Abbreviations

AA Adjudicating Authority
AAM Ayushman Arogya Mandirs
AAY Antyodaya Anna Yojana
AB PM-JAY Ayushman Bharat- Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana
ABC Academic Bank of Credit
ABDM Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission
ABHA Ayushman Bharat Health Accounts
ABS Automatic Block Signalling
ADUW National Database of Unorganised Workers
AEs Advanced Economies
AGI Artificial General Intelligence
AI Artificial Intelligence
AIF Agriculture Infrastructure Fund
AIM Atal Innovation Mission
AMFI Association of Mutual Fund Industry
AMI Agriculture Marketing Infrastructure
AMRUT Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation
ANBC Adjusted Net Bank Credit
APIs Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
APMC Agricultural Produce Market Committee
APY Atal Pension Yojana
ARC Autonomous Reasoning Capability
ASI Annual Survey of Industries
ASUSE Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector Enterprises
ATMA Agricultural Technology Management Agency
AUC Assets Under Custody
AuM Assets under Management
AUSC Advanced Ultra-Super-Critical
BCD Basic Customs Duty
BCG Bacille Calmette Guerin
BFSI Banking Financial Services Insurance
BFT Bare Foot Technicians
BHEL Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
BIS Bank for International Settlements
BoP Balance of Payments
BPL Below Poverty Line

xvii
BPNI Breastfeeding Promotion Network Of India
BPO Business Process Outsourcing
BRAP Business Reform Action Plan
BRR Business Responsibility Report
BRSR Business Responsibility and Sustainability Report
BTSs Base Transceiver Stations
CAB Current Account Balance
CAD Current Account Deficit
CAG Comptroller & Auditor General
CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate
CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate
CAMPA Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority
CAPE ratio Cyclically Adjusted Price-Earnings Ratio
CASEL Collaborative For Academic, Social, And Emotional Learning
CBAM Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism
CBIS Cross-Border Interbank System
CCRP C-DOT Collaborative Research Program
CCS Consumer Confidence Survey
CCU Cardiac Care Units
C-DoT Centre for Development of Telematics
CDs Corporate Debtors
CE Capital Expenditure
CEOBE Off-Balance Sheet Exposure
CERT-In Indian Computer Emergency Response Team
CET-1 Common Equity Tier-1
CFPI Consumer Food Price Index
CGA Controller General of Accounts
CGFSSD Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme for Skill Development
CGHS Central Government Health Scheme
CGS Credit Guarantee Scheme
CGS-NPF Policy brief e-NWR-based Pledge Financing
CGSS Credit Guarantee Scheme for Startups
CGTMSE Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises
CHAMPIONS Creation and Harmonious Application of Modern Processes for Increasing the
Output and National Strength
CHC Community Health Centres
CHCs Custom Hiring Centres
CHE Current Health Expenditure

xviii
CIRP Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process
CLF Cluster Level Federations
CLU Change of Land Use
CMA Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement
CoP Conference of the Parties
CFCs Common Facility Centres
CPI Consumer Price Index
CPSEs Central Public Sector Enterprises
CPSU Central Public Sector Undertaking
CRAR Capital-to-risk-weighted assets ratio
CRISIL Credit Rating Information Services of India Limited
CROPIC Collection of Real Time Observations and Photographs of Crops
CRP Community Resource Persons
CRR Cash Reserve Ratio
CRZ Coastal Regulation Zone
CSCAF Climate Smart Cities Assessment Framework
CSCs Common Service Centers
CSDCI Construction Skill Development Council Of India
CSE Centre for Science and Environment
CSIRTs Sectoral Computer Incident Response Teams
CSO Central Statistical Office
CSR Corporate Social Responsibility
CVD Cardiovascular Diseases
CWPPs Community Water Purification Plants
CWS current weekly status
CwSN Children With Special Needs
DA JGUA Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan
DAHD Department Of Animal Husbandry And Dairying
DAY- NRLM Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana - National Rural Livelihood Mission
DBN Digital Bharat Nidhi
DBT Direct Benefit Transfers
DDoS Distributed Denial of Service
DDUGJY Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana
DFCs Dedicated Freight Corridors
DFI Doubling Farmers' Income
DFIs Development Financial Institutions
DGCA Directorate General of Civil Aviation
DGFSALI Directorate General Factory Advice Service & Labour Institute

