COMMUNITY MEDICINE

PRACTICAL-1

SPOTTINGS

MANAS RANJAN SAHU

M B B S 4 TH Y E A R , V I M S A R , B U R L A
1. VACCINE & COLD CHAIN
2. NUTRITION
3. CONTRACEPTION
4. ENVIRONMENT & ENTOMOLOGY
5. BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
• Vaccines & cold chain equipment
6. NATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMMES
• Contraceptives
7. MISCELLANEOUS
• Entomology
• Nutrition (specimen)
• Antimalarial, antiretroviral,
antitubercular drugs,MDT
• Charts-growth chart
bar diagram
pie diagram
 VACCINE
&
COLD CHAIN
• Identify the given spot
• What is the schedule of this vaccine in NIS?
• What is the dose & route for this vaccine in NIS?
• Which type of vaccine is this?
• What is the diluent used for reconstitution of this
vaccine?
• Write 2 contraindications of this vaccine.

• Identify the given spot

• Write its use in public health.
• Where is the following instrument located in
primary health care system?
• What is the temperature inside the instrument.
• What is its use in National Health Program?
 BCG

At birth 0.1 mL, Intradermal,

Left Upper Arm
DPT
PENTAVALENT [DPT, HepB, Hib
IPV
TETANUS
 HepB

0.5 mL i.m anterolateral thigh

Birth dose, (then in Pentavalent
vaccine)
• Toxoid vaccine- derived from
surface antigen
• Sub unit vaccine
• Saccharomyces cerevisae
COVISHIELD VACCINE- COVID
VACCINE-
VVM- Vaccine Vial Monitor
 VITAMIN A SOLUTION

Vitamin A (VA) is an essential nutrient needed in small

amounts for the normal functioning of the visual system,
growth and development, maintenance of epithelial cellular
integrity, immune function and reproduction.

Severe deficiency of VA is known to produce corneal

xerophthalmia, keratomalacia and blindness in children.

Vitamin A solution should be administered using only the

spoon/dispenser provided with each bottle. The half mark
in the
spoon indicates 100,000 IU and a level full spoon
contains 200,000
IU of Vitamin A.
 100000 IU at 9 months with measles immunization,
 200000 IU at16-18 months, with DPT booster and
 200000 IU every 6 months, up to the age of 5 years.
 RABIES VACCINE
Vaccines
1. Cell Culture Vaccines
Human Diploid Cell Vaccine (HDCV)
Purified Chick Embryo Cell Vaccine (PCEC)
Purified Vero Cell Rabies Vaccine (PVRV)
2. Purified Duck Embryo Vaccine:

INTRA-MUSCULAR (IM) REGIMEN

Essen Schedule:
This is a five dose intramuscular regimen.
The course for post-exposure prophylaxis should consist of
intramuscular
administration of five injections on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28.
-deltoid region.

INTRA-DERMAL (ID) REGIMEN

Updated Thai Red Cross Schedule (2-2-2-0-2).
This involves injection of 0.1ml of reconstituted vaccine per ID site
and on two such ID sites per visit (one on each deltoid area, an inch
above the insertion of deltoid muscle) on days 0, 3, 7 and 28. The day
0 is the day of first dose administration of IDRV and may not be the
day of rabies exposure/animal bite.
equine RIG (immunoglobulin)
NUTRITION
• What is the caloric content of the given spot (per 100 gm)
• The given item is a good source of_____
• What is the protein & energy content
• What are the limiting aminoacids of the given item
• What is the public health importance of the given item
CEREALS
RICE
 Rice belongs to food group of cereals..
 Rice is high in energy (345Kcal /
100g). The protein content is moderate, 7.8g %.

 Rice is also fairly rich in thiamine, riboflavin and niacin.

 It is a poor source of Vit A, D and C. It is poor in

Calcium and Iron as well.

• Rice kernels do not contain vitamin A, so people who

obtain most
of their calories from rice are at risk of vitamin A deficiency.
•
PAR-BOILED RICE
Description
• Partial cooking of rice in steam is an ancient Indian
technique of
preserving the nutritive quality of rice.

Procedure
• In this process paddy is soaked in hot water (60-700C)
for 4 hours,which swells the grain.
• This is followed by draining the water and steaming the
paddy for
10 minutes which is then dried and later home pounded
or milled.
Importance
• During the steaming process a greater part of vitamins
andminerals, present in the outer aleurone layer of the
rice grains are driven into inner endosperm.
• This process preserves the nutrients of brawn layer
especially vitamin B1 (Thiamine). It also improves the
keeping quality and
makes grain insect resistant.
Wheat
Description
• The calorie content of wheat is almost as that of rice i.e about
346
Kcal / 100g.
 The protein content is higher than that of rice i.e 11.8g%.

