DE ECCLESIA

THE CHURCH

BY

JOHANNES HUS
TRANSLATED BY
DAVID S. SCHAFF
1915

Exported from Wikisource on July 6, 2024

 CHAPTER I
THE UNITY OF THE CHURCH
The church an article of faith—Meaning of church in Greek—In the New Testament—The church a
mother—The dove of the Canticles—The strong woman of Proverbs—Not to be believed in as God.

CHAPTER II
THE ONE UNIVERSAL CHURCH DIVIDED INTO THREE PARTS
The church triumphant, militant and dormant— The Apostles' Creed—Wherein the unity consists.

CHAPTER III
ALL CHRISTIANS ARE NOT MEMBERS OF THE CHURCH
Parables of the net, etc.—The human body and the spiritual body—Essential parts of the body—Four
kinds of persons related to the church—Predestinated according to present righteousness—Christ's
other sheep.

CHAPTER IV
CHRIST THE ONLY HEAD OF THE CHURCH
Head by reason of his divinity and humanity— Head from the beginning—No reprobate a member of
the church—Present goodness no proof of predestination—Tychonius—The word Christian.

CHAPTER V
GOOD AND BAD IN THE CHURCH
Belief and faith—Parables of the marriage-supper. etc.—The least in the kingdom of heaven—Prelates
may be reprobate—Clergy and church used interchangeably—Paying tithes to the clergy for their
works'sake—The nominal and the real church.

CHAPTER VI
CHRIST AND THE HEAD OF THE ELECT
Devil the head of the reprobate—Sin continues in the reprobate but disjoins them—Christ head of the
world as well as of the predestinate.

CHAPTER VII
THE ROMAN PONTIFF AND THE CARDINALS NOT THE UNIVERSAL CHURCH
Matt. 16:18—The church a mixed body— Particular churches—Reasons for calling the Roman church
the church.
 CHAPTER VIII
THE FAITH WHICH IS THE FOUNDATION OF THE CHURCH
Three meanings of faith—Faith formed in love— Faith and vision—Heb. 11:1—Faith and hope—
Fallibility of the pope—Infallibility of the Scriptures.

CHAPTER IX
THE CHURCH FOUNDED ON CHRIST, THE ROCK
Christ and not Peter the rock—Paul on the church's foundation—Texts showing Christ to be the
rock—Augustine on the rock—Patriarchs looked forward not to Peter—The apostles the foundations of
the church—Peter captain and primate—Peter's virtues—The priest makes the chair, not the chair the
priest—Christ the way, the truth, the life.

CHAPTER X
THE POWER OF BINDING AND LOOSING
Spiritual and civil power—Power of the keys— Penance—Forgivenes granted only by him sinned
against—How far the priest binds and looses— Things Peter could not loose—Lazarus loosed—
Binding and loosing belong to all the apostles.

CHAPTER XI
THE ABUSE OF SCRIPTURE IN THE INTEREST OF CLERICAL POWER
Claiming the power of Christ and not following him—The devil the worst of sophists—Christ came to
minister—Fictitious clerical authority—Christ's true followers—Simoniac priests—The contention of
the eight doctors.

CHAPTER XII
CHRIST THE TRUE ROMAN PONTIFF UPON WHOM SALVATION DEPENDS
Belief in Christ alone of necessitz to salvation— Christ the eternal hight priest—Gregory I's letter on
the papal prerogative—Assumptions and ostentation of modern pontiffs.

CHAPTER XIII
THE POPE NOT THE HEAD OF THE CHURCH BUT CHRIST'S VICAR
The alleged successors of Peter and the apostles— Unlettered popes—The papissa Joan—heretic popes
—Constantine's donation—Pope and cardinals not necessarily successors of the apostles—The pope
may be the head of the Roman church if his life is worthy—If he is predestinate.
 CHAPTER XIV
WHEN THE CARDINALS ARE THE TRUE SUCCESSORS OF THE APOSTLES
Cardinals not the body of Christ—Not all the predestinate—Prelates often do not seek the things of
Christ—The name does not make the bishop—The pope's display—Kissing the pope's feet—Prelates to
be tested by their works.

CHAPTER XV
THE CHURCH MAY BE RULED WITHOUT POPE AND CARDINALS
Unworthy prelates—Duties of Christ's apostles— Ambrose, Augustine, etc., true vicars of Christ—
Constanine's donation—Lewis's grant to Pascal—No such grant from Christ—Original identity of
bishops and presbyters—Gregory XII condemned by the cardinals—The church at first without a
pope—The two orders of bishop and deacon—The clergy discerned by their works.

CHAPTER XVI
THE LAW OF THE STANDARD OF ECCLESIASTICAL JUDGMENTS
Pope and cardinals as judges—Jerome on the Roman see—Christ falsely condemned by statute law —
Popes to be disobeyed if their judgments are contrary to the truth—Christ did not pronounce civil
judgments—Nor put to death—Old Testament examples not to be followed—The sanguinary
corollary—The abomination of desolation—Cases of strife over th papacy—Wicked popes—The
Avignon schism—Constantine's donation announced by an angel, bad or good.

CHAPTER XVII
HUSS'S RESISTANCE TO PAPAL AUTHORITY
Religious superiors not always to be obeyed— Christ's obedience to a superior—To an inferior—
Obedience of the greater to the less—Of an equal to an equal—Of the less to the greater—Obedience
only virtuous as it is of God—Commands and counsels— Ecclesiastical laws not comanded in Scripture.

CHAPTER XVIII
THE APOSTOLIC SEE, OR CATHEDRA PETRI
The true priest does good works—Preaching— Pope is apostolic when he follows the apostles— Moses'
seat was Moses' authority—Augustine on the apostolic see—Papal commands to be tested—Huss's
appeal to Christ—Pope may err—Solemn responsibility of priests who kill the sheep— Augustine on
cathedras—Marcellus made mistakes— The primacy of Antioch and Rome.

CHAPTER XIX
WHEN ECCLESIASTICAL SUPERIORS ARE TO BE OBEYED
The absolutely good always to be obeyed— Commands that are intermediate—Neutrality impossible
where moral action is concerned— Superiors to be obeyed always when they teach Christ's
commandments—St. Paul's example— Bernard on the duty of obedience—Clerics and laics to
scrutinize the commands of superiors—No blind obedience.
 CHAPTER XX
OBEDIENCE NOT ALWAYS TO BE RENDERED TO THE CHURCH OR ITS PRELATES
"Prelates to be obeyed in all things"— Excommunication only for mortal sin—In matters intermediate
the church sometimes to be disobeyed— Commands to be weighed by the reason— Ecclesiastical
burdens hard to be borne—Christ's yoke easy—The Christian to follow Christ's commands—Capable
priests ought to preach as much as the rich to give alms.

CHAPTER XXI
CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH OBEDIENCE IS TO BE RENDERED TO PRELATES
Popes and prelates compared to the scribes and Pharisees—Divine councels—Circumstances
modifying commands—Huss's reasons for not going to Rome—Commands repugnant to reason—
Christ the first exemplar to be followed—Deaths of John, Martin, and Stafcon—An inferior may
rebuke a superior—Objections from the canon law against rebuking a pope—Inferiors should examine
commands before they obey them.

CHAPTER XXII
EXCOMMUNICATIONS, JUST AND UNJUST
"A censure from the pope not to be questioned"— Pilate's treatment of the censure of Christ—
Excommunication, suspension, interdict— Excommunication does not hurt the righteous—God must
first excommunicate—The wicked already excommunicated from the body of the righteous.

CHAPTER XXIII
SUSPENSION AND THE INTERDICT
Suspension must be from God to be valid–Eli and his sons–Old Testament priests less guilty than New
Testament priests–Prelates more guilty than the people if they do not warn the people–Not to reprove is
to consent to sin–The interdict–Christ imposed none–Unjust to the innocent community–Reasons for
the interdict on Prague–The curia's method– Boniface VIII's bull–"The customs of the fathers"– The
apostles did not fulminate interdicts– Condemnation of the XLV Wyclifite Articles–The effect.
 CHAPTER I

THE UNITY OF THE CHURCH

As every earthly pilgrim1 ought faithfully to believe the holy catholic church just as he ought to love Jesus
Christ, the Lord, the bridegroom of that church, and also the church herself, his bride; but as he does not love
this, his spiritual mother, except he also know her by faith—therefore ought he to learn to know her by faith,
and thus to honor her as his chief mother.2

Therefore, in order to reach a proper knowledge of her, it is to be noted, (1) That the church signifies the
house of God, constituted for the very purpose that in it the people may worship its God, as it is written, I Cor.
11:22: "Have ye not houses to eat and to drink in?" Or, to speak with Augustine: "Do you despise the church
of God, the house of prayer?" (2) The church signifies the ministers belonging to the house of God. Thus the
clerics belonging to one material church call themselves the church. But according to the Greeks, a church—
ecclesia—is a congregation—congregatio—held together under one rule, as Aristotle teaches, Polit. 2: 73,
when he says: "All have part in the church." In view of this meaning, therefore, the congregation of all men is
called the church—ecclesia. This appears in Matt. 25:31–33, which says: "When the Son of Man shall come in
his glory and all his angels with him, then shall he sit upon the throne of his glory and before him shall be
congregated all nations." What a great congregation of all men under the rule of Christ the king that will be!
Because, however, the whole of that congregation is not the holy church it is added, "and he will separate
them, the one from the other, as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats."

From this it is evident that there is one church—ecclesia—of the sheep and another of the goats, one
church of the righteous and another of the reprobate—præsciti.4 Likewise the church of the righteous is on the
one hand catholic, that is, universal, which is not a part of anything else. Of this I am now treating. On the
other hand, it is particular, a part with other parts, as the Saviour said, Matt. 18:20: "Where two or three are
congregated together in my name, there am I in the midst of them." From this it follows that two righteous
persons congregated together in Christ's name constitute, with Christ as the head, a particular holy church, and
likewise three or four and so on to the whole number of the predestinate without admixture. In this sense the
term church is often used in Scripture, as when the apostle says, I Cor. 1:1: "To the church which is in
Corinth, to the sanctified in Jesus Christ." Likewise Acts 20:28: "Take heed to yourselves and to the whole
flock in which the Holy Spirit hath made you bishops, to feed the church which he hath purchased with his
own blood." And in this sense, all the righteous now living under Christ's rule in the city of Prague, and more
particularly the predestinate, are the holy church of Prague, and the same is true of other particular churches of
saints of which Ecclesiasticus 24:2, speaks: "In the congregations—ecclesiis—of the Most High shall she
[wisdom] open her mouth," and also 31:11: "All the congregation of the saints shall declare his alms." 5

But the holy catholic—that is, universal—church is the totality of the predestinate—omnium
predestinatorum universitas—or all the predestinate,6 present, past, and future. This definition follows St.
Augustine on John, C. Recur. 32:4 [Friedberg, 1: 1126], who shows how it is that one and the same church of
the predestinate, starting at the beginning of the world, runs on to the apostles, and thence to the day of
judgment. For Augustine says: "The church which brought forth Abel, Enoch, Noah and Abraham, also
brought forth Moses, and at a later time the prophets before the Lord's advent and she, which brought forth
these, also brought forth the apostles and our martyrs and all good Christians. For she has brought forth all
who have been born and lived at different periods, but they have all been comprised in a company of one
people. And the citizens of this city have experienced the toils of this pilgrimage. Some are experiencing them
now, and some will be experiencing them, even to the end of the world." How clearly that holy man shows
what the holy catholic church is! And, in the same place and in a similar way, he speaks of the church of the
wicked. This, he says, "brought forth Cain, Ham, Ishmael, and Esau, and also Dathan and other like persons of
that people. And she, which brought forth these, also brought forth Judas, the false apostles, Simon Magus,
and other pseudo-Christians, down to these days—all obstinately hardened in fleshly lusts, whether they are
mixed together7 in a union or are clearly distinguished the one from the other." So much, Augustine.

From this statement it appears that the holy universal church is one, the church which is the totality of the
predestinate, including all, from the first righteous man to the last one to be saved in the future. And it
includes all who are to be saved who make up the number, in respect to the filling up of which number all the
saints slain under the altar had the divine assurance that they should wait for a time until the number should be
filled up of their fellow servants and brethren, Rev. 6:9–11. For the omniscient God, who has given to all
things their weight, measure and number, has foredetermined how many shall ultimately be saved. Therefore,
the universal church is also Christ's bride about whom the Canticles speak, and about whom Isaiah, 61:10, "as
a bridegroom decked with a crown, and as a bride adorned with jewels." She is the one dove of which Christ
said: "My dove is one, my excellent one," Canticles 6:9.8 She is also the strong woman whose maidens are
clothed with double garments, Prov. 21:2. She is the queen, of whom the Psalmist says: "The queen stands at
thy right hand in vestments of gold" [Psalms 45:9]. This is Jerusalem, our mother, the temple of the Lord, the
kingdom of heaven and the city of the Great King; and this whole church, as Augustine, Enchiridion, 41 [Nic.
Fathers, 3: 255, 256], says, "is to be understood not only of that part which sojourns here, praising God from
the rising to the setting of the sun, and which, after its old captivity, is singing the new song, but also of that
part in heaven which, continuing true to the purpose for which it was constituted, has always been loyal to
God, and has never felt misery from any fall. This part among the holy angels remains blessed and, as it
behooves it to do, helps the part sojourning upon the earth, because she who is to be one by the
companionship of eternity is now also one by the bond of love. And this whole church was constituted to
worship God. Therefore, neither the whole nor any part of it wishes to be worshipped as God." So far,
Augustine.

This is the holy catholic church which Christians profess immediately after professing their faith in the
Holy Spirit.9 First, because, as Augustine says,10 she is the highest creature, therefore she is placed
immediately after the Trinity, which is uncreate, and second, because she is bound to Christ in a never-ending
matrimony, and by the love of the Holy Spirit. And third, because, the Trinity being once acknowledged, it is
proper that it should have her as a temple in which to dwell.11 Therefore Augustine, as above [Enchiridion, 41]
concludes: "That God dwells in his temple—not only the Holy Spirit, but the Father likewise, and also the
Son. And of his body—by virtue of which he is made head of the church of God which is among men, in
order that in all things he might have the pre-eminence—the Son said: 'Destroy this temple and in three days I
will build it up again'" [John 2:21]. From these words of Augustine we deduce (1) that the universal church is
one, praising God from the beginning of the world to the end; (2) that the holy angels are a part of the holy
catholic church; (3) that the part of the church called pilgrim or militant is helped by the church triumphant;
(4) that the church triumphant and the church militant are bound together by the bond of love; (5) that the
whole church and every part of it are to worship God, and that neither she nor any part of it wishes to be
worshipped as God.

From all this the conclusion follows, that the faithful ought not to believe in the church, for she is not God,
but the house of God, as Augustine in his Exposition of the Creed says,12 but they should believe that the
catholic church is the bride of the Lord Jesus Christ—bride, I say, chaste, incorrupt, and never capable of
being corrupted. For St. Cyprian, the bishop and glorious martyr, 24: 1, C. Loquitur (Friedberg, 1: 971, de
Unitate Eccles., 5; Ante-Nic. Fathers, 5: 423], says: "The church is one, which is spread abroad far and wide
by the increase of her fruitfulness." And he adds: "nevertheless the head is one, the origin is one, and one is
the copious mother of fruitfulness. The bride of Christ cannot be defiled. She is incorrupt and chaste. She
knows one house and guards with chaste modesty the sanctity of one couch." 13 The holy church is also the
husbandman's vineyard, of which Gregory in his Homilies [Migne, 76: 1154] says: "Our Maker has a
vineyard, namely the universal church, which starts from righteous Abel and goes down to the last elect
person who shall be born in the end of the world, which bears as many saints as the vineyard sends forth
branches." Of the church St. Remigius14 also says in his Homily Quadragesima on the text: "'The men of
Nineveh shall rise up in judgment with this generation and condemn it.' The holy church is made up of two
parts, those who have not sinned and those who have ceased to sin." St. Isidore also, in speaking of the
church, de Summo Bono, 14 [Migne, 83: 572]15 says: "The holy church is called catholic for the reason that it
is universally distributed over all the world." Augustine and Ambrose likewise in their canticle, Praising God,
say: "The holy church throughout all the world doth acknowledge Thee." 16 And Ambrose, 24: 1 [Friedberg, 1:
976] speaks thus of her: "What house is more worthy of the entrance of apostolic preaching than is the holy
church? Or who else is to be preferred above all others than Christ, who was accustomed to wash the feet of
his guests and did not suffer any whom he received into his house to dwell there with soiled steps, that is,
works?" And, speaking of this church, Pope Pelagius, 24: 1, C. Schisma [Friedberg 1: 980,]17 cites Augustine
as saying, "There cannot be two churches," and then adds: "Truly, as it has often been said, there can be only
one church, the church which is Christ's body, which cannot be divided into two or more bodies." Jerome also
says of the church, de Pæn., Dist. 1: C. Eccl. [Friedberg 1: 1179]: "The church of Christ has no spot or wrinkle
or anything of that sort, but he who is a sinner or is soiled with any filth cannot be said to be of Christ's
church." This holy universal church is Christ's mystical body, as the apostle says, Eph. 1:22: "He gave himself
to be the head over all the church, which is his body." Again he said, Col. 1:18, "He is the head of the body,
which is the church," and again, Col. 1:24, "For his body's sake, which is the church," and Eph. 5:23, "Christ
is the head of the church and himself is the Saviour of his body," and further on: "Christ loved the church and
gave himself for it that he might sanctify it, washing it with the washing of water in the word of life that he
might present it to himself a glorious church, not having spot or wrinkle or anything of that kind, but that it
should be holy and without spot."

Upon this text the holy doctors lean, as when Augustine says, de doctrina Christi [3: 37, Nic. Fathers, 2:
573]: "Christ is the head of the church, which is his body destined in the future to be with him in his kingdom
and unending glory." Gregory, Moralia, 35: 9 [Migne, 76: 762] says: "Because Christ and the church are one,
the head and the body are one person." And on Ezekiel, homily 15, he says: "The church is one substance with
Christ, its head." And Bernard on the Canticles, homily 12 [Migne, 183: 831]: "The church is Christ's body,
more dear than the body he gave over to death."18 And Paschasius, de sacra. corporis Christi [Migne, 120:
1284]19 says: "Even as it is found in the Scriptures—the church of Christ, or the bride of God, is truly called
Christ's body, truly because the general church of Christ is his body and Christ is called the head and all the
elect are called members. From these members the one body of the church is brought unto a perfect man and
the measure of the fulness of Christ. But the body of Christ, that is, the bride of God, is called in law the
church. This is according to the apostle's words: 'And they twain shall be one flesh.' This, he says, is a great
sacrament in Christ and the church.20 For, if Christ and the church are one flesh, then certainly there is one
body, one head, one bridegroom, but different elect persons, members the one of the other." So far,
Paschasius.

These quotations from the saints show that the holy catholic church is the number of all the predestinate 21
and Christ's mystical body—Christ being himself the head—and the bride of Christ, whom he of his great love
redeemed with his blood that he might at last possess her as glorious, not having wrinkle of mortal sin or spot
of venial sin, or anything else defiling her, but that she might be holy and without spot, perpetually embracing
Christ, the bridegroom.

