¨‡g AZ¨waK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z¡‡Ki
A¯^vfv‡eK Ges †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨ aŸsm Kiv nq|
µv‡qvmvR©vwi †K․kj cÖ‡qvM K‡i wPwKrmv Kiv‡K µv‡qv‡_ivwc e‡j| µv‡qv‡_ivwc‡Z wUDgvi wUmy¨i ZvcgvÎv Kwg‡q- 410 †_‡K 1960 †m. ZvcgvÎvq wb‡q Avmv
nq| GB mgq µv‡qv‡cÖve ev GKwU m~‡Pi cÖvšÍ Øviv wUDgvi wUmy¨i wfZ‡i Lye `ªæZ AvM©b M¨v‡mi wbtmiY Kiv‡bv nq| ZvgcvÎvi AZ¨waK n«v‡mi d‡j †Kv‡li cvwb
RgvUe× n‡q H wUmy¨i g‡a¨ AvUKv c‡o †M‡j G‡Z i³ I Aw·‡Rb cwienb eÜ n‡q wUmy¨wU aŸsm n‡q hvq|
(M) M‡elYvMv‡i cÖ‡ekgy‡L e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wU n‡jv AvBwik I †iwUbv ¯‥¨vwbs Øviv e¨w³ kbv³KiY|
ev‡qv‡gwUªK cÖhyw³‡Z kbv³Ki‡Yi Rb¨ gvby‡li †Pv‡Li AvBwim‡K Av`k© A½ wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv nq| GKRb gvby‡li †Pv‡Li AvBwik ev †Pv‡Li Zvivi `„k¨gvb
iwOb Ask Aci †Kv‡bv gvby‡li †Pv‡Li Avwwi‡ki c¨vUv‡b©i mv‡_ wgj‡e bv| GwU AwØZxq, ¯’vqx Ges `„k¨gvb| AvBwik ev‡qv‡gwUªK c×wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv e¨w³i GK ev
Dfq †Pv‡Li AvBwik ev †Pv‡Li Zvivi `„k¨gvb iwOb As‡ki wfwWI‡K cixÿv K‡i MvwYwZK c¨vUvb© wiKMwbkb c×wZi cÖ‡qv‡M kbv³KiY Kiv nq| GB c×wZ‡ZB
†PvL I gv_v‡K w¯’i K‡i GKwU K¨v‡givm¤úbœ wWfvB‡mi mvg‡b `uvov‡Z nq| G‡Z cÖvq 1 †_‡K 10 †m‡KÛ mgq jv‡M| G‡Z c~e© †_‡K aviY Kiv †Pv‡Li AvBwi‡ki
c¨vUv‡b©i mv‡_ wgwj‡q e¨w³ kbv³KiY Kiv nq|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki M‡elYv Kvh©µ‡g Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i †h w`KwU cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·| Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi I cwimsL¨vbMZ †K․kj
e¨envi K‡i •Re †WUv msMÖn I we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g •Re M‡elYvq e¨eüZ GKwU DbœZ c×wZ‡K e‡j ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·| G‡Z RxeweÁvb msµvšÍ M‡elYv (AvYweK
ch©vqmn) I mgm¨vw` D`NvU‡bi Rb¨ dwjZ MwYZ, Z_¨weÁvb, cwimsL¨vb, Kw¤úDUvi weÁvb, K…wÎg eyw×gËv, imvqb I •Re imvqb e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
ev‡qvBbdig¨vwU· Gi cÖ‡qvM‡ÿÎ n‡jv wb‡¤œviƒc:
g~jZ •RweK c×wZ we‡kølY m¤ú‡K© mg¨K Ges mwVK aviYv AR©b Kivi †ÿ‡Î ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· e¨eüZ nq| Avi GB ‣RweK Z_¨ wnmve-wbKvk Ges G m¤úwK©Z
hveZxq mgm¨vi mgvav‡b Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³i e¨enviI Acwinvh©| Z‡e wR‡bvg wm‡Kv‡qÝ, †cÖvwUb wm‡Kv‡qÝ BZ¨vw` MVb Dcv`v‡bi B‡jKUªwbK †WUv‡eR MV‡b
Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³ we‡klfv‡e e¨eüZ nq| GQvovI gwjKzjvi †gwWwmb, wRb‡_ivwc, Ilya •Zwi‡Z, eR©¨ cwi®‥viKi‡Y, Rjevqy cwieZ©b M‡elYvq, weKí kw³i Drm
mÜv‡b, RxevYy A¯¿ •Zwi‡Z, wWGbG g¨vwcs I A¨vbvjvBwmm, wRb dvBwÛs, †cÖvwU‡bi wg_w®…qv ch©‡eÿ‡Y ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· e¨eüZ nq|

18| Wt Lwjj †`‡ki Lv`¨ NvUwZ c~i‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ AwaK dmj Drcv`bKvix exR Avwe®‥v‡ii Rb¨ GKwU cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ M‡elYv Ki‡Qb| Zuvi M‡elYv
m¤úwK©Z Z_¨mg~n Zuvi mnKvix AbygwZ e¨ZxZ Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K †bqvi †Póv K‡i|
[ewikvj †evW© -2019]
(K) ev‡qv‡gwUª· Kx? 1
(L) N‡ii g‡a¨B WªvBwfs †kLv m¤¢e e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
(M) Wt Lwj‡ji M‡elYvq e¨en„Z cÖhyw³ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
(N) Wt Lwj‡ji mnKvixi Kg©KvÛwU •bwZKZvi wePv‡i we‡kølY Ki|
18 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) ev‡qv‡gwUª· n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖhyw³ †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv e¨w³i †`‡ni MVb Ges AvPiYMZ •ewk‡ó¨i Dci wfwË K‡i Zv‡K AwØZxqfv‡e wPwýZ ev kbv³ Kiv nq|
(L) cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i wbivc‡` Kvi WªvBwfs cÖwkÿY m¤¢e| G‡ÿ‡Î mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU| fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g WªvBwfs‡qi bvbv wbqg-Kvbyb Lye
mn‡RB AvqË Kiv m¤¢e| fvP©yqvj wi‡qwiwUi gva¨‡g ev¯Í‡ei g‡Zv iv¯Ívq Mvwo Pvwj‡q cÖwkÿYv_x© Lye mn‡RB ev¯Í‡e Mvwo Pvjv‡bvi mvnm AR©b K‡i `ªæZ Mvwo Pvjbv
wkL‡Z cv‡i|
(M) DÏxc‡K Lwj‡ji M‡elYvq e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wU n‡jv †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis| †h c×wZi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv Rx‡ei wb‡Rv‡gi g‡`¨ bZzb wRb †hvM K‡i ev †Kv‡bv wRb
AcmviY K‡i ev cwieZ©b I cwiea©b K‡i bZzb Rxe †Kvl m„wó Kiv nq Zv‡K wRb cÖ‡K․kj ev †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis e‡j| ms‡ÿ‡c ejv hvq, †Kv‡bv Rxe †_‡K
GKwU wbw`©ó wRb enbKvix DNA LÛ c„_K K‡i wfbœ GKwU Rx‡e ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †K․kj n‡”Q †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis| †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis ev wRb cÖ‡K․k‡ji kvwãK
A_© eskMwZi cÖhyw³we`¨v| †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis Gi avcmg~n wb¤œiƒc:
 me©cÖ_g †hB wRbwU Øviv GKwU Rx‡ei •ewkó¨ cwieZ©b Kiv n‡e Zv‡K Avjv`v Kiv nq|
 GKwU DNA Gi wRb Ab¨ GKwU wR‡b •`ePqbfv‡e cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv nq, A_ev DNA wU GKwU wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv nq| Zvc I B‡jKwUªK kK w`‡q
GKwU DNA ‡K GKwU e¨vK‡Uwiqv †Kv‡l †XvKv‡bv nq|
 wewfbœ †cvlK †`‡n DNA mg~n mvaviYZ gvB‡µv Bb‡RKk‡bi gva¨‡g cÖvYx‡Kv‡li wbDwK¬qv‡m cÖ‡ek Kiv nq|
 ‡hB DNA bZzb wRb •Zwi Ki‡e Zv‡K GKwU e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq| AZtci †mB e¨vK‡Uwiqv Dw™¢‡`i g‡a¨ GK ai‡bi wUDgvi •Zwi Ki‡e
Ges Zv †_‡K cÖvK…wZKfv‡e bZzb GMO (Genetically Modified Organism) •Zwi Ki‡e|
(N) W. Lwj‡ji mnKvixi Kg©KvÛwU n‡jv n¨vwKs| †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷g, †bUIqvK©, †WUvi Dci Abby‡gvw`Zfv‡e AwaKvi (Access) jvf Kivi Dcvq‡K n¨vwKs
e‡j| G‡Z e¨w³i Z‡_¨i ev wm‡÷‡gi ÿwZmvab Kiv nq Ges A‡bK †ÿ‡Î wbivcËv ÎæwU m¤ú‡K© Kw¤úDUvi e¨enviKvix‡K Rvbv‡bv †`qv| †h mKj e¨w³/e¨w³eM©
G ai‡bi K‡g©/AcK‡g©i mv‡_ RwoZ _v‡K Zv‡`i n¨vKvi e‡j| n¨vwKs GKwU •bwZKZv ewn©f~Z KvR| KviY Kv‡iv AbygwZ e¨ZxZ Zvi †Kv‡bv Z_¨ e¨envi Kiv ev
†m¸‡jv †`Lv •bwZKZv we‡ivax| G‡K GK cÖKvi Pzwi ejv hvq| Wt Lwj‡ji mnKvix Zvi KvQ †_‡K †K‡bv cÖKvi AbygwZ MÖnY K‡ib wb| ei AbygwZ e¨wZZ
Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Z_¨ †bqvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb hv Pigfv‡e •bwZKZv cwicwš’| ZvB ejv hvq DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ mnKvixi KvR †eAvBbx I •bwZKZv cwicš’x|

19| Wvt wbjq †eªBb K¨vÝvi wbivg‡q kxZj AvM©b M¨vm e¨env‡ii wPwKrmv c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ AwfÁZv jv‡fi D‡Ï‡k¨ GKwU wmgy‡j‡UW Acv‡ikb m¤úbœ K‡ib|
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg
[wm‡jU †evW© -2019]
(K) K…wÎg eyw×gËv Kx?
(L) AvPi‡Yi gva¨‡g e¨w³ kbv³Ki‡Yi c×wZ eywS‡q †jL|
(M) Wvt wbj‡qi wPwKrmv c×wZwU e¨vL¨v Ki|
(N) Wvt wbj‡qi Acv‡ik‡bi AwfÁZv jv‡fi cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve we‡kølY Ki|
19 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) gvbyl †hfv‡e wPšÍv fvebv K‡i, K…wËg Dcv‡q Kw¤úDUv‡i †mfv‡e wPšÍv fvebv Kivi mÿgZvi iæcv`vb Kiv‡K artificial intelligence ev K…wËg eyw×gËv ejv
nq|
(L) ev‡qv‡gwUª‡Ki †ÿ‡Î e¨vw³ mbv³Ki‡Yi Ab¨Zg GKwU cš’v n‡jv e¨vw³i AvPibMZ ‣ewkó †`Lv| gvby‡li •`wnK MVb ev AvPibMZ •ewkó cwigv‡ci wfwˇZ
†Kv‡bv e¨vw³‡K AwØZxqfv‡e kbv³ Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ cÖhyw³ n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUª·| AvPibMZ ev‡qv‡gwUª· c×wZ ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q- wK‡evW© UvBwcs MwZ
hvPvBKiY, nv‡Z Kiv ¯^vÿi hvPvBKiY Ges KÚ¯^i hvPvBKiY| Gme •ewkó¸‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv e¨vw³‡K AwØZxqfv‡e kbv³ Kiv hvq|
(M) Wvt wbj‡qi wPwKrmv c×wZwU n‡jv µv‡qvmvR©vwi| µv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡”Q AZ¨waK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z¡‡Ki A¯^evfvweK I †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨‡K aŸsm Kivi
cÖwµqv| µ‡qv‡_ivwc‡Z wUDgvi wUmy¨i ZvcgvÎv 12 †m‡K‡Ûi wfZ‡i Kwg‡q- 41 c †_‡K -196 c ZvcgvÎvq wb‡q Avmv nq| GB mgq GKwU my‡Pi cÖvšÍ Øviv
0 0

wUDgvi wUmy¨i wfZ‡i Lye `ªæZ AvM©b M¨v‡mi wbtmiY Kiv‡bv nq| ZvcgvÎvi AZ¨waK n«v‡mi d‡j †Kv‡li cvwbRgvUe× n‡q H wUmy¨wU GKwU eidwc‡Û cwiYZ
nq| eidwc‡Ûi †fZ‡i wUDgvi wUmy¨wU AvUKv c‡o †M‡j G‡Z i³ I Aw·‡Rb mieivn eÜ n‡q hvq| KviY -196 †m. ZvcgvÎvq i³ I Aw·‡Rb cwienb m¤¢e
0

bq| Gi d‡j RgvUe× Ae¯’vq wUDgvi wUmy¨wUi ÿq mvwaZ nq| Avevi m~‡Pi cÖvšÍ w`‡q wUDgvi wUmy¨wUi †fZ‡i wnwjqvg M¨vm wbtmi‡Yi gva¨‡g wUmy¨wUi ZvcgvÎv
20 -40 †m. G DVv‡bv nq| ZLb RgvUe× wUDgvi wUmy¨wUi eid M‡j hvq Ges wUmy¨wU aŸsm n‡q hvq|
0 0

(N) Wvt wbj‡qi Acv‡ik‡bi AwfÁZv jv‡fi cwi‡ekwU n‡jv fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU|
cÖK…Z A‡_© ev¯Íe bq wKš‘ ev¯Í‡ei †PZbv D‡`ªKKvix weÁvb wbf©i Kíbv‡K fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU e‡j| Gi wewfbœ cÖfve wb¤œiƒc:
we‡bv`b †ÿ‡Î: bvbv ai‡bi we‡bv`‡bi gva¨‡g mvaviY gvbyl fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi mv‡_ me‡P‡q †ewk cwiwPZ nIqvi my‡hvM †c‡q‡Q| wÎgvwÎK c×wZ‡Z wbwg©Z
fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU wbf©i KíKvwnbx, †c․iwYK Kvwnwb, KvU©yb, HwZnvwmK Pjw”PÎ BZ¨vw` gvby‡li Kv‡Q RbwcÖqZv I MÖnY‡hvM¨Zvv †c‡q‡Q|
hvbevvnb Pvjv‡bv I cÖwkÿY: fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi me‡P‡q ev¯ÍegyLx e¨envi n‡q _v‡K d¬vBU wmgy‡jU‡i †hLv‡b •egvwbKiv ev¯Í‡e Avmj wegvb DÇq‡bi c~‡e©B wegvb
cwiPvjbvi ev¯Íe RMr‡K Abyaveb K‡i _v‡Kb| G QvovI †gvUiMvwo, RvnvR BZ¨vw` Pvjv‡bvi cÖwkÿ‡Y mswkøó wmgy‡jUi I g‡Wwjs mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g cÖwkÿY-
mswkøó K…wÎg cwi‡ek •Zwi K‡i ev¯Í‡ei b¨vq cÖwkÿY †`qv n‡q _v‡K|
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e¨emv evwY‡R¨: Drcvw`Z wKsev cÖ¯ÍvweZ c‡Y¨i ¸YMZ gvb, MVb, wecYb, m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB, g~j¨vqb, wecYb Kg©x cÖwkÿY BZ¨vw` me ai‡bi Kvh©µ‡g fvP©yqvj
wi‡qwjwUi wmgy‡jkb c×wZ e¨eüZ nq| †Kv‡bv wec¾bK I ÿwZKi `ªe¨ evRviRvZ Kivi Av‡M †Kv‡bv Kg©Pvixi Rxe‡bi SuywK bv wb‡q fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi cwi‡ek
†m¸‡jv cixÿv K‡i †bIqv m¤¢e nq|

20| wg‡mm cvwcqvi Kcv‡j GKwU wUDgvi †`Lv †`Iqvq GKwU we‡klvwqZ nvmcvZv‡j mvR©vwii Rb¨ fwZ© n‡jb| D³ nvmcvZv‡ji Wv³viMY AvOz‡ji Qvc e¨envi K‡i
nvmcvZv‡j cÖ‡ek K‡ib| mvR©vwi wefv‡Mi Wv³vi Zv‡K Acv‡ikb c~e©eZ©x wewfbœ †U÷ w`‡jb| †U‡÷ cvwcqvi AwZwi³ eøvW myMvi _vKvq Wv³vi Zv‡K Bbmywjb
cÖ‡qv‡M Wvqv‡ewUm wbqš¿Y Kivi e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡jb|
[w`bvRcyi †evW© -2019]
(K) B-Kgvm© Kx? 1
(L) Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wek¦‡K nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq wb‡q G‡m‡Q e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
(M) Wv³vi‡`i nvmcvZv‡j cÖ‡e‡ki cÖhyw³ wPwýZ K‡i e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
(N) wg‡mm cvwcqvi wPwKrmvq e¨en„Z Jla •Zwii cÖhyw³ K…wl M‡elYvq mdjZv I Ae`vb iv‡L| gZvgZ `vI| 4
20 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) eZ©gvb we‡k^i cÖvq mKj †`‡ki g‡a¨ we¯Í…Z B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g e¨w³ wKsev cÖwZôv‡bi g‡`¨ †jb‡`b‡K B-Kgvm© (E-Commerce) e‡j|
(L) AvaywbK †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi DbœwZ‡Z Ges `ªæZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweavi d‡j c„w_ex †QvU n‡q Avm‡Q| Avgiv GLb AwZ Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨B c„w_exi †Kv_vq Kx NU‡Q
ZvrÿwYKfv‡e Rvb‡Z cvwi| Kw¤úDUvimn wewfbœ B‡jKUªwbK h‡š¿i mnRjf¨Zv Ges wWwRUvj KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷‡gi Af~Zc~e© DbœwZi Kvi‡YB GwU m¤¢e n‡”Q|
cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki nv‡ZB GLb ¯§vU©‡dvb †cuv‡Q †M‡Q| hv cy‡iv wek^‡K Avgv‡`i nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq wb‡q G‡m‡Q|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki eY©bvbyhvqx Wv³viiv ev‡qv‡gwUªK cÖhyw³i wd½viwcÖ›U c×wZ e¨envi K‡i nvmcvZv‡j cÖ‡ek K‡i _v‡Kb| wb‡P G cÖhyw³wU e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv:
gvby‡li •`wnK MVb ev AvPiYMZ •ewkó¨ cwigv‡ci wfwˇZ †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K AwØZxqfv‡e kbv³ Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ cÖhyw³B n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUªK cÖh yw³| kvixie„Ëxq
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Kg`vgx, wbivcËv e¨e¯’v m„wó Ges cÖPzi †WUv ivL‡Z cv‡i e‡j AvRKvj wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡b Kg©©x I Ab¨vb¨‡`i cÖ‡ek I †ei nevi Rb¨ wd½viwcÖ›U wiWvi¸‡jv
e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ nq|
(N) wg‡mm cvwcqvi wPwKrmvq e¨eüZ Jla •Zwii cÖhyw³ n‡jv †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis|
eZ©gv‡b †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis GKwU mg‡qvc‡hvMx AvaywbK cÖhyw³ wn‡m‡e mgv`„Z n‡”Q| bZzb dmj D™¢ve‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖPwjZ cÖRb‡bi Zzjbvq †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
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mvnv‡h¨ AwZ`ªæZ Kvw•LZ •ewkó¨m¤úbœ Dw™¢` ev cÖvYx ev AbyRxe cvIqv hvq| GQvov wewfbœ dm‡ji wR‡bvg wm‡Kv‡qÝ Avwe®‥v‡ii d‡j AwZmn‡R †h‡Kv‡bv Kvw•LZ
•ewk‡ó¨i cwieZ©b Avbv m¤¢e| d‡j dm‡j ¸YMZ gvb evwo‡q AwaK djbkxj †ivMwenxb my¯^v¯’¨Ki dmj cvIqv m¤¢e| myZivs D”P djbkxj, †ivM cÖwZ‡iva Ges
Kvw•LZ ¸Yv¸Y m¤úbœ dmj Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis K…wl m¤ú` Dbœq‡b mnvqK f~wgKv ivL‡Q|
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