 The quality of protein is however poor as it is deficient in

the essential amino acids lysine and threonine.

• The whole grain wheat flour is richer source of Vitamin B than

refined white flour
Uses
• It is used to make flour, maida for bread, dalia and suji to
make
various savouries.
MAIZE
It is energy yielding cereal with 342 Kcal /100g.
Yellow variety of maize contains significant amount of
carotenoid
pigments.
The protein per 100gm of maize is approximately
11gm.
Maize is fairly rich in fat, 3.6 %.
It is a good source of the B vitamins, thiamin, niacin,
pantothenic acid (B5) and folate.
In moderate amounts, they also supply dietary fiber
and the
essential minerals, magnesium and phosphorus.
Disadvantages
The quality of protein is poorer as it is deficient in
tryptophan and lysine.
It also contains excess leucine which interferes with
conversion of
tryptophan to niacin.
Thus maize eaters may face the deficiency of niacin
and a higher
risk of pellagra.
RAGI /Finger Millet
Description
• Ragi is a popular millet in Andhra and Karnataka. It is an
important weaning food. It is the cheapest among millets
.
• The nutritive value is as follows:-
o Provides 328 Kcal / 100g
o Protein 7.3g/100g

• Ragi is rich in calcium.

BAJRA /Pearl Millet
Description
• Bajra forms the staple food of large sections of North
India.
• It is deficient in lysine and Threonine.
Public health importance
• The iron content of Bajra is the highest among all
cereals
8mg/100gm.
• Bajra contains significant amount of B group vitamins
and
minerals such as calcium and iron.
• It is used in Rajasthan, Gujarat and some parts of
Maharashtra as
porridge. It is also used to make flour for chappatis.
MUSTARD SEEDS
• It is widely used in North India as cooking oil.
• 480 Kcal

• Mustard seeds are an excellent source of essential B-complex

vitamins such as folates, niacin, thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine
(vitaminB-6), pantothenic acid.
• Contamination / Adulteration with argemone oil may result in

Epidemic dropsy due to sanginarine, a toxic alkaloid present in

Argemone oil,

 Epidemic dropsy is of public health importance

Preventive measures
• Strict enforcement of prevention of food adulteration act.
Detection tests
1. Nitric acid test
2. Paper chromatography test.
 Argemone Seeds

For contamination / Adulteration with

Mustard seeds
-Epidemic dropsy due to sanginarine, a toxic
alkaloid present in Argemone oil,
Epidemic dropsy is of public health
importance
Preventive measures
Strict enforcement of prevention of food
adulteration act.
Detection tests
1. Nitric acid test
2. Paper chromatography test.
GROUND NUT
Ground nut contains 40% fat, 27% Protein and nicotinic acid –
14mg%.
Composition 100g of groundnut contains - 567 Kcal
- 90mg of calcium
- 2.5mg of Iron
It is a good source of Thiamine (B1) and Riboflavin (B2).
Groundnuts resemble other pulse in general nutritive value,
except
that they are rich in fat. The whole seed contains about 40% fat,
twice the amount in Soyabean.
The chief product is the oil, which can be used either as
cooking
oil or for making margarine and soap. The secondary product is
the
residue or cake left after the expression of the oil. It is also
purified
and used in supplementary mix.
The major proteins of groundnut are arachin and conarachine
which is lacking in lysine and methionine.

Public health importance

Aspergillus poisoning is common if stored improperly. This
fungus
infests groundnuts and produce aflatoxins of which B1 and G1
are
the most potent hepatotoxins.
Ensure proper storage
CONTRACEPTION
• Identify the given spot
• Write one non contraceptive use
• What is the failure rate of given spot
• Write 2 contraindications of using this contraceptive
• Write the content composition of this tablet
• Write 2 side effects of this contraceptive
 NIRODH-CONDOM
Condoms are physical barrier
contraceptive devices and available in
lubricated form
NIRODH in India is provided free of cost by the
Government of India through
hospitals, PHCs and sub-centers.

Mechanism of action: Condoms prevent sperm from

meeting the ovum thereby preventing fertilization. The
average shelf life is 5 years from date of manufacture
and they should be stored in cool and dry place.

