Physical Education i.

Hiking
o This is done on the man-made
WEEK 1: MOUNTAINEERING ACTIVITIES: HIKING, road or well-made trails and is
TREKKING, CAMPING, AND ORIENTEERING shorter in the distance which,
sometimes, only takes a day or
Outdoor recreational activities include both individual and group two to cover.
activities. It is an exploration of the natural environment using
skills like climbing, swimming, walking, and other physical skills ii. Trekking
needed for the activities. Active participation in such activities o Becomes more rigorous such
facilitates leadership skills, good social skills, management that it is done over a variety of
skills, and survival skills. terrain and takes a long time to
hike. Thus, entails more days
WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP OF OUTDOOR and nights in the outdoors. In
RECREATION TO EDUCATION? other countries, backpacking,
A. Experiential Education trampling, or bushwalking are
 Engages students using outdoor activities to the term used for treks.
produce meaningful learning activities. o Locally term "organized climb"
is a term that may also mean
B. Environmental Education trekking.
 Increase the awareness of the students about the
environment for posterity and preservation B. Camping
 Camping has been around for a long time. Native
C. Adventure Education Americans used tents as shelters, and also,
 Uses activities to achieve certain objectives; the armies used tents as alternative living quarters.
typically expected outcome are improved But it was only around 100 years ago that camping
judgment and decision making, group interaction, was thought of as a recreational activity.
and teamwork.  Now when we hear the word "camping", the first
thing that might come to our minds is sleeping in
Romeo Roberto "Romi" Garduce is the first Filipino to climb tents and campfires. Perhaps, most would
the Seven Summits of the world. He has conquered: probably recall memories of being a Boy Scout or
1. Mt. Aconcagua – Argentina, South America (January a Girl Scout, which is camping on school grounds,
2005) local parks, or even on a nearby mountain or
2. Mt. Everest – Nepal, Asia (May 2006) beach.
3. Mt. Elbrus – Russia, Europe (August 2007) i. Frontcountry Camping
4. Mt. Mckinley or Denali Peak – Alaska, United States o It is sometimes also called "car
in North America (June 2008) camping" is camping on
5. Mt. Kosciuszko - Australia (December 2008) planned campgrounds where it
6. Mt. Carstenx Pyramid – Indonesia, Australasia region is close to a vehicle, with certain
(July 2011) amenities such as bathrooms
7. Vinson Massif – Antarctica (2012) and stores and emergency aid.
An example of this is camping
MOUNTAINEERING on the school ground or in a
Outdoor recreation such as mountaineering is considered a local park. Picnic tables are
growing recreational activity in the world and our country. It provided, the location of tents is
consists of different activities such as backpacking, climbing, specified, and fire rings are
hiking and trekking, camping and orienteering, or any physical designated. This may also
program that leads to wilderness trips. include travel-trailer camping.

Mountaineering, also called mountain climbing, is the sport of ii. Backcountry Camping
attaining or attempting to attain, high points in mountainous o It refers to being the opposite of
regions, mainly for growth areas of adventure tourism. It is an front-country camping because
adventurous sport based on physical activity, challenge, and there are no amenities are
risk-taking. readily available and motorized
vehicles cannot reach the
Although the public often cannot understand the reason why camping site. It will require
people participate in an outdoor adventure like mountaineering, some physical exertion such as
these activities are often engaged in because of some expected hiking or canoeing to travel to
rewards. Some researchers consider that the goals are rewards the location or t move from
of taking part in mountaineering probably are working in a team place to place.
and the close connection with the environment.
C. Orienteering
Overcoming a challenge by reaching the summit can also be  Refers to an outdoor activity where the
seen as rewarding. Engaging in regular moderate hiking participants' goal is finding the various
increases a person's overall health and results in longer life. checkpoints (with specific sequence) in a pre-set
course using an especially created detailed map
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MOUNTAINEERING ACTIVITIES and the compass to navigate in unfamiliar terrain.
A. Hiking and Trekking  Orienteering can be done as a fun recreational
 In mountaineering, we often hear the word hiking activity or a competitive sport requiring navigation
and trekking. We associate these terms with skills, techniques, and decision-making skills to
walking and backpacks. Most often, the terms are bring a person from one place to another at the
used interchangeably. In a stricter sense, the least time possible.
difference between the two lies in the intensity of
the activity.