21| W. wgRvb GKRb AvenvIqvwe`| wZwb f‚wgK¤ú wb‡q M‡elYv K‡ib| f‚wgK‡¤ú evsjv‡`‡ki Rvbgv‡ji ÿqÿwZi cwigvY Kxfv‡e Kgv‡bv m¤¢e Zv wb‡q Zvi
M‡elYv| G M‡elYvq wZwb wb‡Ri j¨v‡e e‡mB f‚wgK¤úcÖeY †`k¸‡jvi M‡elK‡`i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM iv‡Lb| f‚wgK‡¤úi ev¯‘e Abyf‚wZ I KiYxq ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z
wZwb Rvcv‡bi GKwU AZ¨vaywbK cÖhyw³ msewjZ M‡elYv †K‡›`ª Mgb K‡ib|
[gv`ªvmv †evW© -2018]
(K) (Actuator) A¨vKPz‡qUi Kx? 1
(L) B-Kgvm© e¨emv evwYR¨‡K mnR K‡i‡Q e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
(M) W. wgRvb Kxfv‡e Ab¨vb¨ M‡elK‡`i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM K‡ib? - e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
(N) f‚wgK‡¤úi ev¯Íe Abyf‚wZ I KiYxq wbav©i‡Y W.wgRvb †Kvb cÖhyw³i e¨envi †`L‡Z Rvcv‡b †M‡jb? - we‡kølY Ki| 4
21 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) A¨vKPz‡qUi n‡jv †ive‡Ui A½-cÖZ¨½ e¨envi I bvovPvov Kivi Rb¨ •e`¨ywZK †gvU‡ii mgš^‡q •ZwiK…Z we‡kl c×wZ|
(L) B-Kgvm© n‡jv AvaywbK †WUv cÖ‡mwms Ges Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© we‡klZ B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ cY¨ ev †mev wecYb, weµq, mieivn, e¨emv
msµvšÍ †jb‡`b BZ¨vw` KvR mw¤§wjZfv‡e m¤úv`b Kiv| eZ©gv‡b B - Kgvm© cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g gvby‡li cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj cY¨B µq - weµq Kiv
n‡”Q| d‡j gvbyl N‡i e‡mB †KbvKvUv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i e¨emv msµvšÍ bvb KvRI Ki‡Z cvi‡Q| GK ¯’v‡b e‡mB cY¨ µq, wewµ, †jb‡`b me KvRB m¤¢e n‡”Q|
†gvUK_v mgq I kÖg Kwg‡q B-Kgvm© e¨emv evwYR¨‡K mnR K‡i‡Q|
(M) W. wgRvb Ab¨vb¨ M‡elK‡`i mv‡_ AbjvB‡b †hvMv‡hvM K‡ib| AbjvB‡bi gva¨‡g wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs I †UwjKbdv‡iwÝs cÖwµqvq M‡elKMY we‡`‡k bv wM‡qI
G‡K A‡b¨i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM, gZvgZ wewbgqg, M‡elYvcÎ Ges M‡elYvi AMÖMwZi LeivLei ivL‡Z cv‡ib| G cÖwKqvq W.wgRvb †UwjKbdv‡iwÝs c×wZ‡Z
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gvB‡µv‡dvb w¯úKvi, I‡qe K¨v‡giv I KwgDwb‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi (¯‥vBwc, B‡gv BZ¨vw`) e¨envi K‡i we‡k^i †h‡Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z M‡elKM‡Yi mv‡_ K_v ï‡b I
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cv‡ib|
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•ZwiK…Z Ggb GK ai‡bi K…wÎg cwi‡ek, hv e¨enviKvix‡`i Kv‡Q Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡j GwU‡K ev¯Íe cwi‡ek e‡j g‡b nq| fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi cwi‡ek •Zwii Rb¨
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nq| GQvovI G c×wZ‡Z ev¯ÍewfwËK kãI m„wó Kiv nq, hv‡Z g‡b nq k㸇jv we‡kl we‡kl ¯’vb n‡Z DrmvwiZ n‡”Q| GB fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU cÖhyw³ e¨envi
K‡iB f‚wgK‡¤úi Abyf‚wZ m„wó I KiYxq welq¸‡jv m„wó Kiv n‡qwQj|

22| †mbvcÖavb wm×všÍ wb‡bj †h, •mwbK‡`i cÖhyw³wbf©i cwi‡e‡k hy‡×i cÖwkÿY †`Iqv n‡e, hv‡Z •mwbKMY cÖK…Z hy‡×i AwfÁZv jvf K‡i| wZwb Lv`¨ mieivn
BDwbU‡K hy‡×i gq`v‡b `xN©w`b m‡ZR I gPg‡P _v‡K Ggb c×wZ‡Z ïK‡bv Lvevi mieivn Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡jb|
[gv`ªvmv †evW© -2018]
(K) n¨vÛ wRIwgwUª Kx? 1
(L) cÖhyw³i Dbœqb NU‡jI Aciva cÖeYZv †iva Kiv m¤¢e nqwb - e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
(M) DÏxc‡K hy‡×i gq`v‡b Lvevi mieiv‡ni cÖhyw³ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
(N) •mwbK‡`i cÖwkÿ‡Yi cÖhyw³wU Kvh©Ki I hyw³hy³ †Kb? gZvgZ `vI| 4
22 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) gvby‡li nv‡Zi AvKvi, cyiæZ¡, nv‡Zi †iLvi web¨vm I AvOz‡ji •`N©¨ we‡kølY K‡i e¨w³‡K AwØZxqfv‡e kbv³ Kivi c×wZB n‡jv n¨vÛ wRI‡gwUª|
(L) eZ©gvb we‡k^ wbivcËv I Aciva cÖeYZv †iv‡a bvb cÖhyw³i D™¢e NU‡jI GK‡kÖwYi bxwZnxb gvby‡li Kvi‡Y Aciva cÖeYZv wbg~©j Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q bv| G †kÖwYi
gvby‡liv Gme cÖhyw³i Ace¨envi K‡i A_ev †Mvcb welq¸‡jv cÖKvk K‡i Aciav cÖeYZv‡K DmKv‡bv w`‡”Q| m‡e©vcwi ïay cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡iB Aciva `gb m¤¢e
bq Gi mv‡_ g~j¨‡evaI evov‡Z n‡e| G Kvi‡Y cÖhyw³i Dbœqb NU‡jI Aciva cÖeYZv †iva Kiv m¤¢e nq wb|
(M) DÏxc‡K hy‡×i gq`v‡b Lvevi mieiv‡ni cÖhyw³ n‡jv b¨v‡jv‡UK‡bvjwR| b¨v‡bvcÖhyw³i e¨env‡ii d‡j Lv`¨ msiÿY Kiv Lye mnR n‡q‡Q| d‡j Lv‡`¨i wbivcËv
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cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g e„nr †¯‥‡j c‡b¨vrcv`b m¤¢e n‡”Q Ges Drcvw`Z cY¨ AvKv‡i m~² I †QvU n‡jI AZ¨šÍ gReyZ, we`¨yr mvkÖqx, †UKmB I nvjKv nq| GB
cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g AvMvgx‡Z `~iv‡ivM¨ e¨vwa n‡Z gyw³, cÖwZiÿvq b¨v‡bv †iviU, †Kvqv›Uvg Kw¤úDwUs, wek^e¨vcx e„nr Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó, Kvh©Kvwi I m¯Ívq kw³
Drcv`bmn cvwb I evqy `~lY Kgv‡bv m¤¢e n‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hv‡”Q|
(N) •mwbK‡`i cÖwkÿ‡Yi cÖhyw³wU fvPy©qvj wi‡qwjwU| fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU n‡jv nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g •ZwiK…Z Ggb GK ai‡bi K…wÎg cwi‡ek, hv
e¨enviKvix‡`i Kv‡Q Ggbfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq hv‡Z Zviv GwU‡K ev¯Íe cwi‡ek wn‡m‡e g‡b K‡i | fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU‡Z AbyKiYK„Z cwi‡ek ûeû ev¯Íe c„w_exi
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Pkgv, handsets, gloves, suit BZ¨vw` cwiavb Kivi gva¨‡g fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU‡Z ev¯Íe‡K Dcjwä Kiv nq| mvgwiK evwnbx‡Z A‡bK eQi a‡i wgwjUvwi
cÖwkÿ‡Y d¬vBU wmgy¨‡jUi e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q| fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU e¨envi K‡i cÖPwjZ døvBU wmgy¨‡jU‡ii AviI DbœwZ mvab Kiv m¤¢e| GQvovI fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi
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wgÎ wegvb kbv³KiY Kiv hvq| d¬vBU wmgy¨‡jkb n‡”Q Ggb GKwU KvR hv fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi †K․kj cÖ‡qvM K‡i wegvb PvjK‡`i †Kv‡bv ai‡bi mwZ¨Kvi wegvb
e¨envi bv K‡i ïaygvÎ ¯úk©KvZi Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡gi gva¨‡g wegvb cwiPvjbvi cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb K‡i|

23| nvmvb mv‡ne Zvi MÖv‡g A‡Uv‡gkb wm‡÷g msewjZ evwo evbv‡jb| †h‡Kv‡bv ¯’vb †_‡K wZwb evwoi wmwKDwiwU, Kzwj jvBwUs wm‡÷gmn wUwf, wd«R, Gwm BZ¨vw`
†gvevB‡j K‡›Uªvj Ki‡Z I evwoi wewfbœ As‡ki jvBf wfwWI †`L‡Z cv‡ib| DwjøwLZ KvR Zvi ¯¿xi cyiv‡bv cÖhyw³i †gvevBj Øviv m¤¢e nq bv| weavq cÖhyw³we‡`i
civgk© wb‡jb|
[gv`ªvmv †evW© -2018]
(K) n¨vKvi Kv‡K e‡j? 1
(L) ÒgnvKvk AvR Avi ARvbv bqÓ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
(M) DÏxc‡K nvmvb mv‡n‡ei evwo‡Z e¨eüZ cÖhyw³i weeiY `vI| 3
(N) DÏxc‡Ki cÖhyw³we‡`i civgk© Kx n‡Z cv‡i, gZvgZ `vI| 4
23 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) n¨vKvi n‡jv †mB mKj e¨w³/e¨w³eM© hviv A‡b¨i Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷g, †bUIqvK©, †WUvi Dci Abby‡gvwZ`fv‡e AwaKvi wb‡q Z_¨ ev wm‡÷‡gi ÿwZmvab K‡i|
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

(L) GK mg‡qi Amxg inm¨ gnvKvk AvR Avi gvby‡li Kv‡Q ARvbv bq| weÁvbx‡`i AK¬všÍ cwikÖ‡gi Kvi‡Y gnvKv‡ki ARvbv inm¨¸‡jv Rvbv hv‡”Q| cÖhyw³i e¨envi
K‡i gvbyl †c․u‡Q hv‡Q&Q gnvKv‡ki mxgvbvq| gnvKv‡ki wewfbœ m~²vwZm~² welq¸‡jv cÖwZwbqZ D‡¤œvwPZ n‡”Q| ZvB ejv hvq, gnvKvk AvR Avi ARvvbv bq|
(M) DÏxc‡K nvmvb mv‡n‡ei evwo‡Z †nvm A‡Uv‡gkb cÖhyw³ e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| †nvg A‡Uv‡gkb wm‡÷g, hv GKwU evwoi wZbwU g~j Ask wnwUs wm‡÷g, jvBwUs
wm‡÷g Ges wmwKDwiwU K‡›Uvªvj wm‡÷gmn mswkøó wWfvBm¸‡jv‡K ¯§vU© Dcv‡q wbqš¿Y K‡i| ¯^qswµqfv‡e wbqwš¿Z nq e‡j G‡K †nvg A‡Uv‡gkb wm‡÷‡g ejv nq|
†nvg A‡Uv‡gkb cÖhyw³i e¨envi K‡i †nvg †bUIqvwK©s‡qi gva¨‡g GKwU evwoi wbivcËv, ewnwe‡k^i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v †nvg B›Uvi‡UBb‡g›U BZ¨vw` cÖwZwU
wm‡÷g Avjv` Avjv`vfv‡e wbqš¿Y Ges m‡½ G¸‡jvi mgš^q mvab Kiv hvq| †nvg A‡Uv‡gkb cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g Awdm wKsev evwoi meai‡bi •e`¨yw ZK hš¿cvwZ
cÖPwjZ myBP Gi e`‡j ¯^qswµqfv‡e Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b ¯§vU© †dvb †_‡KI wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq| IOT (Internet of things) wbf©i †nvg A‡Uv‡gkb cÖhyw³‡Z cÖPwjZ
•e`¨ywZK e¨e¯’vi mv‡_ ¯§vU© wWfvBmmg~n Wi-Fi B›Uv‡b‡Ui mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g ¯§vU© Dcv‡q myBP evU‡b †Kv‡bv cÖKvi ®úk© QvovB mvwe©K •e`¨ywZK e¨e¯’vi
wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq|
(N) DÏxc‡K cÖhyw³we‡`i civgk© n‡jv B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g wb‡Pi gy‡Vv‡dvb w`‡q evwoi mvwe©K Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv| nvmvb mv‡n‡ei ¯¿xi cy‡iv‡bv cÖhyw³i †gvevBj
Øviv GUv m¤¢e bq| GRb¨ Zvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e GKwU AvaywbK gv‡bi ¯§vU© †dvb| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖhyw³we‡`i civg‡k©i welq¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc n‡e -
Avgv‡`i Pvic‡k cÖwZw`bKvi Rxe‡b Avgiv †hme hš¿cvwZ e¨envi Kwi, †hgb – Gwm, Kwd‡gKvi, †U¤úv‡iPvi K‡›Uªvj, d¨vb, wUwf, `iRvi B‡jKwUªK jK, Mvwoi
M¨v‡i‡Ri `iRv, Mvwo BZ¨vw` meB B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g wb‡Ri gy‡Vv‡dvb †_‡K c„w_exi †h‡Kv‡bv RvqMvq e‡m wbqš¿‡Yi Dcvq‡KB B›Uvi‡bU Ad w_sm ev AvBIwU
ejv nq| wewfbœ cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿ ev wRwbmc·K A‡Uv‡gwUK Kivi Rb¨ Gm‡ei mv‡_ Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷g mshy³ _v‡K| wRwbmc‡Îi mv‡_ B›Uvi‡bU Ae w_sm (IOT)
ejv nq| G cÖhyw³‡Z Avgv‡`i N‡ii wewfbœ B‡jKUªwbK hš¿cvwZ †hgb - wUwf, wd«R, jvBU G¸‡jv B›Uvi‡bU Gi mv‡_ mshy³ K‡i G¸‡jv‡K `~i †_‡K ¯§vU© †dv‡bi
gva¨‡g wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq| AvBIwU cÖhyw&³ ev¯Íevqb Kiv †M‡j ¯§vU© UvP j¨vc, Kwd †gKvi †gwkb n‡e Ggb GKwU hš¿ wb‡R †_‡KB cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq j¨v¤ú Ab/Ad
Ki‡e A_ev ¯§vU©‡dvb w`‡q wbqš¿Y Kiv hv‡e| GQvovI †nvg wmwKDwiwU wWfvBm w`‡q evmvi wmwKDwiwU wbwðZ Kiv hv‡e, Kv‡iv Abycw¯’wZ‡Z †KD Zvi evmvq cÖ‡ek
Ki‡j †U·‡Ui gva¨‡g mvgwMÖK Ae¯’v Rvwb‡q †`‡e|
DÏxc‡K cÖhyw³we` nvmvb mv‡ne‡K Dc‡i ewY©Z civgk©¸‡jvB cÖ`vb K‡ib hvi gva¨‡g †m †h‡Kvbv ¯’v‡b †_‡KB evwoi mvwe©K welq¸‡jv wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

24| wfbK¬z bv‡g Rvcv‡bi GK cÖhyw³ †Kv¤úvwb wWwRUvj cÖhyw³i K…wÎg M„nKgx© •Zwi K‡i‡Q hvi bvg †`Iqv n‡q‡Q wn®‥vwi| GB M„nKgx©‡K †`Lv hv‡e n‡jvMÖvwdK c`v©q|
wnKvwi Zvi M„nKZ©v‡K Nyg †_‡K RvMv‡bv, MyW gwb© ejv, Awd‡mi Kv‡Ri dvu‡K dvu‡K wewfbœ evZ©v cvVv‡bvi KvRI Ki‡e| ivwd m`¨ covkybv †kl K‡i †emiKvwi
e¨vs‡Ki Kg©KZ©v wn‡m‡e †hvM`vb K‡i‡Q| †h‡nZz †m evmvq GKv _v‡K ZvB gv‡S gv‡S Nyg †_‡K DV‡Z †`ix nq| †mRb¨ †m GKwU wnKvwi †Kbvi wm×všÍ wb‡jb|
†h‡nZz wnKvwii `vg †ewk ZvB evmv †_‡K Pzwi bv nq †mRb¨ evmvi wbivcËvi e¨e¯’v MÖn‡Yi wPšÍv Ki‡jb hv‡Z cwiwPZ e¨w³iv wbw`©ó evU‡b AvOz‡ji Qvc w`‡q
evmvq cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cvi‡e| hw`I wbivcËvi Rb¨ Zvi Awd‡m UvKvi †fv‡ë cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ gvB‡µv‡dv‡b K_v e‡j cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z nq|
[XvKv †evW© -2017]
(K) µv‡qvmvRv©wi Kx? 1
(L) AvYweK ch©v‡qi M‡elYvi cÖhyw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
(M) DÏxc‡Ki wnKvwi •Zwi‡Z e¨eüZ cÖhyw³ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
(N) DÏxc‡Ki ivwdi evmv I Awd‡m wbivcËv e¨e¯’v †K․k‡ji g‡a¨ †KvbwU †ewk Dc‡hvMx - we‡kølYc~e©K †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI|
24 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) µ‡qvmvRv©wi GK ai‡bi wPwKrmv c×wZ, hv AZ¨vwaK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Z¡‡Ki A¯^vfvweK ev AcÖZ¨vwkZ †ivMvµvšÍ wUm¨y/Z¡K †Kvl aŸsm Kivi Kv‡R
e¨eüZ nq|
(L) AvYweK ch©v‡qi M‡elYvi cÖhyw³wU n‡jv b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR| weÁvb I cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i 1 †_‡K 100 b¨v‡bvwgUvi AvK…wZi †Kv‡vb wKQz •Zwi Kiv Ges e¨envi
Kivi cÖhyw³B n‡jv b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR| ÿz`ª †_‡K e„nr Ges e„nr †_‡K ÿy`ª G `ywU c×wZ‡Z b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³ e¨eüZ nq| G cÖhyw³i cÖavb my weav n‡”Q Gi gva¨‡g
†Kv‡bv c`v‡_©i AYy-cigvYy‡K B”Qvg‡Zv mvwR‡q Kvw¼Z iƒc †`Iqv hvq| eZ©gv‡b wRb-cÖ‡K․kj, Zwor cÖ‡K․kj, hš¿ cÖ‡K․kj BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î G †UK‡bvjwR e¨envi
Kiv nq|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki wnKvwi •Zwi‡Z e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wU n‡jv †ivewU·| †UK‡bvjwRi †h kvLvq †ive‡Ui bKkv, MVb I KvR m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq †mB kvLv‡K †ivewU·
ejv nq|
†ivewU· g~jZ cÖ‡K․kj weÁv‡bi GKwU kvLv, †hLv‡b †iveU m¤úwK©Z aviYv, bKkv, Drcv`b, Kvh©µg, e¨envi- †ÿÎ BZ¨vw` welq M‡elYv Kiv nq| G cÖhyw³wU
Kw¤úDUvi eyw×gËv msewjZ Ges Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z †iveU †gwkb •Zwi K‡i †hMy‡jv AvK…wZMZ w`K †_‡K A‡bKUv gvby‡li g‡Zv nq Ges A‡bKUv gvby‡li g‡ZvB
•`wnK ÿgZvm¤úbœ _v‡K| †iveU n‡jv GK ai‡bi B‡jK‡Uªv‡gKvwbK¨vj hvwš¿K e¨e¯’v, hv Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg ev B‡jKUªwbK mvwK©U KZ…©K wbqwš¿Z GK ai‡bi
¯^qwµq ev Avav ¯^qwµq hš¿ ev hš¿gvbe| †ive‡U GKevi †Kv‡bv †cÖvMÖvg Kiv n‡j wVK †mB †cÖvMÖv‡g Abymv‡i KvR K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î Zvi KvRwUi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K Avi
†Kv‡bv wKQzB Ki‡Z nq bv| †iveU gvby‡li A‡bK `ytmva¨ I KwVb KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Gi Kv‡Ri aib †`‡L g‡b nq Gi K…wÎg eyw×gËv Av‡Q| G †ÿÎwU‡Z ZvB
†iveU‡K †hme •ewkó¨ †`Iqvi †Póv Kiv nq †m¸‡jv n‡jv - `k©‡b‡Kw›`ªq ev wfRyq¨vj cvi‡mckbg, ms¯úk© ve ¯úk©‡bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ ÿgZv wbqš¿Y I g¨vwjcy‡jk‡bi
†ÿ‡Î `ÿZv ev wbcyYZv †h‡K‡bv ¯’v‡b •`wnKfv‡e bovPov ÿgZv ev †jv‡Kv‡gvkb|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki ivwdi evmv I Awd‡m M„nxZ wbivcËv e¨e¯’v †K․kj¸‡jv n‡jv h_vµ‡g wd½viwcÖ›U Ges f‡qm wiKnwbkb hv ev‡qv‡gwUª· c×wZi AšÍf‚©³| ev‡qv‡gwUª·
n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖhyw³ †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv e¨w³i †`‡ni MVb Ges AvPviYMZ •ewk‡ó¨i Dci wfwË K‡i Zv‡K AwØZxqfv‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq| wd½viwcÖ ›U Ges f‡qm
wiKMwbkb ev‡qv‡gwUª‡·i `ywU kvLv|
wd½viwcÖ›U n‡”Q eûj cÖPwjZ GKwU ev‡qv‡gwUª· wWfvBm hvi mvnv‡h¨ gvby‡li Av½y‡ji Qvc ev wUcmB‡K BbcyU wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i Zv c~e© n‡Z msiwÿZ Av½y‡ji
Qv‡ci mv‡_ wgwj‡q cixÿv Kiv nq| GB c×wZ e¨env‡ii LiP LyeB Kg| kbv³Ki‡Y Lye Kg mgq jv‡M Ges mdjZvi nvi cÖvq kZfvM|
Ab¨w`‡K f‡qm wiKMwbkb c×wZ‡Z GKRb e¨enviKvixi Kɯ^i‡K †WUv‡e‡R msiwÿZ K‡i H f‡qm †WUv dvB‡ji mv‡_ e¨enviKvixi f‡q‡mi Zzjjv Kiv nq|
G c×wZ mnR I Kg Li‡P ev¯Íevqb‡hvM¨ n‡jI Gi my²Zv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg| f‡qm bLj K‡i mn‡R †avKv †`Iqv hvq|
Dc‡ivwjøwLZ we‡køl‡bi gva¨‡g ®úó †h DÏxc‡Ki ivwdi M„nxZ wbivcËv c×wZi g‡a¨ wd½viwcÖ›U c×wZwU †ewk Dc‡hvMx|