1↑ Viator, a current word. See Wyclif, de Eccles., 4, 42, 350. Gerson, Du Pin's ed., 2: 22.
2↑ See also chap. II, etc. The designation mother is nowhere given to the church in the N. T. It is derived from the relation the church
bears to Christ as his bride. Later on in this chapter Augustine represents her as giving birth to children. So Wyclif, de Eccles., 117:
"The church is a virgin since she is the bride of the virgin Jesus Christ, by whom as a mother we are born after a spiritual manner." It
followed that Christ was the spiritual father or "father by faith," Wyclif, p. 1, and Grosseteste in this treatise, chap. IV. In his Com. on
the Lombard, p. 469, Huss speaks of the church as "our most dear mother, the most worthy mother of the predestinate."
3↑ Aristotle, the authority of the Schoolmen in philosophy, and called, in the Middle Ages, The Philosopher. So Huss in this treatise,
chap. IV, and often in his Com. on the Lombard, p. 112, etc.
4↑ The foreknown, that is, those of whom God knows beforehand that they are not in a state of permanent grace. Their condition is not
the result of an active decree, though it is a subject of God's previous knowledge. The foreknown are in grace according to present
righteousness and desire through merit at once eternal bliss and at the same time their damnation. This apparent contradiction Huss
explains to lie in this, that they are not willing to use the means to the attainment of eternal bliss, just as a person may wish a coat and
yet not possess it. Super IV. Sent., 188.
5↑ See Bissell, Com. on Apocrypha, Lange Series, 343, 359. Also Apocrypha trsl. out of the Greek and Latin, Cambr., 1895.
6↑ Huss takes up the decree of predestination in his Super IV. Sent., 153–188. He makes a slight distinction between elect and
predestinate, although he says the Masters use the terms interchangeably. Election may only be for the present life, as in the case of
Judas, of whom Christ said: "Did not I elect you twelve, yet one of you is a devil?" John 6:70. The predestinate cannot fall, and yet no
necessity is placed upon their free will, pp. 165, 168.
7↑ Permixti, which the Decretum has instead of proximi, Huss's text.
8↑ This text una est columba, una perfecta mea, was a chief biblical proof used by the Schoolmen for the unity of the church. The
Song of Solomon had a great fascination for the Schoolmen—the book upon which, one after another, they exercised their allegorical
skill. It was regarded as an inspired anthology of the bodily and spiritual excellences of the Virgin Mary, and the perfections of the
church. They found in it a storehouse of devotional meditation, as did Bernard, whose sermons on the Canticles are full of tropical
effusions to Christ and to Mary, and the chief source of his mystical theology. Paschasius Radbertus, de corpore et sanguine, Migne
120: 1295, says, "The Canticles treat of the holy church of God, which is called in the Canticles the paradise of delights." Damiani
represented God as inflamed with love for Mary, singing the Canticles to her praise. Albertus Magnus, in his elaborate panegyric of
Mary, dwells again and again upon its passages, devoting no less than two hundred and forty pages to the words, "a garden shut up is
my sister, my bride," Cant. 4:12. Alanus ab Insulis speaks of the Canticles as referring to the church, but in the highest spiritual sense
to Mary, and another of the saner Schoolmen, Rupert of Deutz, fills his commentary on the Canticles with the most tropical language.
9↑ The reference is to the Apostles' Creed, "I believe in the holy catholic church," which is preceded by the confession of God the
Father, Son and Holy Ghost. Also the Nicene creed. See Schaff, Creeds, 2:57 sq. With regard to the intercession of the saints in heaven
and on earth, the council of Trent, XXV, says: "That the saints who reign together with Christ offer up their own prayers to God for
men, and it is good and useful suppliantly to invoke them, and to have recourse to their prayers and help for obtaining benefits from
God through his Son, Jesus Christ, our Lord, who is our only Redeemer and Saviour."
10↑ In the Enchiridion, as quoted above. Augustine makes a similar statement in his sermon to catechumens, Nic. Fathers, 3: 375.
11↑ The writers of the M. A. also made Mary the dwelling-place of the Trinity, especially the hymn-writers. So the great hymnist,
Adam of St. Victor, in the lines
Salve mater pietatis
Et totius trinitatis
Nobile triclinium.
Hail, mother of piety;
And of the whole Trinity
Excellent refectory (monastic hall).
As the church is the bride of Christ, so Mary was also represented as the spouse of the Holy Spirit. Alfonso da Liguori delights so to
represent her, as for example, in the prayer: "I thank thee, O eternal Spirit, for the love given to Mary, thy spouse." In his encyclical to
the French bishops, Jan. 15, 1907, Pius X spoke "of his full confidence in the Virgin Immaculate, daughter of our Father, mother of the
Word and spouse of the Holy Ghost," etc.
12↑ Sermo de symbolo, falsely ascribed to Augustine and given in the Appendix to his Works (Migne, 40: 1196). Three of Augustine's
genuine treatises on the creed are given in translation, Nic. Fathers, vol. III, 282–314; 321–333; 369–375.
13↑ Cubilis. The Decretum has cubiculi, bedchamber.
14↑ Remigius, d. about 908, a Benedictine monk of Auxerre, who also taught at Paris. He wrote commentaries on the Psalms, Genesis,
etc., and 12 Homilies on Matthew, all found in Migne, 131. He supported Paschasius's view of the change of the eucharistic elements.
15↑ Usually known as the de sententiis, the first Latin compend of theology, and a forerunner of the Sentences of Peter the Lombard
and the systems of the summists of the Middle Ages. Isidore, archbishop of Seville (d. 636), exercised a large influence over the
scholastic studies of the Middle Ages, especially by his encyclopedic works, the Etymologiæ and the de natura rerum. The former is a
general encyclopedia giving curious information derived from ancient authors, classic and ecclesiastical, on a large variety of subjects:
medicine, law, the Bible, grammar, warfare, etc. See Bréhaut, An Encyclopedist of the Dark Ages, New York, 1912. Isidore was one
of the very first to write a treatise designed to convince the Jews, de fide catholica c. Judæos. The high church fraud, the pseudo-
Isidorian Decretals, which appeared about 853, was for centuries ascribed to Isidore. In the chapter quoted by Huss Isidore says, "The
holy catholic church tolerates with patience in herself those who live ill, but casts out from herself those who believe ill," and again,
"They are heretics who, leaving the church of God, have chosen private societies, that is, they have hewn out broken cisterns for
themselves."
16↑ The Te Deum, or canticle to the Trinity, beginning, "We praise Thee, O God." According to the legend, first noted by Hincmar in
the ninth century, Augustine and Ambrose at Augustine's baptism, 387, under supernatural inspiration, improvised the hymn. In the
West it became a part of the church service as early as the sixth century, if not earlier. See Julian, Hymnology, p. 1119 sqq.;
Augustine, Conff., 9: 7, refers to the moving impression made upon him by the "hymns and canticles" sung in the church of Milan. For
these reasons, Raphael gave Augustine a place in his painting of St. Cecilia, in Bologna.
17↑ Pelagius I, pope, 555–561, witnessed the ravages of the Goth, Totila, in Rome, and helped to repair them during his pontificate.
He was Justinian's choice for the papal office. The quotation is from Pelagius's letter to a certain patrician, John, condemning the
ordination of Paulinus of Aquileja by the schismatic bishop of Milan as something to be execrated rather than to be regarded as sacred,
See Jaffa, Regesta pontificum, p. 88. In this letter, Pelagius also quotes for the unity of the church Cant. 6: 9: "My dove is one."
18↑ The passage runs: "The church lives and eats of the living bread which came down from heaven. She is the more precious body of
Christ, and lest she should taste of death the other was given over to death."
19↑ This treatise of Paschasius, d. 865, usually quoted as de cor pore et sanguine Christi, is one of the most important treatises bearing
on the development of the doctrine of transubstantiation. Without using the word, Paschasius set forth the view that in the Lord's
Supper the very body "which was born of the Virgin Mary, suffered on the cross and rose again," is distributed by the priest. He
supports this view by the literal interpretation of John 6:54: "Whoso eateth my flesh and drinketh my blood." Paschasius was a monk
and then, 844–851, abbot of the convent of Corbie, nearer Amiens. His tract was written 831 and sent to Charles the Bald 844. His
doctrine was opposed by the monk Ratramnus, and others. The next controversy over the Lord's Supper was led by Berengar, d. 1088.
Transubstantiation was made a dogma of the church at the fourth Lateran council, 1215. Wyclif denied it, declaring that
transubstantiation would involve transaccidentation. Huss was also charged with denying the doctrine, but emphatically repudiated the
charge. Ratramnus's work was put on the Index by the council of Trent.
20↑ Eph. 5:32. The false translation of Jerome, rendering the Greek word mystery by sacrament, a rendering used to justify the
inclusion of marriage among the sacraments and repeated in the Rheims version.
21↑ Wyclif, Congregatio omnium predestinatorum, solum numerus predestinatorum, de Eccles., 2, 5, etc. In his Com. on the Lombard,
p. 36, Huss defines the church as "the congregation of all the faithful about to be saved. It is the mystical body of Christ, that is now
hidden to us, of which body the damned do not really have part, but they are like dung which in the day of judgment are to be
separated from the body of Christ."
 CHAPTER II

THE ONE UNIVERSAL CHURCH DIVIDED INTO THREE PARTS

It having been said what the holy universal church is—that she is only one just as the number of all the
predestinate is one, and also that she is distributed in her members throughout all the word—it must be known
that this holy universal church is tripartite, that is, divided into the church triumphant, militant and dormient.

The church militant is the number of the predestinate now on its pilgrimage to the heavenly country, and is
called militant because it wages Christ's warfare against the flesh, the world and the devil.

The church dormient is the number of the predestinate suffering in purgatory. It is called dormient because
being there she does not enjoy the blessedness which in the present life through God's prevenient and assisting
grace she merited that she might get her reward in the heavenly country after the satisfaction made in
purgatory.

The church triumphant consists of the blessed at rest in the heavenly country who kept up Christ's warfare
against Satan and have finally triumphed. There will, however, be one great church on the day of judgment,
made up of all these. And as a symbol of these three parts the doctors say the sacrament of the eucharist is
broken into three parts. The first part, the part immersed in the liquid sacrament, they say, signifies the church
triumphant which is absorbed and inebriate with the dipping1 of the divine essence, as says the head of the
church, Cant. 5:1, making merry with his friends and companions: "Let us be drunken, my beloved," [drink
abundantly, Rev. Vers.]. But the two other parts in the hand of the Lord and to be purged through the merit of
the church are set forth by those two parts which the priest holds in his hands, the greater, being laid down,
signifies the militant church and the lesser, resting upon it, signifies the church waiting in purgatory. For this
church in purgatory depends upon the suffrages of the church militant. And for these two parts we pour out
our double prayers to the Lamb, who is the head of the church, that he may have mercy upon us. But as for the
third part, to whose dwelling-place and rest we look forward, we pray that the same Lamb of the three-fold
nature may at last give us peace. For this reason, Christ in his state of humiliation visited three places of the
church, (1) the navel of our habitable world, dwelling thirty-three years in Judea and Jerusalem; (2) the
limbus, in which the Fathers were purified, by bringing out a fragment of his church in the spirit, and (3)
ascending to heaven he led captivity captive, which, after his triumph, he crowned by placing it at God's right
hand.2 This, therefore, is the three-fold division of this one universal or catholic church, although, however,
there are particular churches.

But this universal church is a virgin, the bride of Christ—who is a virgin—from whom as from a true
mother we are spiritually born. A virgin, I say, all beautiful and in whom there is no spot [Cant. 4:7.], "having
neither spot nor wrinkle" Eph. 5:27], holy and immaculate, and so most chaste even as she is in the heavenly
country. Nevertheless by fornicating with the adulterant devil and with many of his children she is partially
corrupt by wrong-doing. However, she is never received as the bride to be embraced, beatifically at the right
hand and in the bed of the bridegroom, until she has become a pure virgin, altogether without wrinkle. For
Christ is the bridegroom of virginity, who, as he lives forever, can not allow the bride to desert him and
fornicate spiritually. Thus it is said of the multitude of the heavenly denizens that they are virgins and follow
the Lamb wheresoever he goeth [Rev. 14:4]. But in the very first moment of the world Christ was
predestinated to be the bridegroom of the church, and by establishing the angels [in glory] he gave a dowry to
one part of the bride. And so also by establishing righteous Abel and other saints, up to the time of the
incarnation, the church remained continually in her espousals. At the incarnation he made his second marriage
by creating to be a queen a part of the whole church, which by a certain fitness is called the Christian church.
For then our leader and legislator familiarly addressed his bride, as the apostle says, Heb. 1. By assuming
human nature he put on our armor and as a giant overcame the enemies of the church and taught how a part of
the church, as a jealous bride, ought to follow him.

Therefore, the whole of Christian doctrine is involved in that prayer of the church in which we pray the
bridegroom, by his coming into the flesh, that he may teach us to despise earthly things and love heavenly
things—to despise, that is, to subordinate, terrestrial things in our affections and to love Christ the bridegroom
above all things.

Hence, it is evident that the universal holy church is Christ's one and only bride, the virgin to be in the end
most chaste, whom the Son of God bound to himself in matrimony out of eternal love and by the grace of
adoption, and the church we firmly believe, saying with the Creed, "I believe one holy catholic church," and
about which the word is added in the second Creed, "and apostolic [church]." It is called apostolic for the
reason that the apostles are full participants of this same mother church, which is fully purified in the Spirit,
and which they themselves planted with the teaching and blood of Christ; and by whose teaching (i. e., of the
apostles) and authority their vicars now rule the young bride, who seeks only the bridegroom of the church. So
runs the Decretal 24 [Friedberg, 1: 968] where pope Leo says: "Peter's authority has its seat wherever its just
sentence is carried." For Peter himself dwells in heaven, seeing and looking after what God binds and looses.
Hence Boniface VIII, Extravagante, says: "We are bound with living faith to believe and hold that the holy
catholic and apostolic church is one."3

The unity of the catholic church consists in the unity of predestination, inasmuch as her separate members
are one by predestination4 and in the unity of blessedness, and inasmuch as her separate sons are finally united
in bliss. For, in the present time, her unity consists in the unity of faith and the Christian virtues and in the
unity of love, even as Augustine draws forth in expounding John 17:21, "that they all may be one," and in his
letter to Dardanus,5 where he expounds the text "it is expedient that one man die for the people‖ [John 18:14].
"Caiaphas,‖ Augustine says: "prophesied that God would gather together in one his children" [John 11:52],
that is, not in one material locality; "but he has gathered them together into one spirit and one body, whose
only head is Christ.‖ To this unity the apostle refers, Eph. 4:3: "endeavoring to keep the unity of the Spirit in
the bond of peace. There is one body, one Spirit, one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God and Father of all."
Nor is it to be doubted that without this union, as indicated before, is there any salvation.

1↑ Intinctio, the word used of Judas's dipping the sop, Matt. 26:23; John 13:26. The custom is for the priest to break the host into two
equal parts. He then drops a fragment of one of these parts into the chalice, whose contents he drinks. The priest holds the two larger
parts so that the smaller of the two lies upon the other. Thomas Aquinas, Summa, 3: 84 [Migne, 3: 851], mentions the custom of
dropping a fragment into the cup.
2↑ Jerusalem was regarded in the Middle Ages as the navel of the earth. The cross, according to Jerome, was erected over Adam's
skull, which Shem had carried to Jerusalem after the Flood, and buried on the future Mount Calvary. Noah, according to Jacob of
Edessa, had taken Adam's bones with him into the ark. The region limbus patrum was, according to the Schoolmen, the future abode,
where the patriarchs and faithful Jews were detained until Christ's "descent into Hades." The future world is divided into five abodes,
hell, the "place of dolors" (Th. Aquinas), and "the deep prison into whose smoky atmosphere the demons are cast" (Alb. Magnus);
purgatory, a sort of reformatory school, where the baptized are purged of sins clinging to them at death; heaven; and the abodes of the
fathers and infants, limbus infantum. The last is the final dwelling-place of all unbaptized children dying in infancy, where they abide
forever without hope of beatitude, without change, and without vision of God or physical light.
3↑ Boniface's famous bull, Unam sanctam, issued 1302 against Philip the Fair of France, which commands subjection to the Roman
pontiff as the condition of salvation for every creature. The text goes on, "and we firmly believe it and sincerely confess that outside of
it there is no salvation or remission of sins, as the bridegroom announced in the Canticles: 'My bride is one.'" See Schaff, Ch. Hist., V,
part 2: 25 sqq. for the original and translation; Friedberg, 2: 1245; Mirbt, 162. In this treatise Huss quotes this bull a number of times,
even to the last chapter.
4↑ In his Reply to Palecz, Mon., 1: 321, Huss says again: "The grace of predestination is the chain by which the body of the church
and every member of it are joined to Christ." He also speaks of the unity through love, faith, and hope, Mon., 1: 326.
5↑ Dardanus Claudianus Postumus, a Christian prefect of Gaul, the same to whom, probably, Jerome also addressed a letter. For
Augustine's letter, Migne, 33:832.
 CHAPTER III

ALL CHRISTIANS ARE NOT MEMBERS OF THE CHURCH

Against what has already been said the objection is raised (1) that if the treatment is correct then no
reprobate would be a part of our holy mother, the universal church. But the consequence is false, for every
Christian is a part of that church, as appears from the parable, Matt. 13:47: "The kingdom of heaven is like
unto a net cast into the sea which gathered in all manner of fish. On this St. Gregory in his Homilies [Migne,
76: 1116] says: "The holy church is compared to a net cast into the sea because she is committed to fishers
and because every one is drawn up through her from the waves of this present world to the eternal kingdom
lest they sink in the depths of eternal death." (2) The falsehood of the treatment is confirmed by Matt. 22:2:
"The kingdom of heaven is likened to a king, who made a marriage feast for his son and sent forth his servants
to call them that were bidden to the marriage feast." Going out, they gathered in all whom they found, both
good and bad, and the marriage feast was full of guests. Here Gregory says: "By the very quality of the guests
it is evident that by this royal marriage the present church is meant, in which the bad meet with the good, a
mixed church made up of a diversity of children.‖1 (3) It is confirmed by what is said, Matt. 13:41, "The Son
of man shall send forth his angels and gather together out of his kingdom all things that offend and them that
do iniquity"; and (4) by Matt. 5:20: "Whoso shall break one of the least of these commandments and teach
men so, shall be least in the kingdom of heaven." Commenting on both these passages, Gregory, homily 12,
says: "The kingdom of heaven is the present church [Migne, 76: 1119].

(5) The falsehood appears from Luke 3:17: "He shall baptize you with the Holy Spirit and with fire: whose
fan is in his hand, and he will cleanse his threshing-floor and gather the wheat into his garner; but the chaff he
will burn with fire unquenchable." Here threshing-floor stands for the catholic church as the doctors expound,
especially Augustine, who says of faith, ad Petrum: "Hold most tenaciously and in no wise doubt that God's
threshing-floor is the catholic church and that in it the chaff will remain mixed with the wheat till the end of
the world."2 And this judgment of Augustine is confirmed by Christ's words: "The kingdom of heaven is like
unto a man who sows good seed in his field," and Christ afterward says: "Let both grow until the harvest,"
Matt. 13:30.

Now for the right understanding of these things and the things to be said, we must lay down out of the
apostle's words that Christ is the head of the universal church, that she is his body and that every one who is
predestinate is one of her members and consequently a part of this church, which is Christ's mystical body,
that is, hidden body, ruled by the power and influence of Christ, the Head, and compacted and welded
together by the bond of predestination. This underlying proposition follows from that saying of the apostle:
"He gave him to be head over all the church which is his body," Eph. 1:22. It also follows from the words
when, speaking as the representative of the predestinate, he says: "We being many are one body in Christ,"
Romans 12:5. It also follows from Eph. 4:11, 15: "He gave some apostles, some prophets, some evangelists,
and some pastors and teachers, for the perfecting of the saints for the work of the ministry unto the edifying of
the body of Christ." And further on it is said: "Doing the truth in love, let us grow up in all things into him
who is the head, even Christ, for whom all the body compacted together by that which every joint supplieth,
according to the working in the measure of each several part, maketh increase of the body unto the edifying of
itself in love."

"Further it is to be noted that Christ is called the head of the church for the reason that he is the most
exalted individual of the human family, imparting to all its members motion and feeling. For as in a man the
most excellent part is the head, which gives to the body and to its parts motion and feeling, and without which
neither the body nor any of its members could live the life of nature, so Christ is the individual, the true God
and man, imparting spiritual life and motion to the church and every one of its members and without whose
influence it could not live or feel. And as in a man's head are all the senses, so in Christ are hid all the
treasures of the wisdom and knowledge of God. Col. 2:3. The above judgment is also involved in the apostle's
words when he says, Col. 1:20: "All things were created by him and in him; and he is before all, and in him do
all things consist and he is the head of the body, the church who is the beginning and the first born from the
dead; that in all things he might have the pre-eminence—primatum—for in him it was pleasing that all fulness
should dwell and through him to reconcile all things to himself."

