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Telepathy, anomalous experience and the relation to the autism spectrum

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Telepathy, anomalous experience and the relation to the autism

spectrum
Leif Ekblad

Independent researcher

Leif Ekblad: Nöbbelöv 1005, 241 93 Eslöv, Sweden. Email: leif@rdos.net.

 2

Abstract: Objective: To define and explore the electromagnetic field theory of telepathy and its

relation to the broader autism spectrum, to explore connections between various anomalous

experiences and the broader autism spectrum, and to evaluate the validity of links between

anomalous experiences, personality, and abuse in light of possible links to the broader autism

spectrum. Method: Online studies used a questionnaire adapted to measure the broader autism

phenotype as the base tool. First, a sensing presence item was added to check telepathy. Next,

four personality measures relating to absorption, fantasy proneness, schizotypy, and thin

boundaries were added in pairs to check the connections between items. Last, a new anomalous

experience and psi questionnaire was created and checked. Results: Sensing a presence, most

anomalous experiences, and most psi traits had considerable correlations to the broader autism

phenotype. Sensing electromagnetic fields was the primary item contributing to sensing a

presence. Conclusion: The study provides evidence that telepathy is the primary psi trait. The

belief in telepathy and the ability to use telepathy are considerably more common in people with

autistic traits. Anomalous experiences are also considerably more common in people with autistic

traits, and many of the traits are correlated to each other. Broader autism traits generally are

correlated to each other. Because of this, people must be cautious before assuming that a

correlation to an autistic trait, an anomalous experience, or a psi trait is indicative of a causative

link.

Keywords: telepathy, autism, electromagnetic fields, anomalous experience, linkage.

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In 1882, Fredric W. H. Myers defined telepathy as "the extrasensory communication of

impressions of any kind from one mind to another." It first appears in his article "Phantasms of

the Living," published in the Proceedings of the Society of Psychical Research I, 2:147. Sidgwick

et al. (1894) describe the process of telepathy as: "Thoughts and feelings in our mind are

sometimes caused by the influence of another mind, conveyed somehow otherwise than through

the recognised channels of sense." At the end of the 19th century, there was vast literature on

experimental telepathy through hypnosis and under normal conditions, as well as on spontaneous

telepathy (Sidgwick et al., 1894, Chapter I). During the 20th century, telepathy seems to have

changed its meaning to mind-reading, a completely different concept. However, in this article, the

original meaning of telepathy as a communication process between minds will be assumed.

Divining or dowsing has been practiced for at least 500 years, possibly much longer

(Burd, 1993). Dowsing is a motor automatism in conjunction with a mechanical tool (rod,

pendulum) that lets a dowser obtain information from the unconscious brain. Dowsers can orient

their thoughts to search for water, minerals, oil, and other things like tunnels or archaeological

constructions. Harvalik (1970) found that some dowsers could detect changes in static magnetic

fields, but their sensitivity differed. Using shielding, a highly directional radio transmitter in the

40-60 MHz area, and competent dowsers, he identified probable locations of the electromagnetic

sensors in the human body (Harvalik, 1978). These were located in the adrenal glands (just above

the kidneys) and the pineal gland in the brain. Higgins (2007) partly reproduced the finding

(kidneys) using static magnetic fields. The pineal gland has been implicated in parapsychological

phenomena (psi) (Shiah, 2012).

 4

Cazzamalli & Gemelli (1942) showed that strong emotions (intense psycho-sensory

activity) and dowsing produced electromagnetic fields with a wavelength between 1 to 10 meters.

Cazzamalli called these fields “brain waves” since he believed they radiated from the brain. He

placed the human sender and a sensitive receiver in a Faraday cage. A Faraday cage is a device of

conductive material that blocks electromagnetic fields from the outside. Using an intelligent

design, he could make all oscillations in the 1 to 10 meters area audible without needing to tune

the circuit to a particular frequency. When Vasiliev (1976) tried to reproduce his findings, he

used a very different receiver design requiring the experimenter to tune the receiver to the sender

frequency. While Cazzamalli recorded the complete area continuously, Vasiliev only recorded

small portions of the area simultaneously. Vasiliev would need to run his experiments for a very

long time before he happened to have tuned the receiver to the correct sender frequency at the

right time. He, very likely because of the poor receiver design, failed to reproduce the results of

Cazzamalli.

Vasiliev (1976) claimed to have disproved the electromagnetic field theory of telepathy

by experiments using a Faraday cage. First, he describes how an experimenter standing behind a

participant could make the participant do various movements (motor suggestions). Motor

suggestions produced good results when appropriate participants were selected. Some people had

shown that Faraday cages intervened with motor suggestions, but Vasiliev was not content with

the method. He could not show that motor suggestions worked when the participant was inside a

Faraday cage and the experimenter outside. Next, he describes an experimenter sending visual

images to a participant. Sending visual images produced poor results just above chance. Still, he

got a significant effect without the Faraday cage and an insignificant effect with it. An absence of
 5

a significant difference between the average results with and without a Faraday cage lead him to

discard the finding. He never tried to increase the number of experiments to gain significance.

Instead, he decides to use an experimental design where an experimenter sends suggestions of

going to sleep or waking up to a participant. Using this experimental design, he could obtain

significant results both with and without the Faraday cage. However, there are many possible

flaws in these experiments. The major flaw is that the experimenter selected the sleep and

wakeup times himself without using a randomized process. Before the experiments, the

experimenter and participant could have exchanged this information with telepathy. Another flaw

was that practice affected the results, and it appears the Faraday cage experiments were done last.

Finally, these suggestions were not part of the experiments Cazzamalli designed to produce

electromagnetic fields and were not researched by Sidgwick et al. (1894) either. His results

appear to be of hypothetical interest only and cannot disprove the electromagnetic theory of

telepathy.

Esquirol (1817) defined hallucinations as “If a man has the inner conviction of truly

experiencing a sensation for which there is no external object, he is in a hallucinated state, he is a

visionary.” In 1855, a conflict between those that considered hallucinations madness and those

that regarded them as mystical experiences started. The former group transformed into psychiatry

by the end of the 19th century. The latter group believed that some hallucinations were veridical

and could be explained by telepathy. Using the latter approach, the Society for Psychical

Research started collecting data on hallucinations in healthy adults in 1889, and the result was

published in 1894, having 17,000 participants (Sidgwick et al., 1894). In the study, 7.8% of men

and 12.0% of women had hallucinated at least once (Table I). The smaller Russian and Brazilian
 6

group had a considerably higher prevalence of hallucinations than the English group (Table IX),

probably due to the idea that hallucinations were considered madness by some people in the UK

at the time (and still is). 33% of the hallucinations were of known living people, 14% of known

dead people, and 32% were unrecognized (Table II). When they analyzed hallucinations within

12 hours of the death of a related person, they found more than 100 times as many cases as

expected by chance (Chapter XIII). They regarded this type of hallucination as being veridical

and mediated by telepathy. In a study review, James (1895) stated that it afforded a most

formidable presumption that veridical hallucinations are due to something more than chance.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impairments in social interaction and

communication and repetitive and stereotypical interests and behaviors (American Psychiatric

Association, 2013). Autistic traits are not confined to only diagnosed ASD but also occur in a

larger population. The broader autism phenotype (BAP) describes a range of autistic traits that

are subclinical or not enough to qualify for an autism diagnosis. A phenotype is a bit misleading

in the context of autism, which is typically considered a spectrum, not a phenotype. However,

BAP is a term frequently used in the context of autistic traits. Gerdts & Bernier (2011) studied

BAP in relatives of people with ASD. The Autism Spectrum Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2006)

is a frequently used questionnaire to study BAP, which Austin (2005) used to find connections to

factors in the Big Five personality construct. Aspie Quiz is another popular questionnaire for

measuring autistic traits and correlates highly to the Autism Spectrum Quotient (Ekblad, 2013).

Autistic people often have trouble extracting emotions from facial expressions in real-time

(Yeung, Lee & Chan 2020), contributing to social disability. A large online study (Pfuhl &

Ekblad, 2017) showed that interpretation of facial expressions was sometimes disturbed by an
 7

impression of staring. Apart from the disturbance of staring, there appeared to be no differences

in the interpretation. These results hint that autistics learn facial expressions manually rather than

by instinct as typical people. Speech delay, odd pitch, and pragmatic difficulties are common in

autism (Kang, Lerner & Gadow, 2020). Alexithymia is characterized by difficulties identifying

and describing one's own emotions and the emotions of others (Scheerer, Boucher & Iarocci,

2021), which is common on the autism spectrum and contributes to social difficulties.