25| wg ÒYÓ Zvi evevi j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki mgq GKwU we‡kl †m݇ii w`‡K ZvKv‡bvi d‡j `iRv Ly‡j †Mj| wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i †`L‡jv cÖ_g K‡ÿ •Re Z_¨‡K
mvwR‡q ¸wQ‡q Bbd‡gkb wm‡÷g •Zwi msµvš¿ M‡elYv Ges wØZxq K‡ÿ wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG(DNA) •Zwi msµvš¿ M‡elYv Kiv nq|
[ivRkvnx †evW© -2017]
(K) b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR Kx? 1
(L) Z_¨ cªhyw³ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ G‡K Ac‡ii cwic~iK - eywS‡q †jL| 2
(M) j¨ve‡iUwii `iRv e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wU eY©bv Ki| 3
(N) j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z †h cÖhyw³ wb‡q M‡elYv nq Zv‡`i Zzjbvg~jK cv_©K¨ we‡kølY Ki| 4
25 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) weÁvb I cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i 1 †_‡K 100 b¨v‡bvwgUvi AvK…wZi †Kv‡bv wKQz •Zwi Kiv Ges e¨envi Kivi cÖhyw³B n‡jv b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR|
(L) Z_¨ cÖhyw³ n‡”Q Z_¨ e¨e¯’vi mv‡_ mswkøó cÖhyw³i Avi †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ n‡”Q Z_¨‡K h_v¯’v‡b `ªæZZvi mv‡_ †c․u‡Q †`Iqvi cÖhyw³| Z_¨ ¯’vbvšÍi ev †kqvi Kiv
eZ©gvb Z_¨ cÖhyw³i me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| Avi Z_¨ ¯’vbvZ¡‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wewfbœ †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g¸‡jv| ZvB ejv hvq, Z_¨ cÖhyw³ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ G‡K
Ac‡ii cwic~iK|
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

(M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ j¨ve‡iUwii `iRvq e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wU n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUª· Gi AvBwim ev †iwUbv ¯‥¨vb c×wZ|
AvBwim kbv³KiY c×wZ‡Z †Pv‡Li Zvivi iwOb Ask‡K cixÿv Kiv nq Ges †iwUbv ¯‥¨vb c×wZ‡Z †Pv‡Li Zvivi iwOb Ask‡K cixÿv Kiv nq Ges †iwUbv ¯‥¨vb
c×wZ‡Z †Pv‡Li gwY‡Z i‡³i †jqv‡ii cwigvY K‡i gvbyl‡K kbv³ Kiv nq| AvBwim ev‡qv‡gwUª· c×wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv e¨w³i GK ev Dfq †Pv‡Li AvBwik ev †Pv‡Li
Zvivi `„k¨gvb iwOb As‡ki wfwˇZ cixÿv K‡i MvwYwZK c¨vUvb© wiKMwbkb c×wZi cÖ‡qv‡M kbv³KiY Kiv nq| G c×wZ‡Z †PvL I gv_v‡K w¯’i K‡i GKwU
K¨v‡giv m¤úbœ wWfvB‡mi mvg‡b `vuov‡Z nq| G‡Z cÖvq 1 †_‡K 10 †m‡KÛ mgq jv‡M| Av‡M †_‡K aviY Kiv †Pv‡Li AvBwi‡mi c¨vUv‡b©i mv‡_ wgwj‡q kbv³KiY
Kiv nq| G c×wZi cÖ‡qv‡M cvm‡cvU©wenxbfv‡e GK †`‡ki mxgv AwZµg K‡i Ab¨ †`‡k Mgb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i hv eZ©gv‡b BD‡iv‡c e¨eüZ n‡”Q| GQvov miKvwi
¸iæZ¡c~Y©, wgwjUvwi, Avw_©K cÖwZôvb BZ¨vw`‡Z AvBwim c×wZ kbv³Ki‡Yi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq|
(N) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ j¨ve‡iUwii 1g K‡ÿ •Re Z_¨‡K mvwR‡q ¸wQ‡q Bbdi‡gkb wm‡÷g •Zwi msµvš¿ M‡elYv cÖhyw³wU n‡jv ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· wm‡÷g Ges wØZxq
K‡ÿ wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG (DNA) •Zwi msµvšÍ M‡elYv cÖhyw³ n‡jv †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis| wb‡P G‡`i g‡a¨ Zzjbvg~jK cv_©K¨ we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv:
1. ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· n‡jv Ggb GKwU AvšÍtkv¯¿xq †ÿÎ hv Rxe msµvšÍ †WUv we‡kølY K‡i eySvi Rb¨ Dchy³ c×wZ Ges mdUIq¨vi Uyjm Dbœqb K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K
ev‡qv‡UK‡bvjwRi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv cÖvYxi wR‡bvg‡K wb‡Ri myweavbyhvqx mvwR‡q †bIqvB n‡jv †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis|
2. ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU‡·i D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv •RweK cÖwµqv mwVKfv‡e Abyaveb Kiv| Ab¨w`‡K, †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA •Zwi
K‡i we‡kl wRb‡K †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi DNA AYy †_‡K c„_K K‡i Kv‡R jvMv‡bv|
3. ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU‡·i cÖavb KvR n‡”Q RxeweÁvb msµvšÍ Kv‡R e¨eüZ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I Ávb‡K weKwkZ Kivi Rb¨ mdUIq¨vi mvgMÖx •Zwi Kiv| Ab¨w`‡K,
†R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis‡qi cÖavb KvR n‡”Q ÎæwUc~Y© ev cwiewZ©Z wRbhy³ †Kv‡l Ab¨ Rxe †_‡K Kg©ÿk ev fv‡jv wRb ms¯’vcb K‡i Kg©ÿgnxb RxewU‡K
Kg©ÿg K‡i †Zvjv|
4. ev‡qvBbd‡‡gwU· cÖwµqvq wewfbœ M‡elYv †hgb - wmKz‡qÝ, GjvBb‡g›U, wWGbG g¨vwcs, wWGbG GbvjvBwmm, wRb dvBwÛs wR‡bvg mgvMg, WªvM bKkv,
†cÖvwU‡bi MVb BZ¨vw` e¨eüZ n‡”Q| Ab¨w`‡K, †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i †`k AvR Lv‡`¨ ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv AR©b Ki‡Q| wPwKrmv, M‡elYv wkí
Ges Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK †ÿ‡Î †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis Gi e¨vcK cÖ‡qvM i‡q‡Q|

26| Rbve wknve GKRb •egvwbK| wZwb Kw¤úDUvi †gjv †_‡K 1 †UivevB‡Ui GKwU nvW©wW¯‥ wKb‡jb| GwUi AvKvi †ek †QvU †`‡L wZwb AevK n‡jb| cÖhyw³i
AMÖhvÎvq wewfbœ wWfvB‡mi AvKvi †QvU n‡q Avm‡Q| wegvb Pvjbv cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v‡ZI cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| GL mwZ¨Kv‡ii wegvb e¨envi bv K‡i Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z
cwi‡e‡k wegvb cwiPvjbvi cÖwkÿY †`Iqv nq|
[h‡kvi †evW© -2017]
(K) wek^MÖvg Kx? 1
(L) Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii •bwZKZv e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
(M) DÏxc‡K †QvU AvKv‡ii nvW©wW‡¯‥i aviYÿgZv e„wׇZ †h cÖhyw³ e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q Zv eY©bv `vI| 3
(N) wegvb Pvjbv cÖwkÿ‡Y e¨eüZ eZ©gvb cÖhyw³wU bMi cwiKíbvi †ÿ‡Î e¨envi Kiv hvq| e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
26 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) †Møvevj wf‡jR ev wek^MÖvg n‡jv Ggb GKwU cwi‡ek I mgvR †hLv‡b Z_¨cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g hy³ n‡q c„w_exi wewfbœ A‡ji gvby‡li ci®ú‡ii mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Kivmn
wewfbœ ai‡bi mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
(L) Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i †hgb DcKvix w`K i‡q‡Q wVK †Zgwb mgvR I RbM‡Yi Ici Gi wKQz ÿwZKi cÖfveI i‡q‡Q| A‡b‡KB Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³‡K Amr
Dcv‡q ev A‣eafv‡e e¨envi K‡i Z_¨ Pywi ev weK…wZ K‡i A_ev †m¸‡jv cvPvi K‡i| G¸‡jv meB bxwZ weiæ× KvR cwinvi K‡i mwVK bxwZ I Av`k© AbymiY K‡i
Kw¤úDUvi Bw_· Bbw÷wUDU Gi `kwU wb‡`©kbvi mwVK AbymiYB n‡jv Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii •bwZKZv| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i •bwZKZv †h‡Kv‡bv
e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi †ÿ‡Î bZzb cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii m¤¢ve¨ ÿwZ I SuywK g~j¨vq‡bi mnvqK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
(M) DÏxc‡K †QvU AvKv‡ii nvW©wW‡¯‥i aviY ÿgZv e„wׇZ †h cÖhyw³ e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q †m cÖhyw³wU n‡jv b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR|
weÁvb I cÖhyw³ e¨envi †Ki 1 †_‡K 100 b¨v‡bvwgUvi AvK…wZi †Kv‡bv wKQzi •Zwi Kiv Ges e¨envi Kivi cÖhyw³B n‡jv b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³ ev b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR| b¨v‡bv
cÖhyw³ `ywU c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ nq| h_v Ñ ÿy`ª †_‡K e„nr Ges e„nr †_‡K ÿz`ª| ÿy`ª †_‡K e„nr c×wZ‡Z ÿz`ªvwZÿz`ª AvYweK Dcv`vb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i ax‡i eo †Kv‡bv
wRwbm •Zwi Kiv hvq| Ab¨w`‡K e„nr †_‡K ÿz`ª c×wZ‡Z GKUz eo AvK…wZ‡Z cwiYZ Kiv nq| b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³ eûgvwÎK, Gi mxgvbv cÖPwjZ †mwgKÛv±i c`v_©we`¨v
†_‡K AZ¨vaywbK AvYweK ¯^qs-ms‡kølY cÖhyw³ ch©šÍ; AvYweK KvVv‡gvi wbqš¿Y †_‡K bZzb •ewkó¨m¤úbœ b¨v‡bv c`v‡_©i D™¢veb ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z| G cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g e„nr
†¯‥‡j c‡Y¨vrcv`b m¤¢e n‡”P Ges Drcvw`Z cY¨ AvKv‡i m~² I †QvU n‡jI AZ¨šÍ gReyZ, we`¨yr, mvkÖqx, †UKmB I nvjKv nq|
(N) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wegvb Pvjbv cÖwkÿ‡Y e¨eüZ eZ©gvb cÖhyw³wU n‡jv fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU| GwU g~jZ Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³ I wmg¨y‡jkb Z‡Ë¡i Dci cÖwZwôZ| Gi
gva¨‡g wÎgvwÎK B‡gR •Zwi K‡i AwZ Am¤¢e KvRI Kiv m¤¢e|
bMi cwiKíbv †ÿ‡ÎI fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU e¨envi K‡i GKwU my›`i I AvaywbK bMi M‡o †Zvjv m¤¢e|bMi cwiKíbvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Ñ bMi Dbœqb iƒc‡iLv cÖYqb,
bMi hvZvqvZ e¨e¯’v mnR I AvKl©Yxq K‡i †Zvjv, ¯’vcZ¨ I wbg©vY I wkí BZ¨vw`| wÎ- gvwÎK fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU Gi cÖ‡qvM NwU‡q Gme Dbœqb iƒc‡iLvi cwiKíbv
mn‡RB cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq|
bMi cwiKíbvq †Kv‡bv feb, kwcs Kg‡cø·, d¬vBIfvi, eªxR BZ¨vw` AeKvVv‡gv •Zwii c~‡e©B Zvi wmgy‡j‡UW mdUIq¨vi •Zwi K‡i ev¯Í‡ei Ae¯’v †`Lv m¤¢e|
G‡Z K‡i cwiKíbvi mwVK ev¯Íevqb A‡bK mnR nq| †gvUK_v fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU e¨envi K‡i mn‡RB GKwU cwiKwíZ bMi M‡o †Zvjv m¤¢e|

27| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavbgš¿x MYfeb †_‡K wfwWIi gva¨‡g †`‡ki Z„Zxq mgy`ªe›`i wn‡m‡e cUzqvLvjxi Kjvcvovq Aew¯’Z cvqive›`i D‡™¢vab K‡ib| Aciw`‡K †`‡ki
wkÿvgš¿x mKj wkÿv cÖwZôvb‡K B‡jKUªwbK Dcv‡q wkÿv_x©‡`i Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZKi‡Yi K_v ejvi †cÖwÿ‡Z ABC K‡j‡Ri cwiPvjbvi cwil` wkÿv_x©‡`i Rb¨
†dm-wiKMwbkb c×wZ Pvjy Kivi K_v fve‡Q| hw`I eZ©gv‡b wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ Av½y‡ji Qvc c×wZ Pvjy Av‡Q|
[Kzwgjøv †evW© -2017]
(K) B-Kgvm© Kx? 1
(L) ÔkxZjxKiY cÖwµqvq wPwKrmv †`Iqv m¤¢eÕ - e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
(M) DÏxc‡K mgy`ªe›`i D‡™¢va‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wUi myweav¸‡jv wK wK? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
(N) DÏxc‡K Kg mg‡q Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †KvbwUi cÖavb¨ †`Iqv K‡j‡Ri Rb¨ †ewk hyw³hy³ n‡e? we‡kølY Ki| 4
27 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) B-Kgvm© n‡jv AvaywbK †WUv cÖ‡mwms Ges Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© we‡klZ B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ cY¨ ev †mev wecYb, weµq, mieivn, e¨emv
msµvšÍ †jb‡`b BZ¨vw` KvR mw¤§wjZfv‡e m¤úv`b Kiv|
(L) kxZijxKiY cÖwµqvq wPwKrmv †`Iqvi c×wZ‡K ejv n q µv‡qvmvRv©wi| GUv Ggb GK cÖKvi wPwKrmv c×wZ hvi gva¨‡g AZ¨waK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ ‡qvM K‡i
Z¡‡Ki A¯^vfvweK Ges †ivMvµvšÍ wUm¨y Kiv nq| µv‡qvmvR©vwi AwZwi³ •kÎ ZvcgvÎv ( 41 ) †ivMvµvšÍ †mj¸‡jv‡K wQu‡o †d‡j ZLb i³bvwj †_‡K †ivMvµvšÍ
wUm¨y‡Z i³cÖevn eÜ K‡i AviI bó K‡i †d‡j|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki mgy`ªe›`i D‡™¢va‡bi Rb¨ †h cÖhyw³wU e¨eüZ nq Zv n‡jv wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs| wb‡P G cÖhyw³i myweav¸‡jv Zz‡j aiv n‡jv -
1. †h‡Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i wbw`ó mfv, wgwUs G AskMÖnY Kiv hvq|
2. AwWI Ges wfwWI Dfq cÖKvi m¤úªPvi Gi gva¨‡gB †hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq|
3. G cÖhyw³i Kj¨v‡Y gvbyl `~‡i Ae¯’vb K‡iI G‡K Ac‡ii KvQvKvwQ _vK‡Z cvi‡Q|
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

4. A‡bK `~‡i Ae¯’vb K‡iI A_ev cÖZ¨šÍ MÖv‡gi GKRb bvMwiKI Zvi †ivM m¤ú‡K© AwfÁ Wv³vi‡K Rvbv‡Z cv‡i|
5. N‡i e‡mB wkÿv_x©iv we‡`‡ki †Kv‡bv wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi K¬v‡m AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
6. GwU ¯^íg~‡j¨i Ges Kg mgq e¨q nq| wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs Gi gva¨‡g wgwUs-G †hvM w`‡Z ågY ev`e †Kv‡bv UvKv ev hvbhU Gi Rb¨ mgq bó nqbv|
(N) DÏxc‡K ABC K‡j‡Ri cwiPvjbv cwil` wkÿv_x©‡`i Rb¨ †dm-wiKMwbkb c×wZ Pvjy Kivi K_v fve‡Q| hw`I eZ©gv‡b wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ Av½y‡ji Qvc c×wZ Pvjy
Av‡Q|
†hme wiKMwbkb n‡”Q GK ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi †cªvMÖvg hvi mvnv‡h¨ gvby‡li gy‡Li MVb cÖK„wZ cixÿv K‡i Zv‡K kbv³ Kiv nq| GB c×wZi gva¨‡g †Kvb
e¨enviKvixi mivmwi gy‡Li Qwe‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i msiwÿZ Qwei mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i nq| †dm wiKMwbkb wm‡÷g mn‡R e¨envi‡hvM¨ Ges mwVK djvdj cvIqv †M‡jI
K¨v‡giv Qvov GB cÖhyw³ e¨envi Kiv hvq bv| ZvQvov K¨v‡givq Av‡jvi cv_©‡K¨i Kvi‡Y A‡bK †ÿ‡Î RwUjZvi m„wó nq| Pz‡ji ÷vBj cwieZ©b, †gKAvc ev Mnbv
e¨envi BZ¨vw` gyLgÛj kbv³KiY‡K e¨vnZ K‡i|
cÿvšÍ‡i Av½y‡jj Qvc ev wd½vi c×wZ‡Z gvby‡li Av½y‡ji Qvc‡K BbcyU wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i Zv c~e© †_‡K msiwÿZ Av½y‡ji Qvc ev wd½vi wcÖ› U Gi mv‡_ wgwj‡q
cixÿv Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î c~‡e©B e¨enviKvixi Av½y‡ji Qvc †WUv‡e‡R msiÿb Ki‡Z nq| cieZx©‡Z wd½vi wcÖ›U wiWvi Av½y‡ji wb‡Pi As‡ki Z¡K‡K ixW K‡i
msiwÿZ Qv‡ci mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i| e¨w³ kbv³Ki‡Y wd½vi wcÖ›U c×wZ e¨env‡i LiP Zzjbvg~jK Kg nq Ges kbv³Ki‡Yi Rb¨ LyeB Kg mgq jv‡M| mdjZvi
cwigvY cÖvq kZfvM|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hvq Kg mg‡q e¨w³‡K kbv³ K‡i Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î †dm wiKMwbkb A‡cÿv wd½vi wcÖ›U c×wZ LyeB Kvh©Ki| myZivs
ABC K‡j‡Ri Rb¨ wd½vi wcÖ›U e¨envi Kiv LyeB †ewk hyw³hy³ n‡e|

