Copernican, Darwinian and Freudian intellectual revolutions
• •
1.Science as an idea. It includes ideas, theories, and all systematic
explanations and observations about the natural and physical world.
2.Science as an intellectual activity. It encompasses a
systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world. This process
involves systematic observation and experimentation.
3.Science as a body of know-ledge. It is a subject, discipline, or
field of study that deals with the process of learning about the natural and physical
world.
4.Science as a personal and social activity. It is a means to
survive in and improve life. It is interwoven with people's lives.
• • •
was the period of enlightenment when the
developments in the fields of science and
mathematics transforms the views of society
about nature. It explained the emergence of
modern science. This took place in Europe,
which was started by the publication of
icolaus Copernicus' book On the
Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres and ended
with Isaac Newton.
s an .....
A scientific paradigm is a framework containing all the commonly
accepted views about a subject, conventions about what direction the
research should take and how it should be performed. The
philosopher Thomas Kuhn suggested that a paradigm includes ''the
practices that define a scientific discipline at a certain point in time."
Paradigms contain all the distinct, established patterns, theories,
Pre-science
common methods and standards that allow us to recognize an
experimental result as belonging to a field or not. -
Paradigm
4
Normal
Change Science
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Kuhn was interested in how the overarching theories we have of
reality itself influence the models and theories we make about reality The Kuhn
Model Cycle Model
within that paradigm Revolution
Drift
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Model
' Crisis
Pre-Science
Newton
Paradigm Normal
Change Science
Newton &
Le Sage
Model
Crisis Einstein
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Theortsts
• what is observed and measured
• the questions we ask about those observations
d1ver91n9
• how the questions are formulated challen9e \ disrupt
. '-Paradi m/
•
evolve->'
• how research is carried out
rethink ctilan9e
• what equipment is appropriate technolo9y
~-------------------------------~·
It is very common for scientists to discard certain models or pick up
emerging theories. But once in a while, enough anomalies accumulate
within a field that the entire paradigm itself is required to change to
accommodate them. Normal science is the step-by-step scientific
process, which builds patiently upon previous research. Revolutionary
science, often 'fringe science' questions the paradigm itself. Kuhn
believed that a paradigm would make a sudden leap from one to the
next, called a • ~
,ara, . iorn shift, where
• J
the new paradigm didn't
build on the foundations of the old, but completely change the rules
for that ''building."
• We began with the invention of the idea of a scientific theory by
the pre-Socratic philosophers
• They attempted to find underlying and unchanging principles
responsible for the constantly-changing phenomena of the everyday
natural world
• The Greeks developed a cosmological theory with the Earth at
the center and the planets, sun and moon embedded in spheres rotating
around the earth
• The motions in the heavens were understood in terms of
Aristotle's theory of motion
OJymptis
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• 16th century-Nicholaus
Copernicus- a Polish mathematician
and astronomer, challenged the
Ptolemaic model.
• He introduced the heliocentric model in a 40
page outline entitled CO MENTA OLUS.
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• He formalized his model in the publication of his
treatise, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium
(The Revolution of Celestial Spheres) in 1543
• HELIOCENTRISM which suggested that the center
of the Solar System. was not the Earth but actually the sun. He
contradicted the GEOCENTRIC MODEL introduced by
Ptolemy, where the earth is the center of the solar system.
• accepted by the people in a period called the BIRTH
OF MODE ASTRONO
• one of the most controversial intellectual h
revolutions
• in 1859, Charles Darwin, an English
naturalist, biologist and geologist published his book,
ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES
• in this book, he introduced the theory of
evolution that populations pass through a process
of natural selection in which only the fittest
would survive.
• _ ~ arwin also state ·
the a· .ili ~'.,, to a, - a ,t to their environment
••
that woul - - e more com - .etitivc to survive,
.
• •
. . . . ,rocess k .. own as evolution.
Some Mice
•
mice are reproduce,
eaten by giving next
birds generation
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A population of mice has Tan mice are more visible Because black mice had
moved into a new area to predatory birds than a higher chance of leaving
where the rocks are very black mice. Thus, tan mice offspring than tan mice,
dark. Due to natural are eaten at higher frequency the next generation contains
genetic variation, some than black mice. Only the a higher fraction of black
mice are black, while surviving mice reach mice than the previous
others are tan. reproductive age and leave generation.
offspring.
PROCESS OF NATURATJ SELECTION
1 Variation 2
• •
yellow brown
There is genetic variation wlthln a Overprod uction of offspring
population which can. be inherited leads to competition for survival
3 Adaptations 4 Selection
Individuals with beneficial adaptations are Over many generations, there is a
more likely to survive to pass on their genes change in allele frequency (evolution)
Natural Selection
1) Each species shows variation:
2} There is competition within each
Get off species for food, living space, water,
my land mates etc.
3) The ''better adapted" members of Gutted!
these species are more likely to survive •
- ''Survival of the Fittest'; Yum
4) These survivors will pass on their better
genes to their offspring who will also show
th is beneficia I variation.
• but this very much controversial as this is contradictory
to the church teachings that the source of life is a powerful
creator.