The concept of psychosis evolved among people that considered hallucinations to be

madness. It is defined as a loss of contact with reality and might manifest by experiencing

delusions, hallucinations, or both. Most of the literature on psychosis denies the possibility of

hallucinations being veridical. Subclinical psychotic experiences (schizotypy, schizotypal

personality) occur on a continuum with psychotic disorder and schizophrenia (Van Os et al.,

2009). Both subclinical psychotic experiences and psychotic disorders appear more common in

urban than rural areas (Van Os et al., 2001). Schizotypal personality is characterized by traits like

magical thinking and unusual perception and is linked to creativity and schizophrenia (Fisher et

al. 2004). King et al. (2010) argued that several studies support the overlap between subclinical

psychotic experiences and BAP. Ekblad & Oviedo (2017) linked BAP with spirituality &

supernatural beliefs. Lindeman & Aarnio (2007) proposed a conceptual model for integrating

superstitious, magical, and paranormal beliefs where these were differentiated from unfounded

beliefs. Using a questionnaire, they found that what differentiated believers from skeptics was

that believers accepted more violations of core ontological distinctions. Over-reliance on intuitive

thinking and a failure to involve oneself in rational reasoning appear to be related to psychotic

experiences (Mækelæ et al., 2018).

 8

The book "Varieties of anomalous experience" (Cardeña et al., 2014) describes various

anomalous experiences (AEs): synesthesia, hallucinations, lucid dreaming, out-of-body

experiences, alien abduction, psi, anomalous healing, near-death experiences, and mystical

experiences. AEs tend to relate to personality traits: schizotypy; absorption (tendency to become

absorbed by mental imagery), fantasy proneness, dissociation (feeling disconnected from yourself

or the world around you), and thin boundaries (open, over-trusting, and easily intimate).

Examples of AEs that relate to personality traits include out-of-body experiences relating to

schizotypy, absorption, fantasy proneness, and dissociation; alien abduction experiences relating

to fantasy proneness and thin boundaries. Gow, Hutchinson & Chant (2009) linked fantasy

proneness and dissociation to paranormal beliefs. There is no information about how different

AEs relate to each other, which might be because there is no research on this. There is also no

information about how AEs relate to BAP, which appears to be a problem given that Neufeld et

al. (2013) showed that synesthesia relates to BAP. As described above, there is ample evidence

that hallucinations relate to BAP too. According to the book, some AEs relate to past trauma or

(sexual) abuse, but if many AEs have a solid connection to BAP, then this link might be an

artifact, not causation. Ekblad (2013) showed that BAP traits tend to correlate to other BAP traits

and that a trait's relevance for BAP predicts average correlation to other BAP traits. Trauma and

abuse have strong correlations to BAP, so any links between AEs and trauma and abuse could be

artifacts and not causations if the specific AE under study link to BAP. Therefore, the

information about linkage to BAP is essential for evaluating if a correlation is an artifact or a

possible causative route. Even worse, if most AEs link to BAP, then specific links to personality
 9

factors, trauma, and abuse could all be indirect links or outright artifacts rather than evidence of

informative links.

The current research studies used Aspie Quiz as the primary tool to get many responses

quickly. The original construction of the Aspie Quiz checked 1,800 items and used a population

of 550,000. Factor analysis of the Aspie Quiz always resulted in two major factors that were

highly stable regardless of who participated and the exact items used (Ekblad, 2013). The first

factor was named neurodiversity (BAP) factor, and the second was named neurotypical (NT)

factor. Aspie Quiz calculates BAP and neurotypical scores using previous results from factor

analysis (factor loadings) as weight factors. Classifications are given based on the difference

between the BAP and neurotypical scores. A difference above or equal to 35 is classified as BAP,

below or equal to -35 as neurotypical (NT), and scores in between as mixed.

Cazzamalli believed it was the brain that radiated electromagnetic fields. However, other

senses do not reside in the brain, and the brain is poorly adapted for this function. It is better to

use evolutionary theory to create a more reasonable hypothesis for how electromagnetic fields

can be created and detected. Thus, we have a problem with how an animal or human can use

electromagnetic fields to communicate at a distance. First, we need an effective antenna for the

transmission and reception; alternatively, two antennas so direction can also be detected. We

have two ears and two eyes to detect the direction of sounds and objects in the visual field, which

has an evolutionary function. The ability to detect the direction of a sender using electromagnetic

fields appears to have a clear evolutionary function, too, so we assume that evolution took this
 10

path and used two antennas. Based on Harvalik (1978), it appears that the antennas for direction

sensing are above the kidneys (adrenal gland), but that there is also an antenna in the brain

(pineal gland). Since the length of dipole antennas usually is ¼ of the wavelength, this gives a

probable range for the optimal wavelength and frequency of the electromagnetic fields: The

adrenal glands probably use the whole body as antennas (6-8 meters, 40-50 MHz) and the pineal

gland might use the braincase (.5 meter, 600 MHz). The furst wavelengths are consistent with

Cazzamalli’s findings. Next, we need an effective means of communication that minimize energy

use. Of course, the continuous mode of human-made radio transmitters is not energy-efficient, so

this mode of operation is discarded as unlikely. It is far more likely that pulses are used. There is

a conflict between the ability to detect a signal and the duration of the signal. Evolution likely

found the optimal signal duration that provided a good trade-off between energy usage and the

ability to detect the signal. In regards to the experiments of Cazzamalli, if his subjects emitted a

short series of pulses, it would be rather hard to detect these with his receiver. However, the

Faraday cage would make the pulses bounce many times within the cage until they died out. It is

also possible that standing waves were produced, which might have stayed alive longer.

Vasiliev’s receiver design, however, had no chance of detecting these pulses. Finally, evolution

had to devise a means to make the signals private. The adrenal gland signals have a long reach,

and thousands or millions of individuals must share the same medium. Hence, evolution needed

to provide a way to filter out irrelevant signals. By default, all signals would be filtered out.

Telepathy experiments provide better results when people with strong bonds are used, so it is

reasonable to assume that the bonding process will tune into the other person’s signals. The

hypotheses thus become:

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1. A function for distance communication using electromagnetic fields evolved in animals.

By using two antennas, the receiver could determine the sender's direction. In humans,

the antennas are located in the adrenal glands and in the pineal gland.

2. In humans, telepathic communication is based on one or several short pulses, one or a

few microseconds long each.

3. The bonding process will set up a detector circuit adapted to the other individual’s unique

signal shape, which gives the subconscious access to the communication.

4. All psi traits are linked and have a single origin in telepathy. Things like precognition can

be explained by telepathy between the experimenter and target(s).

5. Both psi and AE traits are linked to BAP, and thus many published links between AEs,

personality, and abuse are likely indirect or artifacts.

6. The specific psi abilities of BAP people are related to hunting preferences in the

evolutionary past and to the communication needs these required.

Two different studies were done to validate the above six hypotheses. The first study

focused on telepathy and the likely related issue of sensing presence, asking people if they could

sense a presence. Those who answered "yes" got a survey asking whom they could sense (their

emotional connection) and how many they could sense. A free text field for comments was added

to the survey to get insight into telepathy and related issues. The second study focused on the lack

of information about how AEs relate to each other, personality factors, and BAP. Several relevant

questionnaires were selected and checked in all possible pairings, a procedure that would give

information about the linkage between them (and AEs) and their linkage to BAP. Once the

questionnaires were evaluated, items in them that proved promising were used to create a new

AE and psi questionnaire in an iterative process. It focused on relevant aspects only and made it
 12

possible to do factor analysis of the traits involved.

Method

The research studies used Aspie Quiz version 4, which has 117 regular items and four controls.

Aspie Quiz collected demographic information in the introduction, which included year and

month of birth, sex, country of living, and ancestry. Year and month of birth and the response

time were used to calculate age. Regular items in Aspie Quiz were formulated as questions and

used a three-point Likert scale. Additional questionnaire items were added as experimental items,

and statements were reworded to questions to fit in. The word “mind-reading” in experimental

items were changed to “mind-to-mind communication”. Aspie Quiz presented items in random

order, which guaranteed that people could not guess the objective of items by looking at nearby

items. Thus, the experimental items were mixed up with regular items, so participants had no idea

about the research objective, likely reducing bias.

To research sensing presence, an additional question, "Have you sensed that somebody

was around you even when you couldn't see him/her?" was added to Aspie Quiz (version L21).