This unity of the body—that is the church—the apostle proves by showing, I Cor. 12:3, that the diversity
of graces, ministries and operations proceeds from the one spiritual Lord who works in all. For grace must
precede: it is the beginning of ministration for clerics and of operation for laymen. The Spirit gives grace, the
Lord receives ministration, and God demands ministration. "To one," the apostle says, "is given by the Spirit
the word of wisdom, to another the word of knowledge by the same Spirit; to one faith in the same Spirit, to
another the grace of healing, to another the working of miracles, to another prophecy, to another discerning of
spirits, to another divers sorts of tongues, to another the interpretation of words." These nine the apostle seems
to express one after the other, each in its own logical order in the men who receive the gifts. God, he says, has
placed some in the church, first apostles, secondarily prophets, thirdly teachers, then miracles, then gifts of
healings, interpretations of words, helps, governments, divers sorts of tongues, all nine of which seem to be
correlated to the former nine. And in the same passage, comparing the body of Christ and its members to the
body of the natural man, the apostle says, I Cor. 12:12: "As the body is one and hath many members, but all
the members of the body, though they are many, are one body; so also is Christ.‖

There is to be noted a threefold correspondence and a threefold difference between the members of the
mystical body and the human body. For as the members compose one body to which the soul is joined, and
again as each member is necessary to every other, the one helping the other in the performance of its
functions, so it is true of the members of the church by virtue of the power of communion and the bond of
love. Again as the members of the body keep themselves in their own function, so do also the members of the
church. For, according to Chrysostom, de opere imperfecto, a man is as a book in whom the whole Christian
religion is written, therefore, just as there is an affinity from the head down to the feet, so reason and feeling
are bound together. Also, just as every member, comely or uncomely, serves the spirit without strife, so every
member of the church serves Christ, without any strife concerning supremacy and obedience. And, just as the
superior members do not boast of their comeliness but perform their functions and follow the soul's rule unto
the help of each single member, so ought it to be with members of the church. And just as the eyes and the
countenance are in their activities without a covering lest, if veiled, they might defile and prepare for
destruction, so Christ and the apostles, out of the fervor of their love and by reason of their exemption from
the fervor of lust, were not involved in temporal interests in a secular way; and their vicars, yea, all clerics
ought to be like eyes. But the members, less comely, as the secret parts, are more concealed and more tender
and multiplex, and so it is with mean3 persons, by whom the dregs of the church are gotten rid of. But the
difference between the members of these bodies is to be stated thus: (1) Since the parts of the church persist
by grace, they are not concerned as to their place or corporal location, as are the members of the human body.
(2) As the members are mystical, it is not inconsistent but fitting that single members should have functions of
different kinds. For a man is, as it were, a totality—universitas—so that it is fitting that he should act all at
once, so far as he is able. (3) The members of the church should have vital forces flowing into them from
Christ, just as the members of the body have vital forces flowing into them from the soul, from which these
forces become part of the very essence of the members; nevertheless, the inflowing comes first, and the
operation of the members is voluntary and gracious and meritorious.4

Further, it is to be noted that, as there is in the human body an element which is not of the body itself, as
spittle, phlegm, ordure,5 and fluid or urine, and this element is not of the body because it is not a part of the
body—and it is another thing to be a part of the human body, as is every one of its members—so also there is
something in the mystical body of Christ, which is the church, that is nevertheless not of the church, since it is
not a part of it; and in this way every reprobate Christian is of the body just as ordure is of the body and to be
finally separated from it. And so it is one thing to be of the church and another thing to be in the church—
aliud esse de ecclesia, aliud esse in ecclesia. And it is clear that it does not follow of all pilgrims who are in
the church, that they are then of the church, but the opposite. For we know that the tares grow together with
the wheat, the raven feeds on the same threshing-floor as the dove, and the chaff is gathered into the same
garner with the grain. Nevertheless, there is an incommunicable distinction between them, just as has been
illustrated by the human body. In this way we ought to think of holy mother church, and to these things I John
2:18 has reference where it is said: "Now have there arisen many antichrists. They went out from us, but were
not of us; for, if they had been of us, they would have continued with us." For just as superfluity proceeds
from food and the solid members and yet is not of them, so the purgaments of the church, namely the
reprobate, proceed from her and yet are not of her as parts; for none of her parts can fall away from her
finally, because predestinating love, which binds her together, does not fail. This the apostle asserts, I Cor. 13,
and this he proves, Romans 8:28 sqq., when he says: "We know that to them that love God all things work
together for good, even to them that are called to be righteous according to his purpose," that is, the purpose of
predestination. "For whom he foreknew, them he also predestinated to be conformed to the image of his Son,
that he might be the first-born among many brethren. And whom he predestinated, them he also called; and
whom he called, them he also justified." And he concludes by calling them predestinate after suffering a long
trial when he said: "I am persuaded that neither death nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, nor
things present, nor things to come, nor might,6 nor depth, nor any creature shall be able to separate us from the
love of God which is in Christ Jesus our Lord."

Besides, it is to be noted that, as many say, the relation of pilgrims to holy mother church is fourfold. Some
are in the church in name and in fact, as are predestinate Catholics, obedient to Christ; some are neither in fact
nor in name, as are the reprobate heathen; some in name only, as are reprobate hypocrites; and some are in the
church in fact, although they may seem in name to be outside, as are predestinate Christians whom the satraps
of antichrist seem to be damning before the very eyes of the church, for so pontiffs and Pharisees condemned
by bitter death our Redeemer as a blasphemer, and consequently as an heretic, "who was predestinated to be
the Son of God" (Romans 1:4).

Further, it is to be noted that no place, or human election, makes a person a member of the holy universal
church, but divine predestination does in the case of every one who persists in following Christ in love. And,
according to Augustine—de predestinatione sanctorum [Nic. Fathers, 5: 498 sqq.]—predestination is the
election of the divine will through grace; or, as it is commonly said, predestination is the preparation of
grace—making ready—in the present time, and of glory in the future. But the position is taken, de Penitentia,
Dist. 4 [Friedberg, 1: 1234], Hinc propheta, that predestination is twofold: First, the one predestination by
which a person is foreordained here to righteousness and the acceptance of the remission of sins, but not for
the obtaining of the life of glory.7 To this predestination the second definition, as given above, does not apply.
The other predestination is that whereby a person is predestinated to o btain eternal life in the future. The first
kind of predestination follows this, and not vice versa. For, if any one is predestinated to eternal life, it
necessarily follows that he is predestinated unto righteousness, and, if he follows life eternal, he has also
followed righteousness. But the converse is not true. For, many are made partakers of present righteousness
but, from want of perseverance, are not partakers of life eternal. Hence it is said, de Penitentia, 4, Hoc ergo:
"Many seem to be predestinate by the merit of present righteousness and not by the predestination of eternal
glory." And Gratian grounds this position in the words of the apostle, Eph. 1:3–7: "Blessed be the God and
Father of our Lord Jesus Christ who has blessed us with every spiritual blessing in the heavenly places in
Christ: even as He chose us in Him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and without
blemish before Him in love: who predestinated us unto the adoption of sons through Jesus Christ, according to
the good pleasure of His will to the praise of the glory of His grace, which is freely bestowed on us in His
beloved Son, in whom we have our redemption through His blood unto8 the remission of sins."

Further, it is evident that men may be of holy mother church in two ways—either by predestination to life
eternal, the way all who are finally holy are of holy mother church, or by predestination to present
righteousness only, as are all such who at one time or another accept the grace of the remission of sins but do
not persevere unto the end.

And, further, it is evident that grace is twofold—namely, the grace of predestination unto eternal life, from
which a person foreordained cannot finally fall away. The other is the grace related to present righteousness,
which now is present and now is absent, now comes and now goes. The first kind of grace makes sons for the
holy universal church and makes a man infinitely more perfect than the second kind, because it bestows an
infinite good to be enjoyed forever. But not so the second kind of grace. Again, the first makes sons of an
eternal heritage, while the second makes officials acceptable to God only for time. Hence it seems probable
that just as Paul was at the same time a blasphemer according to present unrighteousness and yet of holy
mother church, and, consequently, one of the faithful and in grace in virtue of predestination unto eternal
life—so Iscariot was at one and the same time in grace according to present righteousness and yet never of
holy mother church by predestination unto life eternal, for that predestination was wanting in his case. And so
Iscariot, howbeit he was an apostle and bishop elected by Christ—"bishop" being the name of an office—was
nevertheless never a part of holy mother church. Even so Paul was never a member of the devil, howbeit he
committed some acts which were like the acts of the church of the wicked. Similar was the case of Peter, who,
by the Lord's permission, fell into grave perjury, but in order that he might rise the stronger; for, as Augustine
says: It is expedient that the predestinate fall into sins of that sort.

From what has been said, it is evident that there is a twofold separation from holy church. The first is
permanent [cannot be lost—indeperdibilis], and here belong the reprobate who are separated from the church.
The second may be lost—deperdibilis—and here belong heretics, who are separated by ruinous sin from holy
church itself, but, nevertheless, are able by God's grace to come to the sheepfold of the Lord Jesus Christ. Of
the latter Christ says: "Other sheep I have which are not of this fold, and them I must bring," John 10:16.
Other sheep he had by virtue of predestination, which are not of this fold and of his church according to
present righteousness, which sheep of his grace he brought to life.

This distinction between predestination and present grace deserves to be strongly emphasized, for some are
sheep by predestination and ravening wolves according to present righteousness, as Augustine deduces in his
Commentary on John [Nic. Fathers, 7: 253 sq.]: "In like manner some are sons by predestination and not yet
by present grace." And this same distinction in both its parts Augustine touches upon in his Exposition of John
11:52 [Nic. Fathers, 7: 278], where it is said: "That they might gather together into one the children of God
who are scattered abroad." "Caiaphas," Augustine says, "was prophesying of the Jewish people only, to whom
the sheep belonged whom the Lord had in mind when he said: 'I am not sent but unto the lost sheep of the
house of Israel,' but the Evangelist knew that there were other sheep who were not of this fold which he had to
bring. Therefore, he added: 'And not for that nation only, but that he might gather together into one the sons of
God who are scattered abroad.' These things, moreover, were said according to the law of predestination. For,
up to that time, they were neither his sheep nor the sons of God." So much Augustine. And in reference to
these things it is said, de Penitentia, Dist. 4, Hoc ergo (Friedberg, 1: 1235]: "In this way they are not children
except as they are partakers of eternal blessedness." And it is added: "They are called children in three ways:
either by predestination alone, as those of whom John spoke that 'he might gather into one the children of God
who are scattered abroad'; or by predestination and the hope of eternal blessedness, as were those to whom the
Lord said: 'Little children, yet a little while I am with you'; or, thirdly, by the merit of faith and present
righteousness, but not by predestination to eternal glory, as was the case with those of whom the Lord said: 'If
his sons forsook my law and walked not in my statutes' [Psalm 89:31]."

1↑ Migne, 76:1285. Gregory continues by saying that, though the church brings forth to faith, nevertheless she does not lead all to the
liberty of spiritual grace, etc.
2↑ The quotation is taken from the de fide ad Petrum sive de regula vera fidei, wrongly ascribed to Augustine, but printed by Migne,
40: 753–780, in the Appendix to Augustine's works, and with a Preface stating its genuineness to be a matter of doubt. The work was
written by Fulgentius, bishop of Ruspe, in North Africa, not far from Carthage, d. about 533; a vigorous writer against Arianism and
semi-Pelagianism. The treatise was addressed to Peter the Deacon, and not to Peter the Apostle, as Huss seems to think. For Peter the
Deacon who was sent on a mission to Pope Hormisdas, see Wetzer-Welte, 9: 1907 sq. The treatise is a high church document, and is
quoted at least three times in the Corp. jur. can., and under the name of Augustine, viz., C. 1: 1, 55; C. 15: 1, 3; de consol., D. 4: 3,
Friedberg, 1: 379, 746, 1376. The writer follows up the words cited above by saying: "The wicked are mixed with the good in the
communion of the sacraments; and in every profession, whether it be the profession of clerics, monastics, or laics, the wicked and the
good are mingled. . . . The wicked are to be tolerated for the sake of the good so far as the reason of faith and love demand." Fulgentius
declared that "A heretic or a schismatic, though they had been baptized in the name of the Trinity, are outside the catholic church, no
matter how much they might give in charity and even though they sweat blood for the name of Christ, yet they could not be saved
unless they became incorporated into the catholic church," p. 776.
3↑ Contemptibilibus, a departure from the Vulgate word for "uncomely" used above—ignobile.
4↑ The same thoughts are developed in the Reply to Palecz, Mon., 1: 321.
5↑ Jerome's word, Phil., 3:8.
6↑ Fortitudo with the Vulgate, but Huss omits the Vulgate's neque altitudo—"nor height."
7↑ Augustine is quoted at length in the de Penitentia, 4: 7–12 (Friedberg, 1: 1229 sqq.]; Huss does not quote Augustine, but Gratian's
comment.
8↑ In is lacking in the Vulgate, which, following the Greek, puts "remission" into apposition with "redemption."
 CHAPTER IV

CHRIST THE ONLY HEAD OF THE CHURCH

In view of what has been said, the conclusion is (1) that Christ alone is the head of the universal church,
which church is not a part of anything else. This is clear because, if any one is the head of the universal
church, then is he made better than the angels and than any blessed created spirit, Heb. 1:4; but this befits
Christ alone, for it behooved him to be the first-born among many brethren, Romans, 8:29, and consequently
it behooves him to be the chief by the right of the law of primogeniture, Col. 1:15. This conclusion also
follows from the apostle's words, Eph. 1:20: "Which God wrought in Christ when he raised him from the dead
and made him to sit at his right hand in the heavenly places, far above all rule and authority, power and
dominion, and every name which is named not only in this world but also in the world which is to come, and
has put all things under his feet and gave him to be head over all things to the church, which is his body."
From this it is clear that, if any Christian were to be the head of the universal church with Christ (for the
church cannot be a monster having two heads, as is set forth in Boniface VIII‘s bull, beginning Unam
sanctam; therefore, the bull says, "the church is one body and has one head, not two heads, like a monster"), it
would be necessary to concede that the Christian who was the head of that church was Christ himself, or
otherwise it would be necessary to concede that Christ is inferior to that Christian and a lowly member of him.
The conclusion shows that the thing is impossible. Hence, the holy apostles agreed in confessing that they
were servants of that one Head and humble ministers of the church, his bride. No one of the apostles ever
presumed to claim that he was the head or the bridegroom of the church, for this would have meant to
adulterate with the queen of heaven and to arrogate the name of dignity and office—the dignity by which,
according to the eternal predestination, and the office through which, by eternal appointment, God ordained
that Christ should be supreme ruler of his bride. This also appears from St. Augustine's letter to Dardanus
[Migne's ed., 33: 832 sqq.], where he says: "She only has one head, namely him who rules over her, excelling
all and typifying in one union the spiritual and secular rule."

Therefore, it is possible to understand the "Head of the Church" in a twofold sense: inward and outward. In
the inward sense, as the chief person of his church, and he is this in two ways: either by superintendence over
the material goods of his church or by ruling over its spiritual things. As outward head he is a person that
superintends persons inferior to his nature, but he is called the head to those outside of this number whom he
rules by his influence in virtue of his nature. And so Christ is the outward head of every particular church and
of the universal church by virtue of his divinity, and he is the inward head of the universal church by virtue of
his humanity; and these two natures, divinity and humanity, are one Christ, who is the only head of his bride,
the universal church, and this is the totality of the predestinate. For this divinity is the man who descended
from heaven and who ascended again into heaven, as is said in John 3:13, not the whole of the divinity
considered as divinity, but according to the headship whose descent was not a local movement but an
incarnation or self-emptying. And the ascent was a local movement by which he took with himself the other
parts of the body.

Hence, it is plain that there is nothing inconsistent in a particular church having several heads. For it may
have three heads, namely the divinity of Christ, his humanity, and the chief appointed by God to rule over it.
But there are degrees of subordination in these heads, because the divinity is supreme, Christ's humanity is
intermediate, and the chief is the lowest. But the universal church, as has been said, has two heads, the
outward head which is the divinity and the inward which is the humanity.

Further, from these things it is seen that Christ from the very beginning of the world down to his
incarnation was, in virtue of his divinity, the outward head of the church, but from the incarnation on he is the
inward head of the church, by virtue of his humanity. And so the whole holy catholic church always has had
and now has Christ as its head, from whom it cannot fall away, for she is the bride knit to him, her head, by a
love that never ends, for the bridegroom says to the church herself, Jer. 31:3: "I have loved thee with an
everlasting love, therefore with loving kindness have I drawn thee." Therefore, always, from the very
beginning, the bridegroom has been present with the whole church by virtue of his divinity, who later was
with the holy fathers by virtue of his humanity. Hence Augustine says, commenting on Psalm 37:25, "I have
been young [junior, younger] and now I am old": "The Lord himself in his heart, that is, his church, was
younger than the first men. And, behold, now that he is old, ye know and do not know, and ye understand
because ye are fixed in this, and so ye have believed, because Christ is our head, we are the body of the head.
Are we alone the body and not those also who were before us? All who were righteous from the beginning of
the world have Christ for their head. For they believed that he was for to come whom we now believe to have
come, and in the faith in him they were healed, in which faith we also are healed; that he verily might be the
head of the whole city of Jerusalem, all the faithful being included from the beginning even unto the end, and
all the legions and armies of the angels being also added—that so there might be one city under one king, and
one province under one emperor, happy, lauding God in its never-ending peace and salvation, and blessed
without end. Christ's body, which is the church, is, as it were, like a young man. And now in the end of the
world the church is of plump old age, because, with reference to this, it was said of her: 'They shall be
multiplied in her plump old age.' She has been multiplied among all nations." So much Augustine, in whose
words it appears how Christ is the head of the holy church, in whom the fathers believed as the one who was
for to come in virtue of his humanity that he might be their head in his humanity as he had always been
present with them in his divinity. And in this head all the elect are united, together with the holy angels.

(2) The second point concerns the objection that no reprobate is a member of our holy mother, the Catholic
church. For, not only is our holy mother, the Catholic church, one from the beginning of the world, which
without mixture has been embraced with never-ending love by the right hand of the bridegroom, as is plain
from what has been said above and on Augustine's authority: Inasmuch as the church, after the day of
judgment, will have no other members than she has and will have before the day of judgment, but all who are
to be saved after that day of judgment are predestinate, therefore none of them, before that day of judgment
are reprobate. And consequently no reprobates have ever been members of the church, the bride of Christ. By
the same kind of reasoning this will always be true, that no reprobate whatsoever is a member of our holy
mother, the Catholic church.

Likewise, it is not possible that at any time Christ does not love his bride or any part of her, for he
necessarily loves her as he loves himself. But it is not possible that he should love any reprobate in this way;
therefore it is not possible that any reprobate should be a member of the church. The antecedent is clear from
that notable principle, "that God is not able to know or love anything de novo," as Augustine says, de
Trinitate, 6 [Nic. Fathers, 3: 103]. For God is not able to begin to know anything or to give up knowing
anything or to call forth an act of his will, for he is unchangeable and also because the divine knowledge or
volition is not conditioned by anything from without.

