Book 1: DPWH Highway Safety Design being reached directly via a network of

Standards Part 1: Road Safety Design bikeways or footpaths); and,

Manual • Light industry and service
establishments can be located adjacent to
SAFETY PLANNING residential areas but vehicular access
1. INTRODUCTION should not be via the residential streets.
1.1. Background 2.2. Traffic Planning for Different Land
Planning of new areas or road projects Uses
can be considered in four stages: 2.2.1. Residential Areas
 Laying out the land-use of the area. Residential roads are the prime
 Once the land-use is determined, an locations where vehicles and
arterial road network should be defined to pedestrians interact and where the
cater for through traffic. movement function fulfills an
 On the arterial roads, careful control and increasingly minor role amongst the
management of access can facilitate safety most important service and domestic
and the smooth flow of traffic. activities. In order to provide a safe
 Careful planning and provision of public environment for vehicles and
transport facilities can ensure that the pedestrians:
conflict areas between pedestrians and • Residential roads longer than 100 to
vehicles are minimized. 200 meters should be meandering and
should have tight horizontal curves or
2. LAND USE AND ZONING roundabouts at local road intersections
Zoning is under total control of the Housing to encourage low speeds;
and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) then • Non-access traffic needs to find it
decentralized to the Local Government Units impossible, or highly inconvenient, to
by virtue of the Local Government Code. It use residential roads as a short cut;
includes Municipal Planning and Development • Pedestrians must be given priority,
Office (MPDO), City Planning Development especially close to buildings and in play
Office (CPDO), and Provincial Planning areas;
Development Office (PPDO). • Direct access to dwellings should be
2.1. Principles in Land Use Planning and provided from access ways rather than
Zoning distributor roads;
The key principles to be adopted in land use • Where dwellings have vehicular
planning and zoning are the following: access onto distributor roads, alternative
• Development and implementation of a pedestrian access should be provided
zoning plan to separate incompatible and via segregated footpaths onto access
conflicting land uses and the traffic they ways;
generate. • Pedestrians should be segregated
• Strong planning regulations to influence wherever possible and crossings of
the location of new development and to traffic routes should be convenient and
control access arrangements and parking. safe;
• Land uses should be planned with the aim • Parking should be ample and
of minimizing travel and maximizing convenient but located away from areas
accessibility to public transport. where children play;
• Residential development should be
separated from heavy industry and major • Drivers need to be made aware of the
commercial uses. priority for pedestrians on entry and
• Activities which generate substantial traffic throughout the area by the overall
should be located adjacent to roads most geometry, surface texture and threshold
suited to the type of traffic expected (e.g., if treatment as they enter the area;
a primary school generates many cycle or
pedestrian trips, then it should be capable of
 • Large developments should be sub- SAFETY DESIGN
divided to minimize traffic on internal 13. INTRODUCTION
roads; 13.1. Background
• Existing grid networks with cross roads 13.2. Safe Design Principles
should be modified by closures or 14. ROAD SURFACE
restrictions to create internally or 15. ROAD ALIGNMENT CONSIDERATIONS
externally-fed systems; 15.1. Introduction
• Inter-visibility between drivers 15.2. Some Physical Problems
and pedestrians should be sufficient to 16. ROAD ALIGNMENT GEOMETRY
minimize the risk of accidents; and, 16.1. General
• Overnight parking of lorries, 16.2. Design Standards