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DGFT Directorate General of Foreign Trade
DIET District Institutes Of Education And Training
DIKSHA Digital Infrastructure For Knowledge Sharing
DIs Drug Intermediates
DMP Disaster Management Plan
DoGE Department of Government Efficiency
DPI Digital Public Infrastructure
DPIIT Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade
DRE Decentralised Renewable Energy
DTE Down To Earth
e-BRC electronic Bank Realisation Certificate
ECCE Early Childhood Care And Education
ECEH E-Commerce Export Hub
ECHS Ex-Servicemen Contributory Health Scheme
EDPMS Export Data Processing and Monitoring System
EEIs Regional Extension Education Institutes
e-KYC electronic Know Your Customer
EMC Electronics Manufacturing Clusters
EMDEs Emerging market and developing economies
EMEs Emerging Market Economies
e-NAM electronic National Agriculture Market
e-NWR electronic Negotiable Warehouse Receipts
EPFO Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation
EPR Extended Producer Responsibility
EPU Economic Policy Uncertainty
ESIC Employees' State Insurance Corporation
ETS Emissions Trading System
EUDR European Union Deforestation Regulation
EV Electric Vehicle
FADA Federation of Automobile Dealers Associations
FAR Fully Accessible Route
FCA Foreign Currency Assets
FCNR Foreign Currency Non-Resident
FD Fiscal Deficit
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
FFR Federal Funds rate
FIDF Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund
FLFPR Female Labour Force Participation Rate

xx
FLN Foundational Literacy And Numeracy
FMCG Fast Moving Consumer Goods
FMG Foreign Medical Graduates
FMIs Financial Market Infrastructures
FNHW Food, Nutrition, Health, And WASH
FOMC Federal Open Market Committee
FOPL Front-Of-Pack Labels
FPCs Farmer Producer Companies
FPI Foreign Portfolio Investment
FPO Farmer Producer Organisation
FPS Fair Price Shop
FREE-AI Framework for Responsible and Ethical Enablement of Artificial Intelligence
FREPS Financial, real estate and professional services
FSDC Financial Stability and Development Council
FSR Financial Stability Report
FSSAI Food Safety And Standards Authority Of India
FTAs Free Trade Agreements
FTL Frontier Technology Labs
FTP Foreign Trade Policy
FY Financial Year
GAME Global Alliance for Mass Entrepreneurship
GCA gross cropped area
GCC Global Capability Centres
GCC Gulf Cooperation Council
GCF Green Climate Fund
GCI Global Cybersecurity Index
GCP Green Credit Programme
GCT Gati Shakti Multi-Modal Cargo Terminal
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GEAPP Global Energy Alliance for People and Planet
GEC Green Energy Corridor
GEF Geo-Economics Fragmentation
GeM Government e-Marketplace
GEPU Global Economic Policy Uncertainty
GER Gross Enrolment Ratio
GFC Global Financial Crisis
GFCF Gross Fixed Capital Formation

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GFCI Global Financial Centres Index
GHE Government Health Expenditures
GHG Green House Gas
GIFT-IFSC Gujarat International Finance Tec-City- International Financial Services Centre
GII Global Innovation Index
GLC ground level credit
GMP Good Manufacturing Practices
GNPAs Gross Non-Performing Assets
GP Gram Panchayat
GPP Gender Point Persons
GPR Geopolitical Risk
GRC Gender Resource Centres
GST Goods and Services Tax
GSVA Gross State Value Added
GTR Gross Tax Revenue
GVA Gross Value Added
HCES Household Consumption Expenditure Survey
HDI Human Development Index
HEI Higher Education Institutions
HFIs High-Frequency Indicators
HSCs High-Speed Corridors
HSN Harmonised System Nomenclature
HWC Health Wellness Centre
IAS Index of Agricultural Sustainability
IAY Indira Awaas Yojana
IBC Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code
IBUs IFSC Banking Units
ICCC Integrated Command and Control Centres
iCET US-India initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology
ICICI Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India
ICMR Indian Council Of Medical Research
ICRIER Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations
ICT Information And Communication Technology
IDBI Industrial Development Bank of India
IDFC Infrastructure Development Finance Company
IEA International Energy Agency
IEC Importer Exporter Code
IEO Independent Evaluation Office