From this it is evident that Christ loves the whole church as he loves himself, because he loves her now,
just as he will love her after the day of judgment, when she will reign with him as is plain from the Canticles.
For, otherwise, there would not be a true marriage out of the never-ending love of Christ, a party to the divine
nuptials, if the bridegroom who is one person with the bride did not love her even as he loves himself. To this
the apostle was speaking when he said: "Christ loved the church and gave himself for it that he might purify it,
washing it in the laver of water, the word of life, that he might present it unto himself a glorious church, not
having spot or wrinkle or any such thing, but that it should be holy and without blemish," Eph. 5:26, 27. For
this reason Bernard, in his 12th homily on the Canticles [Migne, 183: 831] says: "The church is Christ's body,
dearer to him than the body he gave to the grave." It is plain, therefore, that it is befitting that Christ always
love his bride, the holy church, just as he will love her after the day of judgment; and in the same way he hates
every reprobate, just as he will hate him after the day of judgment. For, inasmuch as God knows fully what the
end of every reprobate will be, and what penance every predestinate person who falls will, with God's
unending grace, do—it is evident that God loves a predestinate person who sins more than he loves any
reprobate person, no matter what measure of grace the latter may enjoy in time, because God wills that the
predestinate have perpetual blessedness and the reprobate eternal fire. Thus, the Psalmist [5:6] says: "Thou
hatest all who work iniquity." Hence, because the pride of the reprobate, in proportion as they hate God,
always ascends after final impenitence, they are not of Christ's body. For St. Augustine says: Sermon on the
Lord's Words, 53 [Migne's ed., 354, vol. 39: 1568]: "A lowly head and a proud member! Nay. He who loves
pride does not wish to be of the body of Christ the head." And again, Sermon 50 [Migne's ed., 138, vol. 38:
765], he says: "Christ spoke truly in regard to certain shepherds, for he holds all good shepherds in himself,
when he said: "I am the chief Shepherd and all ye are one in me.'1 But the reprobate, who is a member of the
devil, is not duly joined together in the same structure with his head." Augustine also, de doct. Christi, 3: 32
[Nic. Fathers, 2: 569], after he shows that Christ and his body, which is the church, are one person, censures
Tychonius,2 who in his second rule calls the whole human family the twofold—bipartitum—body of the Lord.
This, he says, "was no proper name to apply to the body of Christ. That in truth is not the Lord's body that will
not be with him through eternity. Tychonius ought to have spoken about the real body and the mixed body of
Christ, or about the real body and the simulated body, for, not only through eternity but now, hypocrites
cannot be said to be with him." How plainly does that holy man show that the reprobate are not truly of
Christ's church! To refer to Augustine again, de Pen., 4 [Friedberg, 1: 1230], he draws the conclusion that no
one belongs to Christ's kingdom, which is the church, except the son whom the Father gave to him, about
whom it is said, John 3:16: "That he should not perish but have everlasting life." Therefore, he says: "Let it
not move us that God does not give to some sons that gift of perseverance, for surely this could not be the case
if these were of the predestinate and of those who are the called according to his purpose, who are truly the
sons of promise. But, because these live piously, they are called sons of God; but those who shall continue to
live wickedly and shall die in their wickedness, these he does not call sons."

And again Augustine, treating the words of I John 2:18 [Friedberg, 1: 1231], "They went out from us but
were not of us," says: "They were not of the number of sons, and when did they have the faith of sons?
Because those who are true sons are foreknown and predestinate to be conformed to the image of God's Son
and according to His purpose are called to be holy even as they are elect. For not does the son of the promise
perish, but the son of perdition. These, therefore, were of the multitude who were called and not of the few
who were chosen." A little further on he remarks: "For he knew from the beginning who would believe on
him and who would betray him, and he said: 'Therefore, have I spoken to you, because no one can come to
me, except it be given him of my Father.' After that, many of his disciples went back and no longer walked
with him. They were for a time called disciples in the Gospel, nevertheless they were not true disciples, for
they did not abide in his words as he said: 'If ye shall abide in my words, then are ye my disciples.' Therefore,
as they did not have perseverance, they were not Christ's true disciples, and so they were not true children of
God, although for a time they seemed to be so and were called so. Therefore, we call those the elect, disciples
of Christ and God's children, and they are to be called children whom we see living regenerate and pious lives.
And then they truly are what they are called when they abide in that on account of which they were so called
[which is the ground of their receiving these names]. But if they have not the gift of perseverance, that is, do
not abide in that on account of which they started out to be, then they are not truly called on account of that
which they are called [for that which gives them their name], and such they are not [that is, they are not what
their names indicate]; for those things do not exist with Him to whom is known what they will be in the
future, that is, evil persons who have proceeded from being good" [that is, from being by name and in
appearance good they will at last appear to be what they really are, namely, evil]. Thus much St. Augustine.
How clearly does not he show that many are in the church who are nominally called "sons" by men, who
nevertheless are not of the church, for they are not truly sons of God predestinated unto the life of glory!
 This also is made plain by St. Chrysostom in his de opere imperfecto, Hom. 9, who says: "Those who are
of God cannot perish, because no one can pluck them out of God's hand." This appears also from John 10:28:
"My sheep hear my voice and I know them and they follow me, and I give unto them eternal life and no one
shall pluck them out of my hand." And later Christ, the best of teachers, proves by the greatness of God's gift,
which is the Holy Spirit, that no one is able to do this, because his Father is almighty, and from his hand no
one is able to pluck anything. But, because Christ and his Father are one with the Holy Spirit—who is Christ's
gift, by whom the church is knit together with him—therefore, no one is able to pluck his sheep out of his
hand. For he himself from eternity has chosen every member of his church into the bridal relation. Therefore
he will desert no such member; because, if this were not so, he would choose without foresight and proper
provision to glory. And to this the conclusion of the great philosopher applies when he says of the reprobate
who abode for a time in grace: "If they had been of us, they would have continued with us," I John 2:19. For
this conditional clause cannot be impossible or heretical, for it is formulated by the Holy Spirit. To this text
may be added Matt. 10:20, "It is not ye who speak, but the Spirit of your Father which speaketh in you"; and
also Romans 8:35, where the apostle, as I have quoted above, speaking of himself and of the predestinate who
are members of the church, proves that no creature shall be able to separate them from the love which is in
Christ Jesus. And he gathers his members together gently, for the love of predestination does not fail, I Cor.
13. Hence the apostle says: "Ye are not in the flesh but in the Spirit, if so be that the Spirit of God dwelleth in
you. But if any one hath not the Spirit of Christ, he is none of his," Roman 8:9. And he understands that such
an one is not a part of his body.

And if, after all, it be objected that the reprobate living in this present time in love has this bond [of
perfectness] and consequently is united with Christ, and the predestinate living in sin lacks this bond and
consequently is not united with Christ, it is evident that, as in the human body there is fluid moisture and a
radical moisture, so in Christ's mystical body there is, so it must be granted, a grace according to present
righteousness and also a perfecting grace. As ulcers develop and display themselves through the moist fluid
and are not continuous on account of a difference of nature [from the body itself], so for the present it is with
the members of the devil who are known according to present righteousness. But the predestinate, although
they may be for a time deprived of fluent grace, nevertheless have radical and abiding grace, from which they
cannot fall away, and so the predestinate, being now righteous and having twofold grace, are bound by a
twofold bond.

But here the objection is made that, in view of the things said above, we ought to grant that at one and the
same time the same person may be righteous and unrighteous, one of the faithful and an unbeliever, a true
Christian and a heretic, in abounding grace and without grace3 (not to use other such contradictory
expressions), it follows that there is a manifest contradiction. In this objection it is said that it should be
granted that the same person is at one and the same time both righteous and unrighteous; but it is inconsistent
with the truth, that the same person is at one and the same time both righteous and unrighteous in respect to
the same thing. Even as contraries cannot at one and the same time inhere in the same person in respect to the
same thing, so the names given above are, on account of their ambiguity, not contrary one to the other, for,
according to the Philosopher4 only one thing can be opposed to one thing, and so the same man is righteous by
virtue of predestinating grace and unrighteous by virtue of destructive vice, as was Peter in his denial of Christ
and Paul in his persecution of him. For they were at that time not fallen away from the love of predestination.
Consequently they were, in view of this love, in grace and therefore righteous; and because they were at that
time in sin they were deprived of fluent temporal grace and therefore were unrighteous. And if the inference
be drawn: therefore they were at that time not righteous and consequently were not righteous at all, the
inference is drawn by denying the first consequence. For a consequence which is drawn by proceeding from a
denial to a negation does not hold except with modification as follows in this proposition, namely: Peter and
Paul were unrighteous; therefore, according to present grace, they were not righteous. This conclusion is true.
As it was properly conceded that they were righteous according to the grace of predestination and were not
righteous according to present grace, so, in a similar way, Paul was one of the faithful in view of
predestination and one of the unfaithful by reason of his persecution, an Israelite by predestination and a
blasphemer by the law of present unrighteousness, was in the love of predestination and yet was without
grace, that is, without the love of present righteousness.

Paul's own words, drawn from Hosea, confirm this: "I will call that my people which was not my people,
and her my beloved that was not my beloved; and her to have acquired mercy which did not acquire mercy,
and in the place where it was said unto them, Ye are not my people, there shall they be called the sons of the
living God," Romans 9:25, 27. Hence it is evident that this Scripture and other Scripture like it are not
understood except by those who know that there is not a contradiction, unless opposites are predicated of the
same person according to the same thing and for the same instant of time. Those who know how to carry on
such discussion acknowledge that Christ was both dead and alive during the three days; yea, as Ambrose says:
"He was dead and was not dead, for he lived in the spirit and was dead in the flesh; died as a man and did not
die as God." So the apostle says, I Tim. 5:6, that "a widow living in pleasure is dead while she liveth," because
she lives in the flesh but does not live in the spirit. It is clear that neither what is contrary nor self-
contradictory follows.

Finally, to sum up what has been said, it is evident that no reprobate is truly a part of holy mother church.
For, if St. Thomas5 or any one else should be found to call a reprobate who is in grace a member of the
church, then he is speaking ambiguously with Augustine and sacred Scripture, giving heed to the popular
mode of speech and the popular notion of the militant church. Hence it was stated above that St. Augustine
said [Dist. 4: 8, de Pen.; Friedberg, 1: 1232]: "If they have not perseverance, that is, if they do not abide in that
for which they started out to be, then they are not truly called what they are called, and they are not what they
are called. For these things do not exist for Him who knows what they will be in the future, that is, evil
persons who have proceeded from being good"—ex bonis mali. This saying of Augustine should stand against
all objections wherein ambiguity is to be noted.

1↑ Huss's text differs from Augustine's, which runs: ego sum pastor bonus, etc.—"I am the good Shepherd. I am, I am one. All are one
with me in unity. He who feeds apart from me, feeds against me. He who gathers not with me, scattereth abroad. Hear how greatly this
unity is commended! 'I have other sheep which are not of this fold.'" Augustine then goes on to say that "among the nations there were
predestinate persons, who were not of the people of Israel according to the flesh. These will not be outside of that fold—ovile—for he
must bring them also that there may be one flock—grex—and one shepherd." Here Augustine departs from the text of the Vulgate,
which has unum ovile—fold—in both places, and conforms to the Greek original, which has two different words.
2↑ Tychonius, a scholarly North African belonging to the Donatist party, flourished about 400 and was an extensive author. Bede
quotes him as essentially orthodox except on the question of the Donatist schism. He departed from the Donatist teachings, however,
in denying the visible millennial reign of one thousand years and in accepting non-Donatist baptism. Both he and Augustine were
involved in the confusion of identifying the true church with a visible communion, although both made the church a mixed body.
Tychonius set forth seven rules of exegesis. Huss's quotation is drawn from Augustine's treatment of the second rule. Tychonius's
Book of Rules has been published by Burkitt in Texts and Studies, 4: 1, 1894.
3↑ Here, as a little further down, Huss uses the Greek acharis.
4↑ Aristotle, whom the Schoolmen regarded as the forerunner of Christian truth in method and knowledge of natural things—precursor
Christi in naturalibus.
5↑ Thomas Aquinas, the angelic doctor, d. 1274.
 CHAPTER V

GOOD AND BAD IN THE CHURCH

In answer to the proofs cited in Chapter III, urging the contrary to what is here laid down, this is to be said:
To understand them we must be on our guard to note that men are said to be in holy church in different senses.
For some are said to be in it by virtue of an unformed faith1 only, as are reprobate Christians involved in sins,
to whom the Lord said: "Why call ye me Lord, Lord, and do not the things which I bid you?‖ Luke 6:46. And
of them he also said, "Many will say unto me in that day, Lord, Lord, did we not prophesy by thy name, and
by thy name cast out demons, and by thy name do many mighty works? and then will I profess unto them, I
never knew you,‖ namely, as persons to be saved, Matt. 7:22. Hence Psalm 6:9 says: "Depart from me all ye
workers of iniquity."

Some are in the church only according to present faith and grace, as the reprobate righteous, who are not in
the church by virtue of predestination to life eternal. Others are in the church by virtue of predestination only,
as are unbaptized children of Christian parents and pagans, or Jews destined to be Christians in the future.
Others are in the church by virtue of an unformed faith and predestination, as are predestinate Christians who
are now in sins, but will return to grace. Others are in the church by virtue of predestination and present grace,
as are all predestinate Christians who imitate Christ in their lives, who, however, may in this life fall away
from fluent [operating] grace. Still others are in the church now triumphant, confirmed in grace. But all are
divided into the reprobate and the predestinate, the former being ultimately the members of the devil and the
others members of the mystical body which is the holy church, the bride of our Lord Jesus Christ.

Therefore, in the first proof taken from the net, the predestinate are represented by the good fish, and the
reprobate by the bad fish which they cast out. On this Gregory [Migne, 76: 1116] has this to say: "Holy church
is compared to a net cast into the sea, for she also is committed to fishermen. This is the first resemblance, and
by her every one is drawn from the waves of this present age into the eternal kingdom, namely by call, lest he
be drowned in the depths of eternal death. This is the second resemblance. She gathers together fish of every
kind, because she calls to the forgiveness of sins the wise and the foolish, the free and the bond, the poor and
the rich, the strong and the weak. This is the third resemblance."

Therefore, let the false writer be on his guard against inferring that, because holy church gathers together
by her call men of every kind, therefore all men are called to faith which is in Christ and are members of holy
church, Christ's bride. Hence St. Gregory conclusively shows who are the elect and who are the reprobate,
when he says that "at the end of the world the good fish will be gathered into vessels, but the bad cast out,
because every elect person is received into everlasting habitations, and the reprobate, having lost the light of
the eternal realm, are cast into outer darkness. For now the net of faith holds the good—that is, the elect—and
the evil—that is, the reprobate—mingled together, like the fishes. This is the fourth resemblance. And the net
which she drew, namely, by the call of faith, represents the shore of holy church." And St. Gregory adds:
"And the fish of the sea which were caught cannot be numbered. But we who are bad when we are caught are
thoroughly changed in the element of goodness." In this he finds a sign that the wicked who are predestinate
are permanently and thoroughly changed into what is good. Therefore, the voice of St. Gregory is the voice of
the predestinate who, being smitten with badness, are through baptism and penance called back by holy
church to goodness.

From these things is evident the exposition of the second proof from the parable of the marriage supper, in
which are gathered by faith the good and the bad, who are mingled in holy church. But the bad are not true
sons, just as those are not true friends, because they lack the marriage garment, which is predestinating love.
Hence the king of the wedding will say to them, as he said to the one: "Friend, why did'st thou come in hither
not having a wedding-garment?" At this point Gregory says: "It is very remarkable, my dear friends, that he at
one and the same time calls this one friend and condemns him, as if he might more aptly say: 'Friend and no-
friend—friend by faith and no-friend by works.'" Thus much Gregory [Migne, 76: 1289].

The exposition of the third proof is clear because they gather up from the kingdom of holy church all that
offend, that is, those who commit iniquity, namely, the sin of final impenitence [the parable of the tares, Matt.
13:41]. Here the reprobate are referred to.

As to the fourth proof, which runs, "Whosoever therefore shall do one of these least commandments"—to
this St. Augustine aptly replies, Com. on John 21: 11 [Nic. Fathers, 7: 443], where Simon Peter is said to draw
"the net to land full of great fishes, a hundred and fifty and three." St. Augustine says: "'Whosoever will break
one of these least commandments and shall teach men so, shall be called least in the kingdom of heaven; but
whoso shall do and teach them shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven.' The latter, therefore, would
belong to the number of the great fishes. But the former, that is, 'the least,' who in act breaks what he teaches
in word, may be in such a church, which contains those who are represented by that first catch of fishes, which
had both bad and good, because this catch is also called the kingdom of heaven—for he said, 'The kingdom of
heaven is like unto a net cast into the sea, which gathers in all kinds of fish,' a parable by which he wishes
both the good and the bad to be understood. And of these he says that they are to be separated on the shore,
namely, at the end of the world. Then, in order to show that these 'least' are the reprobate, who teach good
things with their lips and break them by their bad living, and will not be as the 'least' in the future in the life
eternal, yea will not be there at all, for he had said, 'He shall be called least in the kingdom of heaven,'—Christ
went on to say: 'For I say unto you, except your righteousness shall exceed the righteousness of the scribes
and Pharisees, ye shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven.' Certainly, these are the scribes and Pharisees
who sit in Moses' seat and of whom Christ said: 'Whatsoever things they say, these do ye, but whatsoever
things they do, these do not ye, for they say and do not,' Matt. 23:2. They teach in words what they break in
their lives. Therefore the conclusion is that he who is 'least in the kingdom of heaven,' the church now being
made up of such as it is, will not enter into the kingdom of heaven, the church being then what it is to be;
because, in teaching the things which he is in the habit of breaking, he will not belong to the company of those
who practise what they teach. Therefore, will this one not be of the number of the great fishes, for he who
both practises and teaches, he shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven. And because he was great here,
therefore he will be in the place where that least person is not. Yea, and so very great will they be there [that
is, in heaven] that the one who there is the least is greater than he than whom here no one is greater.
Nevertheless those who are great here, that is, those who are in the kingdom of heaven, where the net gathers
together the good and the bad, and do the good things they teach—these shall be the greater in that eternal
kingdom of heaven, even those who belong at God's right hand and to the resurrection of life, and those are
they whom the fish represent." Thus far Augustine.

Augustine's words have the same meaning as the words of Gregory, namely, that the church gathers
together the elect and the reprobate in the faith; and, secondly, that those who teach in the church and fill its
seats of dignity and break God's commandments are reprobate. For he says: "Finally, in order to show that
those least are the reprobate, who teach good things with their lips and break them with bad living, they will
not only not be as the least in the eternal life in the future, but will not be there at all." In the third place, he
teaches that faithful Christians, doing God's commands, indeed are great in God's holy church, and that
prelates who occupy commanding offices and break the commandments are the least; and, if they are
reprobate, then they will not be in the kingdom of God. Therefore, let the disciples of antichrist blush who live
contrary to Christ and yet say they are the greatest in God's holy church and are most proud, and who,
flourishing in public places by the covetousness and haughtiness of this world, are called the heads and the
body of holy church, but who, according to the Gospel of Christ, deserve to be called the least. The fourth
teaching is that the hundred and fifty and three great fishes, caught on the right side of the boat, stand for the
predestinate, amongst whom, other things being equal, are the greater ones who teach and do God's
commandments.

As for the fifth proof from the Gospel: "He shall baptize you in the Holy Spirit, etc.," it is conceded that
holy church is the Lord's threshing-floor in which are now mingled together in virtue of faith the good and the
bad, predestinate and reprobate; the predestinate as the wheat, and the reprobate as the chaff. The first shall be
gathered into the heavenly garner, the rest burnt with fire unquenchable, as say the Gospel and Augustine's
exposition. And as the chaff always remains chaff, so a reprobate always remains reprobate, even though for a
time he may be in grace according to present righteousness. Nevertheless, he is never a part of holy church.
And just as the wheat always remains wheat, so the predestinate always remains predestinate and a member of
the church, howbeit for a time he may fall away from accidental grace, but never from the grace of
predestination. On this subject Augustine, 32: 4, C. Recurrat [Friedberg, 1: 1127], thus expresses himself:
"Therefore, whether they seem to be turned over within or are evidently outside, what is flesh is flesh; 2 or
whether they continue in their sterility on the threshing-floor or are carried away on occasion of temptation as
by a wind without, what is chaff is chaff; and he will always be separated from the unity of the church, which
is without spot and wrinkle, who continues in carnal obduracy and is mingled with the company of the saints.
Nevertheless, of no one should we despair, neither of him who appears to be of this kind and is within, nor of
him who is outside and is more manifestly whirled about."3 Thus much Augustine.