especially those with hazardous loads, 16.3. Sight Distance
should be actively discouraged. 16.3.1. Introduction
16.3.2. Sight Distance Elements
2.2.2. Industrial Areas 16.3.3. Driver Eye Height / Object Height
2.2.3. Commercial / Retail Areas 16.3.4. Stopping Sight Distance (SSD)
2.2.4. Recreational / Tourism Areas 16.4. Horizontal Geometry
3. ROAD HIERARCHY 16.4.1. Circular Curve Alignment
3.1. Primary Arterials (Expressways, 16.4.2. Spiral and Circular Curve Alignment
National Roads) Superelevation Development
3.2. Secondary Arterials (Provincial Roads) 16.5. Vertical Geometry
3.3. Collector Roads (Municipal / City 16.5.1. Grades
Roads) 16.5.2. Vertical Curves
Access Roads (Local Roads) 17. CROSS SECTION
Pedestrianized Areas / Routes 17.1. Introduction
4. ROUTE PLANNING THROUGH EXISTING 17.2. Traffic Lanes
COMMUNITIES 17.3. Shoulders
5. DEVELOPMENT CONTROL / 17.4. Curb and Gutter
ENCROACHMENT 17.5. Drainage
6. ACCESS CONTROL 17.6. Pedestrian Facilities on Rural Roads
7. TRAFFIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT (TIA) 17.7. Overtaking Provision (Auxiliary Lanes)
8. ROAD DESIGN PARAMETERS 17.7.1. Overtaking Lanes
8.1. Speed Management 17.7.2. Climbing Lanes
8.1.1. Design Speed 17.7.3. Merging and Diverging for Auxiliary
8.1.2. Speed Implications Lanes
8.1.3. Current Speed Limits 17.7.3. Slow Vehicles Turn-outs
8.1.4. Speed Restriction Signs 17.7.4. Descending Lanes
8.1.5. Poor Road Standards 17.7.5. Emergency Escape Ramps
8.2. Road Capacity 18. DELINEATION
8.3. Traffic Forecasts 19. INTERSECTIONS
9. PUBLIC TRANSPORT 19.1. Intersection Types
9.1. Public Transport Operations 19.2. Traffic Control Devices
9.2. Lay-bys, Bus Stops and Service Roads 19.2.1. Priority Intersections
10. VULNERABLE ROAD USERS 19.2.2. Signal Controlled Intersections
10.1. Pedestrians 19.3. Control of Conflicts
10.2. Cyclists 19.4. Control of Speed
11. PARKING 19.4.1. Relative Speed
11.1. Parking Near Intersections 19.4.2. Attaining Low Relative Speeds
11.2. Angle Parking 19.5. Channelization
11.3. Parking Adjacent to Barrier Lines 19.6. Lane Widths
12. LIGHTING 19.7. Auxiliary Lanes at Intersections
19.8. Right and Left Turning Lanes
19.9. Right Turn Slip Lanes 20.7.8. Other Examples of Roadside
19.9.1. High Entry Angle Slip Lane Hazards
19.9.2. Free Flow Slip Lane 20.7.9. Curbs in Front of Barriers
19.10. Left Turn Treatments Risk Assessment
19.11. Intersection Capacity 21. RISK ASSESSMENT
19.12. Sight Distance at Intersections 21.1. Risk
19.13. Horizontal and Vertical Intersection 21.2. Likelihood
Geometry 21.3. Consequence
19.14. Roundabouts 21.4. Risk Category
19.14.1. Introduction 21.5. Treatment Priority
19.14.2. Safety Benefits
19.14.3. Appropriate Locations for Book 2: DPWH Highway Safety Design
Roundabouts Standards Part 2: Road Signs and
19.14.4. Balanced Flows Pavement Markings Manual
19.14.5. Roundabout Design Practice Part A: Road Signs
19.14.6. Things to Avoid 1. INTRODUCTION
19.14.7. Design Steps 1. Background
19.14.8. Traffic Control and Priority 2. The Scope of the Manual
19.15. Examples of Poor Intersection 3. Authority for Installation
Layouts 4. Definition of Terms
19.15.1. Y-Intersection 5. Classification of Signs
19.15.2. Y-Intersection with Triangular 6. Standard Application
Island 7. Design
20. SAFETY OF THE ROADSIDE 1. Shape
20.1. Introduction 2. Size
20.2. Clear Zone 3. Color
20.3. New Roads 4. Letter Series
20.4. Existing Roads 5. Letter Size Selection
20.5. Treatment of Hazards 6. Use of Symbols
20.6. Roadside and Median Safety Barriers 7. Sign Face Design
20.6.1. Roadside Safety Barrier Systems 8. Use of Pilipino Worded Signs
20.6.2. Design of Barrier System 8. Uniformity of Location
Installations 1. Longitudinal Placement
Step 1. Clear Zone 2. Lateral Placement and Height
Step 2. Warrant a. Rural Areas
Step 3. Runout Length & Triangle b. Urban Areas
Step 4: Offset & Clearance 9. Overhead Signs
Step 5: Length of Need 10. Reflectorization and Illumination
Step 6: Barrier Terminals 1. Means of Illumination
Step 7: Flare Rate 2. Means of Reflectorization