AYUMAYUM, Korinne Adrianne I. – St. Juliana of Nicomedia

 HEALTH BENEFITS OF MOUNTAINEERING ACTIVITIES Foundation inc. (AOSPFI), it is forecasted
A. PHYSICAL HEALTH that last 2020 around 4 million Filipinos will be
Engaging in physical activity like mountaineering is very at high risk of osteoporosis.
important for staying healthy and fit. Mountaineering is one of o Bone, same as muscle, is a living tissue that
the outdoor adventure activities that deal with moderate to responds to exercise by becoming stronger.
strenuous physical activity and can be a promoter for staying fit People who exercise regularly generally
and healthy. It can also aid in reducing the risk of different achieve maximum bone density and strength
chronic diseases. than those who do not. Through regular
exercise, muscle strength, coordination, and
1. Prevent Heart-Related Diseases balance are being maintained and
o Ischemic heart disease is the top leading developed, which helps to prevent related
cause of death in the world with 8.76 million bone fractures.
numbers of death according to WHO.
Moreover, it remained the leading cause of 5. Prevents and Controls Diabetes
death globally last 15 years. While in the o Diabetes is a serious life-long health
Philippines, disease of the heart and vascular condition that occurs when the amount of
system were also the top 2 causes of death. glucose (sugar) in the blood is too high
o In mountaineering, we utilize both upper and because the body can’t use it properly.
lower muscle groups, our abdominal and leg o Regular exercise or physical activity including
muscle, lower and upper back, shoulders and hiking and trekking can help prevent diabetes
arms, all get exercised as well as our fingers. and protect the body from the degeneration
It can also have a positive impact on effects of diabetes.
cardiovascular (CHD), musculoskeletal,
metabolic, endocrine, and immune systems B. PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH
and is effective in the prevention of several Depression and stress are some of the common health
chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancers problems in today's world. But don't you know that a simple walk
hypertension, and osteoporosis. can change our entire mood, according to researches walking
can help reduce the level of stress. Also, researches show that
2. Weight Loss the component elements of hill-walking – physical activity,
o The best way to lose an excess pound and outdoor activity, pursuing a sporting challenge – can have a
improve fitness is to engage in positive impact on psychological well-being.
mountaineering activities. It is an expected
outcome of mountaineering at more extreme As a physical activity, hill walking might offer a range of
levels. psychological benefits. Biddle and Mutrie (2001:253) wrote: "the
o Longer trek and mountain walking can potential psychological benefits range from increasing a
contribute to the reduction and maintenance person's sense of confidence, control, and self-esteem,
of body weight, which can make a positive improving mood, increasing social opportunities, improving
contribution to physical health. cognitive function and improving quality of life".
o Baker (1980) found that mountaineering
reduced absolute body fat and lean body Apart from the physical aspect, mountain climbing and trekking
mass in a cohort of generally fit outdoor appear to develop a mental state a lot more than what we
education. perceived.
a. It supports us to focus on the present state.
3. Lower Blood Pressure b. It provides a sense of happiness, fulfillment, and
o Research has revealed that regular exercise contentment.
such as walking/trekking lowers systolic and c. It helps us to stay calm and reduce anxiety.
diastolic blood pressure by a mean of 10 d. It develops self-esteem.
mmHg. Specifically, walking lowers plasma e. It creates better perception and self-awareness.
norepinephrine which associates with blood f. It also helps in improving our creativity
pressure improvement.
o The Department of Health (DOH) THE LEAVE NO TRACE SEVEN PRINCIPLE
recommends 30 minutes of moderate level The Seven Principles of Leave No Trace provide an easily
activity (being the equivalent of brisk walking) understood framework of minimum impact practices for anyone
most days of the week for adults and 60 visiting the outdoors. Although Leave No Trace has its roots in
minutes for children. backcountry settings, the principles have been adapted so that
o According to the American Heart Association they can be applied anywhere from remote wilderness areas to
(AHA), it is best to walk vigorously for 30 to local parks and even in your backyard. They also apply to
60 minutes three to four times a week. Both almost every recreational activity. Each Principle covers a
short and long-term benefits can be attained specific topic and provides detailed information for minimizing
from low to moderate-intensity trekking. impacts.
These benefits are numerous, ranging from
feeling better through improved physical self- A. PLAN AHEAD AND PREPARE
perceptions to improved self-esteem; from  When outdoor visitors plan ahead and prepare, it
controlling obesity, hypertension, and helps to accomplish trip goals safely and
osteoporosis to preventing heart-related enjoyably while simultaneously minimizing
diseases. damage to the land. Poor planning often results in
a less enjoyable experience and damage to
4. Prevents Osteoporosis natural and cultural resources.
o Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by
low none mass and deterioration of bone  Why Is It Important To Plan Ahead and Prepare
tissue. This increased bone fragility and risk 1. It helps ensure the safety of groups and
of fracture (broken bones), particularly of the individuals.
hip, spine, wrist, and shoulder. According to 2. It prepares you to Leave No Trace and
the Osteoporosis Society of the Philippines minimizes resource damage.