Advantages: Condoms are easily available, cheap and

easy to use
and they have no side effects. Condoms are very good
Failure rate: The total “slippage” and choice as
“breakage” rate is 4% to 9%. temporary method, especially for couples in who use of
The average failure rate is 12% to 14%, but if OCPs and
correctly used, it may IUDs is not indicated among the female partner.
be as low as 3%. Concurrent use of According to NFHS
spermicidal jelly will further 3, 5.3% of eligible couples are using condoms.
reduce the failure rate.
MINI PILL
 COMBINED PILLS-ORAL PILLS
OCPs are one of the highly effective temporary contraceptive methods
with a low failure rate of <1%. They are hormonal pills containing
synthetic estrogen and progestogen. They should be taken orally for
21
consecutive days beginning on the 5th day of menstrual cycle.
Mechanism of action: Hormones present in the pills affect
ovulation, makes endometrium unfavorable for implantation
and alters cervical mucus thickness which prevents sperm
entry.
Under the National Family Welfare Programme they are produced in
two names: Mala-D and Mala-N. Both of the brands contain
Levonorgestrol 0.15 mg and Ethinyl estradiol 0.03 mg. While Mala-N
is provided free of cost, Mala- D is available at subsidized rates in our
country. According to NFHS 3, 3% of eligible couples are using it.

Advantages: Low failure rate, easy Disadvantages: They may cause breast
administration, protection against tenderness, venous thrombosis,
fibrocystic disease, fibroadenoma of cervical cancer, hepatocellular adenoma,
the breast, ovarian cyst, iron weight gain and headache.
deficiency anemia, PID, ectopic Contraindicated in women with Ca breast,
pregnancy and ovarian cancer are the liver diseases, history of
main advantages. thromboembolism, abnormal uterine
bleeding.
 COPPER-T
Copper-T is a second generation Intra Uterine
Contraceptive Device (IUCD). It is a T shaped device
with copper wire around it and a pair of threads which
comes out of cervical os, into vaginal canal after the
Copper-T has been inserted.
Mechanism of action: They act by inducing mild
inflammatory
changes and foreign body reaction in the endometrium,
prevent sperm
from fertilizing the ovum, and even if fertilization occurs,
make the
uterine environment inhospitable for the implantation.

Copper T 380 A is currently provided under the National

Family Welfare programme. It contains copper and silver.
The copper has an exposed area of 380sq mm and
hence the name Cu-T 380 A. It can be left in situ for
ten years. NFHS- 3 had estimated that 1.8% of married
women are using IUCD.
Advantages: IUCDs are suitable for
breastfeeding women, not user
dependent, inexpensive and do not interfere with
intercourse.
Disadvantages: Includes requirement of trained
person for insertion,
bleeding, expulsion, pain, infections, perforation
and ectopic pregnancy.

Contraindications:
Absolute contraindications are PID,
suspected
pregnancy, undiagnosed vaginal
bleeding, Ca cervix or uterus, previous
ectopic pregnancy.

Relative contraindications are anemia,

menorrhagia,
purulent cervical discharge, distorted
uterine cavity, unmotivated
persons.
ENTOMOLOGY
• Identify the spot
• Name one method of its control
• Identify, identifying feature
• Name the diseases it can transmit
• Write its use in public health
SANDFLY
Characteristic features
It is a light, brown coloured, smaller than mosquito, hairy
insect.
The wings are lanceolate shaped and kept vertically at rest
and
legs are comparatively longer than the body.
Public health importance
Species Disease transmitted
Phlebotomus argentipes -Kala-azar
Ph. Papatasi-- Sandfly fever
Ph. Sergenti --Oriental sore
Ph. Intermedius-- Espundia
Control measures
It include keeping the places clean, especially cow sheds
and
surroundings, DDT spraying, plastering of cracks and
crevices
and clearing vegetation and shrubs and keeping cattle shed
away
from human habitation.
 male anopheles