When people answered with "yes," they were presented with a more detailed sensing survey. It

asked how many people they could sense and provided the alternatives "I don't know," "Only

one," "A few," "Many," and "Everybody." It then asked about the connection to the individual it

happened most frequently with and provided the alternatives "I have not seen him/her," "A

parent," "Other relative," "A friend," "A crush," "A current romantic partner," "A past romantic

partner," "A stranger," "A ghost" and "Other." Lastly, the sensing survey provided a comment
 13

field for additional details people wanted to provide. An additional experimental item, "Are you

sensitive to electromagnetic fields?" was added to research a possible link to telepathy using

electromagnetic fields. In past research, this item had consistently related to BAP.

Next, the objective was to research connections between AEs, personality, and BAP.

First, personality factors implicated in several AEs were selected: absorption, fantasy proneness,

schizotypal personality, and thin boundaries. Questionnaires typically associated with these

personality factors were then selected:

 The Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS) was used to research absorption.

 The Creative Experiences Questionnaire (CEQ) was used to research fantasy proneness.

 The Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) was used to research hallucinations and

schizotypal personality.

 The short version of Hartmann's Boundary Questionnaire (BQ) was used to research thin

boundaries.

Two questionnaires at a time were selected. Items from the questionnaires were added as

experimental items to a new Aspie Quiz version that was then active until a few thousand

responses had been collected. Evaluation of all combinations of the questionaries required six

runs. The AEs of interest were already part of the questionnaires, so there was no need to add

specific items to cover them. Next, a new AE and psi questionnaire was created based on

analyzing the properties of the personality factor questionnaires. The questionnaire was created in

an iterative process. Items with a direct connection to AEs were added first, then items with high
 14

correlations to existing items. A few issues with no items in the questionnaires were also added,

among them being sensitive to electromagnetic fields. Additionally, a group of items with a

known relation to problems and abuse was added to investigate linkage to these traits. In an

iterative process, the questionnaire was improved and reduced in size based on evaluating it with

factor analysis.

The sensing presence study was active between November 14 and December 30, 2017,

and June 21 and July 16, 2018. A total of 28,207 participants responded. The AE studies run

between October 10-13, 2021, January 1, 2022, January 9-22, 2022, and February 1-4, 2022. A

total of 45,690 participants responded. To increase the datasets' quality, participants who had

skipped more than five regular items in the Aspie Quiz were excluded. After this exclusion, the

sensing presence study had 18,681 participants, and the AE studies had a total 31,750. Details of

participation per sex, age, and neurotype are in Table 1. In the sensing presence study, 52% were

from the US, 15% from the UK, 7% from Canada, and 6% from Australia. In the AE studies, 60-

67% were from the US, 6-12% from Canada, 5-14% from the UK, and 2-4% from Australia.

Table 1. Properties of the datasets

Male Female
Additional
Name N
questionnaires
BAP Mixed NT BAP Mixed NT

L21 Sensing presence 18681 13% 14% 28% 22% 11% 11%
 15

30 yrs 29 yrs 26 yrs 31 yrs 33 yrs 35 yrs

12% 7% 6% 49% 17% 9%

L25 TAS & BQ 3206
28 yrs 31 yrs 31 yrs 26 yrs 30 yrs 33 yrs

11% 6% 6% 48% 18% 10%

L28 TAS & CEQ 2767
29 yrs 31 yrs 31 yrs 25 yrs 30 yrs 33 yrs

9% 5% 4% 55% 20% 8%
L29 CEQ & BQ 4936
26 yrs 27 yrs 29 yrs 24 yrs 27 yrs 30 yrs

9% 6% 5% 47% 22% 11%

L30 SPQ & TAS 4104
27 yrs 31 yrs 31 yrs 25 yrs 28 yrs 30 yrs

7% 6% 4% 41% 27% 14%

L31 SPQ & CEQ 5743
29 yrs 31 yrs 31 yrs 27 yrs 30 yrs 31 yrs

L32 SPQ & BQ 4817 8% 6% 5% 42% 26% 13%

28 yrs 31 yrs 31 yrs 27 yrs 30 yrs 32 yrs

9% 10% 11% 37% 20% 12%

L35 AE & psi 6177
29 yrs 30 yrs 31 yrs 26 yrs 29 yrs 31 yrs
 16

Used datasets, questionnaires added and the total number of participants after filtering. The

distribution of participants and their average age are shown per neurotype and sex. The BAP,

mixed and NT groups are based on Aspie Quiz classifications.

Results

The sensing presence item got many more “yes” answers in the BAP group than in the NT group,

and women provided slightly more “yes” answers than men (Table 2). 32% selected that they

could detect the presence of a few people, 23% selected only one, 22% selected they did not

know, 11% selected many, and 8% everybody. The target typically was somebody people had an

emotional connection to, although a small amount of the answers were “I have not seen him/her”

or “A stranger.” It was more common in the BAP group to pick “A current romantic partner” and

in the NT group to pick “A friend” (Table 3).

Table 2. Prevalence of presence sensing per gender and Aspie Quiz classification

Male Female

BAP Mixed NT BAP Mixed NT

? 1.6% 1.3% 1.2% 1.6% 1.7% 1.6%

No 17.1% 30.5% 46.0% 14.4% 25.6% 40.8%

A little 30.8% 37.0% 34.8% 27.4% 36.7% 35.6%

 17

Yes 50.6% 31.2% 18.0% 56.6% 36.0% 22.0%

Percentage of presence sensing answer alternatives in different groups. BAP, mixed and NT are

based on Aspie Quiz classifications. Only people between 15 and 70 years of age were included

in the analysis.

Table 3. Target of presence detection

Male Female

BAP Mixed NT BAP Mixed NT

N 736 439 503 1381 433 262

? 4.4% 3.4% 4.2% 4.2% 5.1% 7.2%

I have not seen

18.2% 20.5% 13.5% 14.3% 15.5% 13.7%
him/her

A parent 8.6% 13.2% 9.2% 9.4% 8.8% 9.2%

Other relative 5.3% 5.2% 5.0% 8.4% 8.3% 10.3%

A friend 11.6% 13.4% 18.1% 8.4% 6.0% 10.3%

A crush 3.1% 3.9% 3.2% 3.6% 1.4% 1.9%

 18

A current

romantic 13.6% 9.8% 9.9% 17.4% 17.6% 11.4%

partner

A past

romantic 4.5% 3.2% 4.4% 3.8% 3.9% 6.5%

partner

A stranger 13.0% 11.8% 13.9% 9.2% 9.0% 7.6%

A ghost 4.2% 4.6% 4.0% 6.5% 8.1% 7.6%

Other 13.6% 10.9% 14.7% 14.8% 16.4% 14.1%

Population sizes and percentage of presence sensing target answer alternatives in different

groups. BAP, mixed and NT are based on Aspie Quiz classifications. Only people between 15

and 70 years of age were included in the analysis.

There were 1,442 comments to the survey. Many comments, both from BAP, mixed, and

NT people, were concerned with the possibility of sensing people through footsteps, minor

environmental disturbances, and similar. Seven comments from BAP people described the ability

to sense abusive parents or ex-partners. Two BAP people felt stress from bonded people, and one

BAP individual could pick up vibes from dangerous people nearby. Eleven BAP people claimed

they could feel positive emotions from partners or friends. Twelve BAP people commented on
 19

having telepathic communication with a partner, parent, or child. Twelve BAP people claimed to

be able to predict the arrival of a partner, parent, or friend. Three BAP people and one classified

as mixed claimed they could localize their partner or crush in a crowd or similar. One BAP

woman described an entirely nonverbal relationship using telepathy to communicate where they

could plan meetings and know when their partner was arriving.

ANOVAs were used to check which items related the most to the sensing presence item.

First, all other items were part of the model. Next, items with p >= .05 were dropped from the

model. Finally, items were dropped in an iterative process based on their effect sizes until all

items in the model had effect sizes above or equal to .02. The final result, presented in Table 4,

shows that being sensitive to electromagnetic fields had the most significant effect size.

Table 4. Items contributing to presence sensing

Item df MS F ηp2

Are you sensitive to electromagnetic

2 174.6 338.0 0.045
fields?

Do you mistake noises for voices? 2 128.2 248.2 0.033

Have your thoughts ever been so

vivid that you were worried other 2 113.7 220.1 0.029

people would hear them?

Do you like to protect people you are 2 77.6 150.3 0.020

 20

attached to even when they didn't

ask for it?

ANOVA results for detecting presence. All results have p < .0001. MS = Mean squares, effect

size = partial η2.