AYUMAYUM, Korinne Adrianne I. – St. Juliana of Nicomedia

 3. It contributes to accomplishing trip goals o Concentrating travel on trails reduces
safely and enjoyably. the likelihood that multiple routes will
4. It increases self-confidence and develop and scar the landscape. It is
opportunities for learning more about better to have one well-designed route
nature. than many poorly chosen paths. Trail use
is recommended whenever possible.
 Seven Elements to Consider When Planning a Travelers should stay within the trail’s
Trip width and not shortcut trail switchbacks
1. Identify and record the goals (trail zigzags that climb hillsides).
(expectations) of your trip. o Travelers should provide space for other
2. Identify the skill and ability of trip hikers or stock if taking breaks along the
participants. trail. The principles of off-trail travel
3. Gain knowledge of the area you plan to should be practiced if the decision is
visit from land managers, maps, and made to move off-trail for breaks.
literature.
4. Choose equipment and clothing for  Travel off-Trail
comfort, safety, and Leave No Trace o All travel that does not utilize a designed
qualities. trail, such as travel to remote areas,
5. Plan trip activities to match your goals, searches for bathroom privacy, and
skills, and abilities explorations near and around campsites,
6. Evaluate your trip upon return note is defined as off-trail. Two primary factors
changes you will make next time increase how off-trail travel affects the
7. Other Elements to Consider land: durability of surfaces and
a. Weather vegetation and frequency of travel (or
b. Terrain group size).
c. Regulations/restrictions  Durability refers to the ability of
d. Land boundaries surfaces or vegetation to
e. Average skill and speed of the withstand wear or remain
group and anticipated food stable.
consumption (leftovers create  Frequency of use and large
waste which leaves a trace!) group size increases the
f. Group size (does it meet likelihood that a large area will
regulations, trip purpose, and be trampled or that a small area
Leave No Trace criteria?) will be trampled multiple times.