28| wbe©vPb Kwgkb b¨vkbvj AvBwW KvW© •Zwi Kivi Rb¨ cÖvße¯‥ bvMwiK‡`i gyLgÛ‡ji Qwe, Av½y‡ji Qvc Ges wmM‡bPvi msMÖn K‡i GKwU PgrKvi WvUv‡eR •Zwi
K‡i‡Q| B`vbxs evsjv‡`k cvm‡cvU© Awdm wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi AbygwZ wb‡q D³ WvUv‡e‡Ri mvnv‡h¨ †gwkb wi‡Wej cvm‡cvU© •Zwi K‡i‡Q| wKšÍy Amr e¨w³ bKj
cvm‡cvU© •Zwi Kivi Rb¨ D³ WvUv‡eR n¨vK Kivi †Póv K‡i Ges cwi‡k‡l e¨_© nq|
[PÆMÖvg †evW© -2017]
(K) wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs Kx? 1
(L) Òwe‡kl cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g wbivc‡` WªvBwfs cÖwkÿY m¤¢eÓ eywS‡q wjL| 2
(M) wbe©vPb Kwgkb WvUv‡eR •Zwi‡Z †h cÖhyw³i mvnvh¨ wb‡qwQj Zv DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY Ki| 3
(N) DÏxc‡Ki wKQz e¨w³i e¨_© †Póvi •bwZKZvi w`K¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
28 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) AwWI wfRyqvj c×wZ‡Z we‡k^i †h‡K‡bv kni I ¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i †UwjKwgDwb‡Kkb hš¿cvwZ †hgb - Kw¤úDUvi, ¯§vU©‡dvb, †Uwjwfkb e¨envi K‡i mfv Kvh©µg
cwiPvjbv Kivi †K․kjB n‡jv wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs|
(L) we‡kl cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g wbivc‡` WªvBwfs cÖwkÿY m¤¢e Ges G cÖhw³wU n‡”Q fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU| G‡ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUvi wmg¨y‡jk‡bi gva¨‡g WªvBwfs cÖwkÿ‡Yi
Rb¨ Pvj‡K GKwU wbw`©ó Avm‡b em‡Z n‡e| Pvj‡Ki gv_vq cwiwnZ †nW gvD‡›UW wWm‡cøi mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUvi Øviv m„ó hvbevn‡bi Af¨šÍixY Ask Ges Avkcv‡ki
iv¯Ívq cwi‡e‡ki GKwU g‡Wj †`Lv‡bv nq| Gi m‡½ hy³ _v‡K GKwU †nW Uª¨vwKs wm‡÷g| d‡j e¨enviKvix hvbevn‡bi Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K As‡ki 360 wWwMÖ
`k©b jvf K‡ib Ges Kw¤úDUvi m„ó cwi‡e‡k gMœ †_‡K WªvBwfs cÖwkÿY jvf K‡ib|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki eY©bvbyhvqx wbe©vPb Kwgkb WvUv‡eR •Zwi‡Z †h cÖhyw³i mvnvh¨ wb‡qwQj Zv n‡”Q ev‡qv‡gwUª· c×wZ| ev‡qv‡gwUª· n‡”Q GK ai‡bi †K․kj hvi gva¨‡g
gvby‡li kvixwiK KvVv‡gv, AvPvi-AvPiY, •ewkó¨ ¸Yv¸Y, e¨w³Ë¡ cÖf…wZ Øviv wbw`©ó e¨w³‡K wPwýZKiY ev kbv³KiY Kiv hvq| DÏxc‡K wbe©vPb Kwgkb †WUv‡eR
•Zwi‡Z gyLgÛ‡ji Qwe, Av½y‡ji Qvc Ges wmM‡bPvi msMÖn Kivi KvRwU wb¤œiƒ‡c m¤úbœ K‡iwQ‡jb -
1. gyLgÛ‡jb Qwe: G †ÿ‡Î c~e© n‡Z iwÿZ m¨v¤új gv‡bi mv‡_ hvi gyLgÛ‡ji AvK…wZ Zzjbv Kiv n‡e Zvi Qwe K¨v‡givi gva¨‡g aviY K‡i Zzjbv Kiv nq| G
c×wZ‡Z `yB †Pv‡Li ga¨eZx© `~iZ¡, bv‡K •`N©¨ Ges e¨vm, †Pvqv‡ji †K․wYK cwigvY BZ¨vw` cwigvc K‡i Zzjbv Kvh©µg m¤úbœ Kiv nq| mvaviYZ Av‡jvi
ZxeªZvi Dci kbv³KiY m~²Zv wbf©i K‡i|
2. Av½y‡ji Qvc: G‡ÿ‡Î wbw`©ó e¨w³i AvOy‡ji Qvc c~e© n‡Z AvOz‡ji Qvc co‡Z cv‡i Ggb †gwk‡bi mvnv‡h¨ †WUv‡e‡R msiÿY K‡i ivL‡Z nq| cieZx©‡Z
hLb GKB e¨w³ wd½viwcÖ›U wiWv‡i Av½yj iv‡L ZLb †h Av½y‡ji Qv‡ci Qwe •Zwi nq Zv c~‡e© †WUv‡eR iwÿZ Qwei mv‡_ wgwj‡q kbv³Ki‡Yi KvR m¤úbœ
Kiv nq| G †ÿ‡Î †gwkbwU Av½y‡ji †iLvi web¨vm, Z¡‡Ki wUm¨y Ges Z¡‡Ki wb‡Pi i³ mÂvj‡bi Dchi wfwË K‡i B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK c×wZ‡Z Av½y‡ji
QvcwPÎ •Zwi K‡i|
3. wmM‡bPvi: G †ÿ‡Î ¯^vÿ‡ii AvKvi, aib, †jLvi MwZ, mgq, †jLvi gva¨‡g †hgb- Kjg, †cwÝj) Pvc‡K hvPvB K‡i kbv³Ki‡Yi KvR m¤úbœ Kiv nq|
(N) DÏxc‡K wKQz Amr e¨w³i bKj cvm‡cvU© •Zwi Kivi Rb¨ D³ WvUv‡eR n¨vK Kivi †Póv K‡i Ges cwi‡k‡l e¨_© nq| G n‡Z eySv hvq †h, Zv‡`i g‡a¨
•bwZKZvi Afve wQj| Kw¤úDUvi •bwZKZv n‡”Q •bwZKZvi GKwU aviYv, hv Kw¤úDUvi e¨env‡i •bwZKZvi welq, mxgve×Zv Ges cÖwZ‡iva Kiv‡K eySvq| 1992
mv‡j ÒKw¤úDUvi Bw_Km Bbw÷wUDUÓ •bwZKZvi wel‡q †h 10 wU wb‡`©kbv •Zwi K‡ib Zv wb‡P Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡j -
1. Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi K‡i A‡b¨i ÿwZ bv Kiv|
2. A‡b¨i Kw¤úDUvi msµvšÍ Kv‡R n¯Í‡ÿc bv Kiv|
3. AbygwZ e¨ZxZ KviI dvBj, †Mvcb Z_¨ msMÖn bv Kiv|
4. Pzwii D‡Ï‡k¨ Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi bv Kiv|
5. wg_¨v Z‡_¨i Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi bv Kiv|
6. jvB‡mÝwenxb mdUIq¨vi e¨envi I Kwc bv Kiv |
7. webv AbygwZ‡Z Kw¤úDUvi msµvšÍ A‡b¨i wi‡mvm© e¨envi bv Kiv|
8. A‡b¨i KvR‡K wb‡Ri e‡j Pvwj‡q bv †`Iqv|
9. Z_¨cÖhyw³i e¨env‡ii Av‡M mgv‡Ri Ici Gi cÖfve m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv Kiv|
10. Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Kivi mgq A‡b¨i fv‡jvg›` we‡ePbv Kiv I kÖ×v‡eva cÖ`k©b Kiv|

29| RwqZv †P․ayix cixÿv msµvšÍ cÖ‡R± †ccvi •Zwii †ÿ‡Î B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mnvqZv wb‡q _v‡K| †m wbqg †g‡b cÖwZwU Z‡_¨i Drm D‡jøL K‡i| B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨
n‡Z †m Ggb GKwU cÖhyw³ m¤ú‡K© †R‡b‡Q hv w`‡q AYyi MVi †`Lv m¤¢e| Z‡e RqšÍ B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K wewfbœ dvB‡ji mdUKwc msMÖn K‡i †Kv‡bviƒc K…ZÁZv
Ávcb QvovB wb‡Ri bv‡g cÖKvk K‡i|
[wm‡jU †evW© -2017]
(K) ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· Kx? 1
(L) ev¯Í‡e Ae¯’vb K‡iI Kíbv‡K Qz‡u‡q †`Lv m¤¢e - e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
(M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖhyw³wUi e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
(N) Z_¨ cÖhyw³i •bwZKZvi wePv‡i RwqZv †P․ayix I Rq‡šÍi AvPiY g~j¨vqb Ki| 4
29 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· n‡jv RxeweÁvb, Kw¤úDUvi mv‡qÝ, Bbdi‡gkb BwÄwbqvwis,MwYZ Ges cwimsL¨v‡bi mgš^‡q MwVZ GKwU welq hv RxeweÁv‡bi wekvj cwigvY
†WUv msMÖn, msiÿb Ges mwVKfv‡e cÖwµqv K‡i †m¸‡jv e¨vL¨v K‡i|
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

(L) Ôev¯Í‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i Kíbv‡K Qzu‡q †`Lv m¤¢eÕ - GwU ïaygvÎ m¤¢e n‡e fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g| fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU GKwU Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z cwi‡ek †hLv‡b
e¨enviKvix H cwi‡e‡k gMœ n‡Z, ev¯Í‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i Kíbv‡K Quy‡q †`L‡Z, †mB mv‡_ ev¯Í‡ei g‡Zv kÖeYvbyf‚wZ Ges •`wnK I gvbweK fvev‡eM, D‡ËRbv Abyf~wZ
cÖf„wZi AwfÁZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
(M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖhyw³wU n‡”Q b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR| b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwRi gva¨‡gB AYyi MVb †`Lv m¤¢e|
weÁvb I cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i 1 †_‡K 100 b¨v‡bvwgUvi AvK…wZi †Kv‡vb wKQz •Zwi Kiv Ges e¨envi Kivi cÖhyw³B n‡jv b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³ ev b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR| b¨v‡bv
cÖhw³ `ywU c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ nq| h_v - ÿy`ª †_‡K e„nr Ges e„nr †_‡K ÿz`ª| ÿz`ª †_‡K e„nr c×wZ‡Z ÿz`ªvwZÿz`ª AvYweK Dcv`vb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i ax‡i eo †Kv‡bv
wRwbm •Zwi Kiv hvq| Ab¨w`‡K e„nr †_‡K ÿz`ª c×wZ‡Z GKUz eo AvK…wZi cwiYZ Kiv nq| b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³ eûgvwÎK, Gi mxgvbv cÖPwjZ †mwgKÛv±i c`v_©we`¨v
†_‡K AZ¨vaywbK AvYweK ¯^qs-ms‡kølY cÖhyw³ ch©šÍ; AvYweK KvVv‡gvi wbqš¿Y †_‡K bZzb •ewkó¨m¤úbœ b¨v‡bv c`v‡_©i D™¢veb ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z| G cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g e„nr
†¯‥‡j c‡Y¨vrcv`b m¤¢e n‡”Q Ges Drcvw`Z cY¨ AvKv‡i m~² I †QvU n‡jI AZ¨šÍ gReyZ, we`¨yr mvkÖqx, †UKmB nvjKv nq|
(N) Z_¨ cÖhyw³i •bwZKZvi wePv‡i RwqZv †P․ayix I Rq‡šÍi AvPiY m¤ú~Y© wecixZ| RwqZv B›Uvi‡bU e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î cÖwZwU wb‡`©k Ges wbqg Kvbyb †g‡b •bwZKZvi
cwiPq w`‡q‡Q| Avi RqšÍ cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii A‣bwZKZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Q|
1992 mv‡j cÖwYZ ÔKw¤úDUvi Gw_Km BÝwUwUDUÕ Gi Kw¤úDUvi Gw_Km Gi wb‡`©kbv Abymv‡i, A‡b¨i e„w×`xß ev M‡elYvjä djvdj‡K wb‡Ri gvwjKvbv e‡j
`vwe Kiv hv‡e bv| A‡b¨i Z_¨ ev M‡elYv jä djvdj e¨envi Kivi cÖ‡qvRb co‡j Aek¨B g~j †jLK ev g~j K‡g©i ¯ªóvi bvg Aek¨B ms‡hvRb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges
K…ZÁZv Ávcb Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi e¨wZµg n‡j Zv Aek¨B •bwZKZv we‡ivax Aciva wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e, hv Ô †cøwRqvwiRg Õ Aciv‡ai AvIZvfz³| DÏxc‡K
RwqZv †P․ayix I •bwZKZv †g‡b KvR Ki‡jI RqšÍ Zv K‡i bv| A_©vr RqšÍi AvPiY RwqZv †P․ayix bxwZ Av`‡k©i AwaKvix n‡jI RqšÍ bxwZ Av`k©nxb GKRb
Acivax|

30| W. Rvwgj GKRb K…wl M‡elK| Zvui Avwe®‥…Z ex Pvl K‡i GKRb K„lK c~‡e©i dm‡ji †P‡q AwaK dmj N‡i Zzjj| W. Rvwgj GKw`b Zvui eÜz wPwKrm‡Ki wbUK
Mv‡ji AvuwPj Acv‡ik‡bi Rb¨ †M‡jb| eÜz Zv‡K ¯^í mg‡q – 20 ZvcgvÎvq i³cvZnxb Acv‡ikb Ki‡jb| wZwb ZrÿYvr evwo wd‡i G‡jb|
[ewikvj †evW© -2017]
(K) †ivewU· Kx? 1
(L) e¨w³ kbv³Ki‡Yi cÖhyw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
(M) W. Rvwg‡ji M‡elYvq †Kvb ai‡bi cÖhyw³ e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
(N) W. Rvwg‡ji eÜzi wPwKrmv c×wZi †h․w³KZv we‡kølYc~e©K gZvgZ `vI| 4
30 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) weÁvb, BwÄwbqvwis Ges cÖhyw³i mgš^‡q MwVZ †h welqwU †ive‡Ui aviYv, bKkv, Drcv`b, Kvh©µg wKsev e¨envi ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z cv‡i ZvB n‡jv †ivewU·|
(L) e¨w³ kbv³Ki‡Yi cÖhyw³wU n‡”Q ev‡qv‡gwUª· cÖhyw³| gvby‡li •`wnK ev AvPiYMZ •ewkó¨ cwigv‡ci wfwˇZ †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K AwØZxqfv‡e kbv³ Kivi Rb¨
e¨eüZ cÖhyw³B n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUª·| •`wnK MVb ev kixie„Ëxq ev‡qv‡gwUª· c×wZ¸‡jv n‡jv - wd½viwcÖ›U, n¨vÛ wRI‡gwUª, AvBwik ¯‥¨vwbs, †dm wiKMwbkb I
wWGbG †U÷| Ab¨w`‡K AvPiYMZ c×wZ¸‡jv n‡jv - wK‡evW© UvBwcs MwZ hvPvBKiY, wmM‡bPvi hvPvBKiY I Kô¯^i hvPvBKiY|
(M) DÏxc‡K W. Rvwg‡ji M‡elYvq †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis ev wRb cÖ‡K․kj cÖhyw³ e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| GKwU Dw™¢` ev cÖvYxi •ewk‡ó¨i evnK n‡”Q wRb| Ab¨w`‡K wR‡bvg
n‡jv Rx‡ei •ewk‡ó¨i bKkv ev web¨vm| †Kv‡bv Dw™¢‡`i •ewk‡ó¨i cwieZ©b Ki‡Z PvB‡j D³ Dw™¢‡`i wR‡bv‡gi †Kvb GKwU wRb‡K cwieZ©b K‡i w`‡Z nq|
†h‡nZz wRb¸‡jv Avm‡j wWGbGÕi GKwU Ask, ZvB GKUv wRb‡K cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡j j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z wWGbGÕi †mB AskUzKz †K‡U Avjv`v K‡i Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖvYx
ev e¨vK‡Uwiqv †_‡K Av‡iKwU wRb †K‡U G‡b †mLv‡b jvwM‡q w`‡Z nq| Gi d‡j GKwU bZzb •ewkó¨m¤úbœ Kvw¼Z Dw™¢‡`i m„wó nq|
DÏxc‡Ki ewY©Z NUbvq W. Rvwgj AwaK dmj Drcv`bKvix exR Avwe®‥v‡ii Rb¨ Dc‡ii ewY©Z c×wZ AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| A_v©r wZwb wbw`©ó Dw™¢‡`i wWGbGÕi
wbw`ó wRb‡K †K‡U Avjv`v K‡i †mLv‡b mywbw`©ó wRb‡K †Rvov jvwM‡q bZzb cÖRvwZi AwaK dmj Drcv`bKvix Avwe®‥vi K‡ib|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki eY©bvbyhvqx W. Rvwg‡ji eÜzi Mv‡ji AvwPj – 20 ZvcgvÎvq ¯^ímg‡q i³cvZnxbfv‡e Acv‡ikb Kiv nq| G ai‡bi wPwKrmv c×wZ‡K µv‡qvmvR©vwi
ejv nq| g~jZ eid kxZj ZvcgvÎvq †KvlKjv aŸsm Kivi ÿgZv‡K µv‡qvmvR©vwi c×wZ‡Z Kv‡R jvMv‡bv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î AZ¨šÍ kxZj ZvcgvÎvq †KvlKjvi
Af¨šÍ‡i e‡ji AvK…wZwewkó †QvU †QvU ei‡di K…óvj •Zwi n‡q AvµvšÍ †Kvl¸‡jv‡K aŸsm K‡i †d‡j| G h‡š¿ mvaviYZ kxZjKvix wn‡m‡e A_ev AvM©b M¨vm
e¨envi Kiv nq| kix‡ii evB‡ii w`‡K Aew¯’Z A‡½i †ÿ‡Î AZ¨šÍ kxZj G c`v_© AvµvšÍ kxZj G c`v_© AvµvšÍ ¯’v‡bi †KvlKjvi Ici Zzjv Rov‡bv kjvKv ev
†¯úª Kivi †Kv‡bv h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ mivmwi cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b wewfbœ †iv‡Mi wPwKrmvq µv‡qvmvRv©wi cÖhyw³wUi mvdj¨RbK e¨envi jÿYxq| we‡klZ Z¡‡Ki
wewfbœ ÿ‡Zi wPwKrmvq G c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡”Q| †hgb- Z¡‡Ki wZj, AvwuwPj, †gQZv, wewfbœ ai‡bi wUDgvi I K¨vÝvi wPwKrmvq G c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq|
Dc‡ii eY©bvi Av‡jv‡K ejv hvq, ¯^í mg‡q, i³cvZnxbfv‡e AvwPj wPwKrmvq µv‡qvmvR©vix LyeB Kvh©Ki GKwU †K․kj| G‡ÿ‡Î ZvrÿwYKfv‡e evwoI wd‡i hvIqv
m¤¢e| myZivs mvwe©K we‡ePbvq W. Rvwg‡jj eÜy AvwPj wPwKrmvq µv‡qvmvR©vwi c×wZ e¨envi K‡ib, hv h_vh_ n‡q‡Q|