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IFCI Industrial Finance Corporation of India
IFSCA International Financial Services Centres Authority
IFSCs International Financial Services Centres
IGB Indian Government Bonds
IIE Indian Institute of Entrepreneurship
IIFCL India Infrastructure Finance Company Limited
ILO International Labour Organisation
IMF International Monetary Fund
INR Indian Rupee
InvITs Infrastructure Investment Trusts
IoMT Internet Of Medical Things
IoT Internet of Things
IP Intellectual Property
IP Interest Payments
IPDS Integrated Power Development Scheme
IPOs Initial Public Offerings
IR Indian Railways
IRBs Independent Regulatory Bodies
IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
IS Interest Subvention
IT Information Technology
ITA International Tourist Arrivals
ITeS Information Technology enabled Services
ITI Industrial Training Institutes
JJM Jal Jeevan Mission
JSS Jan Sikshan Sansthan
KCC Kisan Call Center
KCC Kisan Credit Card
KILA Kerala Institute For Local Administration
KLEMS Capital (K), Labour (L), Energy (E), Materials (M), and Services (S)
KM Kilometres
KPIs Key Performance Indicators
KSI Key starting materials
KYC Know Your Customer
LBSAP Local Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans
LFPR Labour Force Participation Rate
LiFE Lifestyle for Environment
LLMs Large Language Models

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LMA Labour Mobility Agreements
LMT Lakh Metric Tonnes
LSA Legal Services Authorities
MAHAFPC Maha Farmers Producer Company Limited
MAITRIs Multipurpose AI Technicians in Rural India
MAS Monetary Authority of Singapore
MeitY Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
MFN Most Favoured Nation
MGNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
MGNREGS Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
MHQ Mental Health Quotient
MISHTI Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes
MISS Modified Interest Subvention Scheme
ML Machine Learning
MLD Million litres per day
MM Money Multiplier
MMF Man-made Fibre
MMLP Multi-Modal Logistics Parks
MMPA Migration and Mobility Partnership Agreements
MNRE Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
MoE Ministry Of Education
MoEFCC Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
MoES Ministry of Earth Sciences
MoHUA Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
MoLE Ministry of Labour and Employment
MoRTH Ministry Of Road Transport And Highways
MoSPI Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
MoTA Ministry of Tribal Affairs
MoU Memorandum of Understanding
MOVCDNER Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North Eastern Region
MPC Monetary Policy Committee
MPC Multi-Purpose Centres
MPCE Monthly Per Capita Expenditure
MR Measles Rubella
MRO Maintenance Repair and Overhaul
MSDE Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
MSE-CDP Micro and Small Enterprises-Cluster Development Programme
MSEFC Micro and Small Enterprises Facilitation Council

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MSMEs Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises
MSP Minimum Support Price
MSU Mobile Storage Unit
MTPA Million Tonnes Per Annum
MVA Mega Volt-Amperes
NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
NABCONS NABARD Constancy Services
NaBFID National Bank for Financing and Infrastructure Development
NABL National Accreditation Board For Testing And Calibration Laboratories
NACH National Automated Clearing House
NALSA National Legal Services Authority
NAP National Adaptation Plan
NAPCC National Action Plan on Climate Change
NAPi Nutrition Advocacy In Public Interest
NAPS National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme
NAQUIM National Aquifer Mapping Project
NASSCOM National Association of Software and Service Companies
NBFCs Non-Banking Financial Companies
NCAP National Clean Air Programme
NCD Non-Communicable Disease
NCF-FS National Curriculum Framework For Foundational Stage
NCLT National Company Law Tribunal
NCQG New Collective Quantified Goal
NCrF National Credit Framework
NDCs Nationally Determined Contributions
NDF Non-Deliverable Forwards
NDMP National Disaster Management Plan
NDR Non-debt receipts
NDTL Net Demand and Time Liabilities
NEER Nominal Effective Exchange Rate
NEET-UG National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test – Under Graduate
NEP National Education Policy
NFDP National Fisheries Digital Platform
NFSA National Food Security Act
NGRBC National Guidelines for Responsible Business Conduct
NH National Highway
NIDHI National Initiative for Developing and Harnessing Innovations
NIESBUD National Institute for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development