B. TRAVEL & CAMP ON DURABLE SURFACES  Surface Durability

 The goal of travel outdoors is to move through a. Rock, sand, and gravel
natural areas while avoiding damage to the land, b. Ice and snow
foliage, or waterways. Understanding how travel c. Vegetation
causes impacts is necessary to accomplish this d. Living soil
goal. Travel damage occurs when surface e. Desert puddles and mud holes
vegetation or communities of organisms are
trampled beyond recovery. After traveling to an  Camp on Durable Surfaces
area, we can have a significant effect on where we o Selecting an appropriate
decide to camp. The resulting barren area leads campsite is perhaps the most
to soil erosion and the development of undesirable important aspect of low-impact
trails or trampled areas. By understanding the backcountry use. It requires the
best practices to travel and camp on durable greatest degree of judgment
surfaces responsibly, we can minimize human and information and often
impact on outdoor spaces. involves making trade-offs
between minimizing ecological
 In popular areas and social impacts. A decision
1. Concentrate use on existing trails and about where to camp should be
campsites. based on information about the
2. Walk single file in the middle of the trail, level and type of use in the
even when wet or muddy. area, the fragility of vegetation
3. Keep campsites small. Focus activity in and soil, the likelihood of
areas where vegetation is absent. wildlife disturbance, an
assessment of previous
 In undisturbed areas impacts, and your party's
1. Disperse use to prevent the creation of potential to cause or avoid
campsites and trails. impact.
2. Avoid places where impacts are just
beginning. C. DISPOSE OF WASTE PROPERLY
3. Practice the Skills of this Principle  The waste humans create while enjoying outdoor
spaces can have severe impacts if not disposed
 Travel on Trails of properly. It is crucial to anticipate the types of
o Land management agencies construct waste you will need to dispose of and know the
trails to provide identifiable routes proper techniques for disposing of each type of
concentrating foot and stock traffic. waste in the area you are visiting. Leave No Trace
Constructed trails impact the land; encourages outdoor enthusiasts to consider the
however, they are a necessary response impacts they leave behind, which will undoubtedly
to the fact that people travel through affect other people, water, and wildlife.
natural areas.
AYUMAYUM, Korinne Adrianne I. – St. Juliana of Nicomedia
  This principle applies to everything from litter to  True Leave No Trace fires are small. Use dead
human waste to rinse water. Pack it in, pack it out. and downed wood that can be broken easily by
Inspect your campsite and rest areas for trash or hand. When possible, burn all wood to ash and
spilled foods. Pack out all trash, leftover food, and remove all unburned trash and food from the fire
litter. Always leave a place cleaner than you found ring. If a site has two or more fire rings, you may
it. Deposit solid human waste in catholes dug 6 to dismantle all but one and scatter the materials in
8 inches deep, at least 200 feet from water, camp, the surrounding area. Be certain all wood and
and trails. Cover and disguise the cathole when campfire debris are cold out.
finished. (Some highly impacted areas, like Muir
Base Camp on Mount Rainier or riverside F. RESPECT WILDLIFE
campsites in the Grand Canyon, require human  Whenever you are in an outdoor space, you are in
waste to be packed out, too.) To wash yourself or the natural habitat of many wild animals and
your dishes, carry water 200 feet away from should work to minimize your impact on them.
streams or lakes and use small amounts of Human impacts on wildlife can result in negative
biodegradable soap. Scatter strained dishwater. human-wildlife interactions, aggressive animals, a