31| Avwmd Av‡gwiKvi GKwU wek^we`¨vj‡q covïbvi my‡hvM cvq| wKš‘ Avw_©K Am”QjZvi Kvi‡Y Av‡gwiKv‡Z hvIqv m¤¢e nq wb| AZtci evsjv‡`‡k e‡mB
AbjvB‡bi gva¨‡gm wek^we`¨vj‡q wWwMÖ AR©b Kij| Avwmd covïbvi dvu‡K dvu‡K AbjvB‡b KvR K‡i A_© DcvR©b K‡i| d‡j Zvi cvwievwiK Ae¯’vi DbœwZ nq|
Zvi eÜz gwbi bZzb Rv‡Zi U‡g‡Uv Pvl K‡i Avw_©Kfv‡e jvfevb nq|
[w`bvRcyi †evW© -2017]
(K) b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR Kx 1
(L) wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvi wPwKrmv c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
(M) Avwm‡di wek^we`¨vj‡qi wWwMÖ AR©b Kxfv‡e m¤¢e n‡q‡Q? 3
(N) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Avwmd I gwbi Gi Avw_©K m”QjZvi KviY Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølYc~e©K †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI| 4
31 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) weÁvb I cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i 1 †_‡K 100 b¨v‡bvwgUvi AvK…wZi †Kv‡bv wKQz •Zwi Kiv Ges e¨envi Kivi cÖhyw³B n‡jv b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR|
(L) wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvq wPwKrmv c×wZ n‡jv µv‡qvmvR©vwi| GUv Ggb GK cÖKvi wPwKrmv c×wZ hvi gva¨‡g AZ¨waK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z¡‡Ki A¯^vfvweK Ges
†ivMvµvšÍ wUm¨y aŸsm Kiv nq| µv‡qvmvR©vwi AwZwi³ •kZ¨ ZvcgvÎvq (– 20 ) †ivMvµvšÍ †mj¸‡jv‡K wQu‡o †d‡j ZLb i³bvwj †_‡K †ivMvµvšÍ wUm¨y‡Z
i³cÖevn eÜ K‡i AviI bó K‡i †d‡j|
(M) Avwm‡di wek^we`¨vj‡qi wWwMÖ AR©b m¤¢e n‡q‡Q Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i mydj B-jvwbs Gi gva¨‡g|
B-jvwbs n‡jv Ggb GKwU wkÿv c×wZ †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv wkÿv_x© N‡i e‡mB DbœZ wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi wkÿvR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi Rb¨ me©v‡MÖ hv cÖ‡qvRb Zv n‡jv
B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM| B›Uvi‡bU - G mshy³ n‡q GKRb wkÿv_x© cÖPwjZ †kÖwYK‡ÿ Dcw¯’Z bv n‡qI N‡i e‡mB B- †gBj,wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs, P¨vU, Bb÷¨v›U †g‡mwRs
cÖf„wZ Kw¤úDUvi wfwËK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g e¨envi K‡i e¨w³MZ ch©v‡q wkÿv MÖnY Ki‡Z Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq g~j¨vqb cixÿvq Ask †bIqvi gva¨‡g wWwMÖ AR©b Kiv
m¤¢e| G cÖwµqvq wkÿv AR©b AZ¨šÍ ¯^í e¨‡qi| †hme Dbœqbkxj ev AbybœZ †`‡ki wkÿv_x©MY Avw_©K Am”QjZvi Kvi‡Y we‡`k wM‡q cov‡kvbv Ki‡Z cv‡ibv Zviv
B-jvwbs Gi gva¨‡g BwZevPKfv‡e cÖfvweZ n‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Av‡gwiKvi †Kv‡bv GKwU wek^we`¨vj‡qi AbjvBb wkÿv e¨e¯’vq wkÿv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
ZvB ejv hvq †h, Avw_©K Am”QjZvi Kvi‡Y Av‡gwiKv wM‡q wkÿvR©b Ki‡Z bv cvi‡jI Avwmd ÒB-jvwbsÓ cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g wek^we`¨vj‡qi wWwMÖ AR©b Ki‡Z
†c‡i‡Q|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Avwmd Ges Avw_©K m”QjZvi KviY n‡jv AvD‡mvwm©s Ges gwbi Gi Avw_©K m”QjZvi KviY n‡jv †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis| G `ywUB Z_¨ I
†hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i Ae`vb| wb‡P G `ywU wel‡qi Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv:
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

Kw¤úDUvi I B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mnRjf¨Zv GLb †`‡ki wkwÿZ mgv‡Ri Rb¨ Avkx©ev` e‡q G‡b‡Q| Gi GKwU D`vniY n‡jv AvDU‡mvwm©s| AvDU‡mvwm©s n‡jv AbjvBb
Gi gva¨‡g N‡i e‡mB wewfbœ †Kv¤úvwbi KvR Kivi gva¨‡g A_© DcvR©b Kiv| d‡j GKRb wkwÿZ †eKvi e¨w³I we‡`wk †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi cÖ‡R± m¤úbœ K‡i w`‡q
A_© DcvR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cÖhyw³‡Z AwfÁ e¨w³MY GLb Gme gv‡K©U‡cø‡m wb‡Ri cQ›`mn KvR¸‡jv Lyu‡R wb‡”Q| Gfv‡e †`‡ki jvL jvL †eKvi
hyeK Avw_©Kfv‡e m”Qj n‡”Q|
Avevi eZ©gvb we‡k^ ewa©Z RbmsL¨vi Lv`¨ Drcv`b, DbœZgv‡bi dm‡ji exR Drcv`b, djb e„w× BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î hyMvšÍKvix cÖfve †dj‡Q †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis|
dm‡ji ¸YMZgvb DbœZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q| †hgb - mqvweb, U‡g‡Uv, fzÆv, †c‡cu, Zzjv, †Zj exR BZ¨vw`| Gme dm‡ji
wRb •ewkó¨ cwieZ©b K‡i G¸‡jvi Drcv`b e„w×, †cvKv-gvKo I Ab¨vb¨ KxUbvkK I fvBivm cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hv‡”Q| gwbi G ai‡bi U‡g‡Uv Pvl K‡iB AwaK
Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g Avw_©Kfv‡e jvfevb nq|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K ejv hvq, Avwmd I gwb‡ii Avw_©K m”QjZvi g~j KviY Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ e¨envi|

32| Wt gvKmy` †`‡ki Lv`¨ NvUwZ c~iY wbwg‡Ë `xN©w`b M‡elYv K‡i eb¨v I Liv mnbkxj DbœZRv‡Zi avb Avwe®‥vi K‡ib| Z‡_¨i h_vh_ e¨e¯’v bv †bIqvq Ab¨ Zvi
M‡elYvjä dj wb‡Ri bv‡g †c‡U›U `vwe K‡i|
[gv`ªvmv †evW© -2017]
(K) B- †gBj Kx? 1
(L) Òwek^MÖv‡gi †giæ`ÛB Kv‡bw±wfwUÓ - we‡kølY Ki| 2
(M) Lv`¨ NvUwZ c~i‡Y gvKmy` mv‡n‡ei cÖhyw³ eY©bv Ki| 3
(N) †c‡U›U `vweKvixi Kg©KvÐ g~j¨vqb Ki| 4
32 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) B- †gBj n‡”Q B‡jKUªwbK †gBj ev evZ©v| A_©vr B‡jKUªwbK hš¿cvwZ e¨envi K‡i B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g wbf©i‡hvM¨fv‡e evZ©v Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kivi GKwU c×wZ n‡”Q
B-‡gBj|
(L) wek^MÖv‡gi †giæ`ÐB n‡”Q Kv‡bw±wfwU| Kv‡bw±wfwU ej‡Z B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| A_© vr A‡bK¸‡jv Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K©i mgwó‡Z MwVZ
†bUIqvK© hv we‡k^i †giæ`ÐB n‡jv Kv‡bw±wfwU ev mshy³Zv|
(M) Wt gvKmy‡`i M‡elYvq †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis cÖhyw³ e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| GK †Kvl †_‡Z mywbw`©ó wRb wb‡q Ab¨ †Kv‡l ¯’vcb I Kg©ÿg Kivi ÿgZv‡K †R‡bwUK
BwÄwbqvwis e‡j| GKwU Dw™¢` ev cÖvYxi •ewk‡ó¨i evnK n‡”Q wRb| Ab¨w`‡K wR‡bvg n‡jv Rx‡ei •ewk‡ó¨i bKkv ev web¨vm| †Kv‡bv Dw™¢‡`i •ewk‡ó¨i cwieZ©b
Ki‡Z PvB‡j D³ Dw™¢‡`i wR‡bv‡gi †Kv‡bv GKwU wRb‡K cwieZ©b K‡i w`‡Z nq| †h‡nZz wRb¸‡jv Avm‡j wWGbGÕi GKwU Ask, ZvB GKUv wRb‡K cwieZ©b
Ki‡Z n‡j j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z wWGbGÕi †mB AskUzKz †K‡U Avjv`v K‡i Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖvYx ev e¨vK‡Uwiqv †_‡K Av‡iKwU wRb †K‡U G‡b †mLv‡b jvwM‡q w`‡Z nq| Gi
d‡j GKwU bZzb •ewkó¨m¤úbœ Kvw•LZ Dw™¢‡`i m„wó nq|
DÏxc‡K ewY©Z NUbvq Wt gvKmy` eb¨v I Liv mnbkxj DbœZ Rv‡Zi avb exR Avwe®‥v‡ii Rb¨ Dc‡ii ewY©Z c×wZ AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| A_v©r wZwb wbw`©ó Dw™¢‡`i
wWGbGÕi wbw`©ó wRb‡K †K‡U Avjv`v K‡i †mLv‡b mywbw`©ó wRb‡K †Rvov jvwM‡q bZzb cÖRvwZi eb¨v I Liv mnbkxj DbœZ Rv‡Zi avb exR Avwe®‥vi K‡ib|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki KvRwU Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ e¨env‡i A•bwZKvZi AvIZvq c‡o| †Kbbv, Ab¨ GKR‡bi M‡elYvjä dj ev bw_ wb‡Ri bv‡g `vwe ev Pvwj‡q
†`Iqv‡K Z_¨ cÖhyw³i fvlvq †cøwRqvwiRg ejv nq| †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi †Kv‡bv †jLv, mvwnZ¨Kg©, M‡elYvcÎ, m¤úv`bv Kg© BZ¨vw` ûeû bKj ev AvswkK
cwieZ©b K‡i wb‡Ri bv‡g cÖKvk KivB n‡jv †cøwRqviwRg| GwU GK ai‡bi mvBevi µvBg ev Aciva| G ai‡bi Aciva B›Uvi‡b‡U †ewk N‡U| KviY, B›Uvi‡b‡U
wewfbœ M‡elYvg~jK cÖwZóv‡bi wewfbœ wel‡q †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv Z_¨ ev WKz‡g›U _v‡K| Gme Z_¨ hLb †Kv‡bv e¨enviKvix e¨envi K‡i Ges Z_¨ `vZvi Ae`vb
¯^xKvi K‡i bv eis wb‡Ri e‡j Pvwj‡q †`q ZLb †mwU †cøwRqvwiR‡gi g‡a¨ c‡o| GwU GKwU •bwZK Aciva hv Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ AvBb Øviv wm× bq| ZvB
†c‡U›U `vweZKvixi Kg©KvÛ A‣bwZK|

33| gv`ªvmv †ev‡W©i bZzb ms‡hvRb IDMT (B›Uvi‡iw±f wWwRUvj gv`ªvmv †U·UeyK) - †Z Qwe, AwWI, wfwWI, †U·U, A_©, e¨vL¨v I UxKv ms‡hvRb Kiv Av‡Q|
B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K WvDb‡jvW K‡i GKRb wkÿv_x© wcwm, U¨ve I †gvevB‡j Zv e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| ivwKe †gvevB‡j A¨vcwU †cø †÷vi †_‡K WvDb‡jvW Ki‡Z †M‡j
†m ¯…x‡bi wb‡Pi w`‡K †ek wKQz c‡Y¨i weÁvcb †`L‡Z †cj|
[gv`ªvmv †evW© -2017]
(K) †cøwRqvwiRg Kx? 1
(L) ÒSzuwKc~Y© Kv‡R †iveU e¨eüZ nqÓ - e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
(M) wkÿv †ÿ‡Î †ev‡W©i G myweavwU Kx ai‡bi Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
(N) Òc‡Y¨i cÖPvi I cÖmv‡i Dc‡iv³ c×wZwU we‡kl Ae`vb ivL‡QÓ- G Dw³wUi mc‡ÿ hyw³ `vI| 4
33 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi †Kv‡bv †jLv, mvwnZ¨Kg©, M‡elYvcÎ, m¤úv`bv Kg© BZ¨vw` ûeû bKj ev AvswkK cwieZ©b K‡i wb‡Ri bv‡g cÖKvk KivB n‡jv
†cøwRqvwiRg|
(L) †iveU ¯^qswµqfv‡e †cÖvMÖvg Abymv‡i mKj KvR m¤úbœ K‡i| gvby‡li c‡ÿ †hme KvR AZ¨šÍ wec¾bK Ges SuywKc~Y©, †hgb mgy‡`ªi Zj‡`‡k, †h‡Kv‡bv AbymÜvbx
Kv‡R, gvBb BZ¨vw` we‡ùviK `ªe¨ wbw®…qKi‡Y, wbDwK¬qvi kw³ †K‡›`ª, Lwbi Af¨šÍ‡ii †Kv‡bv Kv‡R, b`x-mgy‡`ªi wb‡P Uv‡bj wbgv©Y BZ¨vw` Kvh©µ‡g †iveU
e¨eüZ nq| ZvB ejv hvq SzuwKc~Y© Kv‡R †iveU e¨eüZ nq|
(M) wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î †ev‡W©i G myweavwU B-jvwbs myweav| B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqv we‡klZ B›Uvi‡bU cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i wkÿv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv KivB n‡jv B-jvwbs| B-jvwbs
c×wZ‡Z †h‡Kv‡bv mgq †h‡Kvbv ¯’v‡b Rvbv ev wkÿv DcKi‡Yi cÖvc¨Zv wbwðZ K‡i| ZvB gv`ivmv †evW© wkÿv_x©‡`i Rb¨ IDMT (B›Uvi‡iw±f wWwRUvj gv`ªvmv
†U·UeyK) I‡qemvB‡U Avc‡jvW K‡i‡Q| d‡j wkÿv_x©iv B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K WvDb‡jvW K‡i wcwm, U¨ve I †gvevB‡j msiÿY K‡i †h‡Kv‡bv mgq e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
AbjvBb wfwËK wkÿv e¨e¯’v _vKvq wkÿv_x©‡K Avi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b hvIqvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv| Gfv‡eB B›Uvi‡bU myweav hy³ nIqvq †kÖwYK‡ÿ B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K
wewfbœ DcKiY †hvMvo K‡i Zv wkÿv_x©iv wkL‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡eB gv`ªvmv wkÿv †evW© B-jvwbs Gi myweavwU cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q|
(N) c‡Y¨i cÖPvi I cÖmv‡i B-Kgvm© ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| B-Kgvm© n‡jv AvaywbK †WUv cÖ‡mwms Ges Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© we‡klZ B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g
e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ cY¨ ev †mev wecYb, weµq, mieivn, e¨emv msµvšÍ †jb‡`b BZ¨vw` KvR mw¤§wjZfv‡e m¤úv`b Kiv| eZ©gv‡b B-Kgvm© n‡q D‡V‡Q GKzk
kZ‡Ki e¨emv evwb‡R¨i cÖavb gva¨g| †Kbbv †Kv‡bv GKwU c‡Y¨i we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv Qwe B›Uvi‡b‡U †Q‡o w`‡j Zv we‡k^i mKj †`‡ki †µZvMY †h‡Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b e‡m
†`L‡Z cv‡ib| cQ›` n‡j AbjvBb AW©vwis cÖwµqvq cY¨wU µq K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib| GRb¨ Zv‡K evmv †_‡K †ei nIqvi cÖ‡qvRb bvB| Ab¨w`‡K we‡µZviI †Kv‡bv
wbw`©ó †`vKvb cÖ‡qvRb bvB, kyaygvÎ AbjvB‡b cÖPvi Ki‡jB n‡jv| hv e¨emv evwY‡R¨i DbœwZ mvab K‡i| ZvB c‡Y¨i cÖPvi I cÖmv‡i DÏxc‡Ki c×wZwU hyw³MZ|

34| Rvgvb `wÿY †Kvwiqv‡Z WªvBfvi wn‡m‡e GKwU cÖwZôv‡b PvKwi wb‡q Av‡m| †mLv‡b †m cÖ_g GK gvm GKwU we‡kl K…wÎg cwi‡e‡k Mvwo Pvjbvi cÖwkÿY MÖnY
K‡i| GB cwi‡e‡kB †m wewfbœ cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Mvwo Pvjv‡bvi bvb †K․kj iß K‡i| Rvgvb Zvi Kv‡Ri cvkvcvwk AviI GKwU cÖwZôv‡bI †WUv Gw›Uªi KvR †bq| Zvi
cvVv‡bv A‡_©B MÖv‡gi evwo‡Z Zvi Aa©cvKv NiwU AvR †`vZjv `vjv‡b cwiYZ nq|
[XvKv †evW© -2016]
(K) K…wÎg e„w×gËv Kx 1
(L) mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
(M) DÏxc‡K Rvgv‡bi cÖevm Rxe‡b †Kvb cÖhyw³wUi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

(N) Rvgv‡bi †ÿ‡Î Z_¨ cÖhyw³i f‚wgKv g~j¨vqb Ki| 4

34 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) K…wÎg eyw×gËv ej‡Z e¯‘yZc‡ÿ h‡š¿i e„w×gËv‡K †evSvq| A_©vr †Kv‡bv NUbv ev cwiw¯’wZi mv‡c‡ÿ †Kv‡bv hš¿(†hgb - Kw¤úDUvi) Kx ai‡bi wm×všÍ wb‡e Zvi
mÿgZv cwigvcY c×wZ n‡jv K…wÎg e„w×gËv|
(L) †hme gva¨‡gi mvnv‡h¨ mvgvwRKfv‡e gZvgZ wewbgq, Z‡_¨i Av`vb-cÖ`vb ev AvšÍt‡hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v m¤úbœ Kiv hvq Zv‡K mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g e‡j| mvgvwRK
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ mdUIq¨vi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †dmeyK, UyBUvi, ¯‥vBwc, mvB‡¯úm, BDwUDe, ¸Mj Møvm, jvBKw`b BZ¨vw` D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Gme mvgvwRZ
†bUIqvwKs mvBU¸‡jv we‡k^i wewfbœ cÖv‡šÍi Rb‡Mvôx‡K mvgvwRKfv‡e ci®ú‡ii KvQvKvwQ wb‡q G‡m mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î •ecøweK cwieZ©b G‡b‡Q|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki Rvgv‡bi cÖevm Rxe‡b fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU ev Kíev¯ÍeZv cÖhyw³wUi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|
fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU n‡jv nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g •ZwiK…Z Ggb GK ai‡bi K…wÎg cwi‡ek, hv e¨enviKvix‡`i Kv‡Q Ggbfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq hv‡Z
Zviv GwU‡K ev¯Íe cwi‡ek wn‡m‡e g‡b K‡i| fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU‡Z e¨enviKvix m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c GKwU Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z cwi‡e‡k wbgw¾Z n‡q hvq| Z_¨ Av`vb -
cÖ`vbKvix wewfbœ ai‡bi wWfvBm msewjZ Pkgv, headsets, gloves, suit BZ¨vw` cwiavb Kivi gva¨‡g fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU‡Z ev¯Íe ‡K Dcjwä Kiv nq| GKwU
typical VR format - G GKRb e¨enviKvix wÎgvwÎK w¯…b msewjZ GKwU †nj‡gU c‡i Ges Zvi g‡a¨ w`‡q ev¯Íe †_‡K AbyKiYK…Z A¨vwb‡g‡UW ev cÖvYešÍ Qwe
†`‡L| Telepresence ev K…wÎg wÎgvwÎK RM‡Z Dcw¯’Z _vKvi ågY GKwU MwZ wbqš¿YKvix †mÝi Øviv cÖfvweZ Kiv nq| MwZ wbqš¿YKvix †mÝi Gi gva¨‡g w¯…‡b
cÖ`wk©Z Qwei MwZ‡K fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU e¨enviKvixi MwZi mv‡_ †gjv‡bv nq| hLb fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU e¨enviKvixi MwZi mv‡_ †gjv‡bv nq| hLb fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU
e¨enviKvixi MwZi cwieZ©b nq ZLb w¯…‡b cÖ`wk©Z `„‡k¨i MwZI cwiewZ©Z nq| Gfv‡e fvPy©qvj wi‡qwjwU e¨enviKvix K…wÎg wÎgvwÎK RM‡Zi mv‡_ wg‡k hvq Ges
†mB RM‡Zi GKwU As‡k cwiYZ nq| Rvgvb GKB ai‡bi cwi‡e‡k Mvwo Pvjv‡bvi †K․kj iß K‡i|
(N) Rvgv‡bi †ÿ‡Î Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| Rvgvb `wÿY †Kvwiqv‡Z WªvBfvi wn‡m‡e GKwU cÖwZôv‡b PvKwi wb‡q Av‡m|
fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU e¨envi K‡i †m we‡kl K…wÎg cwi‡e‡k Mvwo Pvjbvi cÖwkÿY MÖnY K‡i| ¯^í g~‡j¨i gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³ mnRjf¨ nIqvq wewfbœ ai‡bi
fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU WªvBwfs wmg¨y‡jUi Gi gva¨‡g G ai‡bi †Uªwbs cÖ`vb Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b †m WªvBwfs Gi cvkvcvwk †WUv Gw›Uªi KvRI K‡i _v‡K| Kw¤úDUv‡ii
gva¨‡g B›Uvi‡bUg B- †gBj BZ¨vw` †kLvi d‡j Zvi †hvMv‡hvn cÖwµqv AviI mnR MwZkxj, mvkÖqx I cÖvYe¯Í n‡q‡Q| Rvgvb eZ©gv‡b mvivwe‡k^i Rb¨ `ÿ GK
Rbkw³| cÖwkÿb MÖn‡bi gva¨‡g †m wek^ evRv‡ii Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wb‡R‡K cÖ¯‘Z K‡i‡Q| Avi Gi mewKQzi wcQ‡b mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q Z_¨ cÖhyw³| A_©vr
Z_¨ cÖhyw³i Dcv`vb¸‡jv e¨envi K‡iB Rvgvb `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q| GgbwK we‡`k †_‡K UvKv cvVv‡bvi Rb¨I Rvgvb‡K Z_¨ cªhyw³i mnqZv wb‡Z
n‡q‡Q|
myZivs Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq Rvgv‡bi eZ©gvb Ae¯’vi Rb¨ Z_¨ cªhyw³ mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q|