Hence, John the Baptist aptly says that "he will purge," that is, on the day of judgment, "his threshing-
floor," that is, holy church, and "gather the wheat into the garner," namely, the predestinate into the heavenly
country; but "the chaff," namely, the reprobate, "he will burn with fire unquenchable." And Augustine,
commenting in his Letter to Peter on Faith [Migne, 40: 777], as already quoted, says: "Hold fast most
tenaciously and never doubt that God's threshing-floor is the catholic church, and that unto the end of the
world will be found in it chaff mixed with wheat. Here also the wicked and the good are mingled in the
communion of the sacraments; and in every calling, whether of clerics or laymen, there are both good and
bad." And further on he says: "But in the end of the world the good are to be separated with the body from the
bad, when Christ shall come with his fan in his hand and shall purge his threshing-floor and gather the wheat
into the garner and burn the chaff with fire unquenchable, yea, when by righteous judgment he shall separate
the righteous from the unrighteous, the good from the wicked, the strait from the crooked. The good he will
place at his right hand, and the wicked at his left. And from his mouth will go forth a sentence, unending and
immutable, of righteous and eternal judgment, and all the wicked will go into eternal burning, but the
righteous into life eternal. The wicked will always be burning with the devil, the righteous be reigning without
end [with Christ]."4 Thus far Augustine. From the exposition of the saints it is clear how in Christ's parables
the reprobate are symbolized by the bad fishes, by the bad guests at the wedding, by the man not clad in a
wedding-garment at the feast, by the chaff, by the tares, by the bad seed, by the evil tree, by the foolish
virgins, and by the goats. On the other hand, in an opposite way, the predestinate are symbolized by the good
fishes, the good guests, the man clad in a wedding-garment, by the wheat, the good seed, the good tree, the
wise virgins, and the sheep.

Reflecting upon these things, the faithful should be on his guard against this conclusion: the reprobate are
in God's holy church, therefore they are a part of it. For it has already been said that it is one thing to be in the
church and another to be of the church or to be a part or member of the church. For as it does not follow,
because the chaff and the tares are among the wheat or mixed up with the wheat, therefore the chaff is the
wheat, so the conclusion does not follow in the above proposition. Similarly as it does not follow that, because
ordure or a sore is in the body of a man, therefore it is a part of his body, so it does not follow that because a
reprobate is in Christ's mystical body of the church, therefore he is a part of it. Again, the following
conclusion is not valid, namely: he is in grace according to righteousness, therefore he is a member or a part
of the holy catholic church. But this is right reasoning, namely: a man is in the grace of predestination,
therefore he is a part or member of holy church. And again this reasoning is not valid: Peter is in sin, therefore
he is not a part or member of the holy church. But it is good reasoning to say that at that time he was not in the
church according to the grace of present righteousness. Arguing of this kind will be understood by reflecting
what it is to be in the church and what it is to be a member or part of the church; and that it is predestination
which makes one a member of the holy catholic church, which predestination is the preparation of grace in the
present time and of glory in the future. No place of dignity, no human election, and no other outward sign
makes one a member of the church. For the devil Iscariot, who did not refuse Christ's election and the
temporal charisms given unto him by virtue of his apostolate and episcopate—even though the people
believed that he was one of Christ's true disciples—was not a true disciple of Christ, but a wolf clad in sheep's
clothing, as Augustine says; and consequently he was not predestinate and so not a part of the church, the
bride of Christ.

From this it is clear that it would be a great presumption for any one without revelation and godly fear to
assert of himself that he is a member of that holy church. For no one except the predestinate, in his time
without spot or wrinkle, is a member of that church. No one, however, without godly fear or revelation may
assert of himself that he is predestinate, and holy without spot or wrinkle. Hence the conclusion is properly
drawn. Wherefore it is exceedingly wonderful with what effrontery they who are given up to the world, live
completely a worldly and vicious life, removed from companionship with Christ, and even more barren in the
fulfilment of Christ's counsels and precepts—that they assert without godly fear that they are heads or the
body or the chief members of the church, which is Christ's bride. Do we ever think that these are without spot
of mortal sin or wrinkle of venial sin? By forsaking Christ's counsels, by neglect of their sacred office, and by
their works they teach that we should rather feel the opposite, for the bridegroom of the church says, "By their
fruits ye shall know them," Matt. 7:20, and "believe the works," John 10:38, and "do not after their works, for
they say and do not," Matt. 23:2.

But against these things the objection is raised, first, on the ground that every cleric, being stamped with
the clerical character or the outward sign by a prelate in the judgment of the church, is a part of holy mother
church, and alone the body of such clerics is by antonomasia5 called the church, which (body) we ought
especially to honor, because otherwise it would follow that Christians would not recognize their mother. Yea,
and, thus not being recognized, they would not pay to it the material gifts due, such as oblations and tithes,
and in consequence inordinate confusion would follow in the church militant.

Here, by way of denying the antecedent statement, it is said: An instance is furnished in the case of Judas,
chosen for the service of the episcopate by Christ, who could not err. For that reprobate never was Christ's
true disciple, as Augustine shows, but a wolf clad in sheep's clothing, and he was always chaff and a grain of
weed or tares. Similarly, the second part of the antecedent is denied. For the church is by antonomasia called
the bride of Christ, which is the totality of the predestinate, as has already been said. For, if that totality is in
the highest sense the bride of Christ, then the church herself is holy, for she is the one dove and the queen
standing at the King's right hand, to whom the young virgins are led. Wherefore, as in the days when Christ
walked on the earth and companied with the clergy, the high priests, priests and Pharisees—the different
grades of the priesthood—observing the traditions of their own making, and asserting that they had God for
their Father and that they were of Abraham's seed, and at no time served any man and enjoying a reputation
among the people, did not do all these things, so that the clergy might by antonomasia and truly be called the
holy church, inasmuch as Christ himself said of them, Matt. 15:14, that the disciples should allow them to take
offense, because "they were blind leaders of the blind," so also it is certain that a particular multitude of the
clergy is not the holy church simply because it chooses to affirm itself to be the holy church. Such
conclusions, it is plain, do not follow. In the first, the inference was drawn [that the clergy is the church]
because otherwise it would follow that Christians would not be able to recognize their mother. For we must
know our mother by faith, just as we know the church triumphant, Christ and also his mother by faith, and
likewise Christ's apostles and all the blessed angels and the multitude of saints. But we know imperfectly and
indistinctly enough those who are now pilgrims and those who are sleeping. But when that which is perfect is
come that which is in part shall vanish away, because in heaven we shall distinguish our mother clearly and
also her individual members. And let not the faithful [Christian] complain but rejoice in the truth that holy
mother church is to so great a degree unknown to him here on the way, because over him stands the merit of
Christian faith. For, according to the apostle, Heb. 11:1, "Faith is the substance of things hoped for, the
assurance of things which do not appear," that is, which do not appear palpably to our senses here on the
pilgrim way. And the ground of predestination or of charity, which never faileth and which is the nuptial
garment, distinguishing a member of the church from a member of the devil, we do not here by our senses
discern. For, according to Augustine, "an act of faith is believing what thou dost not see." And the very
opposite of the second conclusion is clear. For we pay what is due to holy church when we, who have Christ
as our supreme pontiff, provide with temporal gifts for their material support Christ's ministers, whom by an
indistinct faith we respect as ministers and fathers for their works‘ sake, and whom we by uncertain
knowledge regard as members of Christ.

And, if it be objected that a layman is expected and bound to believe of his prelates that they are the heads
of the church and parts of the church either by virtue of predestination or present righteousness, it is to be said
in reply that a layman is not expected to believe anything of his superior except what is true. It is clear that no
one is held to believe anything which he is not moved by God to believe. But God does not move a man to
believe what is false. Howbeit good may come by a false faith under certain circumstances, and howbeit God
moves to the essence of an act, nevertheless, God does not so move a man that the man is deceived. Therefore,
if a layman believes about his prelate that he is a holy member of the church while in fact he is not, his faith or
his believing will be false. Therefore, a pastor is expected, by giving instruction in works that are more
virtuous, to influence those under him to believe that he is such. Hence, if an inferior does not discern the
works of his superior to be virtuous, he is not bound to believe that he is a member of the church by the law of
present righteousness, or to believe with godly fear and conditionally that he is such genuinely, simpliciter,
namely by virtue of predestination. And, if he certainly knows his sin, then he ought to conclude from his
works that at that time he is not righteous but an enemy of Jesus Christ. And so it is clear that the third
conclusion is false. For there is no confusion in the church militant, by reason of the fact that without
revelation we do not know certainly who are members of Christ's mystical body on earth.

Up to this point the objection is: Seeing that grace makes sons of the church, just so sin makes members of
the devil and also unbelievers, it is clear that a man may become a member of the church after being an
unbeliever, just as from being a member of the church one may become a member of the devil. For who
doubts that Iscariot, when he was a true apostle, was not also a member of the church?6 Even so Paul, when he
was a blasphemer, was separate from holy mother church. What is here said is said because the church is
conceived of in a true sense or in a nominal sense—in the true sense she is, as has been said, identical with the
predestinate; in the nominal sense the church is called the assembly of the reprobate. It is by a sheer error that
men living on the earth speak in this way of the true holy mother church, and so many according to common
fame are called heads or members of the church, although according to God's foreknowledge they are
members of the devil, who for a time believe and afterwards fall away or are now and always were
unbelievers, and of this sort, as already said above and to follow Augustine, were those disciples of Christ
who went back and no longer walked with him. Similarly, it was with Iscariot who was falsely reputed to be a
disciple of Christ, about whom Augustine, in his Commentary on John [Nic. Fathers, 7: 253], speaks when he
shows how the sheep heard Christ's voice. "But what," he says, "are we to think? Those who heard—were
they the sheep? Did not Judas hear and he was a wolf? He followed but was clothed in sheep's clothing and
plotted against the Shepherd." In this way, therefore, many are reputed according to present righteousness to
be of the church, but they are not really so by virtue of predestination unto glory. And who these are
Augustine teaches in his Commentary on John, when he says: "The Lord knows who are his. He knows who
will hold out till the conferring of the crown, who will hold out unto the flames. He knows in his threshing-
floor the wheat, he knows the chaff, he knows the good seed, he knows the tares. But to the rest it is unknown
who are doves and who are ravens."

1↑ Fides informis, as opposed to fides formata, that is, faith working by love, or, as we might say, intellectual belief and living faith.
The distinction of formata and informis was first made by Peter the Lombard. In his Com. on Peter the Lombard, Huss treats the
subject at length, pp. 452–455, defining the different sorts of faith. He says, to believe God, credere Deo, is to believe that the things
He says are true. Such faith the wicked have. To believe God, credere Deum, is to believe that He is God. To believe in God, credere
in Deum, is by believing to love Him. The faith which the demons and bad men have is a quality of the intellect, but it is unformed,
informis, faith because it is unaccompanied by love, and this unformed faith is an acquired habit and not a habit infused from above.
This fides informis precedes hope and love, but the fides formata is contemporary with hope and love. Peter the Lombard, 4:23, quotes
Ambrose as saying: "Love is the mother of all virtues, which forms all within us—informat—and without which there is no virtue."
Luther denounces this distinction as a pestilential ecclesiastical invention. Denifle, in his Life of Luther, 1: 637 sqq., makes the
astounding assertion that the faith which Luther required was simply an intellectual assent—faith without love and the works of love.
2↑ I have corrected Huss's text from the text of the Corp. jur. can. For example, Huss has qui carior est, carior est for quod caro est
caro est, and veritate for unitate. The first part of the passage, "to turn within," has some reference to the time before birth, in the
womb. Augustine has been speaking of Rebecca and the births of Jacob and Esau, and also of Sarah and Hagar.
3↑ Huss text has manifestus and above veritate for unitate—unity of the church.
4↑ "With Christ," a part of the original, is omitted by Huss. The quotation is not from Augustine, but from Fulgentius's Letter to Peter
the Deacon. See note, chap. III.
5↑ A rhetorical term for the substitution of a title for a general term, as "his honor" for "judge." Wyclif also uses it, de Eccles., 1: 400.
In the first case he says: "Christ's bride is antonomatically our mother."
6↑ Huss is constantly using Judas as an example of how a prescitus, a reprobate, may be a pope or a bishop, having present
righteousness, it may be, but not among the elect. Judas was legitimately elected, as Christ says, John 6:70, and yet he had a devil. So a
pope may well be elected according to the ritual, and yet be of the lost, Replies to Palecz and Stanislaus, Mon., 322, 323, 339, 340, etc.
In his Com. on Peter the Lombard, Huss says, p. 188: "In truth, Judas Iscarioth wanted to be a bishop, and it pleased God to choose
him to the episcopate. But what good did he get thereby? Certainly he lost his episcopate because he committed simony; and he gave
himself up body and soul to damnation because he would not conform his will to the will of God."
 CHAPTER VI

CHRIST THE HEAD OF THE ELECT

Treatment having been made of the holy catholic church, which is Christ's mystical body and of which
Christ is the head, a statement must also be made of the church of the wicked—malignantium—which is the
body of the devil, he being its head.1 For St. Gregory says, Moralia, 4: 9 [Migne, 75: 647]: "As our Redeemer
is one person with the assembly of the good (for He is the head of the body and we the body of that head), so
is the old enemy one person with all the company of the reprobate, for he as their head presides over them
unto iniquity. Hence it is evident that all the reprobate constitute one body. For Christ said to the Jews, the
high priests and Pharisees, who were called the chiefs—capitales—of the church: 'Ye are of your father, the
devil, and the lusts of your father ye will do,'" John 8:44. This shows that there must be one generation—
brood—which was bad in the case of the common people, worse in the case of secular rulers, but worst of all
in the case of the prelates, just as the generation of the righteous has three opposite classes, corresponding
grade for grade to these three classes. If, therefore, the generation of the perverse is one, it is fitting that there
should be one evil man [being] with parts, who are the members of the devil. And as there cannot be a head or
a member except as these are related to the entire body, it is plain that there is one body of the devil. When,
however, the body of Christ is called the mystical body on account of the mystery of the heavenly marriage
between Christ and the church, the body of the devil is not likewise mystical but dark, because to be joined
with the devil as one of his members does not express itself directly in mystery but in the scourge. Thus the
body of the devil has something natural about it, because, as Augustine says, de natura Boni, all evil must root
itself in the good, so all evil in morals is founded in what is good by nature. And besides having that which is
natural, the body of the devil has the essence of vice, just as the mystical body of Christ has the essence of
virtue. Hence St. Augustine denies, de doct. Christi, III [Nic. Fathers, 2: 569], that the body and members of
Christ are one in the same sense as the members of the devil are one.

Now, if it be asked what is the form in which the members of the devil are united in that body, the answer
is that there is an outer form and an inner deformity. The outer form is God's eternal foreknowledge which
knows and ordains all the foreknown members of that diabolical body to be bound to perpetual punishment.
But the inner deformity is the final disobedience or pride, which the saints call the guilt of final impenitence
or the sin against the Holy Spirit. And so the same sin both continues on and disjoins. For it holds on in the
members of the devil, binding them together in their wickedness for Tartarus and separating them from the
companionship of the blessed, just as heat, first dissolving a mixture, gathers together the homogeneous parts,
making each element of the dissolved mixture to seek its own place. But it separates the heterogeneous
constituents, when it dissolves what seems on the surface to be harmonious by resolving the parts of the
mixture, each into its original, separate element. For in the day of judgment, by the contrary principles, the
coldness of the devil's body and the heat of the love of Christ's body, the bipartite body must be dissolved
according to the law of the final form, when the light parts will hasten upward with their head, who is a
consuming fire, to their appropriate mansions among the saints, but the parts terrestrial, weighted, as of lead,
will go down to hell, even as John said, 21:13: "In a moment they went down into hell" [sheol].

But the objection is drawn from St. Thomas [Summa, III, q. 8: 3–7, Migne], 3: 100 sqq., when he says:
"Christ is the head of all men, both the faithful who are united unto himself in deed through grace, and also
the unbelieving who are his members only potentially"—in potentia. And later on, he makes a division
according to the predestinate and reprobate who, passing away from this world, cease wholly to be members
of Christ. This he thus explains: As for this statement of St. Thomas, it seems to me he speaks ambiguously,
saying truly that in virtue of his deity, Christ is the outward head of the whole human race which, taken as an
aggregate, may be termed one natural body on which Christ confers benefits as he does on the whole world. In
virtue of his humanity a secondary perfection was won by the merit of Christ's passion for the whole world,
and so in virtue of his humanity he does good to the whole human race—when he punishes all the damned,
whether they are damned (1) because of unbelief, like those who did not believe in the Lord Jesus Christ, or
(2) because of despair which they ought to have put aside, aspiring to heavenly things, or (3) because of a rash
and foolish judgment, which they ought to have put aside, and finally accepted the Lord Jesus Christ in love.

Thus it appears how Christ is head of all men and how he is also head of the predestinate; and how it is not
contradictory to speak of the body of the devil (which is the synagogue of Satan) and at the same time to
speak of the church of Christ on the ground of creation, beneficence, and preservation, but not on the ground
of a union based on love, on which ground it is called Christ's church which he loved, that he might present it
as his bride without spot and to be cherished forever. But what the church of Christ or the synagogue of Satan
are or will be—whether in the case of men or—more numerously—in the case of the angels—we shall fully
know after Christ the Lord has pronounced the final judgment. For he himself says: "Enter ye in at the strait
gate, for wide is the gate and broad is the way which leadeth unto perdition and many there are who go in
thereat, for strait is the gate and narrow is the way which leadeth unto life and few there are who find it."
Matt. 7:13. On this passage Chrysostom says, Homil. 18 [Nic. Fathers 10: 163]: "The way of Christ is said to
be strait and narrow, because Christ received to himself only those who divested themselves of all sins, laid
down all the care of this world and were made refined and spiritual—subtiles et spirituales."

Almighty Lord, who art the way, the truth, and the life, Thou knowest how few in this present time walk in
Thee, how few imitate Thee as their head, in humility, poverty, chastity, diligence, and patience. Open is the
way of Satan; many walk therein. Help Thy weak flock, that it may not forsake Thee, but follow Thee unto the
end in the narrow way.

1↑ In his Super IV. Sent., 36, 733, Huss also calls the kingdom of Satan ecclesia malignancium, or civitas diaboli. "This is the
congregation of all the damned, as the holy church is the congregation of all the faithful—those who are to be saved. In the present
time this church of the wicked is dispensing its evil odor and infection and the virus of false doctrine."
 CHAPTER VII

THE ROMAN PONTIFF AND THE CARDINALS NOT THE UNIVERSAL CHURCH

It has been said that Christ is the sole Head of the holy universal church and all the predestinate, past and
future, are his mystical body and every one of them members of that body. It remains now briefly to examine
whether the Roman church is that holy universal church, the bride of Christ. This seems to be the case because
the holy catholic apostolic church is one, and this is none other than the Roman church. What seemed a matter
of question is therefore true. The first part of the statement appears from Pope Boniface's bull: "By the
urgency of faith we are compelled to believe and hold that the holy catholic apostolic church is one."1
Likewise, the second statement appears from the same decretal, which says: "Of the one and only church there
is one body, one head, and not two heads like a monster, namely, Christ and Christ's vicar, Peter, and Peter's
successors, even as, when the Lord said to Peter himself, 'Feed my sheep,' he spoke in a general sense, not of
individuals, of these or those sheep. It is plain that he regarded all the sheep as committed to him. Therefore, if
the Greeks and others say that they were not committed to Peter and his successors, they thereby confess that
it is not necessary to be of Christ's sheep; for did not the Lord say, in John: 'They shall become one fold and
one shepherd'?" Is it not evident, therefore, that the holy Roman church is that holy universal church, because
all are Christ's sheep, and the one fold is of one shepherd? This is the meaning of the aforesaid decretal of
Boniface, which closes with these words: "Further we declare, say and determine that to be subject to the
Roman pontiff is for every human being altogether necessary for salvation"—subesse Romano pontifici omni
humane creature . . . omnino esse de necessitate salutis. If, therefore, every man is of necessity subjected by
this declaration to the Roman pontiff, the aforesaid proposition will follow as true, and, on the other hand, the
proposition that the Roman church is the church, whose head is the pope and whose body the cardinals, and
these together constitute that church. But that church is not the holy catholic and apostolic church. Therefore,
what seemed a matter of doubt is false. The first proposition is made out by the statements of certain
doctors—among the statements being that the pope is the head of the Roman church and the body is the
college of cardinals. The second is manifest from the fact that the pope with the cardinals is not the totality of
all the elect.