decline in the ecosystem’s health, and relocated
D. LEAVE WHAT YOU FIND or euthanized animals. All these impacts can be
 The items we find in nature have a role to play, avoided if visitors respect wildlife on all outdoor
either in the ecosystem or the story of the trips.
landscape. Leaving what we find in place helps to  Quick movements and loud noises are stressful to
preserve both. Allow others a sense of discovery animals. Considerate campers practice these
by leaving rocks, plants, archaeological artifacts, safety methods:
and other objects of interest as you find them.  Observe wildlife from afar to avoid disturbing
 Allow others a sense of discovery, and preserve them.
the past. Leave rocks, plants, animals,  Give animals a wide berth, especially during
archaeological artifacts, and other objects as you breeding, nesting, and birthing seasons.
find them. Examine but do not touch cultural or  Store food securely and keep garbage and food
historical structures and artifacts. It may be illegal scraps away from animals so they will not acquire
to remove artifacts. bad habits. Never feed wildlife. Help keep wildlife
wild.
 Minimize Site Alterations  You are too close if an animal alters its normal
o Do not dig tent trenches or build lean-tos, activities.
tables, or chairs. Never hammer nails
into trees, hack at trees with hatchets or G. BE CONSIDERATE OF OTHER VISITORS
saws, or damage bark and roots by tying  One of the most important components of outdoor
horses to trees for extended periods. ethics is to maintain courtesy toward others. It
Replace surface rocks or twigs that you helps everyone enjoy their outdoor experience.
cleared from the campsite. On high- Excessive noise, uncontrolled pets, and damaged
impact sites, clean the area and surroundings detract from the natural appeal of
dismantle inappropriate user-built the outdoors. Being considerate of others ensures
facilities such as multiple fire rings and everyone can enjoy nature no matter how they
log seats or tables. interact with it.
o Good campsites are found, not made.  Thoughtful campers respect other visitors and
Avoid altering a site, digging trenches, or protect the quality of their experience.
building structures.  Travel and camp in small groups (no more than
the group size prescribed by land managers).
E. SURFACES MINIMIZE CAMPFIRE IMPACTS
 Let nature sounds prevail. Keep the noise down
 Once necessary for cooking and warmth, and leave radios, tape players, and pets at home.
campfires are steeped in history and tradition.  Select campsites away from other groups to help
Some people would not think of camping without preserve their solitude.
a campfire. Campfire building is also an essential
 Always travel and camp quietly to avoid disturbing
skill for every camper. Yet, the natural appearance
other visitors.
of many areas has been degraded by the overuse
 Make sure the colors of clothing and gear blend
of fires and increasing demand for firewood.
with the environment.
Moreover, wildfires continue to threaten outdoor
spaces and are primarily caused by humans. We  Respect private property and leave gates (open or
can minimize campfire impacts by keeping a few closed) as found.
key things in mind.  Be considerate of other campers and respect their
 Some people would not think of camping without privacy.
a campfire. Yet the naturalness of many areas has
been degraded by the overuse of fires and
increasing demand for firewood.
 Lightweight camp stoves make low-impact
camping possible by encouraging a shift away
from fires. Stoves are fast, eliminate the need for
firewood, and make cleanup after meals easier.
After dinner, enjoy a candle lantern instead of a
fire.
 Whenever possible, use an existing campfire ring
in a well-placed campsite. Choose not to have a
fire in areas where wood is scarce—at higher
elevations, in heavily used areas with a limited
wood supply, or desert settings.