35| bvCg GKw`b Zvi M‡elK gvgvi Awd‡m wM‡q †`L‡Z †cj †h, Awd‡mi Kg©KZv©MY g~j `iRvi wbav©wiZ RvqMvq e„×v½yj ivL‡ZB `iRv Ly‡j hv‡”Q| †m AviI
†`L‡Z †cj †h Zvi gvgv M‡elYv K‡ÿi we‡kl ¯’v‡b wKQzÿY ZvKv‡ZB `iRv Ly‡j †Mj| bvCg Zvi gvgvi KvQ †_‡K Rvb‡Z cvij †h, wZwb wgwó U‡g‡Uv Drcv`b
wb‡q M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb|
[ivRkvnx †evW© -2016]
(K) B-Kgvm© Kx? 1
(L) wb¤œ ZvcgvÎv wPwKrmv c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
(M) wgwó U‡g‡Uv Drcv`‡b bvC‡gi gvgvi e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wU eY©bv Ki| 3
(N) DÏxc‡K `iRv †Lvjvi cÖhyw³Ø‡qi g‡a¨ †KvbwU eûj e¨eüZ- we‡kølYc~e©K gZvgZ `vI| 4
35 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) B-Kgvm© n‡jv AvaywbK †WUv cÖ‡mwms Ges Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© we‡klZ B›Uv‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ cb¨ ev †mev wecYbg, weµq, mieivn, e¨emv
msµvšÍ †jb‡`b BZ¨vw` KvR mw¤§wjZfv‡e m¤úv`b Kiv|
(L) wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvq wPwKrmv c×wZ n‡jv µv‡qvmvRv©wi| GUv Ggb GK cÖKvi wPwKrmv c×wZ hvi gva¨‡g AZ¨waK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z¡‡Ki A¯^vfvweK Ges
†ivMvµvšÍ wUm¨y aŸsm Kiv nq| µv‡qvmvRv©wi AwZwi³ •kZ¨ ZvcgvÎvq ( 41 ) †ivMvµvšÍ †mj¸‡jv‡K aŸsm Kivi KvR K‡i| AwZwi³ •kZ¨ hLb wfZ‡ii
†mj¸‡jv‡K wQu‡o †d‡j ZLb i³bvwj †_‡K †ivMvµvšÍ wUm¨y‡Z i³cÖevn eÜ K‡i AviI bó K‡i †d‡j|
(M) wgwó U‡g‡Uv Drcv`‡b bvC‡gi gvgvi e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wU n‡jv †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis| Rxe‡`‡n Rx‡bvg‡K cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx mvwR‡q wKsev GKvwaK Rx‡ei Rx‡bvg‡K
†Rvov jvwM‡q bZzb Rxe‡Kvl m„wói †K․kjB n‡jv †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis| GKwU Dw™¢` ev cÖvYxi •ewk‡ó¨i evnK n‡”Q wRb| Ab¨w`‡K wR‡bvg n‡jv Rx‡ei •ewkó¨i
bKkv ev web¨vm| †Kv‡bv Dw™¢‡`i •ewk‡ó¨i cwieZ©b Ki‡Z PvB‡j D³ Dw™¢‡`i wR‡bv‡gi †Kv‡bv GKwU wRb‡K cwieZ©b K‡i w`‡Z nq| †h‡nZz wRb¸‡jv Avm‡j
wWGbGÕi GKwU Ask, ZvB GKUv wRb‡K cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡j j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z wWGbGÕi †mB AskUyKz †K‡U Avjv`v K‡i Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖvYx ev e¨vK‡Uwiqv †_‡K
Av‡iKwU wRb †K‡U G‡b †mLv‡b jvwM‡q w`‡Z nq| Gi d‡j GKwU bZzb •ewkó¨m¤úbœ Kvw¼Z Dw™¢‡`i m„wó nq|
DÏxc‡K ewY©Z NUbvq bvC‡gi gvgv wgwó U‡g‡Uv Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ Dc‡ii ewY©Z c×wZ AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| A_©vr wZwb wbw`©ó Dw™¢‡`i wWGbGÕi wbw`©ó wRb‡K †K‡U
Avjv`v K‡i †mLv‡b mywbw`©ó wRb‡K †Rvov jvwM‡q bZzb cÖRvwZi wgwó U‡g‡Uv Drcv`b K‡ib|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki `iRv †Lvjvi Rb¨ ev‡qv‡gwUª· c×wZi wd½vi wcÖ›U I †Pv‡Li †iwUbv e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
`iRv †Lvjvi Kv‡R e¨eüZ ev‡qv‡gwUª· c×wZ؇qi g‡a¨ nv‡Zi ¯úk© c×wZwU eûj e¨eüZ, hv wd½vi wcÖ›U bv‡g cwiwPZ| cÖ‡Z¨K gvby‡li wd½vi wcÖ›U m¤ú~Y©
BDwbK Ges mvivRxeb a‡i AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| cÖwZwU e¨w³i wd½vi wcÖ›U G‡ZvUvB ¯^vZš¿¨ †h `ywU hgR wkï GKB wWGbG †cÖvdvBj wb‡q Rb¥MÖ nY Ki‡jI wd½vi
wcÖ›U w`‡q Avjv`v Kiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î Av‡M †_‡KB gvby‡li AvOz‡ji Qvc †gwk‡b aviY K‡i ivLv nq| cieZx©‡Z GB wiWvi AvOz‡ji wb‡Pi As‡k Z¡‡K ixW K‡i
msiwÿZ Qv‡ci mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i wg‡j †M‡j A¨vK‡mm cÖ`vb K‡i| G c×wZ‡Z mdjZvi cwigvYI †ewk| wd½vi ¯‥¨vbv‡ii `vg Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg Ges mn‡R
wm‡÷g eyS‡Z cv‡i| G Kvi‡Y nv‡Z ¯úk© c×wZB eûj e¨eüZ | †Pv‡Li †iwUbv c×wZ‡ZI GKBfv‡e e¨w³ kbv³ Kiv †M‡jI Gi mdjZvi nvi Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e
Kg| G‡ÿ‡Î †Pv‡Li AvBwik ev †iwUvbv ¯‥¨vbvi wn‡m‡e †WUv BbcyU K‡i A¨vK‡mm K‡›Uªvj KvR K‡i| wKš‘ AvBwik I †iwUbv ¯‥¨vb A‡bK mgq wm‡÷g mn‡R
eyS‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvQvov wWfvBmwUi `vgI †ewk, G Kvi‡Y Gi e¨envi Kg|

36| wg ÔKÕ GKRb e¨e¯’vcK| wZwb †h Awd‡m PvKwi K‡ib †mLv‡b Kg©Pvix msL¨v K‡qK nvRvi| Awd‡mi Kg©Pvix‡`i nvwRiv †bIqvi Rb¨ Z_¨ cÖhyw³i mnvqZv
wb‡jb| wZwb GKwU cÖhyw³i mvnvh¨ wb‡jbg †hLv‡b AvOz‡ji Qvc e¨envi Kiv nq| wZwb ch©vqµ‡g Kg©Pvix‡`i K…wÎg cwi‡e‡k we‡kl †cvkvK cwiavb K‡i Mvwo
Pvjbv cÖwkÿ‡bi e¨e¯’v wb‡q‡Qb|
[h‡kvi †evW© -2017]
(K) b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR Kv‡K e‡j? 1
(L) Ò †Uwj‡gwWwmb GK ai‡bi †mevÓ - eywS‡q wjL| 2
(M) DÏxc‡Ki Kg©Pvix‡`i cÖwkÿ‡Y e¨eüZ cÖhyw³i e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
(N) DÏxc‡K ewY©Z wg ÔKÕ Gi cÖhyw³ wbivcËvi †ÿ‡Î KZUzKz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡e? †Zvgvi gZvg‡Zi mc‡ÿ hyw³mn we‡kølY Ki| 4
36 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) weÁvb I cÖhyw³i e¨envi K‡i 1 †_‡K 100 b¨v‡bvwgUvi AvK…wZi †Kv‡bv wKQz •Zwi Kiv Ges e¨envi Kivi cÖhyw³B n‡jv b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR|
(L) Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g `~ieZx© †ivMx‡`i‡K we‡klÁ wPwKrmK Øviv wPwKrmv †mev †`Iqvi e¨e¯’vB n‡jv •Uwj‡gwWwmb| G c×wZ‡Z cÖZ¨šÍ A‡ji †ivMxiv
N‡i e‡mB we‡klÁ wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© MÖnY K‡i wPwKrmv †mev †c‡Z cv‡i| GQvov, B›Uvi‡bU I wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs e¨envi K‡i GK †`‡ki wPwKrm‡Ki mv‡_
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

mn‡RB AbjvBb †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq civgk© MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr †Uwj‡gwW‡m‡bi gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvRbxq g~ûZ© h_vh_ wPwKrmv msµvšÍ civgk© cvIqv
hvq e‡j GwU Aek¨B GK ai‡bi †mev|
(M) DÏxc‡K Kg©Pvix cÖwkÿ‡Y e¨eüZ cÖhyw³ n‡jv fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU| A_©vr fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU e¨envi K‡i Kg©Pvix‡`i WªvBwfs cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v †bIqv n‡q‡Q| fvP©yqvj
wi‡qwjwU n‡jv nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g •ZwiK…Z Ggb GK ai‡bi K…wÎg cwi‡ek, hv e¨enviKvix‡`i Kv‡Q Ggbfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq hv‡Z Zviv GwU‡K
ev¯Íe cwi‡ek wn‡m‡e g‡b K‡i| ¯^í g~‡j¨i gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³ mnRjf¨ nIqvq wewfbœ ai‡bi fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU WªvBwfs wmg¨y‡jUi Dbœqb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Kw¤úDUvi wmg¨y‡jk‡bi gva¨‡g WªvBwfs cÖwkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ PvjK‡K GKwU wbw`©ó Avm‡j em‡Z nq| Pvj‡Ki gv_vq cwiwnZ †nW gvD‡›UW wWm‡cøi mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUvi
Øviv m„ó hvbevn‡bi Af¨šÍwiY Ask Ges Avkcv‡ki iv¯Ívq cwi‡e‡ki GKwU g‡Wj †`Lv‡bv nq| Gi m‡½ hy³ _v‡K GKwU †nW Uª¨vwKs wm‡÷g| d‡j e¨enviKvix
hvbevn‡bi Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K As‡ki 360 wWwMÖ `k©b jvf K‡ib Ges Kw¤úDUvi m„ó cwi‡e‡k gMœ _v‡Kb| G‡Z Aí mg‡q WªvBwfs cÖwkÿ‡Y fv‡jv dj cvIqv
hvq|
(N) DÏxc‡K ewY©Z wg. ÔKÕ Gi cÖwZôv‡b Kg©Pvix‡`i cÖ‡e‡ki †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wU n‡jv AvOz‡ji Qvc hv GK ai‡bi ev‡qv‡gwUªK c×wZ| eZ©gv‡b AvOz‡ji Qvc wb‡q
wbivcËv e¨e¯’v GKwU RbwcÖq ev‡qv‡gwUªK wm‡÷g| AvOz‡ji Qvc ev wd½viwcÖ›U n‡jv †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K h_vh_fv‡e kbv³ Kivi Rb¨ D³ e¨w³i AvOy‡ji Qvc‡K
kbv³Kvix GKK wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv| G‡ÿ‡Î D³ e¨w³i AvOz‡ji Qvc c~e© n‡ZB AvOz‡ji Qvc co‡Z cv‡i Ggb †gwk‡bi (wd½viwcÖ›U wiWvi) mvn‡h¨ †WUv‡e‡m
msiÿY K‡i ivL‡Z nq| cieZx©‡Z hLb GKB e¨w³ wd½viwcÖ›U wiWv‡i AvOzj iv‡L ZLb †h AvOz‡jj Qv‡ci Qwe •Zwi nq Zv c~‡e© †WUv‡e‡m iwÿZ Qwei mv‡_
wgwj‡q kbv³Ki‡Yi KvR m¤úbœ Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î †gwkbwUi AvOz‡ji †iLvi web¨vm, Z¡‡Ki wUm¨y Ges Z¡‡Ki wb‡Pi i³ mÂvj‡bi Ici wfwË K‡i
B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK c×wZ‡Z AvOz‡ji QvcwPÎ •Zwi K‡i| ev‡qv‡gwUªK wWfvBm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wek^Ry‡o wd½viwcÖ›U wiov‡ii RbwcÖqZv me©vwaK| ZzjbvgyjKfv‡e Kg
`vgx, wbivcËv e¨e¯’v m„wó I cÖPzi †WUv ivL‡Z cv‡i e‡j AvRKvi wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡b Kgx© I Ab¨vb¨‡`i cÖ‡ek I †ei nevi Rb¨ wd½viwcÖ›U wiWvi¸‡jv e¨vcKfv‡e
e¨eüZ nq|
wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vcbv I cÖvwZôvwbK wbivcËvq G c×wZ A‣ea AbycÖ‡ek †iva Ki‡Z Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv iv‡L| A‣ea AbycÖ‡ek †iv‡ai cvkvcvwk G c×wZwU cÖwZôv‡bi
wbivcËvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L|

37| AvBwmwU wbf©i Ávb I cÖhyw³ gvbyl‡K bvbv wel‡q mg„w×i c‡_ GwM‡q wb‡”Q| nvmvb ICT wel‡q covïbv K‡i Rvb‡Z cvij †Kv‡bv cÖKvi A‡¯¿vcPvi Qvov GK
•kj¨ wPwKrmv c×wZ| cieZx©‡Z nvmvb AvBwmwU wbf©i Rxe‣ewPΨ m„wói cÖhyw³ wel‡q Ávb jvf K‡i LyeB Avbw›`Z n‡jv|
[Kzwgjøv †evW© -2016]
(K) b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR Kx? 1
(L) e¨w³ kbv³Ki‡Yi cÖhyw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
(M) nvmvb Gi wPwKrmv c×wZ kbv³ K‡i e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
(N) DÏxc‡K †h cÖhyw³ nvmv‡bi Ávb jv‡f Avb›` w`j †mB cÖhyw³ K…wl m¤ú` Dbœq‡b wK ai‡bi f‚wgKv iv‡L gZvgZ `vI| 4
37 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) weÁvb I cÖhyw³i e¨envi K‡i 1 †_‡K 100 b¨v‡bvwgUvi AvK…wZi †Kv‡bv wKQz •Zwi Kiv Ges e¨envi Kivi cÖhyw³B n‡jv b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR|
(L) e¨w³ kbv³Ki‡Yi cÖhyw³wU n‡”Q ev‡qv‡gwUª· cÖhyw³| gvby‡li •`wnK MVb ev AvPiYMZ •ewkó¨ cwigv‡ci wfwˇZ †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K AwØZxqfv‡e kbv³ Kivi Rb¨
e¨eüZ cÖhyw³B n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUª·| •`wnK MVb ev kixie„Ëxq ev‡qv‡gwUªK c×wZ¸‡jv n‡jv - wd½viwcÖ›U, n¨vÛ wRI‡gwUª, AvBwik ¯‥¨vwbs, †dm wiKMwbkb I
wWGbG †U÷| Ab¨w`‡K AvPiYMZ c×wZ¸‡jv n‡jv - wK‡evW© UvBwcs MwZ hvPvBKiY, wmM‡bPvi hvPvBKiY I KÚ¯^i hvPvBKiY|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki eY©bv Abyhvqx nvmv‡bi Rvb‡Z cviv wPwKrmv c×wZwU n‡jv µv‡qvmvR©vwi| µv‡qvmvR©vwi GK ai‡bi wPwKrmv c×wZ, hv AZ¨waK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qv‡Mi
gva¨‡g Z¡‡Ki A¯^vfvweK ev AcÖZ¨vwkZ †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨/Z¡K †Kvl aŸsm Kivi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| G c×wZi wPwKrmvq cÖ_‡gB wmg¨y‡j‡UW mdUIq¨vi Øviv AvµvšÍ
†Kvl¸‡jvi (†hgb - K¨vÝvi BZ¨vw`) Ae¯’vb I mxgvbv wba©viY Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î †ivMvµvšÍ †KvlwU‡Z Avëvª w_b myPhy³ µv‡qv‡cÖve cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q wba©vwiZ
µv‡qv‡RwbK M¨vm cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| ZvcgvÎv AZ¨vwaK n«v‡mi d‡j (- 41 †_‡K – 196 wWwMÖ †mw›U‡MÖW) wbe©vwPZ wUm¨ywU‡Z Aw·‡Rb mieivn eÜ n‡q hvq| d‡j H
wb¤œZg ZvcgvÎvq i³ I Aw·‡Rb mÂvjb m¤¢e bv nIqvi `iæb †ivMvµvšÍ wUm¨yi ÿwZmvab nq| µv‡qvmvR©vwi wPwKrmvq †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨i aib Abyhvqx Ges wbw`©ó
kxZjZvq †c․uQv‡bvi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi M¨vm †hgb - Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, AvM©b, Aw·‡Rb ev Zij Kve©b WvBA·vBW e¨envi Kiv nq|
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m¤¢e n‡”Q| G welqwU nvBweªW bv‡g eûj cwiwPZ| wRb cÖ‡K․k‡ji gva¨‡g wRb ¯’vbvšÍi cÖwµqvq Kvw¼Z •ewkó¨ Aí mg‡q myPviyiƒ‡c ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv m¤¢e e‡j mswkøó
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`iev‡i nviv‡bv HwZn¨ cybtcÖwZôv jvf Ki‡Z hv‡”Q| Lv`¨km¨ †hgb - f‚Æv, avb, Zzjv, U‡g‡Uv, †c‡cumn AmsL¨ dm‡jj Drcv`b e„w× †c‡q‡Q, d‡ji †iva
cÖwZ‡ivaK ÿgZv evov‡bv, AvMvQv mwnòz, †cvKvgvKo cÖwZ‡ivax RvZ D™¢veb n‡”Q| wewfbœ Rv‡Zi grm¨ m¤ú` (we‡klZ gv¸i, Kvc©, †Zjvwcqv BZ¨vw`) e„w×i
Rb¨ wRb cÖ‡K․kj‡K Kv‡R jvvM‡bv n‡”Q| cÖvYxi AvKvi I gvsm e„w×g `y‡a Avwg‡li cwigvY evov‡bv, †fovi ckg evov‡bvi Kv‡R wRb cÖ‡K․k‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv
m¤¢e n‡”Q|