For the understanding of this subject the notable passage of the Gospel must be meditated upon, namely,
Matt. 16:16–19: "And Simon Peter answered and said, Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God. And
Jesus answered and said, Blessed art thou, Simon Bar-Jonah: for flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto
thee, but my Father which is in heaven. And I also say unto thee, that thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will
build my church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom
of heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt loose
on earth shall be loosed in heaven." In this passage are designated Christ's church, its faith, the foundation,
and the authority. In these words Christ's church is designated, "I will build my church"; in these Peter's faith,
"Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God"; in these the foundation, "on this rock I will build"; and in
these the authority, "I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven." These four are to be touched
upon briefly, namely, the church, faith, the foundation, the church's power.

As for the first point, in view of the things set forth above the proposition is to be laid down that, if we put
aside the church, nominally so called and as she is generally esteemed to be, then the church is said to be
threefold. In one sense it is the congregation or company of the faithful in respect to what is for a time or in
respect to present righteousness alone, and in this sense the reprobate are of the church for the time in which
they are in grace. But this church is not Christ's mystical body nor the holy catholic church nor any part of it.
In the second sense the church is taken to be the admixture of the predestinate and the reprobate while they are
in grace in respect to present righteousness. And this church is in part but not in whole identical with God's
holy church. And this church is called mixed in character—grain and chaff, wheat and tares—the kingdom of
heaven like unto a net cast into the sea and gathering fish of every kind and the kingdom of heaven like unto
ten virgins, of whom five were foolish and five wise, as was said above. This church, Tychonius falsely called
the bipartite body of the Lord, as appears in de doct. Christi, 3: 32 [Nic. Fathers, 2: 569]. For the reprobate are
not the body of the Lord or any part of it.

In the third sense the church is taken for the company of the predestinate, whether they are in grace in
respect to present righteousness or not. In this sense the church is an article of faith, about which the apostle
was speaking when he said, Eph. 5: 26: "Christ loved the church and gave himself for it, cleansing it by the
washing of water in the word of life, that he might present it to himself a glorious church not having spot or
wrinkle or any such thing, but that it might be holy and without spot."

This church the Saviour calls his church in the Gospel quoted, when he said: "On this rock I will build my
church." And that he means this church is plain from the words which follow: "And the gates of hell shall not
prevail against it." For seeing that Christ is the rock of that church and also the foundation on whom she is
builded in respect to predestination, she cannot finally be overthrown by the gates of hell, that is, by the power
and the assaults of tyrants who persecute her or the assaults of wicked spirits. For mightier is Christ the king
of heaven, the bridegroom of the church, than the prince of this world. Therefore, in order to show his power
and foreknowledge and the predestination wherewith he builds, protects, foreknows, and predestinates his
church, and to give persevering hope to his church, he added: "And the gates of hell shall not prevail against
it." Here Lyra says: "From this it appears that the church is not composed of men by virtue of any power of
ecclesiastical and secular dignity, because there are many princes and high priests and others of lower degree
who have been found apostates from the faith." This comment has its proof, in part, in the case of Judas
Iscariot, both apostle and bishop, who was present when Christ said: "On this rock I will build my church and
the gates of hell shall not prevail against it." But he himself was not built upon the rock in respect of
predestination and therefore the gates of hell prevailed against him.

From the aforesaid words of Christ it is evident that the church is taken to mean all, in a special sense, who
after his resurrection were to be built upon him and in him by faith and perfecting grace. For Christ
commended Peter, who bore [represented] the person of the universal church and confessed his faith in the
words: "Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God." And Christ said to him, "Blessed art thou, Simon Bar-
Jonah." This commendation befits Peter and the whole church, which from the beginning was blessed in the
way, by confessing humbly, obediently, heartily, and constantly that Christ is the Son of the living God. This
faith in regard to that most hidden article, the flesh—that is, the wisdom of the world—does not reveal; nor
does blood reveal it, that is, pure philosophical science—but alone God, the Father. And because the
confession was so clear and positive, the Rock—Petra—said to Peter—the rock: "And I say unto thee that
thou art Peter," that is, the confessor of the true Rock—Petra—who is Christ, and "on this Rock," which thou
hast confessed—that is, upon me—"I will build" by strong faith and perfecting grace "my church"—that is,
the company of the predestinate who, the probation being over, are appointed to glory. Wherefore, "the gates
of hell shall not prevail against it." Up to this point it has been deduced from the Saviour's words that there is
(1) one church—namely, from the very word "church"; (2) that it is Christ's church—from the word "my"; (3)
that it is holy—from the words, "the gates of hell shall not prevail against it." The conclusion, therefore, is that
there is one holy church of Christ, which in Greek is katholike and in Latin universalis. She is also called
apostolic, apostolike, because she was established by the words and deeds of the apostles and founded upon
the Rock, Christ, as Jerome says in the Prologue to his Commentary on the Apocalypse.2

Hence I lay it down that it is to be called the holy Roman church, for the Decretum, Dist. 21 [Friedberg, 1:
70], says that "although there is only one bridal couch3 of the universal catholic church of Christ4 throughout
the world, nevertheless the holy Roman catholic and apostolic church is by the decisions of no synods 5 set
above the other churches." This it proves by the passage already cited, Matt. 16—namely: "Thou art Peter and
upon this rock I will build my church." And a little later it calls this church "the Roman church, the primal seat
of the apostle, which has neither spot nor wrinkle." This church, however, cannot be understood to mean the
pope with his cardinals and his household, for they alike come and go. Therefore, the Gloss on this text has
this to say: "The argument is, that wherever the good are, there is the Roman church." And so the Decretum,
24: 1 [Friedberg 1: 970]: a recta is to be understood. Where the canon on the Roman church speaks in this
way: "This is the holy and apostolic mother church of all the churches of Christ, which 6 by God's omnipotent
grace is proved never to have erred from the path of apostolic tradition, nor has ever been corrupted by or
succumbed to heretical novelties." This, it must here be noted, cannot be understood of any pope or the
members of his household, on which point the Gloss also says: "I ask, therefore, of which church do you
understand that it cannot err?" But it is certain that the pope can err. See Decretum, Anastasius, 19, and Si
papa, 40 [Friedberg, 1: 64, 146]. Therefore, neither the pope himself nor his family is that church of which it
is here said, she cannot err. Hence the Gloss says: "The company of the faithful itself is called this church." So
also is to be understood St. Jerome's statement, Dist. 25: 1, Hæc est fides [Friedberg 1: 970]: "The Roman
church is holy, which always has remained thoroughly unspotted, will in the future by the Lord's providence
and the blessed Apostle Peter's care remain without any dent from heretics and abide unmoved and unmovable
for all time." Here no pope with his college of cardinals can be understood. For often these are as soiled with
wicked, deceitful depravity and sin, as at the time of pope Joanna, the Englishwoman, who was called Agnes.
How, therefore, did that Roman church—that Agnes, pope Joanna with college—remain always unspotted,
seeing she bore? And the same is true of other popes who were heretics and deposed on account of their
manifold enormities.

Since, therefore, according to the Decretals, the Roman church has the primacy and the dignity, so far as
God is concerned, over all other churches, it is evident that she is the whole militant church, which God loves
more than any of its parts. And so it is evidently of faith that not that college [of the cardinals] but the whole
mother dispersed among all peoples and tongues is that holy Roman church of which the laws [the canon law]
accord in speaking with the holy doctors. Hence, in order to impress upon us this judgment by St. Augustine
and St. Ambrose, the hymn is ordained for the church, "The holy church throughout the world doth
acknowledge thee." And in the canon of the mass, first and chiefly, we offer prayer for the holy catholic
church, that God would condescend to give her peace, to keep her, and to grant her unity in all the world.
Hence prayer is undoubtedly offered for the principal—principalissima—militant church, which, I lay down,
is the Roman church. And truly among its parts, when we compare in the matter of greatness, the pope and his
college are in dignity its chief part, so long as they follow Christ closely and, putting away the pomp and
ambition of the primacy, serve their mother diligently and humbly. For in doing the opposite they are turned
into the desolation of abomination—into a college at direct variance with the humble college of the apostles
and our Lord Jesus Christ.

But it is to be noted that the Roman church was properly called a company of Christ's faithful, living under
the obedience of the Roman bishop, just as the Antiochian church was called the company of Christ's faithful,
under the bishop of Antioch. The same also was true of the faithful in Alexandria and Constantinople. And in
this way Peter, Christ's apostle and Roman bishop, speaks of the church when, addressing the faithful in Christ
in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia, he says: "The church which is gathered together 7 in
Babylon saluteth you," I Peter 5:13. Is not the church here taken to mean the faithful of Christ who were at
Rome with St. Peter? After the same manner also, the apostle designated particular churches when he wrote
from Corinth to the Romans, "all the churches of Christ salute you," and a little further on: "I, Tertius, salute
you, who wrote the epistle in the Lord. Gaius my host and the whole church saluteth you." Romans 16:16, 23.
Here the whole church is taken for all Christ's faithful, who with Paul were waging warfare in Corinth.
Likewise we have the words: "To the church of God which is in Corinth, sanctified in Christ Jesus," I Cor.
1:2, and "Paul and Sylvanus and Timotheus to the church of the Thessalonians," I Thess. 1:2. We have the
same often in other places, so that those are properly called particular churches which separately are parts of
the universal church, which is the church of Jesus Christ.

But the Christian church had its beginning in Judea and was first called the church of Jerusalem, as it is
said: "In that day there arose a great persecution in the church which was in Jerusalem, and they were all
scattered throughout the regions of Judea and Samaria, except the apostles," Acts 8:1. The second church was
the Antiochian, in which Peter, the apostle, resided, and there, for the first time, the name Christian was
employed. Hence, the faithful were first called disciples and brethren, and later Christians, for we read: "The
apostles and brethren which were in Judea," and at the close of the chapter it is stated how Barnabas led Paul
to Antioch and they were together for a whole year in the church and taught great multitudes, so that "the
disciples were called Christians first in Antioch," Acts 11:1, 26.

In the second sense, the Roman church is taken to mean any pope together with any cardinals, wherever
they may happen to reside, whether their lives are good or evil. And in the third sense, it is taken for the pope.
These two last senses are wrested by scholars. For there is no good reason for calling the Roman church our
mother either (1) on account of its pride or (2) on account of the emperor's clement goodness in endowing the
church or on account of the pope's haughtiness and self-assertion because of imperial rule drawn from the
pope's primacy or dominion, (3) or, again, is this a good reason that men should believe that it is incumbent
upon every Christian to have recourse to the pope and that it is of necessity for salvation to recognize him as
the head and as the most holy father, but for other reasons than this. For since the term Roman church was
established aside from any foundation in sacred Scripture, it is enough to give a probable reason. For the holy
church of Christ flourished first in Jerusalem during the days of the apostles, who companied with Christ, and
afterwards in Antioch at the time of Peter's incumbence as bishop—cathedrationis—and afterwards in Rome
at the time of the preaching and martyrdom of Peter and Paul. And so is to be understood the Saviour's saying,
Matt. 12:28, "Finally is the kingdom of God come unto you," and also Luke 17:21, 37, "The kingdom of God
is within you . . . for where the body is, thither will the eagles also be gathered together." For, although the
Christian church began in Judea and Christ suffered martyrdom in Jerusalem, nevertheless with reason
Christ's church is called the Roman church in view of a certain pre-eminence and for three causes: (1) Christ
knew that the peoples under the Roman empire would be brought in in the place of the unbelieving Jews, as
the apostle says, Romans 11:2, 12. (2) A larger multitude of martyrs triumphed there than in any other city, for
so, where a man is born from the womb and triumphs gloriously, from that place he takes his name. Inasmuch,
therefore, as holy church, so far as many of its parts go, was born in Rome, having been gathered out of the
womb of the synagogue, and there triumphed, growing among the nations, so it was thought proper that she
should take her name from the metropolitan city which is Rome. Hence Dist. 22 [Friedberg, 1: 74] runs: "She
is called most holy, because Peter and Paul on the same day and at one and the same time consecrated the
whole Roman church and exalted her above all other cities in the whole world by their presence and by their
glorious triumph." (3) Not the locality or the antiquity, but the formulated faith establishes the church of
Christ, for, both as regards personalities and time, Christ's church had existed before in its earlier seats. And in
this sense it is said: "The Lord did not choose people on account of the place, but the place on account of the
people," II Macc. 5:19. For this cause, I believe it is permitted to name Christ's church from any locality
which the righteous faithful inhabit, just as Christ was called the Nazarene on account of his conception which
occurred in Nazareth, and as he may be called a Bethlehemite from the place of his nativity, and a
Capernaumite from Capernaum where he worked miracles, and a Jerusalemite from his most glorious passion
in Jerusalem.

In view of these things it is plain what ought to be said with regard to the doubtful statement made at the
beginning of this chapter. For it should be granted that the Roman church is the holy mother, the catholic
church, the bride of Christ. To the argument in favor of the opposite, by which it is argued that the Roman
church is the church of which the pope is the head and the cardinals the body—this is said by way of
concession and by defining the church in the second way, that is, as the pope—whoever he may be—in
conjunction with the cardinals—whoever they may be and wheresoever they may live. But it is denied that
this church is the holy, catholic and apostolic church. And so both parts of the argument are granted, but the
conclusion is denied. But if this be said, namely, "I lay down that the pope is holy together with all the twelve
cardinals living with him," this being laid down and admitted as highly possible, it follows that the pope
himself in conjunction with the cardinals is the holy, catholic and apostolic church. This conclusion is denied,
but it follows well that a holy pope in conjunction with holy cardinals are a holy church which is a part of the
holy, catholic and apostolic church. Therefore Christ's faithful must hold firmly as a matter of faith to the first
conclusion and not to the second; for the first is confirmed by Christ's words: "The gates of hell shall not
prevail against it." But the second is a matter of doubt to me and to every other pilgrim, unless a divine
revelation makes it plain. Hence neither is the pope the head nor are the cardinals the whole body of the holy,
universal, catholic church. For Christ alone is the head of that church, and his predestinate are the body and
each one is a member, because his bride is one person with Jesus Christ.8

1↑ The first clause of Boniface's bull, Unam sanctam, Friedberg, 2: 1245; Schaff, Ch. Hist., V, part 2, p. 25.
2↑ Jerome referred the rock now to Christ, Com. on Amos, 6: 12, now to Peter, now to Peter and his confession. The notable passages
in which he makes Peter the rock are his letter to Marcella, and especially his letter to Damasus, bishop of Rome, Nic. Fathers, 6: 18,
55. In commenting on Matt. 16:16, Jerome combined the interpretations Christ and Peter. He can, therefore, be cited for both
interpretations.
3↑ The word transl. couch—thalamus—is used in the Vulgate, Deut. 33:12: "He will abide the whole day on his couch," where the
proper transl. of the Hebrew is: "He covereth him all the day long." Gilbert of Hoiland, Sermon on the Cant., Migne 184: 64, says:
"There is a couch on the breast of Jesus, yea and also a treasure," in pectore Jesu thalamus, etc.
4↑ I have substituted for Huss's text, Christus, the text of the Decretum, Christi.
5↑ Instead of "no synods" Huss's text has "many—multis—synods." The text of the Decretum is nullis. This was the famous decree of
Gelasius, pope about 495 or 496, and I have substituted the right reading above; for the mistake of the editor makes Huss prove the
very opposite of what he was intending.
6↑ Huss here has qui, the Decretum quæ.
7↑ Collecta. The Vulgate has coelecta with the Greek.
8↑ It was a popular definition which regarded the pope in conjunction with the body of the cardinals as the church. So Wyclif, "the
public—communitas—holds the church to be the pope and the cardinals, which it is necessary for all to believe." De Eccles., p. 92,
and often. In his Replies to Palecz and Stanislaus, Huss represents these two magisters as defining the church in the same way, the
"pope is the head and the cardinals the body of the church." Mon., 1: pp. 333, 335.
 CHAPTER VIII

THE FAITH WHICH IS THE FOUNDATION OF THE CHURCH

So far as the second thing is concerned [involved in Matt. 16:16–18], that is, faith, which is touched upon
in the words, "Thou art Christ, the Son of the living God"—it is to be noted that faith is now taken for the act
of believing by which we believe, now for the inward state or disposition—habitus1—of believing through
which we believe, and now for the truth which we believe, as Augustine lays down, de Trinitate, 13 [Nic.
Fathers, 3: 166 sqq.].

In the second place, it is to be noted that there is one faith which is the explicit belief of a faithful man and
that there is another faith which is implicit faith as the catholic, who has the disposition—habitus—of faith
infused or explicitly acquired, believes in the catholic church in common with others and by reason of that
common faith believes implicitly whatever single thing is included under holy mother church. 2 Likewise in
believing whatsoever Christ wished to be believed about himself and refusing to believe what he did not wish
to be believed about himself, he believes every article, affirmative or negative, which is to be believed about
Christ. This faith Peter had implicitly when he expressly confessed Christ to be true God and true man,
saying: "Thou art Christ, the Son of the living God." And yet the same Peter explicitly set himself against
Christ and his Gospel when, after Christ had said, "All ye shall be offended in me this night" [Matt. 26:31], he
denied and said: "Though all be offended in thee, yet will I never be offended." Thus also many of the faithful
in common [that is, as a body] believe implicitly all the truth of Scripture, and when a truth unknown to them
is proposed, they search to see if it is laid down in holy Scripture, and if this is shown to be the case they at
once acknowledge the sense which the Holy Spirit insists on. Therefore, whoever has in common with others
faith formed in love, this suffices for salvation when accompanied with the grace of perseverance. For God,
who gave the first faith, will give to his soldier clearer faith, unless he puts some hindrance in the way. For
God does not demand of all his children that they should continuously during their sojourn here be in the
particular act of thought about any particular point of faith, but it is enough that, putting aside inertia and
callousness, they have faith formed as a habit.

Faith, therefore, we must understand, is twofold: the one unformed, which is exercised by the demons who
believe and tremble; the other faith formed in love. The latter, accompanied with perseverance, saves, but not
the former. Hence with reference to the faith formed in love the words were spoken: "Whosoever believeth in
the Son of God, hath eternal life," John 3:15. And the Saviour said to Peter, who had that faith and professed
it: "Blessed art thou, Simon Bar-Jonah." This faith is the foundation3 of the other virtues which the church of
Christ practises. Likewise it is to be noted that, inasmuch as faith is not of things which appear to the senses
but of hidden things and inasmuch as it is difficult to believe hidden things, therefore two elements are
necessary to faith in order that we may believe anything truly: (1) the truth which illumines the mind, (2) the
authority [evidence] which confirms the mind. Here belongs one property of faith, that it is concerned alone
with the truth—all falsehood being excluded—the truth which the faithful ought to defend even unto death.
The second property of faith is, that without proof and special knowledge it is obscure to the faithful, for what
we see with the eye we cannot be said to believe. And the saints in heaven who see the articles clearly, which
we know obscurely, are not said to believe them but to see. In the place of faith they have clear vision and in
the place of hope unending fruition. The third property of faith is, that it is the foundation [assurance] of the
things which are to be believed for the pilgrim who is to come to the peaceful dwelling. Therefore, the apostle
says that faith is "the substance," that is, the foundation, "of things hoped for": "the evidence of things which
do not appear," that is, to the senses, Heb, 11:1. For now we hope for our blessedness and believe, but do not
see with the eyes of the flesh. And, because it is not possible without faith to please God, therefore every one
who is to be saved ought first of all to be faithful—fidelis—[have faith]. A faithful person, however, is he who
has faith infused by God and has no fear of ill to himself mixed with his faith. But all open offenders
according to the law of present unrighteousness are unfaithful—infideles—[without faith], for it is impossible
for any one to sin mortal sin except in so far as he lacks faith. For, if he were mindful of the penalty to be
inflicted on those sinning in that way and fully believed it and had the faith which comes from divine
knowledge—wherewith God knows all things clearly and is present with such sinners—then, without doubt,
he would not sin mortal sin.

A person may lack faith in three ways: (1) By weakness, and in this way he is lacking who vacillates in
believing and does not persist unto death in the defense of faith. (2) He is lacking in faith who firmly believes
the many things which are to be believed and yet is lacking in many things to be believed, which unbelieved
things are as holes, and thus he has a shield of faith which is full of holes. (3) He is lacking in faith who lacks
in the use of this shield; and this happens in this way: that, though he has the firm habit of things to be
believed, he nevertheless lacks in acts of meritorious living because of an undisciplined life. These things are
referred to in Titus 1:16: "They confess that they know God, but in deeds deny him." Every one, therefore,
who is lacking in faith in any of these three ways is wanting in the abiding strength of faith.