AYUMAYUM, Korinne Adrianne I. – St. Juliana of Nicomedia

 WEEK 2: PLANNING OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES o After arranging out what you should bring to a
climb, the next step is to pack everything in. The
PLANNING best idea is to arrange them into categories, i.e.
 Deciding in advance what to be done in the future. Sleeping equipment, cooking equipment,
 It involves determination of goals as well as the activities clothing, protective gear, and the likes.
required to be undertaken to achieve the goals. o Remember to bring only what you need for that
particular climb.
OUTDOOR RECREATION ACTIVITY o Remember that the goal is to have a balanced
 An organized activity done during one’s free time for his/her pack.
own personal reasons, where an interaction between man o Following are the steps when packing your
and an element of nature is present backpack.

WHY PLANNING IS ESSENTIAL? Step 1: Set Out Items by Weight

a. To prevent accidents, injuries, and emergencies that may Hold each of your packing cubes to identify what
arise due to various reasons, over which the mountaineer/s weighs the most and which will be needed
has no control. often or will require quick access (for example
b. To experience a safe and enjoyable outdoor adventure rain gear, first aid, trail food, trail water, etc.)
activity. color-coding them can help you to remember
its utmost importance. If your backpack is a front
CAUSES OF ON ROAD ACCIDENTS (ORA) and top loading, place the first item through the
1. Inappropriate training top. The rest of the items can be placed in the
2. Lack of Basic Knowledge front-loading section as it will be easier to access.
3. Lack of Basic Skills
4. Poor Planning Step 2: Light Items in the Bottom
Light items must be packed at the bottom and
Injuries are possible in mountaineering, climbing, hill-walking, or away from the frame. Lightweight clothing, like a
any other sports activity. It may be due to inappropriate training sleeping bag or down jacket, should go into your
preparation, poor planning, or lack of basic knowledge and bag first. They are items that you will not need
skills. Accidents and emergencies may arise due to some to immediately.
circumstances over which the mountaineer has no control, and
in these events, good preparation in the right skills can make all Step 3: Heaviest Items in the Middle
the difference. Heavy items should be placed close to the frame.
Camp stove, tent, or electronics, if you aren't
Although the term mountaineering is often loosely applied to carrying an extra messenger bag for them, should
trekking uphill or low mountains that offer only moderate be placed in the middle of your bag. These items
difficulties in the Philippines, steer a certain amount of should have as much cushioning as possible
preparation or previews experience is considerably needed. to avoid breakage in transit.
Hence, basic knowledge and skills in planning outdoor activities
must be learned for a safe and enjoyable outdoor adventure Step 4: Medium Weight Items in the Top
activity. For a mountaineering expedition, you or your group Place what you'll need to access first at the top
must repair well ahead of it to make it safe, fun-filled, and of your packs like a jacket, umbrella, or a quick
successful. change of clothes for arrival.

A. ESSENTIAL EQUIPMENT Step 5: Outdoor Pockets

o Knowing and having the right equipment to be Smaller items like tissues, sunscreen, head
used in mountaineering is a must for any climbers. lamp/flashlight, and other essentials such as trail
o Using the right equipment and materials is very food and water should be placed in your outer
significant for a safe and successful trip. pockets for easy access. Make sure all items are
o In choosing the right equipment, especially for secured as it's easy for these smaller things to fall
those who are new to the sport, it is better to get out. That is yet another reason to classify
advice from experienced mountaineers first. smaller gear into combined pouches.
o Always remember that what works for you might
not work for others. Making their equipment Step 6: Adjust Straps and Belts
essential checklist is very much advisable. Below Make sure that the shoulder and waist straps
is a suggested checklist for basic mountaineering are pulled tightly close to your body because
activities. the more comfortable it will be, the easier it is for
you to carry your pack.
B. BACKPACKING
o The key to enjoying backpacking is to cut C. PHYSICAL PREPARATION
download as much as possible. Target for no o The key to a successful, effective, safe, and
more than 33% or 1/3 of your total body weight; enjoyable physical activity is proper preparation.
less is always better. o Mountaineering is not as easy as other fun and
o To get in the habit of weighing gear on a bathroom outdoor recreation activities. It is a vigorous
scale and knowing approximately how much all activity that requires weeks or months of physical
your things weigh. and mental preparation before a scheduled climb.
o All the necessary gadgets must leave behind. o One will engage in a physical activity program
o Your equipment should be lightweight, durable, such as mountaineering, knees, and adequate
and functional. This will save your weight in planning and preparation to help in reducing the
space and provide maximum comfort during a risk of injury and make the activity more enjoyable.
climb. o Some suggested different exercise activities for
o A good strategy before packing is to spread your physical preparation or jogging or running, indoor
things in an open space. This is to make sure that gym activities, biking swimming, aerobic dance
you will not forget a single item. exercises, and alike.

AYUMAYUM, Korinne Adrianne I. – St. Juliana of Nicomedia

 WEEK 3: ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS

WHAT ARE SOME OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS?

The mountains and wilderness have so much to offer to
people to enjoy and these include some animals and plants
which might impose some hazards to people. It is important to
know how to deal with the injuries they cause to people as this
may save lives.