Male
The male anopheles has antennae with bushy hairs. The
maxillary palpi are of equal length to the proboscis. Club
shaped palpi are present only in the male.
Female
The female anopheles has antennae with small hairs
(nonbushy
antenna). The maxillary palpi are equal in length to
the proboscis. The maxillary palpi tips are Pointed & not
club
shaped. ADULT ANOPHELES MOSQUITO
FEMALE
Characteristic features
The proboscis and palpi are equal in length, palpi are pointed,
proboscis is in straight line with the body, wings are spotted and
antennae are not hairy.
Public health importance
This is an important vector for transmission of malaria in India.
Control measures
Anti-larval measures: Environmental, chemical and biological
control.
Anti-adult measures: Residual spray, space spray and genetic
control.
Personal protection: Mosquito net, screening and repellents.
 Male
The male culex mosquito has antennae with bushy
hairs.
The maxillary palpi in male are longer than proboscis,
they bend outwards (acuminate) with pointed tips.
Female
The female culex mosquito has antennae that are non
bushy with small hairs and the maxillary palpi in female
are very much reduced in size and about one third the
length of proboscis.
FEMALE ADULT CULEX MOSQUITO
Characteristic features
It has well built body with stouter legs and wings of uniform
colour. They can fly for long distance, their body lies parallel with
surface at rest and the body exhibits a hunch back. Maxillary palpi
are shorter in female and have non-bushy antennae.
Public health importance
It is the vector for Bancroftian filariasis, Japanese Encephalitis,
West Nile fever and viral fevers.
Control measures
Anti-larval measures: Environmental, chemical and biological
control.
Anti-adult measures: Residual spray, space spray and genetic
control.
Personal protection: Mosquito net, screening and repellents.
 Male
The male aedes mosquito has antennae with bushy
hairs.
The maxillary palpi in male are longer than proboscis,
they bent outwards (acuminate) with pointed tips.
Female
The female aedes mosquito has antennae that are non
bushy with small hairs and the maxillary palpi in female
are very much reduced in size and about one third the
length of proboscis.

FEMALE ADULT AEDES MOSQUITO

Characteristic features
The wings of this mosquito are not speckled and of uniform
colour,
presence of white stripes on a black body, tarsal segment of
legs
with prominent, black and white bands and maxillary palpi are
shorter in female.
The females are fearless biters and they bite mainly during
the day.
Public health importance
It is a vector for dengue, DHF, chickungunya, rift valley fever,
filarial and yellow fever (not in India).
Control measures
Anti-larval measures: Environmental, chemical and biological
control.
Anti-adult measures: Residual spray, space spray and
genetic
control.
RAT FLEA
Characteristic features
The body of the flea is divided into head, thorax and
abdomen.
There are three pairs of strong legs attached to the
thorax. The
flea has no wings.
Fleas are found on their normal hosts and in the
nests, burrows
and lairs of their hosts. They are also found in the
dwellings, on
the ground, in cracks and crevices, and under carpets.
Both the
sexes bite and suck blood.
Public health importance
Fleas transmit plague, endemic or murine typhus,
chiggerosis and hymenolepis diminuta. The disease is
transmitted by biting,
mechanically and by defecation.

Control measures
It includes use of malathion powder, cyanogas
fumigation to kill
fleas as well as rodents, repellents like diethyltoluamide
and
environmental measure like rat proofing houses and
godowns.
ADULT HOUSE FLY
Characteristic features
Musca domestica is the most common of all domestic flies. The
adults are 8–12 mm long. Their thorax is gray, with four
longitudinal dark lines on the back. The females are slightly larger
than the males
Transmission
It occurs through external carriage system where pathogens are
transmitted mechanically and internal carriage system where
pathogens are transmitted through vomit-drops and excreta. It
transmits variety of disease agent including bacteriae, viruses,
protozoa, ova and cysts.
Control measures
It includes improvement of environmental sanitation, control of
housefly by insecticidal use, baits and trapping. Defensive
measures include screening, food hygiene and repellents.
HEAD LICE
Characteristic features
Lice are small wingless ectoparasites of mammals
and birds. The body of a louse is flattened dorso-
ventrally, and is divided into head, thorax and abdomen.
The last abdominal segment is bifid in females and
rounded off in males.
Public health importance
It transmits Epidemic typhus, Relapsing fever, Trench
fever.
Control measures
The present recommended treatment is a lotion
containing 0.5
per cent malathion. The lotion should be left on for 12 to
24
hours when the hair can be washed. Malathion, if
correctly used,
will kill lice and nits.
Dust containing carbaryl is also effective as louse
powder.
Delousing procedures should be accompanied by
improvements
in personal hygiene.
ITCH MITE
Characteristic features
Sarcoptes scabiei (female) burrows into epidermis &
causes the
condition called Scabies. It measures 0.4mm in size with
no
demarcation. Body surface shows folds with short bristles.
Have
4 pairs of legs with front legs ending in suckers.
Public health importance
Scabies classically affects hands and wrists (63%),
extensor
aspect of elbow (11%). Other sites include axilla, buttocks,
palms, feet, abdomen etc.
Control measures
It is essential to treat all affected household members
simultaneously. Agents used for treatment are Benzyl
benzoate
25%, HCH 0.5 to 1%, Tetmosol 5% solution, and Sulphur
ointment 2.5 to 10%.
HARD TICK
Characteristic features
Body of a tick is not distinctly separated into head,
thorax &
abdomen. They have four pairs of legs and no
antennae. The
hard ticks are covered on their dorsal surface by a
chitinous
scutum. They have a head at anterior end.
The hard ticks feed both night and day and cannot
stand
starvation.
Public health importance
They transmit tick typhus, viral encephalitis, viral
fevers, viral
haemorrhagic fevers, tularaemia, tick paralysis.
Control measures
Offensive measures include disinfestations of animals
by
insecticides such as lindane or malathion.
Defensive measures include protective clothing and
corrective
measures include removal of shrubs and vegetation
and health
education.
SOFT TICK
Characteristic features
Body of a tick is not distinctly separated into head, thorax &
abdomen. They have four pairs of legs and no antennae.
Scutum
is absent in soft ticks. They have a head on underside that is
entirely invisible from above.
Soft ticks can withstand starvation for several months. And
they
hide in cracks and crevices during the day and emerge at night
to
feed on the host.
Ticks attach themselves to host by means of rostrum & suck
blood.
Public health importance
Ticks transmit disease by biting. They transmit Q fever,
Relapsing fever and KFD.
Control measures
Offensive measures include disinfestations of animals by
insecticides such as lindane or malathion.
Defensive measures include protective clothing and corrective
measures include removal of shrubs and vegetation and health
education.
ENVIRONMENT
 Permethrin -MOSQUITO REPELLENTS