And we must remember that faith differs from hope: (1) In this, that hope has reference to the future prize
to be obtained, but faith concerns the past, namely such things as that God created the world, that Christ was
incarnate, etc. And it concerns also the present, as that God is, that the saints are in heaven, and that Christ sits
at the right hand of the Father. Faith also concerns the future, as that Christ will come again in judgment; that
all who have not arisen at that time will arise in the day of judgment; and that God will finally reward in bliss
all the saints who finish this present life in grace. (2) Hope does not reach the knowledge of faith in that which
it hopes for, but it rests in a certain middle act between doubt and belief, so that there are many things which
are to be set before the faithful to accept which, when the distinction is removed, they should neither doubt,
nor grant, nor deny but only hope for. For example, if it were proposed to me, "Thou shalt be saved," I ought
not to grant it, for I do not know whether it is true, nor should I deny it, for I do not know whether it is false,
nor should I doubt it—but I should hope for it. (3) Faith also differs from hope in this, that hope is only of
good which is possible to him who hopeth, but faith is about the evil as well as about the good, for we believe
the forgiveness of sin, which is most certainly a good thing for all who are to be saved; and we believe also
that the sin of blasphemy will not be forgiven either in this world or in that which is to come.

And for the reason that believing is an act of faith, that is, to put trust in—fidere—therefore know that to
believe that which is necessary for a man to secure blessedness is to adhere firmly and without wavering to the
truth spoken as by God. For this truth, because of its certitude, a man ought to expose his life to the danger of
death. And, in this way, every Christian is expected to believe explicitly and implicitly all the truth which the
Holy Spirit has put in Scripture, and in this way a man is not bound to believe the sayings of the saints which
are apart from Scripture, nor should he believe papal bulls, except in so far as they speak out of Scripture, or
in so far as what they say is founded in Scripture simply. But a man may believe bulls as probable, for both
the pope and his curia make mistakes from ignorance of the truth. And, with reference to this ignorance, it can
be substantiated that the pope makes mistakes and may be deceived. Lucre deceives the pope, and he is
deceived through ignorance. How far, however, faith ought to be placed in the letters of princes, the
instruments of notaries, and the descriptions of men, experience, which is the teacher of things, teaches. For
she teaches that these three often make mistakes. Of one kind is the faith which is placed in God. He cannot
deceive or be deceived; of another is the faith placed in the pope, who may deceive and be deceived. Of one
kind is the faith placed in holy Scripture; and another, faith in a bull thought out in a human way. For to holy
Scripture exception may not be taken, nor may it be gainsaid; but it is proper at times to take exception to
bulls and gainsay them when they either commend the unworthy or put them in authority, or savor of avarice,
or honor the unrighteous or oppress the innocent, or implicitly contradict the commands or counsels of God.
 It is, therefore, plain which faith is the foundation of the church—the faith with which the church is built
upon the Rock, Christ Jesus, for it is that by which the church confesses that "Jesus Christ is the Son of the
living God." For Peter spoke for all the faithful, when he said: "Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living
God." "This is the victory," says John, "which overcometh the world—even our faith. Who is he that
overcometh the world but he that believeth that Jesus is the Son of God?" I John 5:4.

1↑ In his Super IV. Sent., 452, Huss defines the meaning of the word when he says "fides est habitus vel virtus—provided faith is
formed in love."
2↑ The distinction between implicit and explicit faith, which starts with Augustine, is the distinction between acceptance of doctrines
on the ground of obedience to the church and a real assent to them as doctrines. So Thomas Aquinas, who says, in essence, that
implicit faith is acceptance of things to be believed as things contained in the Scriptures, and explicit faith is their acceptance with the
understanding and heart. Summa, 2: 2, q. 2, 5. Innocent IV, in his Com. on the Decretals, said that it is enough for laymen to believe in
God as the God of justice and in all other matters, dogmas, and morals—implicite—that is, to think and say, I believe what the church
believes. Innocent went on to say that clerics were under obligation to follow the commands of a pope that were unrighteous.
Döllinger, Akad. Vort., 2: 49.
3↑ It would seem that Huss gets his expression fundamentum, foundation, from the word substantia, used in the Vulgate, Heb. 11:1
(hupostasis), substantia rerum, that which underlies, and trsl. "assurance" in the Rev. Vers. The same word substantia is used in the
Vulgate, II Cor. 9:4, 11:17; Heb. 3:14. Huss may also have been influenced by the Vulgate fundamentum, Heb. 6:1, "not laying the
foundation of repentance and good works and of faith toward God." Huss quotes Heb. 11:1 in his Com. on Peter the Lombard, p. 453.
 CHAPTER IX

THE CHURCH FOUNDED ON CHRIST, THE ROCK

The third foundation, included in the proposition (Matt. 16:18) is touched upon in the words: "On this rock
I will build my church." And in view of the fact that in their utterances the popes most of all use this saying of
Christ, wishing to draw from it that they themselves are the rock or the foundation upon which the church
stands, namely upon Peter, to whom it was said, "Thou art Peter,"—in view of this fact, in order to understand
the Lord's word it must be noted that the foundation of the church by whom it is founded is touched upon in
the words: "I will build," and the foundation in which it is laid is referred to in the words, "on this Rock," and
the foundation wherewith the church is founded is referred to in the words, "Thou art the Christ, the Son of the
living God." Christ is therefore the foundation by whom primarily and in whom primarily the holy catholic
church is founded, and faith is the foundation with which it is founded—that faith which works through love,
which Peter set forth when he said: "Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God." The foundation,
therefore, of the church is Christ, and he said: "Apart from me ye can do nothing," John 15:5; that is, apart
from me as the prime and principal foundation. But Christ grounds and builds his church on himself, the
Rock, when he so influences her that she hears and does his words, for then the gates of hell do not prevail
against her. Hence Christ says: "Every one that cometh unto me and heareth my words and doeth them, I will
show you to whom he is like: he is like a man building a house, who built a house deep and laid the
foundation on a rock: and when the flood arose, the stream brake against that house, and could not shake it:
for it was founded on the rock," Luke 6:47. And what this foundation is, the apostle Paul shows in I Cor. 3:11:
"Other foundation can no man lay than that which is laid, which is Christ Jesus"; and I Cor. 10:4: "But the
rock was Christ." Therefore, it is in this foundation and on this rock and from this rock up that the holy church
is built, for he says: "Upon this Rock I will build my church."

And on this foundation the apostles built the church of Christ. For not to themselves did they call the
people, but to Christ, who is the first, the essential and most effectual foundation. For this reason the apostle
said: "Other foundation can no man lay." Therefore this apostle, seeing how the Corinthians might err
concerning the foundation, condemned them, saying: "Each one of you saith I am indeed of Paul, and I of
Apollos, and I of Cephas, and I of Christ. Is therefore Christ divided, or was Paul crucified for you, or were ye
baptized in the name of Paul?" I Cor. 1:12, 13. It is as if he said, No! Therefore, neither Peter nor Paul nor any
other besides Christ is the chief foundation or head of the church, so that later the holy apostle said: "What
then is Apollos and what is Paul? His ministers whom ye believed and each one as the Lord gave to him" to
minister to the church, I Cor. 3:5. He said: "I planted," that is by preaching; "Apollos watered," that is by
baptizing; "but God gave the increase," that is through the founding by faith, hope, and love. Therefore,
"neither he that planteth," as Paul, "is anything, nor he that watereth," like Apollos, "is anything," that is
anything upon which the church may be founded, but only God who giveth the increase; He is the church's
foundation. And the words follow: "Let every one take heed how he buildeth thereon, for other foundation can
no man lay than that is laid, which is Christ Jesus."

Now, this foundation is the rock of righteousness of which Christ spoke in the Gospel to St. Peter: "Thou
art Peter, and upon this Rock I will build my church." On these words St. Augustine says, in his Sermons on
the Words of the Lord, 13 [Nic. Fathers, 6: 340]: "Our Lord Jesus Christ thus spake to Peter, Thou art Peter
and upon this rock I will build my church—on this Rock, which thou hast confessed, on this Rock which thou
hast recognized, when thou saidst, 'Thou art Christ, the Son of the living God'—'I will build my church': I will
build thee upon myself, not myself upon thee. For wishing that men should be built upon men, they were
saying, 'I am of Paul, I of Apollos, and I of Cephas,' that is, Peter. And others who did not wish to be built
upon Peter—Petrum—but upon the Rock—Petram—said, 'I am of Christ.' Again, in his last Homily on John
[Nic. Fathers, 7: 450], Augustine says: "Peter the apostle, because of the primacy of his apostleship, had a
symbolic and representative personality, for what belonged to him as an individual was that by nature he was
one man, by grace one Christian, and by a more abundant grace he was one and the same chief apostle. But
when it was said to him: 'I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatsoever thou shalt
bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven,' he
represented the universal church which in this world is shaken by divers temptations, even as by torrents of
rain, by rivers, and tempests, and yet doth not fall, because it is founded upon the Rock, the word from which
Peter got his name. For Rock—Petra—does not come from Peter—Petrus—but Peter from Rock, just as the
word Christ is not derived from Christian, but Christian from Christ.

"Hence the Lord said: 'On this Rock I will build my church,' because Peter had said before, 'Thou art the
Christ, the Son of the living God.' Upon this Rock which thou hast confessed, he said, 'I will build my church.'
For Christ was the Rock. Therefore, the church, which is founded on Christ, received from him the keys of the
kingdom of heaven in the person of Peter, that is, the power of binding and loosing sins. For what the church
is essentially in Christ, that Peter is symbolically in the Rock—Petra—by which symbolism Christ is
understood to be the Rock and Peter the church. Therefore, this church which Peter represented, so long as she
prospers among evil men, is by loving and by following Christ freed from evil, but much more does she
follow in the case of those who fight for the truth even unto death."

These things Augustine teaches throughout, in agreement with the apostle, that Christ alone is the
foundation and Rock upon which the church is built. To this the apostle Peter speaks, when he says: "Unto
whom coming, a living stone, rejected indeed of men, but of God elect and precious, ye also, as living stones,
are built upon into spiritual houses1 to be a holy priesthood to offer up spiritual sacrifices unto God through
Jesus Christ," I Peter 2:4 sq. For this reason the Scripture continues: "Behold I lay in Zion a chief corner-
stone, elect, precious, and he that believeth on Him shall not be put to shame. For you, therefore, that believe
is the honor, but for such as disbelieve, the stone which the builders rejected, the same was made the head of
the corner and a stone of stumbling and a Rock of offense. For they stumble at the word and do not believe
that whereunto they were appointed." Paul also said: "Israel following2 after a law of righteousness did not
arrive at the law of righteousness. Wherefore? Because they sought it not by faith but 3 by works. They
stumbled at the stone of stumbling, as is written, Behold I lay in Zion a stone of stumbling and a rock of
offense, and he that believeth on him shall not be put to shame," Romans 9:31 sqq. Behold how these two
Roman apostles and bishops, Peter and Paul, prove from Scripture that the Lord Jesus Christ is himself the
stone and the Rock of foundation, for the Lord says: "Behold I will lay for a foundation in Zion a corner-stone
tried and precious, a stone of sure foundation," Isaiah 28:16. And also in the Psalms 118:22. "The stone which
the builders rejected has been made the head of the corner."4 Therefore, Christ himself is the foundation of the
apostles and the whole church, and in him it is fitly framed together.

For this reason the apostle says: "So then ye are no more strangers and sojourners, but ye are fellow
citizens with the saints and of the household of God, being built upon the foundation of the apostles and
prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner-stone, in whom each several building fitly framed
together groweth into a holy temple unto the Lord," Eph. 2:19-21. Here St. Remigius says [Migne's ed., 117:
711]: "The foundation of the apostles and prophets and of all the faithful is Christ because they are established
and grounded in faith in him, just as he himself said, 'On this Rock' that is, 'on myself, I will build my church,'
which consists of angels and righteous men. For every one that hath faith in Christ is founded upon him,
Christ Jesus himself being the chief corner-stone. How, then, is Christ the foundation and the chief stone? For
this reason, that faith begins with him and is perfected and completed in him and by him so that all the elect
are grounded in him." Thus Remigius Haymo.5

From these things it is plain that Christ alone is the chief foundation of the church, and in this sense the
apostle thought of that foundation, because he did not dare to speak of anything except what was built upon
that foundation. Hence he says: "I will not dare to speak of any thing save those which Christ wrought through
me by the obedience of God6 in word, and in deeds, and in the power of signs and wonders, in the power of
the Holy Spirit. And so I have preached this Gospel not where Christ was already known, that I might not
build upon another man's foundation," Romans 15:18–20. Was not this that apostle, a vessel of election, who
said he did not dare to preach anything save those things which Christ spoke through him; for otherwise he
would not be building on Christ, the most effectual foundation, if perchance he should say and teach or do
anything which did not have its foundation in Jesus Christ. And from this it is plain, that not Peter but the
Rock, Christ, was intended in Christ's Gospel, when Christ said: "On this Rock I will build my church."

But the objection is drawn from Ambrose, Dist. 50 [Friedberg, 1: 198], where he says: "Peter became more
faithful after he had wept over having relinquished his faith and so he found greater grace than he lost. For as
a good shepherd he received the flock to care for it so that, as he had been weak to himself, he might become a
buttress—firmamentum—to all, and he who faltered,7 under the temptation of a question, might establish
others by the steadfastness of his faith. Finally, in order to strengthen the devotion of the churches, he was
called rock, as the Lord said: 'thou art Peter and upon this rock I will build my church.' For he is called petra—
rock—because he was to be the first to lay the foundations of the faith among the nations, 8 and, as an
immovable bowlder—saxum—he held up the structure and weighty edifice of the whole of Christ's work." So
much Ambrose, showing that Peter is called the rock. The exposition of Augustine, the foremost of Scripture
expositors, seems to me here to be more efficacious and is more efficacious because it is founded in the very
words of Scripture which says that Christ is the Rock and the corner-stone and the effectual foundation. But
nowhere in Scripture do we expressly read that Peter is a rock. Nor did Christ, who was able to say it easily—
leviter—say: 'Thou art the Rock, and on thee, the Rock, I will build my church." What he said was: "Thou art
Peter," that is the confessor of the true Rock, "and upon this Rock," which thou hast confessed, "I will build
my church." But Christ builds the church upon himself, by faith, hope, and love. Hence we believe and hope
in Christ and not in Peter, and we are bound to have more love and affection for Christ than for Peter. For the
fathers of the Old Testament did not believe or hope in Peter, who was to come, but in the Rock. Nor did the
saints of the New Testament believe and hope in Peter but in Christ, who is objectively [the object of] our
faith and hope.

It must be granted that the apostles are foundations of the church but not in the same way as Christ is the
foundation. For Christ is the foundation of foundations, as he also is the holiest of the holy. This is expressed
by St. Augustine on Psalm 86 [Nic. Fathers, 8: 420]: "His foundations are in the mountains," etc. Here he
shows that the chief foundation of the New Jerusalem, the city of Zion, and also its corner-stone is Christ; and
the mountains are the prophets and apostles in whom are the foundations of the church. And Augustine says:
"That ye may come to know that Christ is the first and the great foundation, the apostle says, 'other foundation
can no man lay than that which is laid, which is Christ Jesus.'" How, then, can the prophets and the apostles be
foundations and at the same time Christ be the foundation beyond whom there is nothing? How do we think
but figuratively of the foundation of foundations, except as he is expressly called the holiest of the holy? If,
therefore, thou thinkest of the sacraments, Christ is the holiest of the holy; if thou thinkest of an obedient
flock, Christ is the shepherd of shepherds; if thou thinkest of the edifice, Christ is the foundation of
foundations.

And later he [Augustine] gives the reason for the prophets and apostles being called the foundations of the
structure of the city of Jerusalem, and asks: "Why are they the foundations? Because their authority bears
up—portat—our infirmity. How are they gates—porte? Because by them we go into the kingdom of God, for
they preach to us. And as we go in by them, so we go in by Christ, for he is the door. And there are said to be
twelve gates of Jerusalem, and Christ is the one gate and Christ is the twelve gates, because Christ is in the
twelve gates." Thus much Augustine. And on that text of Rev. 21:14, "The wall of the city having twelve
foundations," the Gloss says: "that is the prophets in whose faith the apostles were grounded, for from them
faith passed on by succession to the apostles, whose preaching had the same belief as had the prophets who
also said the same thing. Or let us accept the apostles as the foundations in whom the whole fortification of the
church is grounded. Again, in this passage it is said: "All the foundations of the wall of the city are adorned
with a precious stone, and the first foundation was jasper." The Gloss says: "The foundations, that is, the
prophets and apostles, are adorned in themselves with graces of every kind."

Behold how Christ is the foundation of the church and the apostles are the foundations! Christ is by a
figure of speech—antonomastice—the foundation because the edifice of the church begins from him and is
finished in him and through him. But the prophets and apostles are the foundations because their authority
bears up our weakness. And this was the sense intended by Ambrose when he said: "That Peter was called the
rock because he was the first to lay in the nations9 the foundations of the faith; and, like an immovable rock,"
that is, by the steadfastness with which he endured to the end, "he held together the structure and weighty
edifice of the whole of Christ's work." For truly the foundation with which the church is grounded in Christ is
the faith which Peter confessed, when he said: "Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God." And of this
foundation Paul said, I Cor. 3:10: "According to the grace which is given unto me, as a wise master builder, I
laid the foundation," that is to say, by teaching the faith of Christ. And he adds: "And another buildeth
thereon," that is, he does good works on the basis of faith. "But let each man take heed how he buildeth
thereon," that is, his spiritual life in Christ. For Paul adds: "Other foundation can no man lay than that is laid,
which is Christ. And if any man build upon this foundation gold"—that is, the doctrine of deity and heavenly
things—"silver"—that is, the doctrine of the humanity of Christ and created things—"precious stones"—
graces which adorn the soul and its faculties—he without doubt is built upon Christ. So the apostles built
when they taught with clearness and fervor the doctrine of the deity and humanity and the Christian graces
and, when they lived in the flesh, planted with their blood the church of Christ. But which of them built upon
Christ and planted the church on Christ more industriously, this we shall no doubt know when we reach the
heavenly country, the Lord himself being our leader.

It is conceded, however, that Peter had his humility, poverty, steadfastness of faith, and, consequently, his
blessedness from the Rock of the church, which is Christ. But that by the words "On this Rock I will build my
church" Christ should have intended to build the whole militant church upon the person of Peter, the faith of
the Gospel, as expounded by Augustine, and reason declare untrue. For on the Rock, which is Christ, from
whom Peter received his strength, Christ was to build his church, since Christ is the head and the foundation
of the whole church, and not Peter. On the other hand, St. Dionysius,10 de divinis nominibus, 3, calls St. Peter
the peak, that is, the capital or captain. And in his book which he wrote on the death of the apostles Peter and
Paul, he thus addresses Titus: "As Peter and Paul were being led to the place of martyrdom and were about to
be separated, one from the other, Paul addressed to Peter these words: 'Peace be to thee, O foundation of the
churches and shepherd of Christ's sheep and lambs!'" In the same way Augustine, in his Questions on the Old
and New Law, says that "Peter was the first among the apostles." So likewise Pope Marcellus, 24: 1, Rogamus
[Friedberg, 1: 970],11 says: "We beseech you, brethren, that ye teach no otherwise than as ye have received
from St. Peter and the other apostles, for he is the head of the whole church, to whom the Lord said: 'Thou art
Peter and upon this rock I will build my church.'" Likewise Pope Anacletus, Dist. 21,12 in novo [Friedberg, 1:
69]: "In the New Testament after Christ's death, the priestly order began with Peter, because to him as the first
was given the pontificate in Christ's church even as the Lord said to him: 'Thou art Peter and upon this rock I
will build my church.' He, therefore, was the first to receive from the Lord the power of binding and loosing
and he was the first to lead the people to the faith by the power of his preaching. And truly the other apostles
received with him in virtue of equal fellowship honor and power." Likewise, it is commonly said that Peter
was the head of the church because he was called Cephas, which by interpretation is head.