• m.ade people divided based into their belief. But later on was
not in fact against teachings of the church and both can coexist
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• In the past, the field of psychology as always under
philosophy.
• Psychology was considered more of an art rat er
than a science
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19th century 1 mun 1~
-- reu was bale to change
people's perception of psychology
with his revolutionary theory of
P YC-
- study of human behavior
It is a scientific method of understanding inner and
unconscious conflicts embedded within one's personality, ringing
from free associations, dreams, and fantasies of the individual.
• Freud explained that there are m.any conscious and unconscious
factors that can influence behavior and em.otion
• He also argued that personality is a product of three conflicting
• m.any believed that Freud's theory had no scientific basis as no
em.pirical or experim.ental data could support it
• But still Freud continued his work, soon enough people were
able to understand the concepts of psychoanalysis which eventually
resulted in classifying psychology as a science.
Id: Ego: Superego:
Instincts Reality Morality
-
• It has contributed a lot of ideas or discoveries for
Archeology.
• The tem.ples and pyram.ids left a lot of Architecture that leads
us to study m.ore of it.
• The aya civilization is one of the famous civilizations
that lasted for approxim.ately 2,000 years.
• These people are known for their works in
astronomy.
• They developed the technology for growing
different crops and building elaborate cities
using ordinary m.achineries and tools.
a
Woma
•
to supply water to different communities,
• The Mayans built looms for weaving cloth and devised rainbow
•
of glittery paints from mineral called mica.
• They are also believe to be the first people to produce rubber
products 3,000 years before Goodyear received its patent in 1844.
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=Thc Mayans are considered one of the most scientifically
advanced societies in Mesoamerica.
=The Inca civilization is also famous in Mesoamerica.
=The Incas made advanced scientific ideas considering their
limitations as an old civilization.
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Roads paved with stones
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Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters
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Irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all
types of land
° Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for
planting season
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The first suspension bridge
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Quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can
•
interpret
• • • • • • •
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• • • •
and to the socie . Some of their contributions are the
O D Mandatory education. The Aztec puts value on education; that is why their
children are mandated to get education regardless of their social class, gender, or age. It is an
early form of universal or inclusive education
O
D Chocolates. The Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate during their time. In Mayan
culture, they used it as currency. The Aztec valued the cacao beans highly and made it as part
•
of their tribute to their Gods. .. .\
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• 1
D Antispadotnic tnedication. They used a type of antispadomic
medication that could prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles, which could help
during surgery.
D Chinampa. It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming in
which the land was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals.
D Aztec calendar. This enabled them to plan their activities, rituals, and
planting season.
D Invention of the canoe. A light narrow boat used for traveling in water
systems.
• The revolution itself taught Asian countries
about freedom and ind~nendent nationhood alongthe
. . . . . imptQvement brought by it internally.
~ • India is a huge peninsiila surrounded by vast
bodies 0£ water and fortified by huge mountains in its
' northern boarders. -
O The Indians are known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical
works.
<Their iron steel is considered to be the best and held with high regard
in the Rotnan Etnpire.
O
They are also famous in medicine.
O Ayuverda is a system of traditional medicine that originated in
ancient India before 2500 BC and is still practiced as a form of
alternative medicine,
<They discovered some medicinal properties of plants that led them to
develop medicines to cure various illnesses.
O
So111e ancient texts, like Susruta Samhita, describes different
surgical and other medical procedures famous in ancient India.
O
Ancient Indian is also notable in the field of astronomy,
<They developed theories on the configuration of the universe, the
spherical self-supporting Earth, and the year of 360 days with 12
equal parts of 30 days each.
O
They are also known for their mathematics,
O
yabhata, an Indian astronomer and mathematician in his
yabhatiya, introduced a number of trigonometric functions,
tables, and techniques as well as algorithms of algebra.
O
One of the ancient civilizations with substantial contributions in many areas of
life like medicine, astronomy, science. Mathematics, arts, philosophy, and music.
O
The Chinese are known for their traditional medicines.
O
They discovered various medical properties and uses of different plants and
animals to cure human illness. Acupuncture is an example. . ·
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O The revolutions in the Middle East were a product of development and growth
of individual nationalism, imperialism for the efforts of westernize and
modernize Middle Eastern societies, and to push the declining power of the of
the Ottoman Empire in the Arab Region.
O
A Muslim scientist named Ibn al-Haythatn is regarded as the Father of
Optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light.
O
In Mathematics, the mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Kwarizrni
gave his name to the concept of the algorithm while the term algebra is
derived from al-jabr, the beginning of the title of one of his publications.
• The fight against colonialism and imperialism in Africa.
Egypt was known to be a center of alchemy, which is
known as the medieval fore runner of chemistry,
Astronomy was also famous in African region. For instance,
documents show that Africans used three types of calendar:
lunar, solar and stellar or a combination of the three.
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This has been the era in which technology has been prevalent.
It is also known as the CO PUTER AGE that has brought so
m.uch change on how we are living today.
SOCIAL
MEDIA
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