Supplementary tables 1 to 4 show the result of analyzing the questionnaires associated

with personality factors. Each item's properties, as well as the total score, were calculated using

all three runs of the questionnaire. Questionnaires with sub-scales (BQ and SPQ) also contain

properties of sub-scales. Per-item information includes the frequency of not answering it,

correlation to BAP (Aspie Quiz score difference), correlation to the total score of the

questionnaire, and correlation to the total score of the other three questionnaires. Only

correlations with p < .0001 are shown.

Figure 1 presents the correlation to BAP versus the average correlation to items in the

three other questionnaires. There is a clear trend that a high correlation to BAP is related to a

higher average correlation to items in other questionnaires.

 21

Figure 1. Correlation to BAP vs average correlation to items in other questionnaires

.30
TAS CEQ BQ SPQ

.25

.20

.15
Average correlation to items

.10

.05

.00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

BAP correlation

Table 5 shows the results of the AE & psi questionnaire. The questionnaire has a psi

factor, an AE & fantasy factor, and a problem & abuse factor. Each item is presented with its

origin (if any), percentage of not answering it, correlation to BAP, factor loading for the three

factors, and uniqueness. Many items have high factor loadings to only one factor, while a few

items have considerable factor loadings to several factors.

 22

Table 5. AE and psi scale factor analysis

Factors
Origin Item ? BAP Unique
Psi AE Abuse

Have you felt that you are communicating

SPQ:24 with another person telepathically (by mind- 1.1% .32 .71 -.02 -.02 .52

to-mind communication)?

Do you think you really know what some

TAS:8 people mean when they talk about mystical 4.8% .11 .67 -.07 -.09 .65

experiences?

Can you at times somehow feel the presence

TAS:31 1.7% .37 .60 .08 .07 .52
of someone who is not physically there?

Have you experienced anomalous healing? 36.8% .28 .59 .01 -.04 .67

Do you get a feeling that you can predict

CEQ:21 0.8% .32 .58 .10 -.02 .60
things that are bound to happen in the future?

SPQ:23 Do you believe in ghosts, astrology or UFOs? 1.6% .23 .55 -.10 .12 .68

Have you seen things invisible to other

SPQ:29 3.5% .38 .54 .10 .02 .62
people?

CEQ:22 Do you experience thinking of someone and 1.5% .30 .54 .03 .05 .65

soon afterwards that particular person calls or

 23

shows up?

Can other people feel your feelings when they

SPQ:22 18.7% .19 .52 -.08 -.01 .78
are not there?

Are you sensitive to electromagnetic fields? 26.8% .39 .52 .04 .08 .66

Have you noticed a common event or object

SPQ:4 4.8% .38 .51 .12 .07 .61
that seemed to be a special sign for you?

Do you feel that you have had an out of body

CEQ:23 2.7% .34 .46 .14 .08 .64
experience?

When you sing or write someting, do you

CEQ:24 sometimes have the feeling that someone or 3.1% .36 .38 .20 .04 .70

something outside yourself directs you?

Do things around you seem to change their

BQ:6 2.8% .44 .32 .20 .15 .69
size and shape?

As a child, did you believe in the existence of

CEQ:2 1.7% .32 .31 .10 .21 .74
dwarfs, elves and other fairy tale figures?

Do you start fantasizing when things get

CEQ:14 0.4% .38 -.12 .59 .05 .70
boring?

Do you spend more than half the day

CEQ:9 0.7% .48 -.07 .58 .16 .61
(daytime) fantasizing or daydreaming?
 24

Can music remind you of pictures or changing

CEQ:27 1.6% .35 .11 .55 -.02 .62
patterns of color

Are your thoughts sometimes so strong that

SPQ:33 1.2% .48 .13 .51 .12 .57
you can almost hear them?

Do your thoughts often occur as visual images

TAS:22 2.0% .24 .10 .51 -.12 .72
rather than as words?

Can thoughts and images come to you without

TAS:32 1.9% .07 .08 .50 -.26 .76
any effort on your part?

If you stare at a picture and then look away

from it, can you sometimes 'see' an image of

TAS:4 1.6% .32 .13 .49 -.01 .68
the picture, almost as if you were still looking

at it?

Can you recall certain past experiences so

TAS:19 clearly and vividly that it is like living them 0.6% .32 .19 .44 .01 .67

again?

Do you have 'physical memories'; for

TAS:29 example, after you've been swimming may 2.0% .43 .11 .42 .19 .64

feel as if you are still in the water?

TAS:10 Do textures - such as wool, sand, wood - 2.0% .36 .23 .37 .04 .69
 25

remind you of colors or music?

Have you had the experience of someone

calling you or speaking your name and not

BQ:7 1.0% .51 .09 .35 .28 .66
being sure whether it was really happening or

you were imagining it?

Can you feel as if your mind could envelop

TAS:5 11.6% .39 .34 .33 -.02 .66
the whole world?

Do you get a pleasurable tingling sensation in

the head, scalp or back of the body in 1.2% .44 .14 .32 .18 .72

response to certain sounds?

Have you had the experience of not knowing

BQ:8 whether you were imagining something or it 1.2% .52 .18 .32 .26 .61

was actually happening?

If you think about something cold, do you

CEQ:19 1.9% .40 .23 .25 .22 .68
actually get cold?

Do you have lucid dreams (knowing you are

1.1% .18 .22 .24 -.04 .85
dreaming while dreaming)?

Do you have panic attacks? 1.0% .47 -.03 .10 .61 .59

Do you have regular depressions? 1.4% .45 -.11 .13 .59 .64
 26

Have you been talked into having sex even if

1.8% .28 .14 -.15 .52 .70
you really didn't want to?

Have you been sexually abused? 3.1% .31 .22 -.13 .52 .65

Were you abused by parents as a child? 3.1% .31 .16 -.07 .40 .78

Were you bullied in school? 0.8% .38 .03 .11 .38 .79

When you imagine you have eaten rotten

CEQ:20 1.3% .42 .05 .19 .37 .74
food, do you really get nauseous?

Do your body sometimes seem to change its

BQ:2 2.7% .44 .25 .17 .28 .67
size and shape?

As a child, did you have a feeling you were

CEQ:5 somebody else (e.g., a princess, an orphan, 1.9% .46 .24 .23 .25 .65

etc.)?

Number of no answers (?), correlation to Aspie Quiz (BAP), factor loadings and uniqueness.

Supplementary table 5 presents average scores in the BAP and NT groups and ANOVA

results for each item in the AE and psi questionnaire. The ANOVA model includes neurotype,

sex, and age. Only participants between 15 and 39 years old were used to minimize the number of

age groups. Age was categorized in five-year intervals (15-19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, and 35-39).
 27

Since ANOVA only indicates a difference, linear regression was also run on sex and age to get

the probable direction. Linear regression was run on the BAP and NT groups separately.

Cronbach alpha was .96 to .97 for Aspie Quiz, .95 for SPQ, .93 to .94 for TAS, .84 to .86

for CEQ, .77 to .79 for BQ, and .92 for the AE & psi questionnaire. Item covariance was .10

to .13 for Aspie Quiz, .11 to .12 for SPQ, .17 to .18 for TAS, .11 to .13 for CEQ, .04 for BQ,

and .16 for the AE & psi questionnaire. Correlations to BAP and the total score of the

questionnaire were compared between the three runs to evaluate consistency. Correlations to

BAP had an average difference of .018 for SPQ, .023 for TAS, .025 for CEQ, and .028 for BQ.

The correlation to the total score had an average difference of .024 for SPQ, .019 for TAS, .032

for CEQ, and .027 for BQ. Only items with significant correlations in all three runs were

analyzed. The BQ had a substantial number of items with non-significant correlations to both

BAP and the BQ total score, which is also evident by its low Cronbach alpha.

Discussion

The sensing presence survey supported that sensing presence is primarily a BAP trait operating

between bonded people. Some comments implied a telepathic component in sensing presence,

and several comments implied it happens over large distances where ordinary senses do not work.

An ANOVA showed that the sensing presence trait primarily related to sensing electromagnetic

fields, which agreed with the hypothesis that sensing presence operated through communication

using electromagnetic fields. A few participants claimed they could locate their partner in a

crowd, which cannot be fully explained by telepathy alone. Instead, this hints at an ability to
 28

sense direction, giving confirmation to the two-antenna hypothesis. Of note is that sensing

presence (and direction) is not mind-reading. Instead, it should involve an active process where

people communicate or poke each other for their position. The brain can sense the direction of

sounds by comparing signals from both ears, and it can also sense direction in the visual field.