xxv
NIIF National Investment and Infrastructure Fund
NIM Net Interest Margin
NIP National Infrastructure Pipeline
NIPUN National Initiative For Proficiency In Reading With Understanding And Numeracy
NITI National Institution for Transforming India
NIUA National Institute of Urban Affairs
NMC National Medical Commission
NMP National Monetisation Pipeline
NMSA National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
NMSH National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
NPAs Non-Performing Assets
NPCDCS National Programme For Prevention And Control Of Cancer, Diabetes,
Cardiovascular Diseases, And Stroke
NPS National Pension System
NRI Non-Resident Indian
NRR Revenue Receipts (net to Centre)
NSAP National Social Assistance Programme
NSDC National Skill Development Corporation
NSE National Stock Exchange
NSIL New Space India Limited
NSO National Statistical Organisation
NSQF National Skills Qualification Framework
NSTI National Skill Training Institutes
NTC Tax Revenue (net to Centre)
NTMs Non-Tariff Measures
NTPC National Thermal Power Corporation
NTTM National Technical Textiles Mission
OBICUS Order Books, Inventory, and Capacity Utilisation Survey
OCEN Open Credit Enablement Network
ODF Open Defecation Free
ODL Open Distance Learning
OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
OFC Optical Fibre Cable
OMO Open Market Operations
ONDC Open Network for Digital Commerce
ONORC One Nation, One Ration Card
OOPE Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure
OPV Oral Polio Vaccine

xxvi
ORR Own Revenue Receipts
OSH Occupational Safety and Health
OTR Own Tax Revenue
PACS Primary Agricultural Credit Societies
PADOS Public, administration, defence & other services
PAHO Pan American Health Organisation
PARAKH Performance Assessment, Review, And Analysis Of Knowledge For Holistic
Development
PAT Profit after tax
PAYGO Pay-As-You-Go
PBMC Performance Based Maintenance Contracts
PBS Population Based Screening
PD Primary Deficit
PDMC Per Drop More Crop
PDOT Pre-Departure Orientation Training
PDS Public Distribution System
PFCE Private Final Consumption Expenditure
PFRDA Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority of India
PHC Primary Health Centres
PHH Priority Household
PIB Press Information Bureau
PKVY Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana
PLFS Periodic Labour Force Survey
PLI Production-Linked Incentive
PLISFPI Production Linked Incentive Scheme for Food Processing
PM JANMAN Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan
PM POSHAN Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman
PM SHRI Prime Minister's Schools For Rising India (PM SHRI).
PMAY-G Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana-Gramin
PMAY-U Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Urban
PMBJKs Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Kendras
PMFBY Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana
PMFME Pradhan Mantri Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises
PMGDISHA Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan
PMGKAY Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana
PMGSY Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
PMI Purchasing Manager’s Index
PMJJBY Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana

xxvii
PM-KISAN Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi
PMKSK Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samriddhi Kendras
PMKSY Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana
PMKSY Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana
PM-KUSUM Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan
PMKVY PM Kaushal Vikas Yojana
PM-MITRA Pradhan Mantri Mega Integrated Textile Region and Apparel
PM-MKSSY Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana
PMMSY Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana
PMSBY Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana
PPP Public-Private Partnership
PPPs Public Private Partnerships
PRASHAD Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual Augmentation Drive
PRI Prompt Repayment Incentive
PSL Priority Sector Lending
PV Photovoltaic Cell
PVTG Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups
QIPs Qualified Institutional Players
R&D Research And Development
R&D Research and Development
RAD Rainfed Area Development
RAS Recirculating Aquaculture Systems
RBI Reserve Bank of India
RCA River Cities Alliance
RCBs Rural Cooperative Banks
RD Revenue Deficit
RE Revenue Expenditure
REC Renewable Energy Certificates
REER Real Effective Exchange Rate
REIT Real Estate Investment Trusts
RERA Real Estate Regulation Act
REs Regulated Entities
RES Renewable Energy Source
RFIs Rural Financial Institutions
RIA Regulatory Impact Assessment
RKVY Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana
RoA Return on Assets
RoE Return on Equity