PLANTS
Poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac are plants that
can cause an itchy rash upon contact. These plants have a
substance called the urushiol which causes the rash. The rash
usually disappears in one to three weeks.

The following are what should be done when one gets in contact
with this rash-causing substance:
A. If the plants left some stinging hairs, they have to be
removed fast as this is how the poison enters the body.
Various methods are used in removing them such as
duct tape (placing it on the area and logically the hairs
will stick to the tape) or tweezers. The important thing
to remember is not to rub them, as this will further the
spread of the substance.
B. Wash the exposed area with soap and warm water.
Washing it within 10 minutes upon contact can
significantly reduce the chances of allergic reaction.
C. Remove contaminated clothing, as the oil of the plant
can continue to spread from clothing.
D. Ease the itching discomfort by applying a cool
compress for 15-30 minutes.
E. Avoid topical antihistamine, anesthetics, and antibiotic
ointment – they can make skin more sensitive.
F. Put calamine lotion to alleviate itching.
G. If itchiness makes it difficult to sleep, give oral
antihistamine.

1. POISON IVY (Toxicodendron radicans)

 Poison ivy belongs to the family Anacardiaceae
(the Sunac family). It grows primarily in temperate
climates in the Americas and Asia. There are
about 30 species, and the majority are Asian,

LEAF TYPE:
a. Compound leaves with three leaflets
b. The stalk of the middle leaflet is much
longer than the stalks of the two side
leaflets
c. The edges can be smooth or coarsely
toothed
d. Surface can be glossy or dull

2. POISON OAK (Toxicodendron diversilobum)

 Poison oak, is a type of poisonous plants of the
cashew family (Anacardiaceae), native to North
America, and Pacific.
 Poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum) are
also found in western North America.

How to Identify Poison Oak

a. Poison oak is a low-growing, upright
shrub. It can grow to be about 3 feet tall,
sometimes giving it the appearance of a
vine.
b. Leaf shape resembles an oak leaf
(hence the name, poison oak), but it's not
a member of the oak family.
c. Leaflets have hairs on both sides, unlike
poison ivy.

AYUMAYUM, Korinne Adrianne I. – St. Juliana of Nicomedia

3. POISON SUMAC (Toxicodendron vernix) DOs DON’Ts
 Poison sumac, also called poison elder, is a 1. Call medical help 1. Do not suck out the
poisonous shrub or small tree of the cashew quickly. venom.
family (Anacardiaceae), native to swampy acidic 2. Do not cut bite site. 2. Do not apply tourniquet.
soils of eastern North America. The clear sap, Clean wound and apply 3. Do not elevate the
which blackens on exposure to air, contains pressure bandage to wounded area.
urushiol and is extremely irritating to the skin. bitten limb 4. Do not take aspirin, pain
3. Restrict movements reliever or traditional
 How to Identify Poison Sumac 4. Transport quickly to the remedies.
a. Poison sumac is a small tree that grows nearest hospital.
to about 30 feet tall
b. It has pinnate leaves, like a fern's leaf or WEATHER CONDITIONS
a feather. Each pinnate leaf has 9 to 13 1. LIGHTNING
leaflets on it, which are stationed  To save the life of a lightning strike victim, do the
opposite each other. following:
c. The green leaves are shaped like pointy, a. Call for help.
tapered ovals and may have peach-like b. While waiting the following:
fuzz on the underside. i. Assess situation. If necessary,
d. The stems of the leaf are reddish, but the move the victim to a safer and
bark of the rest of the plant is greyish. covered location. It is not a
usual case for victims to have
ANIMALS major broken bones unless
1. LEECHES they fell or have been thrown
 An aquatic or terrestrial annelid worm with suckers over long distances. In such
at both ends. Many species are bloodsucking cases of suspected fracture, do
parasites, especially of vertebrates, and others not move the patient if there is
are predators. no risk of aggravating the injury
 Leeches or locally called “limatik” or “alimatik” while waiting for help.
are common sights in the Philippine Forest. ii. A lightning strike may cause a
 Hikers usually come across a leech already heart attack so check if the
clinging and sucking blood on their skin, pulling it victim is breathing or has a
out is not advisable as it regurgitates (or “vomit pulse. If both are not present,
back”) the blood it has ingested or may worsen the then do CPR. If with a pulse but
wound. the victim is not breathing, then
 It is important to note that leeches when full just do rescue breathing until help
leave or fall off on their own. Usually applying arrives.
alcohol-based solution or flame (through lighter or iii. If the place is cold and wet, put
match stick) is a faster way for lech to fall off. a protective layer on the ground
Washing the wound, it has left is the only thing to to avoid the risk of hypothermia.
do. iv. Lightning also causes injuries
such as burns, shock, and
When a leech enters the mouth, throat, nose trauma. Treat each of the
and eye: injuries with first aid until help
a. Gargle with alcohol-based drinks arrives.
b. Remove leech by using tweezers.
c. "Others" just leave it until the leech WHAT ARE THE BASIC THINGS THAT WE MUST CARRY
leaves on its own. IN OUR FIRST AID KIT?
d. Let medical personnel remove it. First Aid Kit is set of materials and tools used for giving
e. An antihistamine may serve as first aid. emergency treatment to a sick or injured person.