The ability to send electromagnetic pulses can also explain how water-well dowsing operates.

The process of water-well dowsing thus consists of sending electromagnetic pulses and analyzing

the echos, something that probably is an exaptation of sensing direction rather than a novel

function. Sheldrake (1999) showed that many dogs could anticipate the arrival of their owners

several minutes in advance, showing that the sensing presence trait is not confined to people with

autistic traits only but exists in animals as well. This finding might explain why some autistics,

like Temple Gradin, have an improved ability to communicate with animals.

All the total scores of the questionnaires have a considerable correlation to BAP. SPQ has

.89, TAS has .66, CEQ has .62, and BQ has .41. The questionnaires with the highest correlations

to BAP also have the highest Cronbach alpha values. All of the individual traits in the AE & psi

scale have significant and positive correlations to BAP. The finding in Aspie Quiz (Ekblad, 2013)

that a high relevance for BAP predicts a high average correlation to other BAP traits was

replicated by cross-comparisons between the questionnaires. This finding means that it is not

enough to observe a correlation between a construct and some AE or psi traits since it's expected

that any trait related to BAP will also relate to AE or psi. Knowing the correlation to BAP for a

particular trait is necessary. A comparison must result in similar or higher magnitude correlations

to be informative. Since a majority of AE and psi traits have BAP correlations between .2 and .4,

with some being as high as .5, correlations below .3 or so are unlikely to be informative.
 29

Telepathy (mind-to-mind communication) had the highest factor loading on the psi factor.

Being sensitive to electromagnetic fields only significantly loaded on the psi factor. Various other

traits with a possible connection to telepathy also loaded highly on the psi factor. These findings

confirm the hypothesis that psi traits are linked, that telepathy is the most important trait, and that

it operates using electromagnetic fields. The traits primarily originated from the SPQ, although

TAS and CEQ contributed too. Except for mystical experiences, the traits had considerable

connections to BAP, which confirmed the hypothesis that psi traits are linked to BAP. In Ekblad

& Oviedo (2017), supernatural experiences and abilities linked to BAP while enjoying organized

religion linked to being neurotypical. Thus, a possible explanation for why mystical experiences

both load on the psi factor and are primarily unrelated to BAP is an implied link to organized

religion. In parapsychology research, different psi traits are often thought to be relatively

independent, but the results here point to an origin in telepathy using electromagnetic fields.

The AE factor consisted of anomalous experiences and fantasy proneness traits. Most AE

traits originated from the TAS, while many fantasy proneness traits originated from the CEQ.

Many of these traits have high correlations to BAP, particularly those with high factor loadings.

The high correlations confirmed the hypothesis that AEs linked to BAP. Autonomous sensory

meridian response (ASMR) is a trait not typically associated with AEs and it loaded on the AE

factor. The BQ had only one dimension with high relevance for AEs: unusual experiences, while

the other dimensions had no relevance. Rawlings (2001) found that the unusual experiences

factor was the primary factor and the other factors were less well defined. Since the unusual
 30

experience factor is a list of traits closely linked to AEs, and the rest of the items in the BQ have

little to no correlation to this factor, it cannot be concluded that thin boundaries is a personality

trait related to AEs. In fact, given the low Cronbach alpha and the low covariance between items,

the BQ must be considered a relatively poor construct.

The problem & abuse factor contained traits like bullying, (sexual) abuse, panic attacks,

having been talked into having sex, and depression. These traits mainly had high loadings to the

problem & abuse factor. Sexual abuse and having been talked into having sex also loaded on the

psi factor, possibly because enhanced psi abilities were a risk factor for being sexually exploited.

Another risk factor was forming stronger than normal attachments, and these issues could be

related. Comments about sensing abusive partners might relate to attachment issues. Being

abused by parents also loaded to psi factor, which might be related to the comments about

sensing abusive parents. Links also hint that having odd psi traits might cause parental disproval,

leading to abuse. However, other than this link, there is no good indicator that psi or AE traits

cause any of the problem or abuse traits. The reverse is also true: There is no good evidence that

abuse causes any psi or AE trait to appear, but there is some evidence that they might become

more pronounced. An example is the comments about sensing abusive parents or partners. These

comments do not indicate that the psi traits appear because of abuse, merely that they are

activated towards the abusive person.

Based on analyzing large samples from different ancestral regions worldwide, Pfuhl &

Ekblad (2018) linked BAP to Neanderthal admixture. Geist (1978) observed that all Neanderthal
 31

prey animals had fur and therefore proposed that one hunter clung onto the prey while the other

would use a thrusting spear to kill it at a close distance. Geist’s hypothesis that Neanderthals

practiced close combat hunting explained why they had injuries similar to those of rodeo riders.

Ekblad (2020) tested his hypothesis by checking various traits suggested by Geist and some

potentially related traits that had been previously discovered in Aspie Quiz. Factor analysis

discovered one factor with psychological traits and another with sensory traits related to close

combat hunting. The sensory traits were mostly more acute senses, except for reduced pain

sensitivity. These sensory traits cluster with being sensitive to electromagnetic fields. One trait

relating to schizotypal was among the psychological traits: “Do you mistake noises for voices?”.

What is missing in Ekblad (2020) is how the hunters communicated. As suggested, stims might

have played some role, but these only work if the two hunters can see each other. Sounds and

talking would alert the prey animal of the presence of two hunters, so it would not work. A

private communication method between the hunters, which the prey could not detect, would be

very beneficial. Telepathy would work very well for this communication and might be the

missing piece explaining how only two Neanderthals could kill large prey. The ability to poke

each other for direction would be beneficial to know each other’s positions without seeing each

other. In conclusion, this might be a viable evolutionary explanation for why people with autistic

traits have telepathic abilities.

The finding that psychosis is more common in urban areas than in rural needs an

explanation. Urban areas have many more potential senders than rural, and if people prone to

developing psychosis and schizophrenia have less effective filters, this can explain the finding.

Thus, some people with poor filters might pick up on abusive people who send them various
 32

commands for enjoyment. They might perceive this experience as very distressing and seek help

for it. However, since psychiatry does not believe in veridical hallucinations (telepathy), they are

placed on medications rather than trying to track down the abusive sender and stop the abuse.

Actual abusive cases where the victim knows the abuser through a previous relationship would be

an excellent model to research psychosis that includes command requests.

Public data: Raw data from Aspie Quiz is deposited in an Open Science Framework (OSF)

project, https://osf.io/dnxh4/

Conflict of Interest: The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in

accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and

with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The

Aspie Quiz survey was constructed in such a way that participants could not be identified.

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Research

items in Aspie Quiz could be skipped by selecting the “?” alternative (checked by default), and

skipping them had no effect on scores. Participants were informed that some items might be for

research only.
 33

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 38

Supplementary table 1. Tellegen Absorbtion Scale (TAS)

# Item ? BAP Self CEQ SPQ BQ

Do you feel and experience things as you did when you

1 7.6% .37 .51 .45 .38 .27
were a child?

Do you get greatly moved by eloquent or poetic

2 0.9% .14 .46 .37 .25 .24
language?

While watching a movie, a TV show, or a play, may you

become so involved that you forget about yourself and

3 0.7% .42 .59 .55 .44 .30
your surroundings, and experience the story as if it were

real?

If you stare at a picture and then look away from it, can

4 you sometimes 'see' an image of the picture, almost as if 2.4% .33 .60 .48 .43 .22

you were still looking at it?

Can you feel as if your mind could envelop the whole

5 12.7% .39 .61 .55 .46 .35
world?

6 Do you like to watch cloud shapes change in the sky? 0.8% .31 .52 .42 .36 .29

If you wish can you imagine things so vividly that it's

7 1.4% .26 .62 .58 .37 .22
like watching a good movie or hearing a good story?

8 Do you think you really know what some people mean 5.5% .09 .47 .41 .28 .16
 39

when they talk about mystical experiences?

Do you 'step outside' of your usual self and experience a

9 5.6% .39 .60 .56 .46 .37
completely different state of being?

Do textures - such as wool, sand, wood - remind you of

10 2.0% .33 .59 .45 .43 .27
colors or music?

11 Can you experience things as if they were doubly real? 25.6% .47 .68 .65 .57 .32

When you listen to music can you get so caught up in it

12 0.5% .47 .58 .47 .45 .30
that you don't notice anything else?

If you wish, can you imagine that your body is so heavy

13 2.8% .32 .53 .48 .33 .30
that you cannot move it?