-Permethrin products are intended for use on items

such as clothing, shoes, bed nets and camping gear
and should not be applied to skin.

Repellants are usually effective only for a short

period of 8-10
hours except permethrin which is effective for 1 to 3
weeks.
 MALATHION

Malathion is an organophosphate parasympathomimetic

which binds irreversibly to cholinesterase.
used as a pesticide in agriculture, public recreation areas,
and in public health pest control programs such as mosquito
eradication.
It is used in indoor residual spraying under NVBDCP for
the control of malaria where vector has shown resistance to
DDT.
It is sprayed at a dose of 2 kg in 10 litres of water for
500m2and has a residual effect for 6-8 weeks.
It is the least toxic of all organophosphorus compounds.
Low volume spray of malathion is used for killing adult
mosquitoes to prevent or interrupt dengue-hemorrhagic fever
and
mosquito-borne encephalitis epidemics.
Malathion in low doses (0.5% preparations) is used in
treatment of
scabies and pediculosis.
BIOMEDICAL
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
 BIOMEDICAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT COLOUR CODING
INSTRUCTIONS
• Which categories of biomedical wastes are disposed
off in this bag
• What is the disposal mechanism
• Which type wastes can not be disposed by this
method
NATIONAL
HEALTH
PROG RAMMES
• Identify
• Write the national health program under which it is
used
• Write the content composition
• Write its dose for adult national health program
• Write its use in public health
SAANS
MCH
MISCELL ANEOUS
 F-75 DIET F-100 DIET

Milk -300ml Milk -900ml

Sugar- 100gms Sugar- 75gms
Veg oil- 20gms Veg oil -20gms
Powdered Puffed rice- 35gms Water to make up to 1000ml
Water to make up to 1000ml

ENERGY 75Kcal/100ml ENERGY 100Kcal/100ml

PROTEIN 0.9gm/100ml PROTEIN 2.9gm/100ml
RUTF- Ready to use
therapeutic Food

RUSF- Ready to use

supplementary food
IRON AND FOLIC ACID TABLETS

IFA tablets given to pregnant women in India

contain 60mg elemental iron and 500 microgram
folic acid.

- Given for 6 months before and 6 months after

delivery.