Step 8: Transitions 11. Installation
Step 9: Ground Approach Slope 12. Excessive Use
20.7. Further Examples of Barrier 13. Maintenance
Installations 2. REGULATORY SIGNS (TYPE R)
20.7.1. Bridge Railing 1. General
20.7.2. Connection to Bridge Railing 2. Purpose and Application
20.7.3. Railing End Treatment 3. Location
20.7.4. Unconnected Concrete Barriers 4. Classification
20.7.5. Gore Area 5. Sign Sizes
20.7.6. Trees 6. Priority Signs (R1)
20.7.7. Street Lighting Poles 1. Stop (R1-1)
2. Give Way (R1-2)
3. Left Turner Must Give Way (R1-3) 1. Cross Road
7. Direction Signs (R2) 2. Other Cross Roads
1. Direction to be Followed (R2-1 to R2-7) 3. T and Y Junctions
a.) Disc Type 4. Roundabout (Rotunda)
b.) Plate Type 5. Priority Road
2. Other Directional Signs 7. Advance Warning or Traffic Control
a.) Two Way (R2-7) Device Signs
b.) Left Lane Must Turn Left and Right Lane 1. Signals Ahead
Must Turn Right (R2-8) 2. Stop and Give Way Sign Ahead
8. Prohibitive or Restrictive Signs (R3) 8. Road Width Signs
1. No Entry for All Vehicles (R3-1 and R3-1P) 1. Narrow Bridge
2. No Entry for Specific Type of Road Users 2. Road Narrows
(R3-2 to R3-12) a.) On a two-lane road
3. Pedestrian Prohibition Signs (R3-10P1; b.) On a multi-lane road, including one
R3-10P2) carriageway of a divided road
4. Bawal Tumawid Gamitin and Overpass 3. Divided Road
(R3-10P3) 4. End Divided Road
5. Turning Prohibition 9. Road Obstacle Signs
6. Prohibition of Overtaking 1. Opening Bridge
9. Speed Signs 2. Uneven Road
1. Speed Restriction (Maximum) 3. Hump
2. Speed De-restriction 4. Steep Descent and Steep Climb
3. Speed Restriction (Minimum) 5. Spill Way
10. Parking Signs 6. Flood
1. No Parking Signs 7. Falling Rocks
2. Restricted Parking and Loading Signs 8. Slippery
3. No Waiting Signs 9. Animal Crossing
4. No Loading and Unloading Signs 10. Aircraft
5. No Loading / Unloading Within Red- 10. Pedestrian and School Signs
Painted Curb 1. Pedestrians and Slow Down Pedestrian
6. No Stopping Anytime Ahead
7. No Parking or Stopping Signs - PUV Stop 2. Children
Area 3. Cross Only At Ped Xing
8. Do Not Block Intersection 4. Wheel Chair Crossing
9. Right Turners Cross at Broken White 5. Bike Lane Ahead
Lines 11. Railway Level Crossing Signs
11. Miscellaneous Signs 1. Railway Crossing Position
1. Prohibition on Use of Audible Warning 2. Railway Crossing Advance Warning
Device - No Blowing of Horns Sign 3. Alternative Railway Crossing Position
2. Load and Dimension Restriction Signs 12. Supplementary Signs
3. Use Seat Belt Sign 1. Advisory Speed
4. Pedestrians Crossing 2. On Side Road
5. School Children Crossing 3. (Distance) m: (Distance) km
6. Bike Lane 4. When Wet
7. Wheel Chair Crossing 5. Blind; Aged; Playground; School;
3. WARNING SIGNS (TYPE W) Disabled
1. Application of Warning Signs 6. For PUJ; For Buses
2. Classification of Warning Signs 13. Other Warning Signs
3. Design 1. Vertical Clearance
4. Location 2. Slow Down Accident Prone Area or
5. Horizontal Alignment Signs Bumagal Madalas ang Aksidente Dito
6. Intersection and Junction Signs 3. Slow Down Merging Traffic Ahead
4. Lane Ends - Merge Left 10. Town Names and Geographical Feature
5. Slow Down Weighbridge Ahead Signs
4. GUIDE SIGNS OR INFORMATION SIGNS 1. Application
(TYPE G) 11. Service Signs
1. Classification of Guide Signs 1. Application
2. Design 12. Tourist Information and Tourist
1. Shape Destination Signs
2. Color 13. Route Markers
3. Size 1. Purpose
4. Type of Lettering 2. Design
5. Size of Lettering 3. Location of Route Markers
6. Letter Spacing 14. Asian Highway Route Markers
7. Amount of Legend 1. Purpose
8. Distance Indication 2. Design
9. Reflectorization and Illumination 3. Advance Directional Signs with Route
3. Location Marker Shield
4. Supports for Guide Signs 4. Asian Highway Leg Marker Sign
1. Roadside Signs 5. SIGNS ON EXPRESSWAYS (TYPE GE)
2. Overhead Signs 1. General
a. Cantilever Support 2. Expressway Approach Signs
b. Gantry Support 3. Expressway Information Signs