Can you somehow sense the presence of another person

14 1.7% .33 .57 .48 .47 .16
before you actually see or hear him/her?

Do the crackle and flames of a wood fire stimulate your

15 2.3% .34 .61 .53 .41 .34
imagination?

When you are immersed in nature or in art can you feel

16 as if your whole state of consciousness has somehow 2.1% .37 .65 .53 .40 .40

been temporarily changed?

Do different colors have distinctive and special meanings

17 1.2% .41 .65 .54 .48 .30
for you?
 40

Can you wander off into your thoughts so completely

while doing a routine task that you actually forget what

18 0.8% .44 .51 .45 .45 .28
you are doing and a few minutes later find that you have

finished it?

Can you recall certain past experiences so clearly and

19 0.7% .29 .60 .50 .40 .15
vividly that it is like living them again?

Can things that might seem meaningless to others often

20 2.2% .46 .55 .46 .51 .29
make sense to you?

If you acted in a play do you think that you would really

feel the emotions of the character, and 'become' that

21 4.2% .20 .49 .46 .26 .26
person for the time being, forgetting both yourself and

the audience?

Do your thoughts often occur as visual images rather

22 1.9% .25 .53 .39 .35 .22
than as words?

Are you often delighted by small things (like the colors

23 in soap bubbles and the five pointed star shape that 0.6% .49 .57 .50 .46 .35

appears when you cut an apple across the core)?

When listening to organ music or other powerful music,

24 2.6% .38 .62 .51 .40 .34
do you feel as if you are being lifted into the air?

25 Can you change noise into music by the way you listen 3.5% .38 .59 .45 .43 .32
 41

to it?

Are your most vivid memories called up by scents and

26 1.7% .26 .48 .41 .31 .14
smells?

Can music remind you of pictures or changing patterns 1.9% .36 .65 .51 .41 .29
27
of color?

Do you often know what someone is going to say before 0.7% .10 .42 .33 .24
28
he or she says it?

Do you have 'physical memories'; for example, after

29 you've been swimming may feel as if you are still in the 1.9% .42 .61 .51 .48 .34

water?

Can the sound of a voice be so fascinating to you that 1.3% .43 .59 .46 .45 .32
30
you can just go on listening to it?

Can you at times somehow feel the presence of someone 2.1% .37 .64 .57 .55 .33
31
who is not physically there?

Can thoughts and images come to you without any effort 2.0% .12 .47 .38 .24 .15
32
on your part?

33 Do different smells have different colors? 3.5% .35 .56 .44 .42 .31

34 Can you be deeply moved by a sunset? 0.9% .12 .46 .35 .23 .24

35 In your daydreams, can people kind of merge into one 6.7% .41 .56 .51 .44 .35
 42

another or one person turns into another?

36 Can you wake from one dream into another? 8.2% .26 .50 .46 .30 .24

37 Do you have daymares? 6.1% .44 .59 .55 .51 .30

In your dreams, can people sometimes merge into each

38 7.2% .32 .51 .44 X .30
other or become other people?

Total 57.1% .66 .88 .75 .52

Number of no answers (?), correlation to Aspie Quiz (BAP), correlation to the total score of TAS
(Self), and correlations to the total scores of the three other questionnairies. Correlations with p
>= .0001 are not shown (blank).
 43

Supplementary table 2. The Creative Experiences Questionnaire (CEQ)

# Item ? BAP Self TAS SPQ BQ

As a child, did you think that dolls, teddy bears and

1 stuffed animals that you played with were living 2.3% .34 .57 .50 .34 .26

creatures?

As a child, did you believe in the existence of dwarfs,

2 2.2% .29 .54 .45 .35 .27
elves and other fairy tale figures?

As a child, did you have your own make believe friend

3 2.8% .29 .51 .36 .26 .26
or animal?

As a child, could you easily identify with the main

4 3.2% -.14 .20 .17
character of a story and/or movie?

As a child, did you have a feeling you were somebody

5 2.3% .42 .61 .55 .45 .33
else (e.g., a princess, an orphan, etc.)?

As a child, were you encouraged by adults (parents,

6 grandparents, brothers, sisters) to fully indulge yourself 5.5% .08 .26 .18 .13 .14

in your fantasies and daydreams?

7 Did you feel lonely as a child? 1.2% .40 .38 .36 .40 .24

8 As a child, did you devote your time to playing a musical 0.6% .22 .37 .37 .18 .22
 44

instrument, dancing, acting, and/or drawing?

Do you spend more than half the day (daytime)

9 0.9% .44 .58 .55 .44 .30
fantasizing or daydreaming?

Do your friends and/or relatives not know that you have

10 9.4% .32 .47 .41 .35 .21
such detailed fantasies?

11 Do your fantasies have a realistic intensity? 3.7% .32 .59 .56 .36 .23

12 Are your fantasies just as lively as a good movie? 1.6% .32 .62 .61 .34 .25

13 Do you confuse fantasies with real memories? 1.6% .46 .55 .51 .45 .40

14 Do you start fantasizing when things get boring? 0.4% .36 .53 .49 .34 .28

Do you act as if you are somebody else and completely

15 2.9% .44 .53 .50 .45 .32
identify yourself with that role?

Do you have vivid and lively memories of your

16 0.7% .28 .28
childhood?

17 Do you recall occurrences before the age of three? 2.7% .10 .30 .29 .13

When you percieve violence on television, do you get so

18 1.3% .30 .45 .45 .27 .22
into it that you get upset?

If you think about something cold, do you actually get

19 2.6% .37 .51 .56 .38 .25
cold?
 45

When you imagine you have eaten rotten food, do you

20 1.7% .38 .45 .48 .39 .21
really get nauseous?

Do you get a feeling that you can predict things that are
21 1.1% .30 .51 .52 .43 .22
bound to happen in the future?

Do you experience thinking of someone and soon

22 1.7% .25 .47 .50 .39 .18
afterwards that particular person calls or shows up?

Do you feel that you have had an out of body

23 2.9% .34 .55 .60 .39 .27
experience?

When you sing or write someting, do you sometimes

24 have the feeling that someone or something outside 3.5% .36 .53 .51 .42 .29

yourself directs you?

During your life, have you had intense religious

25 experiences which influenced you in a very strong 1.6% .13 .33 .29 .20

manner?

26 Total 36.6% .62 .88 .66 .46

Number of no answers (?), correlation to Aspie Quiz (BAP), correlation to the total score of CEQ
(Self), and correlations to the total scores of the three other questionnairies. Correlations with p
>= .0001 are not shown (blank).
 46

Supplementary table 3. The Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ)

# Item / category ? BAP Self TAS CEQ BQ

Ideas of Reference 24.4% .61 .80 .67 .60 .33

Do you feel that things you see on the TV or read in the

1 2.2% .30 .44 .48 .41 .12
newspaper have a special meaning for you?

Are you aware that people notice you when you go out
2 1.8% .29 .44 .35 .30 .17
for a meal or to see a film?

Do people drop hints about you or say things with a

3 16.2% .46 .55 .51 .41 .23
double meaning?

Have you noticed a common event or object that seemed

4 4.2% .34 .48 .57 .47 .21
to be a special sign for you?

Do you see special meanings in advertisements, shop

5 2.6% .34 .45 .53 .44 .18
windows, or in the way things are arranged around you?

When shopping do you get the feeling that other people

6 0.6% .42 .57 .41 .36 .25
are taking notice of you?

When you see people talking to each other, do you often

7 0.5% .40 .54 .37 .28 .22
wonder if they are talking about you?

8 Do you feel that other people are watching you? 0.8% .44 .61 .43 .39 .24
 47

9 Do you feel that people are talking about you? 1.1% .39 .56 .35 .32 .22

Excessive Social Anxiety 2.8% .63 .66 .34 .25 .16

Do you avoid going to places where there will be many

10 0.4% .50 .51 .32 .21 .06
people because you will get anxious?

Do you get nervous when you have to make polite

11 0.4% .54 .53 .31 .21 .18
conversation?

Do you get nervous when someone is walking behind

12 0.3% .48 .50 .41 .34 .12
you?

Do you get anxious when meeting people for the first

13 0.4% .45 .49 .24 .15 .14
time?

Do you feel nervous when you are in a group of

14 0.4% .45 .49 .20 .15 .14
unfamiliar people?

Do you feel uncomfortable in social situations involving

15 0.4% .41 .44 .17 .15
unfamiliar people?

Would you feel anxious if you had to give a speech in

16 0.3% .22 .29 .10 .09
front of a large group of people?