- 1 tab for 180 days

- If anemic 2 tabs for 180 days
 MUAC- Mid upper Arm Circumference

-Interpretation of MUAC(6-59 months)

Colour zone MUAC Nutritional status

Measurement
Green ≥12.5 cm Normal

yellow 11.5 to 12.4 cm Moderate acute

malnutrition

Red <11.5 cm Severe acute

MUAC/Shakir’s malnutrition
tape
HOW TO MEASURE MUAC ?
• Measured on the upper left arm
• Child’s elbow is flexed to 90 degree
• Locate mid point between end of the shoulder(acromian) and tip of
elbow(olecranon).
• The arm is then allowed to hang freely,palm towards thigh,then the MUAC
Is measured at the marked point by means of a measuring tape.
INFANTOMETER- for measuring the length
of young infants.
WHO/ISH Risk prediction chart for
cardiovascular diseases/ HYPERTENSION.
ISH- International Society of Hypertension
HARPENDEN CALIPERS

- measurement of skin folds thickness

and the girth measurement of small joints
such as the condyle
processes at the ankle, wrist, knee and
elbow.
Nevirapine belongs to a class of drugs
known as non-nucleoside reverse
transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)

-used to treat and prevent HIV/AIDS,

specifically HIV-1
 ANTI- TB DRUGS
Under Revised National Tuberculosis Control
Programme
“DOTS” strategy (Directly Observed Treatment
Short course) is
followed for treatment of tuberculosis.

Drugs are supplied in Patient - Wise Boxes

(PWB) containing the
full course of treatment and packaged in blister
packs

The most important drugs used in the

treatment of TB are Isoniazid
(H), Rifampicin (R), Pyrazinamide (Z),
Streptomycin (S) and
Ethambutol (E).
 National Leprosy Eradication
Programme is following the
WHO
recommended multi drug
therapy for leprosy treatment.
The standard regimen for Multibacillary
(MB) leprosy is
Rifampicin-600 mg once a month,
Dapsone-100 mg daily,
Clofazimine-300 mg once a month and 50
mg daily for 12
months.
The standard regimen for Paucibacillary
(PB) leprosy is
MULTI DRUG THERAPY- Rifampicin-600 mg once a month,
LEPROSY Dapsone-100 mg daily for six
months.

Adverse effects of rifampicin include anorexia, nausea,

vomiting
and abdominal pain. Orange colored urine is a common side
effect
of rifampicin which should be explained to the patient.
Adverse effects of dapsone include hepatitis,
agranulocytosis,
peripheral neuropathy, hemolytic anemia and lepra reaction.
Adverse effects of clofazimine are darkish red coloration of
skin,
mucous membranes, urine and sweat.
 DISINFECTION
Disinfection- It is the process of killing of infectious agents outside
the
body by direct exposure to chemical or physical agents. It is the
process
of elimination of
Disinfectants aremost pathogenic
substances micro
which organisms
destroys (excluding
harmful bacterial
microbes (not
spores) on inanimate objects
usually spores) with the object of preventing transmission of disease.
Different disinfectants have different target ranges, not all
disinfectants
can kill all micro organisms. Disinfectants are suitable for application
to inanimate objects. Disinfectants in low solution act as antiseptics.
Antiseptics: Substance which destroys or inhibits the growth of
micro
organism. Antiseptics are suitable for application to living tissues.
Antisepsis is the use of chemicals (antiseptics) to make skin or
mucus
Deodorant-These
membranes devoidare substancesmicro
of pathogenic whichorganisms.
suppress or neutralize
bad
odours. eg. lime and bleaching powder.
Detergent: Surface cleaning agent which acts by lowering surface
tension .eg. Soap

Sterilization: Process of destroying all life including spores

Decontamination: Process of removal of contaminating pathogenic

microorganisms from the articles by a process of sterilization or
disinfection. It is the use of physical or chemical means to remove,
inactivate, or destroy living organisms on a surface so that the
organisms are no longer infectious.

Sanitization: Process of chemical or mechanical cleansing,

applicable
in public health systems. Usually used by the food industry. It
reduces
Asepsis
microbes isonthe employment
eating of safe,
utensils to techniques (suchlevels
acceptable as usage of
for public
gloves,
health. air
filters, UV rays etc) to achieve microbe – free environment.
 BLEACHING POWDER
Bleaching powder is a white powder that is usually a
mixture of calcium chloride hypochlorite; calcium
hypochlorite, and calcium chloride.
It can be prepared by reacting calcium hydroxide or
slaked lime, Ca(OH)2, with chlorine gas, CI 2.
A good sample of bleaching powder contains about 33
% of
available chlorine.
Uses
It is widely used as a disinfectant of water, feces and urine and as a
deodorant.
It kills most of the organisms when used in the strength of 1 to 3 %
A 5% solution (3 to 4 rounded tablespoon to 1 litre of water) is
suitable for disinfection of feces and urine allowing a period of one
hour for disinfection
Drawbacks
Chief drawback of bleaching powder is that it is unstable compound and
loses its chlorine content on storage.
Its action is rapid but brief.
Thank you