2. SNAKE BITES FIRST AID KIT FOR MEDICATION

 A snake is a are limbless, elongated reptile that  Assorted adhesive  Pain-reliever
evolved from lizards. All snakes are carnivorous bandages (paracetamol,
animals and many species produce venom which  Butterfly ibuprofen)
helps to kill their prey. bandages/adhesive  Insect-sting (calamine
 The mere sight of snakes would likely scare  Wound-closure stripe lotion)
people and make them panic. Snakes are part of  Gauze pads (various  Antihistamine
the natural environment and we have to learn sizes)  Antiseptic solution and
ways of respecting them. However, snakes, just  Nonstick sterile pads towelette
like other animals, attack as part of their defensive  Medical adhesive tape  Antibacterial ointment
instinct.  Athletic tape  Calamine lotion
 Not all snakes are venomous, in fact, according to  Blister treatment  Compound tincture or
the World Health Organization (“Venomous  Splinter (fine-point) benzoin
snakes,” 2010) of the 3000 species of snake, only tweezer  Aloe vera gel
600 are venomous.  Safety pins  Anti-diarrhea & laxative
 Cotton  Antacids
Venomous Non-Venomous 
 Disposable gloves Hydrocortisone cream
Triangular-shapes head Round head 
 Plastic bags (different Cough & cold
Elliptical eye pupil Round eye pupil sizes) medication Anti-malarial
Single row scale Double row scale  Multipurpose utility tool medication
Usually 2 dots Multiple dots Clinical thermometer  Insect repellant
 Ear plugs  Emollient (eye drops)
 Whistle  Sunscreen
AYUMAYUM, Korinne Adrianne I. – St. Juliana of Nicomedia
 WHAT ARE THE EMERGENCY NUMBERS IN THE
PHILIPPINES?
The national emergency number of the Philippines used to be
117 or sometimes called PATROL 117 which was managed by
the Department of the Interior and Local Government and calls
will be answered by Philippine National Police. However,
effective August 1, 2016, 117 was changed to 911. Each region
and local government also have specific emergency numbers
and each one should search, write, and save the numbers. You
can find the other emergency hotlines on the government
website.

PAGASA 433-8526
BUREAU OF FIRE PROTECTION (BFP) 729-5166
PHILIPPINE RED CROSS 911-1876
PHILIPPINES COAST GUARD 527-6136
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP) 117
MMDA FLOOD CONTROL 882-4177
NDRRMC 911-1406

AYUMAYUM, Korinne Adrianne I. – St. Juliana of Nicomedia