38| Wt dvwinv kn‡ii Kg©¯’‡j Ae¯’vb K‡iI cÖZ¨šÍ A‡ji bvMwiK‡`i wPwKrmv †mev w`‡q _v‡Kb| wZwb K…wÎg cwi‡e‡k Acv‡ik‡bi cÖwkÿY cÖnY K‡i‡Qb|
[PÆMÖvg †evW© -2016]
(K) n¨vwKs wK? 1
(L) Òhš¿ ¯^qswµfv‡e KvR K‡iÓ - e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
(M) Wvt dvwinv Kxfv‡e wPwKrmv †mev w`‡q _v‡Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
(N) Wvt dvwinvi cÖwgÿ‡Yi e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wU cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b Kx cÖfve ivL‡Q? Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4
38 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷g, †bUIqvK©, †WvUvi Dci Abby‡gvw`Zfv‡e AwaKvi jvf Kivi Dcvq‡K n¨vwKs e‡j|
(L) Z_¨ cÖhyw³i Kj¨v‡Y eZ©gv‡b A‡bK hš¿ Avwe®‥vi n‡q‡Q hv ¯^qswµqfv‡e KvR K‡i| GgbB GKwU ¯^qswµq hš¿ n‡jv †iveU, hv AZ¨šÍ `ªæZ, K¬všÍnxb Ges wbLyuZ
Kg©ÿg ¯^qswµq AvaywbK hš¿| wbw`©ó Kv‡Ri Rb¨ •Zwi hš¿ ev †ive‡U †Kv‡bv mgm¨vi Kx ai‡bi mgvavb Ki‡Z n‡e Zv m¤¢ve¨ mKj mgvavb †cÖvMÖvg AvKv‡i †`Iqv
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(M) DÏxc‡K Wvt dvwinv †Uwj‡gwWwmb c×wZ‡Z wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs Gi gva¨‡g cÖZ¨šÍ A‡ji †ivMxi mv‡_ wbweo †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i mwVK †ivM wbY©q I wPwKrmv
†mev w`‡q _v‡Kb| m‡e©vcwi Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ Z_v B›Uvi‡bU, †gvevBj I I‡qe †UK‡bvjwR e¨envi K‡i wZwb `~ieZx© ¯’v‡bi †ivMx‡`i wPwKrmv †mev cÖ`vb
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we‡kl mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g cvVv‡bv nq| c‡i wfwWI Kbdv‡i‡Ý wPwKrm‡Ki mv‡_ †ivMx K_v e‡j| GiciB wPwKrmK GKwU e¨e¯’vcÎ †`b| GB wWwRUvjvBW
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2. hvbevnb Pvjvb I cªwkÿ‡Y: wegvb, †gvUiMvwo, RvnvR BZ¨vw` Pvjv‡bvi cÖwkÿ‡Y mswkøó wmg¨y‡jUi I g‡Wwjs mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g cÖwkÿY - mswkøó K…wÎg
cwi‡ek •Zwi K‡i ev¯Í‡ei b¨vq cÖwkKÿY †`Iqv hvq|
3. wkÿv I M‡elYvq: wkLb - †kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g RwUj welq¸‡jv wmg¨y‡jkb I g‡Wwjs K‡i wkÿv_x©‡`i mvg‡b mnR‡eva¨ I wPËvKl©Kfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
M‡elYvjä djvdj we‡kølY I Dc¯’vcb, RwVj AYyi AvYweK MVb, wWGbG MVb wmg¨y‡jk‡bi gva¨‡g †`Lv hvq|
4. wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î: RwUj Acv‡ikb, K…wÎg A½ - cÖZ¨½ ms‡hvRb, wWGbG ch©v‡jvPbv BZ¨w`mn bexb kj¨ wPwKrmK‡`i cÖwkÿY I †ivM wbY©‡q e¨vcK nv‡i
fvP©yqvj wi‡jwUi e¨eüZ nq|
5. mvgwiK cÖwkÿ‡Y: fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g mwZ¨Kvi hyׇÿ‡Îi Aven •Zwi K‡i •mwbK‡`i‡K DbœZ I wbLyuZ cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv hvq|
6. e¨emv evwYR¨: Drcvw`Z I cÖ¯ÍvweZ c‡Y¨i MyYZggvb, MVb, wecYb, m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB, g~j¨vqb, wecYb Kgx© cÖwkÿY BZ¨w` me ai‡bi Kvh©µ‡g wmg¨y‡jkb
c×wZ e¨eüZ nq|
Gfv‡e •`bw›`b Rxe‡bi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi e¨envi ïiæ n‡”Q|

39| Avgvi eÜz Wvt Gbvg d«v‡Ý †M‡Q †Uªwbs G| fvBev‡i †m ejj d«v‡Ýi me Kv‡R wWwRUvj wm‡÷g e¨eüZ nq| †mLv‡b †Uªwbs †m›Uv‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z jv‡M
mycvifvBRv‡ii AvOz‡ji Qvc Ges Acv‡ikb w_‡qUv‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z jv‡M †PvL| Avwg ejjvg Ò †ek gRvB †ZvÓ †m AviI ejj ÒMZKvj ¯’vbxq we‡bv`b cv‡K© wM‡q
gv_vq †nj‡gU I †Pv‡L we‡kl Pkgv w`‡q Pvu‡` åg‡Yi AbyfzwZ Abyfe K‡iwQ|Ó
[wm‡jU †evW© -2016]
(K) µv‡qvmvR©vwi Kx? 1
(L) Ò¯^í `~i‡Z¡ †WUv Av`vb - cª`v‡bi gva¨gÓ - e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
(M) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Pvu‡` åg‡Yi cÖhyw³wU eY©bv Ki| 3
(N) DÏxc‡K †Uªwbs †m›Uvi I Acv‡ikb w_‡qUv‡i e¨eüZ cÖhyw³Ø‡qi g‡a¨ †KvbwU Avgv‡`i †`‡k eûj e¨eüZ - we‡kølYc~e©K gZvgZ `vI|
39 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) µv‡qvmvR©wi GK ai‡bi wPwKrmv c×wZ, hv AZ¨waK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Z¡‡Ki A¯^vfvweK ev AcÖZ¨vwkZ †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨/Z¡K †Kvl aŸsm Kivi
Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq|
(L) ¯^í `~i‡Z¡ †WUv Av`vb - cª`v‡bi gva¨g n‡jv eøyUz_| Gi gva¨‡g webv Li‡P †WUv UªvÝdvi m¤¢e| eøyUz‡_i gva¨‡g `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK h‡š¿i g‡a¨ Zviwenxb †hvMv‡hvM
iÿv K‡i †WUv UªvÝdvi Kiv hvq| eøUz_ hš¿cvwZ myBP Ab Kivi mv‡_ ¯^í `~i‡Z¡i g‡a¨ ¯^qswµqfv‡e UªvÝdvi Kiv hvq| eøUz_ 10 †mw›UwgUvi †_‡K 100 wgUvi ch©šÍ
`~i‡Z¡i g‡a¨ †WUv UªvÝdvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Wvt Gbv‡gi Pvu‡` åg‡Yi Abyf~wZ Abyf‡ei cÖhyw³wU n‡jv fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU| fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU n‡jv nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g •ZwiK…Z
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Kw¤úDUv‡i ms‡e`bkxj cÖvwd· e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| mvaviY MÖvwd· Avi fvP©yqvj RM‡Zi MÖvwd‡·i g‡a¨ ZdvZ n‡jv GLv‡b kã Ges ¯úk©‡KI h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv
nq| e¨enviKvix hv †`‡L Ges ®úk© K‡i Zv ev¯Í‡ei KvQvKvwQ †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ we‡klfv‡e •Zwi Pkgv ev †nj‡gU QvovI A‡bK mgq n¨vÛ Møvfm, eyU, my¨U e¨envi
Kiv nq| fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU‡Z wÎ-gvwÎK B‡gR •Zwii gva¨‡g AwZm¤¢e KvRI Kiv m¤¢eci nq| Kíbvi cvLvq fi K‡i B‡”Q Ki‡j Pvu‡`i gvwU‡Z †nu‡U Avmv,
cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii MfxiZg A‡j Ny‡i Avmv, gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‥i wbDivj ms‡hv‡Mi Dci w`‡q nvuUv wKsev RyivwmK cv‡K©i †mB AwZKvq Wvq‡bvm‡ii ZvovI LvIqv
hvq| fvPy©qvj wi‡qwjwU GKwU Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z cwi‡ek †hLv‡b e¨enviKvix H cwi‡e‡k gMœ n‡Z, ev¯Í‡ei b¨vq kÖeYvbyf‚wZ Ges •`wnK I gvbweK fvev‡eM,
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Qvc cÖhyw³wU †ewk e¨eüZ nq|
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BDwbK Ges mvivRxeb a‡i AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| cÖwZwU e¨w³i wd½vi wcÖ›U G‡ZvUvB ¯^Zš¿ †h `ywU hgR wkï GKB wWGbG †cÖvdvBj wb‡q Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡jI wd½vi
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wm‡÷g mn‡R eyS‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvQvov wWfvBmwUi `vgI †ewk: GKvi‡Y Gi e¨envi Kg|

40| Wvt nv‡Zg kj¨ wPwKrmvq cÖwkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ Pxb Mgb K‡ib| fwZ© nIqvi mgq Zvi GKwU AvOz‡ji Qvc †bIqv nq Ges Zv‡K GKwU cwiPqcÎ †`Iqv nq|
cÖwkÿYK‡ÿ XzKvi c~‡e© Zv‡K cÖwZevi `iRvi ivLv GKwU h‡š¿ G AvOz‡ji Qvc w`‡qB wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z nq| †kÖwYK‡ÿ Ab¨vb¨ cÖwkÿYv_x©‡`i g‡Zv Zv‡K nvZ,
gv_v I †Pv‡L wKQz we‡kl hš¿ civ‡bv nq| wZwb Kw¤úDUv‡ii gwbU‡i wewfbœ `„k¨vewji gva¨‡g cÖwkÿ‡Yi cÖv_wgK ce© †kl K‡ib|
[ewikvj †evW© -2016]
(K) †ivewU· Kx? 1
(L)n¨wKs •bwZKZv we‡ivax Kg©KvÛ - e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
(M)DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ `iRvq †Kvb cÖhyw³ e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
(N)Wvt nv‡Z‡gi cÖwkÿ‡Y e¨eüZ cÖhyw³i f‚wgKv g~j¨vqb Ki| 4
40 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) weÁvb, BwÄwbqvwis Ges cÖhyw³i mgš^‡q MwVZ †h welqwU †ive‡Ui aviYv, bKkv, Drcv`b, Kvh©µg wKsev e¨envi ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z cv‡i ZvB n‡jv †ivewU·|
(L) †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷g, †bUIqvK©, †WUvi Dchi Abby‡gvw`Z AwaKvi (Access) jvf Kivi DcvqB n¨vwKs| •bwZKZvi Av‡jv‡K n¨vwKs •bwZKZv we‡ivax
KvR| KviY Gi gva¨‡g GKRb ev n¨vKvi A‡b¨i Kw¤úDUvi †_‡Ke wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ GgbwK e¨w³MZ Z_¨I Pzwi Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi
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(M) DÏxc‡K Wvt nv‡Zg `iRvq ivLv h‡š¿ AvOz‡ji Qvc w`‡q wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i| GUv n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUª· cÖhyw³i wd½vi wcÖ›U c×wZ| wb‡P Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv-
Av½y‡ji Qvc ev wd½viwcÖ›U n‡jv †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K h_vh_fv‡e kbv³ Kivi Rb¨ D³ e¨w³i AvOz‡ji Qvc‡K kbv³Kvix GKK wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv| G‡ÿ‡Î D³
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cv‡ib| Gi d‡j Zviv G‡Kev‡i Acv‡ikb w_‡qUv‡i †ivMxi Acv‡ikb Acv‡iwUs K‡ÿ QvÎiv †K․kjMZ `ÿZv, Acv‡ikb I †ivM m¤úwK©Z ZvwË¡K welqvw`i
Kvh©cÖYvwj Abykxjb Ki‡Z mÿg nb|

41| wjRv GBPGmwm cixÿvi Kvi‡Y C‡`i kwcs‡qi Rb¨ gv‡K©‡U †h‡Z cv‡iwb Z‡e †m Z_¨ cÖhyw³i mnqZvq evmvq e‡mB hveZxq †KbvKvUv m¤úbœ K‡i| wjRvi eo
fvB wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi QvÎ| †m †`L‡jv Zvi eo fvB Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z †nj‡gU, Møvfm BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡i wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi wewfbœ RwUj welqmg~n Abyave‡bi
†Uóv Ki‡Q|
[w`bvRcyi †evW© -2016]
(K) ev‡qv‡gwUª· Kx? 1
(L) Òµv‡qvmvRv©wii gva¨‡g i³cvZnxb Acv‡ikb m¤¢eÓ - eywS‡q †jL| 2
(M) wjRvi †KbvKvUvq Z_¨ cÖhyw³i †h w`KwU cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q Zv Av‡jvPbv Ki| 3
(N) wjRvi fvB‡qi Kvh©µ‡gi †h․w³KZv we‡kølY Ki| 4
41 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) gvby‡li •`wnK MVb ev AvPiYMZ •ewkó¨ cwigv‡ci wfwˇZ †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K AwØZxqfv‡e kbv³ Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ cÖhyw³B n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUª·|
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e¨eüZ nq| G cÖwµqvq AZ¨šÍ Kg ZvcgvÎvq AvµvšÍ wUm¨y‡Z µv‡qv‡cÖve G gva¨‡g Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq, hv‡Z †Kvl¸‡jv aŸsm n‡q hvq| G c×wZ
(µv‡qvmvR©vwi) AvµvšÍ ¯’v‡bi Av‡kcv‡ki wUm¨yi †Kv‡bv ai‡Yi ÿwZ K‡i bv Ges i³cvZI nq bv| ZvB ejv hvq, Ôµv‡qvmvRv©wii gva¨‡g i³cvZnxb Acv‡ikb
m¤¢e|Õ
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wi‡qwjwU|
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Kg mg‡q ÎæwUgy³fv‡e I Kg SuywK‡Z Acv‡ikb K‡i|
myZivs fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g cÖwkÿY MÖnY K‡i h_vh_ `ÿZv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g wjRvi fvB Lye mn‡RB wPwKrmv †mev cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

42| Rbve mvweŸi GK e¨emvwqK mfvq j¨vcUc Pvjy K‡i wb‡Ri e¨emv msµvšÍ wKQz wfwWI †`Lv‡jb| Zvi GKRb e¨emvwqK cÖwZØ›`x Zvi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z †m wfwWI¸‡jv
†bqvi Rb¨ mvweŸi mv‡n‡ei Kw¤úDUvi Lyj‡jb wKš‘ wZwb †mLv‡b wKQzB †c‡jb bv| wKQzÿY ci mvweŸi mv‡ne wd‡b G‡m Kw¤úDUvi Lyj‡j cÖwZØ›`x e¨emvqx e¨emv
msµvšÍ H wfwfI¸‡jv †`L‡Z PvB‡j wZwb Zv Zv‡K Avevi †`Lv‡jb|
[gv`ªvmv †evW© -2016]
(K) d¬vBU wmgy‡jkb Kx? 1
(L) 3G †gvevB‡ji Avwe®‥vi Avgv‡`i‡K †h my‡hvM m„wó K‡i w`‡q‡Q Zv eY©bv Ki| 2
(M) mvweŸi mv‡ne †Kv_vq Z_¨ msiÿY K‡ib Zv eY©bv `vI| 3
(N) ICT Gi fvlvq DÏxc‡K DwjwLZ e¨emvwqK cÖwZ×›`xi Kg©KvÛ g~j¨vqbKi| 4
42 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) †h c×wZi gva¨‡g wegvb PvjKMY Zv‡`i wegvb Pvjv‡bvi hveZxq †K․kj iß Ki‡Z cv‡ib Zv‡K d¬vBU wmgy‡jkb e‡j|
(L) 3G cÖR‡b¥i †gvevB‡j D”PMwZi †WUv UªvÝdvi I gvwëwgwWqv †WUv e¨envimn CDMA I GPRS ÷¨vÛv‡W©i DbœZ fvm©b e¨envi nq| d‡j 3G e¨env‡ii
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e¨e¯’v| Gi gva¨‡g GBK mv‡_ mivmwi K_v ejv I ev¯Íe Qw&&e †`Lv hvq| G‡Z e¨vcK AvšÍRvwZ©K †ivwgs myweav †`Iqv Av‡Q| †gvevBj e¨vswKs, B-Kgvm© I Ab¨vb¨
B›Uvi‡bU wfwËK mvwf©mI Gi gva¨‡g cvIqv m¤¢e n‡”Q|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki Z_¨ g‡Z, mvweŸi mv‡ne g~jZ Kw¤úUvi‡i Z_¨ msiÿY bv K‡i mvf©‡i Z_¨ msiÿY K‡i‡Qb| Kw¤úDUv‡i Z¨ msiÿb Ki‡j †mLvb †_‡K †h‡Kv‡bv
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43| evsjv‡`‡ki †cvkvK •Zwii GKwU cÖwZôvb PZz_© wkí wec‡ei mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Pj‡Z wek¦gv‡bi GKwU KviLvbv ¯’vcb Kivi cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡i‡Q, †hLv‡b gvby‡li
mnvqZv QvovB A¨vKPz‡qUi Ges Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †cvkvK •Zwii AwaKvsk KvR Kiv m¤¢e n‡e| KviLvbvwU ¯’vc‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖ‡K․kjxMY K…wÎg wmgy‡j‡UW
cwi‡ek •Zwi K‡i KviLvbvwUi wÎ-gvwÎK g‡Wj cÖYqb K‡ib|
[XvKv †evW© 2024]
(K) B-jvwb©s Kx?
(L) Kv‡bw±wfwU wek¦MÖv‡gi g~j PvwjKvkw³ – e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
(M) bKkv cÖYq‡b cÖ‡K․kjxM‡Yi e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wU e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
(N) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †cvkvK wk‡í ewY©Z cÖhyw³wU kÖg evRv‡ii Dci Kxiƒc cÖfve †dj‡e?
43 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
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MwVZ †bUIqvK© hv we‡k¦i cÖwZwU MÖvg ev kni‡K hy³ K‡i| ZvB ejv hvq †h, Kv‡bw±wfwU wek¦MÖv‡gi g~j PvwjKvkw³|
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ev¯Í‡ei b¨vq kÖeYvbyf‚wZ Ges •`wnK I gvbwmK fvev‡eM, D‡ËRbv Abyf‚wZ cÖf…wZi AwfÁZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i, hv e¨enviKvixi Kv‡Q ev¯Íe RMr wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ
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Zv Abyfe Ki‡Z cv‡i| fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU‡Z m„ó cwi‡ek cy‡ivcywi ev¯Íe c„w_exi g‡Zv g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU‡Z fvPz©qvj cwi‡ek •Zwii Rb¨ †nW
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KvR Ki‡Q|
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cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ gvby‡li wKQz wbqš¿Y I cwiPvjbv Kvh©µg cÖ‡qvRb nq, †m¸‡jv‡K Avav-¯^qswµq ev †mwg A‡Uv‡bvgvm †iveU e‡j| wkí KiLvbvq G ai‡bi wKQz
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A_©vr Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq, †iv‡evwU· cÖhyw³wU kÖg evRv‡ii Dci BwZevPK cÖfve †dj‡e| GQvov †bwZevPK cÖfv‡ei g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖfve n‡jv-
A‡bK kÖwgK PvKwi nviv‡e|

44| mivmwi wegvb Pvjbv bv K‡iI cÖhyw³i Kj¨v‡Y wg. X GKRb •egvwbK| K…wlweÁvbx wg. Y DbœZ Rv‡Zi cvUexR D™¢veb K‡ib Ges †m¸‡jv Pvl K‡i K…lKiv
DcK…Z nq| wZwb Zvi M‡elYv K‡g©i †WUvmg~n cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g msi¶Y K‡ib|
[gqgbwmsn †evW© 2024]
(K) wbDivj †bU Kx?
(L) Uc Uz WvDb c×wZ‡Z KvR Kivi cÖhyw³wU e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki wegvb cÖwk¶Y cÖhyw³wU eY©bv K‡iv|
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44 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
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Etching cÖwµqvwU m¤úwK©Z|
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msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ ev‡qvBbdig¨vwU· cÖhyw³|
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45| ÔKÕ Mv‡g©›Um d¨v±wi‡Z AwMœms‡hv‡M wbnZ kÖwg‡Ki cwiPq kbv³ Ki‡Z DNA cix¶v Kiv nq| ivwKe GB ai‡bi AwMœKv‡Ði K_v gv_vq †i‡L Ggb GK hš¿
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46| evsjv‡`‡ki †cvkvK •Zwii GKwU cÖwZôvb PZz_© wkí wec‡ei mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Pj‡Z wek¦ gv‡bi GKwU KviLvbv ¯’vcb Kivi cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡i‡Q| †hLv‡b
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e¨emv evwY‡R¨: Drcvw`Z wKsev cÖ¯vÍ weZ c‡Y¨i ¸YMZ gvb, MVb, wecYb, m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB, g~j¨vqb, wecYb Kg©x cÖwk¶Y BZ¨vw` me ai‡bi Kvh©µ‡g fvPz©qvj
wi‡qwjwUi wmgy‡jkb c×wZ e¨eüZ nq| †Kv‡bv wec¾bK I ¶wZKi `ªe¨ evRviRvZ Kivi Av‡M †Kv‡bv Kg©Pvixi Rxe‡bi SuywK bv wb‡q fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi
cwi‡e‡k †m¸‡jv cix¶v K‡i †bIqv m¤¢e nq|