c. Butterfly Support 1. Prohibited on Expressway
5. Advance Direction Signs 2. Toll Charges (Advance Information)
1. Application 3. Lane Direction Signs
2. Shape, Color and Reflectivity
3. Format and Use
a. Stack Signs 4. Advance Exit Signs
b.Diagrammatic Direction Signs 5. Expressway Exit Direction Signs
4. Legend 6. Expressway Service Signs
5. Lettering 1. Rest Area
6. Location 2. Other Expressway Service Signs
6. INTERSECTION DIRECTION SIGNS 7. End of Expressway
1. Function and Application 8. Toll Signs
2. Design and Layout 1. General Application
3. Legend and Lettering 2. Sign Size
4. Location 9. Expressway Traffic Instruction and
7. REASSURANCE DIRECTION SIGNS Regulatory Signs
1. Function and Shape 1. Wrong Way - Go Back
2. Lettering and Legend 2. Reduce Speed Now
8. Finger Board and Direction Signs for 3. Right Lane Ends
Less Important Roads 4. Right Lane Ends, Merge Left; Lane Ends
1. Purpose Merge Left; Merge Left, Slow Vehicles Use
2. Shape Color and Reflectorization Right Lane Signs
3. Lettering 5. Check Brakes
4. Legend 6. TRAFFIC INSTRUCTION SIGNS (TYPE S)
5. Distance Indication 1. Design
9. Street Name Signs 2. Type
1. Purpose 3. Supplementary Signs
2. Location and Height 1. Use Overpass; Use Pedestrian Crossing
3. Shape and Size 2. Trucks Use Low Gear; Check Brakes
4. Color 4..Movement Instruction Signs
5. Lettering and Numerals 1. Reduce Speed
2. Stop Here On Red Signal 5. Materials
3. Turn Left With Care 1. Reflectorized Paint
4. Turn Right Anytime With Care 2. Pavement Marking Tape
5. Low Clearance Ahead High Vehicles 3. Raised Pavement Markers
Detour 6. Color of Pavement Markings
6. Detour for … Vehicles 7. Types of Lines
7. Give Way to Pedestrians 8. Width of Lines and Tolerance
8. No Right Turn On Red Signal
9. Slow Vehicles Use Right Lane; Mabagal 10. DEFINITIONS
na Sasakyan Mamalagi sa Kanan 11. LONGITUDINAL LINES
10. Trak at Bus Mamalagi sa Kanan Maliban 1. Center Line (or Separation Line)
Kung Lulusot 1. Warrants for Marking Center Lines
11. No Through Road 2. Center Line on Urban Roads
12. Road Closed 3. Center Line on Rural Roads
13. Form 1 (2) Lane(s) 4. Center Lines at Bridges
14. Alternative Route (For Trucks and 2. Lane Line
Buses) 3. Barrier Lines
7. HAZARD MARKERS (TYPE HM) 1. No-Passing Zones
1. General 2. Markings of ‘No-Passing’ Zones
2. Function 3. Methods for Establishing ‘No-Passing’
3. Design Zone
4. Types of Markers 4. Edge Line
1. One-Way Hazard Markers 1. Pavement Edge
2. Chevron Signs 2. Medians
a. Design 3. No Parking Zones
3. Two-Way Hazard Markers 4. No Loading / Unloading Zones
4. Width Marker 5. Continuity Line
5. Obstruction Markers 6. Transition Lines
8. GUIDE POSTS AND DELINEATORS 12. Transverse Lines
1. Guide Posts
1. General To be Answered:
2. Design and Application BESAVILLA’s Transportation, Highway
3. Installation. Engineering, Ports & Harbor
2. Delineators Highway Engineering
1. General Planning of National Roads
2. Design and Application Maximum Speed of Cars
3. Installation Capacity of Roads
3. Linear Delineation System Turnouts
1. General Parking Maneuvers
2. Design and Application Provisions of Safety Sight Distance
3. Installation Curbs and Gutter
Part B. Pavement Markings Traffic Lanes
9. INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL Highway Intersections
SPECIFICATION Road Barriers
1. Functions and Limitations of Pavement Sizes and Colors for Traffic Signs
Markings Pavement Markers
2. Legal Authority Lane Lines, Barrier Lines, Edge Lines
3. Standardization Pavement Messages and Pavement
4. Types of Markings Markings
1. Pavement and Curb Markings Interchanges
2. Object Markings Prohibitions of Traffic Signs
3. Reflectorized Markings Types of Pavements (Rigid and Flexible)
Joints in Concrete Pavements
California Bearing Ratio
Modulus of Sub-grade Reaction
Plate Load Test
Thickness of Flexible Pavement Using
Graphical Solution\
Asphalt Mixture
Components of Pavements
Geometric Shapes of Traffic Signs
Types of Crack and Wearing of Concrete
Pavements
Practical Problems of Highway Costing