PAPER INTRODUCE TO LINGUISTIC
By sixth group
1. Bayu Anggara Putra 2313042087
2. Liyana Adilah 2353042010
ENGLISH DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITAS OF LAMPUNG
2023
PREFACE
All praise and gratitude to Allah SWT and do not forget shalawat and salam we devote to the great
prophet Muhammad SAW because of his struggle we can feel the blessings of faith and Islam so that we
can his struggle that we can feel the blessings of faith and Islam so that we can complete the paper
assignment on learner development taught by Mrs. Lilis Shalihah, M.Pd the paper we made is certainly
far from perfect. Therefore, criticism and suggestions are very much expected to improve the papers
that will be made In the future.
The author realizes that in writing this paper there are still many mistakes and shortcomings.This is
solely due to the limited ability of the of the compiler himself. The authors hope that the writing of this
paper is useful. Especially for the authors themselves, generally for the readers.
Bandar Lampung, 1 March 2024
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER
PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Of The Paper
1.2 Questions Of The Paper
1.3 Purpose Of The Paper
CHAPTER II
2.1 Definition Of Morphology
2.2 Types Of Morphemes
2.2.1 Free Morphemes
2.2.1.1 Lexical Morphemes
2.2.1.2 Functional Morphemes
2.2.2 Bound Morphemes
2.2.2.1 Inflectional Morphemes
2.2.2.2 Derivational Morphemes
CHAPTER III CONCLUSION
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Of The Paper
Language is the primary tool in communication, allowing humans to convey ideas, emotions and
information in very complex and varied ways. Behind the diversity of the world's languages lies a
complex structure in the formation of words. In the study of linguistics, one aspect that becomes an
important focus is morphology, a branch of science that studies the structure and formation of words in
a language.In the context of morphology, there are two main domains of concern, namely free and
bound morpheme.
Understanding the difference between free and bound morpheme has important implications in
linguistic analysis and language learning. In linguistic analysis, this understanding helps in understanding
the structure of language and the way words are formed in a language. Moreover, in the context of
language learning, an understanding of free and bound morpheme helps learners in understanding the
deeper structure of language and developing their ability to use language appropriately.
1.2 Question Of The Problems
1. What is morphology?
2. What are the types of morphology?
3. How to use morphology?
1.3 Purpose Of The Paper
1. Know the meaning of morphology
2. Know the types of morphology
3.Know how to use morphology
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
2.1 Definition Of Morphology
Morphology is the studi about how words are formed and varied. It studies the relationship between
morphemes, and how morphemes can be put together to create new words, or new forms of the stem
word.A morpheme is the smallest part of a word that still has a meaning. For example, the word tree is a
morpheme, but if you shorten it to tr or ee, it loses all meaning.
2.2 Types Of Morphology
There are two types of morphemes: free morphemes and bound morphemes.
2.2.1 Free Morphemes
Free morpheme is a morpheme that occurs alone , carries meaning as a word and don't need to be
attached to any other morphemes to get their meaning. They can be simple words or content words,
such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, which carry lexical meaning.
Examples of free morphemes include words like “book,” “run,” and “happy.”
The free morphemes fall into two categories:
2.2.1.1 Lexical Morphemes
Lexical morphemes are words that give us the main meaning of a sentence, text or conversation. these
words can be nouns, adjectives and verbs. Examples of lexical morphemes include:
- house
- book
- tree
- panther
- loud
- quiet
2.2.1.1 Functional Morphemes
Functional morphemes are mostly words that have a functional purpose, such as linking or referencing
lexical words. Functional morphemes include prepositions, conjunctions, articles and pronouns.
Examples of functional morphemes include:
- and
- but
- when
- because
- on
- in
- the
- that
- it
2.2.2 Bound Morphemes
Bound Morphemes is a morpheme that cannot stand alone with meaning and must occur with other
morphemes to create a complete word.
The most common example of bound morphemes are suffixes, such as -s, -er, -ing, and -est.
The bound morphemes fall into two categories:
2.2.2.1 Inflectional Morphemes
An inflectional morpheme is a suffix that’s added to a word to assign a particular grammatical property
to that word.However, an inflectional morphology can never change the grammatical category of a
word.For example, adding a ‘-s’ to the verb plural verb ‘run’ can make this verb singular. Similarly,
adding ‘-ed’ to the verb dance creates the past tense of the verb (danced).
Some more examples are as follows:
Notice + ed = noticed
Plain + er = plainer
Nice + est = nicest
Crease +s = creases
Broke + en = broken
Lack + ing = lacking
An inflectional morpheme was added to each word, but it did not alter the word’s class. In other words,
the nouns remained nouns (crease/ creases), the adjectives remained adjectives (nice/ nicest), and the
verbs remained verbs (noticed/ noticed). Instead, the inflectional morphemes simply changed the
words' form to reflect tense, number, superlative form and so on.
2.2.2.2 Derivational Morphemes
Derivational morphology is the study of the formation of new words that differ either in syntactic
category or in meaning from their bases. Thus, a derivational morpheme is an affix we add to a word in
order to create a new word or a new form of a word. Moreover, a derivational morpheme can either
change the meaning or the grammatical category of the word. For example,
Change in Meaning
Leaf + let = Leaflet
Pure + im = Impure
hope + less = hopeless
Change in Grammatical Category
Help (verb) + er = Helper (noun)
Logic (noun) + al = Logical (adjective)
Affection (noun) + ate = Affectionate (verb)
CHAPTER III CONCLUSION
Morphology serves as a fundamental aspect of linguistics, which studies the complex structure and
formation of words and morphemes in a language. Morphemes are the smallest parts of a word that still
have meaning. Morphemes are divided into two types, free morphemes and Bound morphemes. By
identifying morphological processes to analyzing their variations, we can gain a rich understanding of
how words are constructed and how they evolve over time.