xxviii
ROSCTL Rebate of State and Central Taxes and Levies
RRBs Regional Rural Banks
RSA Restructured Standard Advances
RSBY Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana
RTAs Regional Trade Agreements
RTP Reserve Tranch Position
RVSFs Registered Vehicle Scrapping Facilities
SAGY Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana
SAMARTH Smart Manufacturing and Industry
SARTHAQ Students' And Teachers' Holistic Advancement Through Quality Education
SBM Swachh Bharat Mission
SBM-G Swachh Bharat Mission - Grameen
SBM-U Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban
SC Super-Critical
SCBs Scheduled Commercial Banks
SCERT State Council Of Educational Research And Training
SD 2.0 Swadesh Darshan
SDG Sustainable Development Goal
SDGCAC SDG Coordination And Acceleration Centres
SDGCC Sdg Coordination Centres
SDR Special Drawing Rights
SEL Social And Emotional Learning
SFI Self-Reliant India
SGrBs Sovereign Green Bonds
SHC Sub-Health Centres
SHG Self-Help Group
SHGs Self-Help Groups
SIA SBI Intelligent Assistant
SII Safe in India Foundations
SIIC Skill India International Centres
SIP Systematic Investment Plan
SISFS Start-up India Seed Fund Scheme
SLCR Smart Laboratory on Clean Rivers
SLR Statutory Liquidity Ratio
SMAM Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization
SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
SRI Systematic Rice Intensification
SRLM State Rural Livelihoods Missions

xxix
SSC Sector Skill Councils
SSE Social Sector Expenditure
STARS Strengthening Teaching-Learning And Results For States
STEM Science Technology Engineering Mathematics
STMC Short Term Maintenance Contracts
STRY Skill Training of Rural Youth
SUL Solar Urja Lamps
SWAYAM Study Webs Of Active Learning For Young Aspiring Minds
TBT Technical Barriers to Trade
TD Tax devolution
TE Total Expenditure
TEUs Twenty-foot Equivalent Units
THE Total Health Expenditure
TOP Tomato, Onion and Potato
TPDS Targeted Public Distribution System
TPU Trade Policy Uncertainty
TReDs Trade Receivables electronic Discounting System
TTHCS Trade, transport, hotel, communication and broadcasting services
TTT Tim Tim Tare
TVET Technical and Vocational Education and Training
UAN Universal Account Number
UAP Udyam Assist Platform
UDAN Ude Desh ka Aam Naagrik
UGC University Grants Commission
UIP Universal Immunisation Programme
ULBs Urban Local Bodies
ULI Unified Lending Interface
ULLAS Understanding Of Lifelong Learning For All In Society
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNCTAD UNCTAD Trade Analysis and Information System
TRAINS
UNEA United Nations Environment Assembly
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization
UPF Ultra-Processed Food
UPI Unified Payment Interface

xxx
UR Unemployment Rate
URMP Urban River Management Plan
US Usual Status
USC Ultra-Super-Critical
USD United States Dollar
UT Union Territory
UTs Union Territories
VGF Viability Gap Funding
VO Village Organisations
WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
WEE Women Economic Empowerment
WEFEP Women Entrepreneur Financial Empowerment Programme
WEO World Economic Outlook
WFP World Food Programme
WHO World Health Organization
WINDS Weather Information and Network Data Systems
WIPO World Intellectual Property Organisation
WPR Worker Population Ratio
WTO World Trade Organisation
WTUI World Trade Uncertainty Index
YES-Tech Yield Estimation System based on Technology
YoY Year on Year

xxxi
 List of Tables

Table No. Title Page No.

Table II.1 Market capitalisation to nominal GDP ratio 55

Table III.1 India’s exposure to CBAM, value of exports 89

Table IV.1 Onion and tomato crop calendar 128

Table V.1 List of areas of regulation and provisions affecting businesses 153

Table V.2 List of potential approaches for reforming laws affecting businesses 156

Table VI.1 Achievement under the standard uniform framework to evaluate cities 183

Table XI.1 Improving school infrastructure 309

Table XI.2 Factsheet of Ayushman Arogya Mandir 332

Table XI.3 Factsheet of PM-ABHIM 332

Table XI.4 Factsheet of ABDM 334

Table XI.5 Healthcare infrastructure developed under NP-NCD 344

Table XI.6 Progress of rural infrastructure development schemes 349

Table XI.7 Progress under key programme components of DAY_NRLLM 357

Table XI.8 Key indicators on MGNREGS 357

Table XII.1 Average earnings segmented by employment status, gender and location 378

Table XII.2 Trends in earnings 378

Table XII.3 Overtime work regulations across some countries 392

Table XII.4 Matrix of mismatch between education skills and occupations 400

Table XII.5 Advancing India's skill development initiatives 401

xxxii