48| evmvi mv‡ne Kw¤úDUvi †gjvq wM‡q GKwU nvW©wW¯‥ wKb‡jb| nvW©wW¯‥wU AvKv‡i Lye †QvU wKš‘ Gi aviY¶gZv A‡bK †ewk| wZwb eÜy wcÖ݇K nvW©wW¯‥wU †`Lv‡bvi
Rb¨ Zuvi Awd‡m †M‡jb| wcÖ‡Ýi Awd‡m wM‡q †`L‡jb D³ Awd‡mi Kg©KZ©v -Kg©PvixMY GKwU h‡š¿i w`‡K ZvKv‡jB Awd‡mi `iRv Ly‡j hv‡”Q|
[PÆMÖvg †evW© 2024]
(K) b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR Kx?
(L) AwZwi³ i³i¶iY QvovB Acv‡ikb m¤¢e – e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
(M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wWfvBmwU •Zwii cÖhyw³ e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
(N) wcÖ‡Ýi Awd‡mi `iRvq e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wU we‡kølY K‡iv|
48 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) ‡Kv‡bv GKwU e¯‘i Kvh©¶gZv evov‡bvi Rb¨ †h we‡kl cÖhyw³ ev hš¿ e¨envi K‡i AYy ev civgvYy¸‡jv‡K b¨v‡bv cvwU©‡Kjiƒ‡c cwieZ©b Kiv nq †mB cÖhyw³B n‡jv
b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR|
(L) wb¤œ ZvcgvÎv I i³cvZnxb wPwKrmv c×wZ n‡”Q µv‡qvmvR©vwi| µv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi wPwKrmv c×wZ hv AZ¨vwaK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z¡‡Ki
A¯^vfvweK Ges †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨¸‡jv‡K aŸsm Kiv nq| µv‡qvmvR©vwi‡Z A¯^vfvweK wUmy¨ aŸsm Ki‡Z bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M¨vm ev AvM©b M¨vm n‡Z Drcvw`Z Pig VvÛv
evwn¨K Z¡‡Ki Pvgovi wPwKrmvq e¨eüZ nq| mvaviYZ wUDgv‡ii †¶‡Î -20 †_‡K -30 wWwMÖ †mw›U‡MÖW ZvcgvÎv e¨envi Kiv nq Ges K¨vÝvi Gi †¶‡Î -40 †_‡K
-50 wWwMÖ †mw›U‡MÖW ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvi Kvi‡Y g~jZ i³cvZ N‡U bv| myZvis ejv hvq µv‡qvmvR©vwii gva¨‡g AwZwi³ i³¶iY QvovB
Acv‡ikb m¤¢e|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki DwjøwLZ wWfvBmwU •Zwii cÖhyw³wU n‡jv b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR| wb‡¤œ G cÖhyw³ m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv––
hLb †Kv‡bv GKwU e¯‘i Kvh©¶gZv evov‡bvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv we‡kl cÖhyw³ ev hš¿ e¨envi K‡i AYy ev cigvYy¸‡jv‡K b¨v‡bv wgUvi †¯‥‡j ev b¨v‡bv cvwU©‡Kjiƒ‡c cwieZ©b
Kiv nq ZLb †mB cÖhyw³‡K b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR e‡j| b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR cÖwµqv `yBwU c×wZ‡Z nq| GKwU n‡”Q ÒeUg-AvcÓ Ges Ab¨wU n‡”Q ÒUc-WvDbÓ| eUg-
Avc c×wZ‡Z b¨v‡bv wWfvBm Ges DcKiY¸‡jv AvYweK ¯^xK…wZi bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i AvYweK Dcv`vb Øviv •Zwi nq Ges G¸‡jv ivmvqwbKfv‡e GKxf‚Z nq| G
c×wZ‡Z ¶z`ª ¶z`ª AvKv‡ii †QvU wRwbm w`‡q eo †Kv‡bv wRwbm •Zwi Kiv nq|
Uc-WvDb c×wZ‡Z GKwU DcKiY cigvYy ¯Í‡ii wbqš¿Y QvovB e„nr mË¡v n‡Z MwVZ nq| A_©vr G c×wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv wRwbm‡K †Ku‡U †QvU K‡i Zv‡K wbw`©ó AvKvi
†`Iqv nq| b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³ e¨env‡i wPwKrmvweÁvb, B‡jKUªwb·, kw³ Drcv`bmn eû †¶‡Î •ecweK cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki wcÖ‡Ýi Awd‡mi `iRvq e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wU n‡jv †dBm wiKMwbkb ev‡qv‡gwUª· c×wZ hv cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki †Pnviv Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e kbv³ K‡i wPwýZ K‡i|
c„w_exi cÖ‡Z¨K gvby‡li †Pnvivq Awgj i‡q‡Q| GKR‡bi †Pnvivi mv‡_ AciR‡bi †Pnvivi †Kv‡bv wgj cvIqv hvq bv| †h ev‡qv‡gwUª· c×wZ‡Z gvby‡li gy‡Li MVb
I •ewkó¨‡K kbv³ K‡i AwØZxqfv‡e †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K wPwýZ Kiv nq Zv‡K †dBm wiKMwbkb c×wZ e‡j| G‡¶‡Î `yB †Pv‡Li ga¨Kvi `~iZ¡, bv‡Ki •`N¨©,
†Pvqv‡ji †K․wYK gvc e¨eüZ nq| gyLgЇji •ewkó¨ we‡kølY K‡i wbivcËv †`Iqv nq| GB cÖhyw³‡Z Av‡jvi cv_©‡K¨i Kvi‡Y A‡bK †¶‡Î RwVjZv m„wó nq|
ZvQvov Pz‡ji ÷vBj, `vwo-‡Mvd cwieZ©b, †gKAvc e¨envi, Mnbvi e¨envi gyLgÛj kbv³KiY‡K e¨vnZ K‡i|
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

49| ‡gwW‡Kj K‡j‡Ri wk¶K Wv. widvZ Zvi wk¶v_©x‡`i b~¨bZg aKj mwnòz, i³cvZnxb wPwKrmv c×wZi AwfÁZv jv‡fi D‡Ï‡k¨ GKwU wmgy‡j‡UW cwi‡e‡k
Acv‡ikb cÖwµqv †kLv‡jb|
[wm‡jU †evW© 2024]
(K) †ivewU· Kx?
(L) Lv‡`¨i ¸Yv¸Y i¶v‡_© e¨eüZ cÖhyw³ e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
(M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wPwKrmv c×wZwU e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
(N) cÖZ¨vwnK Rxe‡b DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve we‡kølY K‡iv|
49 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) weÁv‡bi †h kvLvq †ive‡Ui MVb, KvR I •ewkó¨ Ges Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z hš¿mg~n wWRvBb I Drcv`b msµvšÍ KvR Kiv nq ZvB n‡jv †ivewU·|
(L) Lv‡`¨i ¸Yv¸Y i¶v‡_© e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wU n‡jv b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR|
b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖhyw³ †hLv‡b b¨v‡bvwgUvi †¯‥‡j GKwU e¯‘‡K wbcyYfv‡e e¨envi Kiv hvq A_©vr Gi cwieZ©b, cwiea©b, aŸsm ev m„wó Kiv hvq|
Lv`¨RvZ `ª‡e¨i c¨v‡KwRs, Lv‡`¨i ¯^v` •Zwi‡Z Ges Lv‡`¨i ¸Yv¸Y i¶v‡_© b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR e¨eüZ nq|
(M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Wvt widv‡Zi e¨eüZ wPwKrmv c×wZwU n‡jv µv‡qvmvR©vwi|
µv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡”Q Ggb GKwU wPwKrmv c×wZ hvi gva¨‡g AwZ VvÛv ZvcgvÎvq kix‡ii A¯^vfvweK I Amy¯’ wUmy¨ (‡Kvl) aŸsm Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb,
Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW, AvM©b I WvB wg_vBj B_vi-‡cÖv‡cb BZ¨vw` e¨envi Kiv nq| wewfbœ †ivMvµvšÍ †Kv‡li wPwKrmvq GwU e¨eüZ nq| we‡kl K‡i Amy¯’ Z¡‡Ki
cwiPh©vq GwU †ewk e¨envi Kiv nq| ZvQvov wjfvi K¨vÝvi, cÖ‡÷U K¨vÝvi, dzmdzm K¨vÝvi, gyL ev Iivj K¨vÝvimn wewfbœ †iv‡M Amy¯’ Z¡K m‡ZR K‡i Zzj‡Z GwU
e¨envi Kiv nq| Z¡‡Ki Amy¯’ †Kvl‡K AwZ kxZj ZvcgvÎvq aŸs‡mi gva¨‡g µv‡qvmvR©vwi KvR K‡i| Amy¯’ Z¡‡Ki g‡a¨ i³ mÂvjb ¯^vfvweK K‡i| Z_¨ cÖhyw³
e¨envi K‡i Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z e¨e¯’vq µv‡qvMvb e¨envi K‡i eZ©gvb mg‡q wbLuyZfv‡e µv‡qvmvR©vwi Kiv nq|
(N) cÖZ¨vwnK Rxe‡b DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wmgy‡j‡UW cwi‡ek •Zwii cÖhyw³wU n‡jv fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU|
fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU-Gi cÖ‡qvM Avgv‡`i RxebhvÎvi gvb‡K mnR K‡i‡Q| eZ©gv‡b fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU †Mgm •Zwi, WªvBwfs cÖwk¶Y, wegvb Pvjbv cÖwk¶Y, wÎ-gvwÎK
MÖvwd· •Zwi, bMi cwiKíbv BZ¨vw` RwUj Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q| GQvov fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi AviI wKQz cÖfve wb‡P †`Iqv n‡jv–
 wPwKrmv‡¶‡Î fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU `viæb cÖfve ivL‡Q|
 wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g WªvBwfs wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
 fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g UªvwdK e¨e¯’vcbvi cÖwk¶Y †`qv nq|
 fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g d¬vBU wmgy‡jkb Kiv nq|
 gnvk~b¨ Awfhv‡b fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU e¨eüZ nq|
 ‡Ljvayjvq fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU e¨eüZ nq|
 mvgwiK †¶‡Î wewfbœ cÖwk¶‡Y fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU e¨eüZ nq|
 wfwWI †Mgm •Zwi‡Z fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU e¨eüZ nq|
 BwZnvm I HwZn¨ i¶v fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU e¨eüZ nq|
 wewfbœ B‡gR msi¶Y I `„k¨avi‡Y fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU e¨eüZ nq|
 bMi cwiKíbvq fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU e¨eüZ nq|

50| Wv. iZb Z¡K K¨vÝv‡i AvµvšÍ GKRb †ivMxi wPwKrmv wb¤œ ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g m¤úbœ K‡ib| wKš‘ wPwKrmvi c~‡e© wZwb GKwU wmgy‡j‡UW Acv‡ik‡bi gva¨‡g
AwfÁZv jvf K‡ib|
[h‡kvi †evW© 2024]
(K) mdUIq¨vi cvB‡iwm Kx?
(L) Kɯ^i hvPvBKi‡Y e¨eüZ cÖhyw³ Kx? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
(M) Wv. iZ‡bi wPwKrmv c×wZ eY©bv K‡iv|
(N) Wv. iZ‡bi Acv‡ik‡bi AwfÁZv jv‡fi cÖhyw³wU wk¶v, M‡elYv Ges e¨emv-evwY‡R¨I e¨eüZ nq– eY©bv K‡iv|
50 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) mdUIq¨vi cvB‡iwm ej‡Z eySvq cÖ¯‘ZKvixi webv AbygwZ‡Z †Kv‡bv mdUIq¨vi Kwc Kiv, wb‡Ri bv‡g weZiY Kiv wKsev †Kv‡bv cÖKvi cwieZ©b K‡i wb‡Ri bv‡g
Pvwj‡q †`Iqv BZ¨vw` eySvq|
(L) Kɯ^i hvPvBKi‡Y e¨eüZ cÖhyw³ n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUª·| ev‡qv‡gwUª· n‡”Q GK ai‡bi †K․kj ev cÖhyw³ hvi gva¨‡g gvby‡li kvixwiK KvVv‡gv, AvPvi-AvPiY, •ewkó¨,
¸Yv¸Y, e¨w³Z¡ cÖf…wZi gva¨‡g wbw`©ó AwØZxq e¨w³‡K wPwýZ ev kbv³ Kiv hvq| ev‡qv‡gwUª· wm‡÷‡g kbv³Ki‡Y †hme ev‡qvjwRK¨vj †WUv e¨eüZ nq Zv
n‡jv–
kixie„Ë (Physiological): gvby‡li gyLgÐj, nv‡Zi AvOzj, nv‡Zi †iLv, †iwUbv, AvBwim, wkiv, DNA|
AvPiYMZ (Behavioral): Kɯ^i, e¨w³i AvPiY, nv‡Zi †jLv, K_vejv ev Pjv‡divi ÷vBj|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki Wvt iZ‡bi wPwKrmv c×wZwU n‡jv µv‡qvmvR©vwi|
µv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡”Q Ggb GKwU wPwKrmv c×wZ hvi gva¨‡g AwZ VvÛv ZvcgvÎvq kix‡ii A¯^vfvweK I Amy¯’ wUmy¨ (‡Kvl) aŸsm Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb,
Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW, AvM©b I WvB wg_vBj B_vi-‡cÖv‡cb BZ¨vw` e¨envi Kiv nq| wewfbœ †ivMvµvšÍ †Kv‡li wPwKrmvq GwU e¨eüZ nq| we‡kl K‡i Amy¯’ Z¡‡Ki
cwiPh©vq GwU †ewk e¨envi Kiv nq| ZvQvov wjfvi K¨vÝvi, cÖ‡÷U K¨vÝvi, dzmdzm K¨vÝvi, gyL ev Iivj K¨vÝvimn wewfbœ †iv‡M Amy¯’ Z¡ K m‡ZR K‡i Zzj‡Z GwU
e¨envi Kiv nq| Z¡‡Ki Amy¯’ †Kvl‡K AwZ kxZj ZvcgvÎvq aŸs‡mi gva¨‡g µv‡qvmvR©vwi KvR K‡i| Amy¯’ Z¡‡Ki g‡a¨ i³ mÂvjb ¯^vfvweK K‡i| Z_¨ cÖhyw³
e¨envi K‡i Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z e¨e¯’vq µv‡qvMvb e¨envi K‡i eZ©gvb mg‡q wbLuyZfv‡e µv‡qvmvR©vwi Kiv nq|
(N) DÏxc‡K Wv. iZ‡bi Acv‡ik‡bi AwfÁZv, jv‡fi cÖhyw³wU n‡jv fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU|
fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU n‡jv mdUIq¨vi wbwg©Z GKwU KvíwbK cwi‡ek, †hLv‡b e¨enviKvix H cwi‡e‡k gMœ n‡q, ev¯Í‡ei AbyKi‡Y m„ó `„k¨ Dc‡fvM K‡i, †mB mv‡_
ev¯Í‡ei b¨vq kÖeYvbyf‚wZ Ges •`wnK I gvbwmK fvev‡eM, D‡ËRbv Abyf‚wZ cÖf…wZi AwfÁZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i, hv e¨enviKvixi Kv‡Q ev¯Íe RMr wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ
nq| A_©vr, GwU GK ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z wÎgvwÎK e¨e¯’v| wk¶v, M‡elYv I e¨emv-evwYR¨ fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi e¨envi wb‡¤œ †`Iqv n‡jv-
wk¶v‡¶Î: fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g wk¶vi RwUj welq¸‡jv mn‡R Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq A_©vr wk¶v_©xiv welqwU G‡Kev‡i mvgbvmvgwb †`Lvi Abyf‚wZ cvq| d‡j
wk¶v_©x‡`i welqwU m¤ú‡K© aviYv mnR nq| fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi wÎgvwÎK wmgy‡jk‡bi gva¨‡g †R¨vwZwe©Áv‡bi QvÎ-wk¶Kiv †m․iRMr Gi MÖn ev MÖnvYycy‡Äi Ae¯’vb,
MVbcÖK…wZ, MwZwewa, MÖ‡ni ga¨w¯’Z wewfbœ e¯‘ ev cÖv‡Yi Dcw¯’wZ m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i|
M‡elYvq: M‡elYvjä djvdj we‡kølY I Dc¯’vcb, RwUj AYyi AvYweK MVb, wWGbG MVb hv †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡ZB ev¯Í‡e Ae‡jvKb m¤¢e bq †m¸‡jv fvPz©qvj
wi‡qwjwUi cwi‡e‡k wmgy‡jk‡bi gva¨‡g †`Lv m¤¢e n‡”Q|
e¨emv evwY‡R¨: Drcvw`Z wKsev cÖ¯vÍ weZ c‡Y¨i ¸YMZ gvb, MVb, wecYb, m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB, g~j¨vqb, wecYb Kg©x cÖwk¶Y BZ¨vw` me ai‡bi Kvh©µ‡g fvPz©qvj
wi‡qwjwUi wmgy‡jkb c×wZ e¨eüZ nq| †Kv‡bv wec¾bK I ¶wZKi `ªe¨ evRviRvZ Kivi Av‡M †Kv‡bv Kg©Pvixi Rxe‡bi SuywK bv wb‡q fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi
cwi‡e‡k †m¸‡jv cix¶v K‡i †bIqv m¤¢e nq|
 cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖvB‡fU †cÖvMÖvg

51| `„k¨Kí-1: Wv³vi gwbiv †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡R Zvi wk¶v_©x‡`i †Kv‡bv ai‡bi KvUv †Quvov QvovB AZ¨vwaK wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvq wewfbœ ai‡bi K¨vÝvi wbivgq m¤ú‡K© cvV`vb
Ki‡jb|
`„k¨Kí-2: Wv. gvgyb we‡kl cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i DbœZ Rv‡Zi Dw™¢` I cÖvYx D™¢ve‡bi j‡¶¨ cÖvwšÍK ch©v‡q KvR Ki‡Qb|
[ewikvj †evW© 2024]
(K) gnvKvk Awfhvb Kx?
(L) ¶z`ª AvKv‡ii wRwbm w`‡q eo AvKv‡ii wRwbm •Zwi Kivi cÖhyw³wU e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki `„k¨Kí-1 G †h wPwKrmv c×wZ m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q Zv Av‡jvPbv K‡iv|
(N) `„k¨Kí-2 G W. gvgyb †h cÖhyw³ e¨envi Ki‡Qb Zv Lv‡`¨ ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv AR©b Ki‡Z Acwinvh– we‡kølYc~e©K gZvgZ `vI|
51 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) gnvKvkPvixmn wKsev gnvKvkPvix QvovB †Kv‡bv gnvKvkhvb hLb c„w_exi gva¨vKl©Y kw³i euvab KvwU‡q c„w_exc„ô †_‡K Kgc‡¶ GKk wK‡jvwgUvi Dc‡i
evqygÛ‡ji evB‡i hvIqvB n‡jv gnvKvk Awfhvb|
(L) ¶z`ª AvKv‡ii wRwbm w`‡q eo AvKv‡ii wRwbm •Zwi Kivi cÖhyw³wU n‡jv b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR|
‡Kv‡bv GKwU e¯‘i Kvh©¶gZv evov‡bvi Rb¨ †h we‡kl cÖhyw³ ev hš¿ e¨envi K‡i AYy ev cigvYy¸‡jv‡K b¨v‡bv cvwU©‡Kjiƒ‡c cwieZ©b Kiv nq †mB cÖhyw³B n‡jv
b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR| GB cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g ¶z`ª AvKv‡ii wRwbm w`‡q †hgb- Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©wW¯‥ I Ab¨vb¨ B‡jKUªwbK hš¿ •Zwi‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki `„k¨Kí-1 G †h wPwKrmv c×wZ m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q †mwU n‡jv µv‡qvmvR©vwi|
µv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡”Q Ggb GKwU we‡kl wPwKrmv c×wZ hvi gva¨‡g AwZ VvÛv ZvcgvÎvq kix‡ii A¯^vfvweK I Amy¯’ wUmy¨ (‡Kvl) aŸsm Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î
kxZjxKi‡Yi Rb¨ µv‡qv‡RwbK c`v_© wnmv‡e Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, Kve©b WvB-A·vBW, AvM©b I WvB wg_vBj B_vi-‡cÖv‡cb BZ¨vw` e¨eüZ nq Ges wnwUs †mvm©
wnmv‡e wnwjqvg e¨envi Kiv nq| µv‡qvmvR©vwi‡Z Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i Ae`vb wb‡P g~j¨vqb Kiv n‡jv–
 cÖ¯ÍvweZ µv‡qvcÖe Kxfv‡e hv‡e Ges cÖK…Z µv‡qvcÖe Kxfv‡e hv‡”Q Zvi Zzjbvg~jK wPÎ †`Lvi Rb¨, A_©vr mwVKfv‡e kix‡ii Af¨šÍ‡i µv‡qvcÖe cwiPvjbvi
Rb¨ Ges cv‡ki my¯’ †Kvl hv‡Z bó bv nq ‡mRb¨ Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z AvjUªv mvDÛ A_ev GgAviAvB (MRI- Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
e¨envi Kiv nq|
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