Do you feel uneasy talking to people you do not know

17 0.4% .48 .50 .23 .15 .10
well?
 48

Odd Beliefs or Magical Thinking 25.0% .34 .56 .63 .60 .30

18 Have you had experiences with the supernatural? 3.6% .22 .39 .46 .44 .17

Do you believe in telepathy (mind-to-mind

19 2.8% .21 .40 .48 .44 .20
communication)?

Do you feel that other people can tell what you are
20 1.1% .26 .36 .36 .31 .20
thinking?

Do you believe in clairvoyancy (psychic forces, fortune

21 2.4% .19 .38 .44 .40 .20
telling)?

Can other people feel your feelings when they are not
22 17.9% .20 .33 .38 .33 .22
there?

Have you had experiences with astrology, seeing the

23 2.0% .24 .41 .50 .46 .22
future, UFOs, ESP or a sixth sense?

Have you felt that you are communicating with another

24 1.4% .27 .43 .54 .45 .26
person telepathically (by mind-to-mind communication)?

Unusual Perceptual Experiences 18.3% .68 .79 .80 .71 .42

Have you mistaken objects or shadows for people, or

25 0.9% .46 .53 .54 .44 .36
noises for voices?

26 Have you had the sense that some person or force is 1.3% .36 .52 .58 .50 .23
 49

around you, even though you cannot see anyone?

When you look at a person, or yourself in a mirror, have

27 4.1% .37 .46 .51 .41 .32
you seen the face change right before your eyes?

28 Do you hear a voice speaking your thoughts aloud? 2.6% .26 .34 .41 .29 .22

29 Have you seen things invisible to other people? 4.6% .36 .50 .54 .47 .29

30 Do everyday things seem unusually large or small? 4.8% .44 .49 .44 .37 .23

Does your sense of smell sometimes become unusually

31 1.3% .42 .45 .47 .38 .16
strong?

Do you suddenly feel distracted by distant sounds that

32 1.0% .55 .55 .52 .40 .25
you are not normally aware of?

Are your thoughts sometimes so strong that you can

33 1.8% .44 .51 .62 .50 .30
almost hear them?

Odd or Eccentric Behavior 16.1% .70 .72 .57 .51 .34

34 Do other people see you as slightly eccentric (odd)? 3.7% .53 .56 .46 .41 .27

Do people comment on your unusual mannerisms and

35 1.4% .58 .59 .46 .40 .23
habits?

36 Do other people think that you are a little strange? 3.9% .55 .60 .43 .38 .26

37 Do some people think that you are a very bizarre person? 4.7% .54 .57 .43 .41 .27
 50

38 Are you an odd, unusual person? 3.0% .54 .58 .43 .39 .24

39 Do you have some eccentric (odd) habits? 2.4% .54 .55 .50 .43 .28

40 Do people stare at you because of your odd appearance? 5.5% .44 .49 .40 .35 .26

No Close Friends 7.9% .54 .62 .24 .16

Do you have little interest in getting to know other

41 0.7% .34 .39 .14 .08 -.12
people?

42 Do you prefer to keep to yourself? 0.5% .38 .44 .17 .14

43 Are you mostly quiet when with other people? 0.6% .35 .42 .14 .10

Do you find it hard to be emotionally close to other

44 0.4% .43 .47 .21 .13
people?

Do you feel that there is no-one you are really close to

45 outside of your immediate family, or people you can 0.8% .33 .42 .22 .14

confide in or talk to about personal problems?

46 Is writing letters to friends more trouble than it is worth? 2.8% .24 .24 .10

Do you tend to keep in the background on social

47 0.5% .39 .45 .17 .10
occasions?

48 Do you attach little importance to having close friends? 1.3% .22 .28 .12 .06 -.10
 51

49 Do you feel that you are unable to get "close" to people? 0.4% .45 .50 .20 .19

Odd Speech 13.4% .78 .78 .58 .51 .38

Do people find it hard to understand what you are

50 1.7% .58 .59 .40 .34 .27
saying?

Do you jump quickly from one topic to another when

51 0.6% .36 .38 .37 .29 .26
speaking?

52 Do you forget what you are trying to say? 0.3% .49 .49 .36 .30 .28

53 Do you ramble on too much when speaking? 0.6% .44 .42 .36 .30 .22

Do people find you a bit vague and elusive during a

54 6.3% .46 .52 .32 .26 .18
conversation?

55 Do you use words in unusual ways? 3.8% .53 .54 .52 .41 .24

Do you tend to wander off the topic when having a

56 0.5% .45 .45 .39 .35 .27
conversation?

Do you find it hard to communicate clearly what you

57 0.3% .58 .59 .30 .26 .20
want to say to people?

58 Do people comment that your conversation is confusing? 1.7% .56 .58 .42 .36 .30
 52

Constricted Affect 11.5% .69 .71 .34 .27 .13

59 Do people find you aloof and distant? 3.8% .46 .52 .30 .24

Are you poor at expressing your true feelings by the way

60 1.9% .53 .54 .26 .24 .15
you talk and look?

61 Do you rarely laugh and smile? 0.9% .29 .33 .15 .07

Is your "non-verbal" communication (smiling and

62 3.1% .52 .49 .26 .22 .15
nodding during a Y N conversation) poor?

63 Are you poor at returning social courtesies and gestures? 0.8% .54 .50 .24 .22 .14

Do you tend to avoid eye contact when conversing with

64 0.5% .46 .44 .22 .18 .12
others?

65 Do you lack an expressive and lively way of speaking? 2.1% .31 .34 .12 .09 .05

66 Do you tend to keep your feelings to yourself? 0.4% .26 .33 .12 .06

Suspiciousness 13.5% .58 .78 .56 .49 .17

Are you sure you are being talked about behind your
67 4.0% .33 .51 .32 .30 .18
back?

68 Do you feel that other people have got it in for you? 4.2% .40 .57 .40 .35 .20

69 Do you get concerned that friends or co-workers are not 0.5% .41 .56 .40 .33
 53

really loyal or trustworthy?

Do you feel you have to be on your guard even with

70 0.5% .48 .59 .37 .32 .09
friends?

Do you pick up hidden threats or put-downs from what

71 2.1% .11 .30 .32 .25
people say or do?

Have you found that it is best not to let other people

72 0.6% .38 .48 .27 .23
know too much about you?

73 Do you feel that others have it in for you? 4.2% .40 .56 .39 .35 .19

Do you have to keep an eye out to stop people from

74 1.4% .44 .55 .45 .40 .15
taking advantage of you?

Total 59.9% .89 .75 .66 .36

Number of no answers (?), correlation to Aspie Quiz (BAP), correlation to the total score of SPQ
(Self), and correlations to the total scores of the three other questionnairies. Correlations with p
>= .0001 are not shown (blank). Category totals and the total score are included.
 54

Supplementary table 4. Hartmann's Boundary Questionnaire (BQ), short version

# Item ? BAP Self TAS CEQ SPQ

Unusual Experiences 12.4% .65 .58 .79 .73 .72

Do you have dreams, daydreams, nightmares in which

1 your body or someone else's body is being stabbed, 1.5% .36 .34 .46 .42 .37

injured, or torn apart?

Do things around you seem to change their size and

2 3.5% .42 .38 .53 .45 .50
shape?

Every time something frightening happens to you, do

3 you have nightmares or fantasies or flashbacks involving 1.3% .40 .32 .50 .45 .48

the frightening event?

Do you have often had the experience of different senses

4 coming together. For example, have you felt that you 2.0% .36 .31 .56 .45 .38

could smell a color, or see a sound, or hear an odor?

Can your dreams be so vivid that even later you can't tell
5 0.9% .36 .37 .55 .50 .41
them from waking reality?

Do your body sometimes seem to change its size and

6 3.2% .39 .37 .51 .44 .46
shape?

7 Have you had the experience of someone calling you or 1.1% .48 .43 .50 .48 .52
 55

speaking your name and not being sure whether it was

really happening or you were imagining it?

Have you had the experience of not knowing whether

8 you were imagining something or it was actually 1.4% .47 .43 .56 .52 .52

happening?

Need for Order 58.9% .38 -.44 .27 .27 .41

Is there a place for everything and everything should be

9 1.3% .29 -.26 .22 .20 .29
in its place?

10 Do you think children need strict discipline? 2.3% -.11 -.37

In an organization, should everyone have a definite place

11 2.3% .27 -.25 .16 .17 .30
and a specific role?

Do you think that a man is a man and a woman is a

12 woman and that it is very important to maintain that 1.6% -.13 -.36 -.13 -.11

distinction?

Do you like stories that have a definite beginning,

13 4.1% .28 -.18 .15 .19 .30
middle, and end?

Can you imagine living with or marrying a person of

14 2.1% .08 .13
another race?

15 Do you like clear, precise border? 9.6% .38 -.19 .22 .19 .35
 56

Are the movies and TV shows you like the best the ones

16 where there are good guys and bad guys and you always 4.3% .29 -.15 .20 .20 .32

know who they are?

Are good solid frames very important for a picture or a

17 8.8% .25 -.17 .26 .24 .25
painting?

18 Is being dressed neatly and cleanly very important? 0.6% -.26 .08

Do you like houses where rooms have definite walls and

19 5.4% .41 -.11 .27 .26 .39
each room has a definite function?

Do you agree that East is East and West is West, and

20 47.7% -.28 .08
never the twain shall meet. (Kipling)?

Trust 4.0% -.25 -.09 -.37

21 Are you a very open person? 0.6% -.09 .12 -.11

22 Do you trust people easily? 0.6% -.10 .10 -.17

23 Are you always at least a bit on your guard? 0.6% .43 .12 .35 .29 .55

Can you meet someone and trust him or her so

24 completely that you can share just about everything 0.5% .17 .18 .30 .22 .13

about yourself at the first meeting?

25 Do you expect other people to keep a certain distance? 1.5% .44 .29 .26 .46
 57

Are you careful about what you say to people until you
26 0.5% .14 .09 .27
get to know them really well?

Perceived Competence 16.7% -.21 -.63

27 Do you get to appointments right on time? 0.6% -.28

Do you keep your desk and worktable neat and well

28 0.5% -.36
organized?

Are you good at keeping accounts and keeping track of

29 0.6% -.18 -.37 -.14 -.13 -.16
your money?

30 Do you have a clear and distinct sense of time? 1.2% -.36 -.46 -.24 -.20 -.22

Do you know exactly what parts of town are safe and

31 1.5% -.07 -.24 .10 .12 .12
what parts are unsafe?

Do you have a clear memory of your past and could tell

32 0.7% -.12 -.22 .09
pretty well what happened year by year?

33 Are you a down-to-earth, no-nonsense kind of person? 3.6% -.34

34 Do think you would be a good psychotherapist? 5.4% .25 .20

Do you agree that there are no sharp dividing lines

35 between normal people, people with problems, and 5.4% .14 .30 .19 .11 .10

people who are considered psychotic or crazy?

 58

Childlikeness 29.9% .37 .54 .52 .41 .34

36 Do you think a good teacher must remain in part a child? 9.6% .28 .43 .40 .30 .28

37 Do you think a good parent has to be a bit of a child too? 5.2% .24 .41 .35 .27 .25

38 Do you think an artist must in part remain a child? 9.5% .27 .40 .43 .31 .25

Do you agree that a good teacher needs to help a child

39 13.7% .25 .32 .33 .26 .25
remain special?

Do you think children and adults have a lot in common

40 and that they should give themselves a chance to be 10.3% .25 .37 .33 .25 .21

together without any strict roles?

Sensitivity 1.8% .35 .36 .37 .32 .37

41 Are you easily hurt? 1.3% .31 .30 .31 .28 .35

42 Are you a very sensitive person? 0.6% .30 .33 .35 .29 .30

Total 70.2% .41 .52 .46 .36

Number of no answers (?), correlation to Aspie Quiz (BAP), correlation to the total score of BQ
(Self), and correlations to the total scores of the three other questionnairies. Correlations with p
>= .0001 are not shown (blank). Category totals and the total score are included.
 59

Supplementary table 5. AE and psi scale ANOVA and logistic regression results

Neurotype Gender Age

Item
BAP NT Anova BAP NT Anova BAP NT Anova

score score (F) (z) (z) (F) (z) (z) (F)

Do you believe in ghosts, astrology or UFOs? 1.17 0.74 56 3.8 171 (F) -2.2

Do you think you really know what some people

0.77 0.57 26
mean when they talk about mystical experiences?

Can you at times somehow feel the presence of

0.97 0.31 251 26 10
someone who is not physically there?

As a child, did you believe in the existence of

1.21 0.56 142 3.8 3.5 222 (F) -2.1
dwarfs, elves and other fairy tale figures?

Have you felt that you are communicating with

another person telepathically (by mind-to-mind 0.75 0.24 171

communication)?

Do you experience thinking of someone and soon

1.20 0.67 145 -2.0 39 -2.1
afterwards that particular person calls or shows up?

Do you get a feeling that you can predict things

1.20 0.66 202 -3.2
that are bound to happen in the future?
 60

Are you sensitive to electromagnetic fields? 0.67 0.11 236 3.3 33 (F) 2.9 4.2 13 (+)

Have you noticed a common event or object that

1.16 0.45 289
seemed to be a special sign for you?

Can other people feel your feelings when they are

0.47 0.23 47 -2.5 -2.3
not there?

Can the feelings of somebody that is not nearby or

1.34 0.92 70 2.7 57 (F) 2.1
in sight still affect you?

Do things around you seem to change their size

0.58 0.04 363 -2.0 15
and shape?

Do your body sometimes seem to change its size

1.06 0.25 366 2.3 85 (F) -2.2 18 (-)
and shape?

Have you had the experience of not knowing

whether you were imagining something or it was 1.33 0.37 575 -3.6 -2.7 40 (-)

actually happening?

Have you had the experience of someone calling

you or speaking your name and not being sure

1.52 0.57 606 -2.2 -3.4 -5.7
whether it was really happening or you were

imagining it?

Have you seen things invisible to other people? 0.75 0.16 290
 61

Do textures - such as wool, sand, wood - remind

0.67 0.13 229
you of colors or music?

When you sing or write someting, do you

sometimes have the feeling that someone or 0.70 0.14 276 12

something outside yourself directs you?

Do you feel that you have had an out of body

1.03 0.41 203 -2.2
experience?

Have you experienced anomalous healing? 0.46 0.12 101 -3.8

As a child, did you have a feeling you were

1.13 0.27 425 3.1 87 (F) 2.3
somebody else (e.g., a princess, an orphan, etc.)?

If you think about something cold, do you actually

0.89 0.24 310 2.9 53 (F)
get cold?

Can you feel as if your mind could envelop the

0.97 0.27 292 -2.0 23 (M)
whole world?

Do you have 'physical memories'; for example,

after you've been swimming may feel as if you are 1.39 0.56 370 3.2 43 (F) -2.0

still in the water?

When you imagine you have eaten rotten food, do

1.40 0.61 316 2.5 172 (F)
you really get nauseous?
 62

Do you start fantasizing when things get boring? 1.81 1.28 287 -3.8 15 (-)

Can thoughts and images come to you without any

1.46 1.36 16 26
effort on your part?

Do you spend more than half the day (daytime)

1.37 0.48 524 8
fantasizing or daydreaming?

Do your thoughts often occur as visual images

1.23 0.79 123
rather than as words?

If you stare at a picture and then look away from it,

can you sometimes 'see' an image of the picture, 1.47 0.90 219

almost as if you were still looking at it?

Can you recall certain past experiences so clearly

1.37 0.77 230 3.1
and vividly that it is like living them again?

Are your thoughts sometimes so strong that you

1.59 0.69 508
can almost hear them?

Can music remind you of pictures or changing

1.26 0.60 268 -2.4 42 (M) 8
patterns of color?

Do you have lucid dreams (knowing you are

0.98 0.64 84 3.8 16 (+)
dreaming while dreaming)?

Do you have regular depressions? 1.70 0.93 423 85 -3.6

 63

Do you have panic attacks? 1.45 0.60 410 5.1 3.7 399 (F)

Have you been sexually abused? 0.86 0.29 139 3.9 275 (F)

Have you been talked into having sex even if you

1.17 0.62 116 2.1 4.3 537 (F) 4.5 3.8 79 (+)
really didn't want to?

Were you abused by parents as a child? 0.86 0.31 201 36

Were you bullied in school? 1.42 0.73 358 -2.7 3.5 12 (+)

Anova analysis of each item as dependent variable with neurotype (BAP. mixed or NT), gender
(male or female) and age group (15-40 years old, 5 years interval) as the model. Logistic
regression of gender and age group to determine probable direction of significant differences.
Only Anova results with p < .0001 and logistic regression results with p < .05 are shown.
Significant Anova results for gender with known direction are indicated as female (F) or male
(M). Significant Anova results for age with known direction are indicated as increase with age
(+) or decrease with age (-).

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