By what was said above in Chapters II, III, IV, namely, that the holy universal church is one and consists
of all the predestinate that are to be saved and that Christ alone is the head of the church, just as he alone is the
most exalted person in the church, imparting to it and to its members motion and understanding unto the life
of grace, so it is evident that Peter never was and is not now the head of the holy catholic church. And the
dictum of St. Dionysius is true, that Peter was the captain among the apostles and was the foundation of
churches, as is said in the next chapter of the apostles. And the dictum of Augustine is also true, that by a
certain prerogative Peter was the first among the apostles. And the dictum of Marcellus is also true, that Peter
was the head of the whole church which he ruled by his teaching and example. But he was not a person higher
in dignity than Christ's mother; nor was he equal to Christ or made the governor of the angels who, at that
time, were the church triumphant.

Therefore, it is not a matter of much doubt to the simple Christian—faithful—that Peter did not dare to
claim to be the head of the holy catholic church, for the reason that he did not rule over the whole church and
did not excel above the whole church in dignity, nor was he the bridegroom of the catholic church. John the
Baptist, than whom, according to the testimony of the truth in Matt. 11:11, "There hath not risen a greater
among those born of women," did not dare to call himself the bridegroom, but in humility confessed himself
the bridegroom's friend. And when his disciples in their zeal for him said, "Rabbi, he that was with thee
beyond Jordan to whom thou hast borne witness, behold the same baptizeth and all men come to him," John
answered them and said: "A man can receive nothing except it have been given from heaven. Ye yourselves
bear me witness I have said I am not the Christ, but that I am sent before him. He that hath the bride is the
bridegroom: but it is sufficient for me that I am the bridegroom's friend that standeth and heareth with joy 13
the bridegroom's voice," John 3:27–29. And the bridegroom said: "Ye are my friends if ye do whatsoever I
command you," John 15:14. Thus it is evident that it would be the highest arrogance and folly for any man,
Christ excepted, to call himself the head and the bridegroom of the holy catholic church.

But the reason for Christ's appointing Peter after himself as captain and shepherd was the pre-eminence of
virtues fitting him to rule the church. For otherwise the Wisdom14 of the Father would have unwisely
appointed him the bishop of his church. And as all moral virtues are bound together in a class—in genere—it
is evident that Peter had a certain pre-eminence in the entire class of virtues. But there were three virtues in
which Peter excelled, namely, faith, humility, and love. Faith, which properly is the foundation of the church,
excelled in Peter because of what the best of Masters ordained, Matt. 16:16, in answer to that question which
he asked about himself: ‗Whom do men say that I the Son of man am?" To this Peter replied for all, saying:
"Thou art the Son of the living God." Here he confessed Christ's humanity by which he meant that Christ was
the Messiah promised to the fathers. The second part confesses Christ as the natural Son of the living God,
and so Peter confessed Christ to be very God and very man. And among all the articles of faith, this one
appertains most to the edification of the church, for, according to St. John, the Son of God overcometh the
world: "Who is he that overcometh the world but he that believeth that Jesus is the Son of God?" I John 5:5.
For, when this foundation is laid, the belief follows that all things which Christ did or taught are to be
accepted without any detraction by the whole church. And so Peter heard from the Lord's lips the words:
"Blessed art thou, Simon Bar-Jonah, for flesh and blood hath not revealed this unto thee, but my Father which
is in heaven." And because of this faith Peter received the burden of the church's prefecture. And the Rock
said: "I say that thou art Peter and upon this Rock I will build my church." Hence, on account of these things
Peter's vicars and those appointed to rule in the church are bound to preach the church's faith. Therefore, the
Saviour said: "I have prayed for thee, that thy faith fail not; and do thou, when once thou hast turned again,
establish thy brethren," Luke 22:32. Therefore, praying for faith, "he was heard for his godly fear," Heb. 5:7.

In the second place the Lord joined with him the primacy of office. After my death, he said: "I will give to
thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven," that is, the keys of the church, which I will strengthen and defend
against the church of the wicked by giving to thee the power of binding and loosing that thou mayest, not
without avail, hold the keys of the church which I have given thee for thy meritorious confession of my
humanity and deity, of which, taught by the Father, after a heavenly manner, thou didst say: "Thou art the
Christ, the Son of the living God." Therefore, because of his confession, so confident and profound, he was
called Cephas, which is by interpretation Peter, John 1:42. For this reason Jerome, expert in languages, says:
"that Cephas means Peter, or firmness, and that it is a Syriac not a Hebrew word." This affords the solution of
the last objection; for Cephas does not mean head, according to the Gospel and Jerome, but Peter.

Peter's second virtue was humility. Inasmuch as Peter heard from his Master the words, "Learn of me, for I
am meek and lowly of heart," Matt. 11:29 and, "whosoever will be great among you, let him be your minister;
and whosoever will be first among you, let him be your servant," Matt. 23:11; Mark 10:43—how should he
not be of an humble spirit, above others, in regard to the prerogative which he had from the Lord Jesus Christ?
Hence it is said with probability that Peter asked questions and answered questions with humility just as he
bore himself, above others, in humility to perform his ministry in the church. For, sent by the apostles to
Samaria, he went humbly with John, Acts 8:14. And so, called to Joppa, he went humbly, and there for many
days he tarried with Simon the tanner. Called by Cornelius from Joppa, he proceeded humbly to Cæsarea,
Acts 10:18. And also at the council of the apostles and the church [at Jerusalem, 51 A. D.], after he had
finished his speech, when James stated the case and said: "Hearken unto me; Simon hath declared," etc. And
then James adds a statement: "Wherefore my judgment is that we trouble not them that from among the
Gentiles turn unto God," Acts 15:19. It is also narrated how Peter went everywhere throughout all parts,
preaching humbly the Word of God, Acts 9:32. Being sharply rebuked by Paul, he bore it humbly, Gal. 2:11.
And all these things he did, not for worldly honor and advantage but in an humble and obedient spirit and to
support the honor of the law of Christ. Therefore, in these things we read the full greatness of Peter the apostle
which is to be measured by the humility of his service, as appears from the definition of the Master: "Whoso
humbleth himself shall be exalted," Matt. 23:12.

As for the third virtue, love, it is plain that Peter had this in certain respects above the others, as appears
from the fervor of his acts which fittingly proceed from greater love. This is confirmed by the fact that
otherwise he would have been ungrateful, if he had not loved his Master, in a way corresponding to Him who
had loved him in so peculiar a way, and wiped him clean from his great blasphemy and graciously placed him
over his sheep. Again it is confirmed by this, that otherwise there would have been no fitness in the Master
asking him, "Simon, son of John, lovest thou me more than these?" and then immediately committing to him
his sheep to feed, John 21:15. But here it should be noted that the reasons for loving Christ are manifold.
Some love Christ more than others on the ground of his divinity, as is believed to have been the case with
John the Evangelist; others because of his humanity, as is believed to have been the case with Philip; and
others love Christ because of his body which is the church, and so men love him for many other reasons, for
which, in the case of a certain saint, they quote Ecclesiasticus 42: "No one has been found like unto him in
keeping the law of the Most High." Peter's pre-eminence is manifest from his faith, humility, love, yea, and
also from his poverty and endurance. For he said to the man asking an alms: "Silver and gold have I none, but
such as I have give I thee," Acts 3:6. And, because he heard from the Master the words, "In your patience
possess ye your souls," Luke 21:19, it seems probable that, after his denial of the Master, Peter stood for that
very reason more ready to endure martyrdom and especially for the reason that, recognizing his weakness, he
had fresh in his mind the memory of his own frailty in denying his Master. And for this reason he stooped in
humility to others and was more ready to suffer imprisonments, even unto death, for the Lord whom he
denied. Nor is it to be doubted that he bore with an humble mind Herod's prison in Jerusalem, the prison of
Theophilus in Antioch, and Nero's prison at Rome.

If he, who is called to be Peter's vicar, follows in the paths of the virtues just spoken of, we believe that he
is his true vicar and the chief pontiff of the church over which he rules. But, if he walks in the opposite paths,
then he is the legate of antichrist at variance with Peter and Jesus Christ. Therefore, St. Bernard, de
consideratione, IV,15 writes as follows: "Among these things thou walkest in the van a shepherd
overornamented with gold even in the midst of an environment so varied. Why do they seize the sheep? If I
may dare, I will say that these are the pasture grounds of demons rather than of sheep. Not in this way 16 did
Peter act, or Paul frisk about." And he adds: "Either deny to the people that thou art shepherd or show thyself
such. Thou wilt not deny it lest he whose place thou holdest deny thee to be the heir. He is Peter who is not
known to go about in processions, ornamented with gems or silks, not clad in gold or carried by a white horse,
or compassed about with soldiers, and surrounded by bustling servants. Without such things, Peter believed he
was able to fulfil sufficiently the salutary commandment: 'If thou lovest me, feed my sheep.' In things like
these thou hast followed not Peter, but Constantine." Thus far Bernard.

That holy man knew that Pope Eugenius ought to be a vicar in poverty and humility, not in pride but in
feeding the sheep, following Peter. For that man is a true vicar of him whose place he fills and from whom he
has lawfully received the procuratorial power. But no one can truly and acceptably to Christ rule in Christ's
stead or the stead of Peter without following him in his life—moribus17—since there is no other fitting way of
following him except he receive subject to this condition from God procuratorial power. Thus there is required
for such an office as that of vicar conformity of life and authority from the person instituting it, and to this one
[such a vicar] the Saviour at the Last Supper committed the institution of the venerable sacrament. And
constituting his disciples his vicars that they might so do in remembrance of him, he said: "I have given you
an example that ye also should do as I have done to you," John 13:15. He also said: "Whosoever shall do and
teach them he shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven," Matt. 5:19.

On this point St. Jerome ad Heliodorum, also Decretum, Dist. 40 (Friedberg, 1: 145], says: "It is not easy
to fill the place of Peter and Paul in occupying the chair—cathedra—of those who reign with Christ, because
it was said, 'they are not the children of saints who hold the places of saints, but they who do their good
works.'" St. Gregory [Friedberg, 1: 146] says the same: "Neither places nor orders make us near to our
Creator, but our good works bind us together or our evil works separate us." Likewise Chrysostom, Dist. 40:
12 [Friedberg, 1: 147], says: "Many priests there are, and few; many in name, and few in works. See,
therefore, how ye sit in the official chair, for the chair does not make the priest, but the priest makes the chair:
the place does not sanctify the man, but the man the place. Not every priest is holy; but every holy person is a
priest. He who sits well in the official chair gives18 honor to the chair; he who sits there ill does injury to it.
Therefore a bad priest gets criminality from his priesthood not dignity."

Likewise, we have this from the Acts of Boniface-Martyr [Friedberg, 1: 146]: "If a pope neglect his own
and his brother's salvation and be reproved as useless, remiss in his acts, and above all keeping silent about the
good19 because he serves himself rather than the sheep,20 none the less he leads an innumerable company of
people in flocks with himself to be beaten together with himself, as the property of hell, with many stripes
throughout eternity." Nor is it necessary to refer to many saints, for the Chief Pontiff, the holiest of the holy
said: "All that came before me are thieves and robbers," John 10:8. Again he said to his disciples: "Ye are the
salt of the earth; but if the salt hath lost its savor, wherewith shall it be salted . . . it is neither useful for the
land nor for the dunghill, but it is cast out," Matt. 5:13; Luke 14:34.

Wishing to impose this judgment upon the minds of men, that most good Saviour and best of masters
immediately added: "Who hath ears to hear let him hear." Therefore, let every priest see to it, if he has entered
well, that he live pure of offense, with the sincere purpose of honoring God and profiting the church, and in
case he demean himself well, that he lay little store by mundane honors and the world's lucre. For, otherwise,
he is a lying antichrist, and the higher his office the greater antichrist he is. Let the humble pilgrim look at
Christ who said: "I am the way, the truth, and the life," John 14:6. Behold he who wants to go, hath the way,
for Christ is the way, and whither he wants to go, for Christ is the truth, and where he wants to abide, for
Christ is the life.

1↑ In domos spirituales. The Vulgate: domus spiritualis, etc.

2↑ The text here has non, not, which must be a mistake for the Vulgate's vero.
3↑ Vulgate adds quasi.
4↑ I Cor. 10:4, the Rock that followed them was Christ, is the only passage of the sort Huss applies to Christ in the Super IV. Sent., p.
559.
5↑ Remigius, bishop of Auxerre, d. about 910, wrote in part under the pseudonym of Haymo of Halberstadt.
6↑ The Vulgate: in obedientiam gentium.
7↑ Nutaverat. Huss here has mutaverat se. The se is retained in Friedberg's ed. of the Corp. jur. can., although, as there indicated, many
MSS. and editors omit it.
8↑ In nationibus; Huss's text has wrongly imitationis.
9↑ Huss's text has imitatoribus instead of in nationibus.
10↑ Dionysius the Areopagite, once identified with St. Denis and regarded as first bishop of Athens, wrote probably about 500, as he is
first quoted 533, and shows the influence of Alexandrian neo-Platonism. He was much quoted in the Middle Ages and has a strong
mystical vein. His Eccles. Hierarchy and his Heavenly Hierarchy were issued by John Colet and reissued by Lupton with trsl., London,
1869.
11↑ Marcellus, pope, 308-309. The quotation is from Pseudo-Isidore.
12↑ Anacletus, 79?–091?, placed by the Catholics in the list of popes second after Peter. Linus, Anacletus, Clement were probably
contemporary presbyters in Rome, as Lipsius says. This quotation is from Pseudo-Isidore. Thirty quotations are ascribed to Anacletus
in the Corp. jur. can.
13↑ Audiens cum gaudio. The Vulgate: audiat eum, gaudio gaudet propter vocem.
14↑ Referring to Prov. 8, Wisdom being interpreted to mean the second person of the Trinity by the old commentators.
15↑ The most famous book ever written on the papal office, prepared at the request of Eugenius III, by St. Bernard of Clairvaux, d.
1153. It was much quoted by Huss, also in other writings, and by the title ad Eugenium. Although Eugenius was his spiritual son,
Bernard addressed him as "most holy father." He recalls the pope from the love of pomp and wealth to spiritual humility and the
proper business of the pope who, although pastor of pastors, is greatest when he is servant of all. He is in the line of the primacy of
Abel, Abraham, Moses, Aaron, and Peter. Both Ultramontanes and Gallicans claim the treatise for their position. Bp. Reinkens's trsl.,
Münster, 1870, pp. 170, the Old Catholic divine, represented the second view. Besides the ed. of Migne, Schneider's ed., Berlin, 1850.
The passage quoted is Schneider, pp. 75 sq. Reinkens, pp. 114, 116. See Schaff, Ch. Hist., V, pt. 1: 776 sq.
16↑ Non sic. Bernard has scilicet, the words being spoken in irony. Below Huss has neges instead of neget, deny.
17↑ Literally, morals denoting the disposition or principles as well as the outward act.
18↑ Facit. In the Decretum, accipit, "has received the honor of the chair."
19↑ De bono, omitted by Huss.
20↑ The Decretum has omnibus instead of ovibus.
 CHAPTER X

THE POWER OF BINDING AND LOOSING

Now as to the power—authority—of Christ, given by himself to his vicars, which is touched upon in the
words, "I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven," that is, the power to bind and to loose
sins,—Augustine says, Com. on John 21: "The effects of this power are shown, when Christ adds, 'And
whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth, shall be bound in heaven, and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall
be loosed in heaven.' This power is a spiritual power. Therefore, it is to be noted, that spiritual power is a
power of the spirit, determining its acts of itself so that a rational creature, so far as gracious gifts go, may be
guided and have his own distinctive place both as determined from the standpoint of the subject and the
object." Every man, however, is a spirit, since he has two natures; as the Saviour in speaking to his disciples
said: "Ye know not what spirit ye are of" [Luke 9:55], and "every spirit that confesseth not Jesus is not of
God," I John 4:3. Here the spirit is subtle and heretical, denying Jesus to be very God and very man. And it is
evident that whether power in respect to God and power in respect to rational creatures are analogous or the
analogy is to be restricted to the powers of men and the powers of angels, it is true that all spiritual power is a
power of the spirit. And, although a man does not give grace, he nevertheless administers the sacraments, so
that the inferior is guided as to gifts of grace.

But although bodily power may be the result of gifts of grace, nevertheless it is immediate, so that the
creature of God is ruled according to the law of natural things or of fortune. So every man is seen to have a
double power; for every man ought to have the power over the movements of his members, and therefore has
the power of walking in grace, so also the spiritual power has manifold subdivisions, for there is one power of
orders and another common to all. The power of orders is called the spiritual power. This is that which the
clergy has to administer the sacraments of the church that the clergy may profit itself and the laity, and such
power is the power of consecrating the mass, absolving and performing the other sacramental acts—
sacramentalia. For the power of consecrating the mass exists of itself and immediately, that the priest may
consecrate just as dispositions of moral virtue are ordained because of acts better than the dispositions. And as
the priest, in order that he may consecrate worthily, is guided as to the gifts of grace, the above description
holds.

But the spiritual power, which is common, is the power which every priest 1 has in doing spiritual works
whether in his own person or among others, and about these the verse reminds us:

Doce, consule, castiga, solare, remitte, fer, ora.

Teach, counsel, punish, console, remit, bear, pray.2

For as many as received Christ by faith to these hath he given the power to become the sons of God, so that
they may guide themselves and their brethren in the way of their Father Christ, and by rebuking in love as
Christ said: "If thy brother sin against thee, go show him his fault between thee and him alone," Matt. 18:15.

Secular power is twofold, civil and common. Civil power, which is authoritative, belongs only to the civil
lord. But civil power, which is vicarious, belongs to officials or servants. But secular power, which is common
to all, is the power by which a man is able to rule himself and his own according to the gifts of nature and of
fortune. And thus, just as a man cannot be a whole man without body and soul, nor is the adopted child of God
complete without the gifts of nature and of grace, so the pilgrim cannot get along as a pilgrim unless he has
both secular and spiritual power which are common to all, although this is bound in the case of infants and the
dead. But spiritual power is everywhere the more perfect and the sacerdotal power exceeds the power of kings
in dignity as appears from Heb. 7:7: "Greater is he that blesses and less is he who is blest."
 Hence the spiritual power, which is sacerdotal, excels the royal in age, dignity, and usefulness. In age it
excels, because the priesthood was instituted by God's command, as appears from Ex. 28. Later at God's
command the kingly power was instituted by the priesthood, as appears from Deut. 17 and I Sam. 12. In
dignity it excels, as already said, because the priest as the greater blesses, consecrates and anoints the king.
And the usefulness is evidently greater for the reason that the spiritual power is in and of itself sufficient for
the ruling of the people, as appears from the history of Israel, which down to the time of Saul was salubriously
administered independent of the kingly authority. Therefore, the spiritual power, inasmuch as it concerns the
best things—things having their sufficiency in themselves—excels the earthly power, since the latter is of no
avail independent of the spiritual power which is the chief regulative force. On the other hand, the spiritual
power may act by itself without the aid of the earthly power. And, for this reason, the priests who abuse this
power, which is so exalted, by pride or other open sin, fall all the lower with the devil into hell, and this is in
accord with the rule of St. Gregory and other saints: "The higher the position the deeper the fall."

And it is to be noted, that power now means absolutely the ability to regulate and rule and now collectively
such ability through authoritative notification and announcement. And when these senses are equally known,
it is evident, there is nothing contradictory in the principles that there is no power but of God and yet to give
power from God, that is, make an authoritative announcement before the church that a created being has from
God power of this sort. Indeed such a bestowal, so far as part of it is concerned, is given by man but not unless
God primarily authorizes it. And from this we may further understand that power is not relaxed or stiffened,
increased or diminished, so far as its essence goes, but only in respect to the exercise of the act which
proceeds from the power itself. And this exercise ought only to be used when a reasonable ground exists for it
from the side of God. This meaning is set forth in Decretum 24: 1, Miramur [Friedberg, 1: 981], which says:
"The official power is one thing, the exercise of it another. And official power is for the most part held in
restraint in the case of monks and of others, such as those under suspension, who are inhibited from
ministering, though the power itself is not taken away from them." 3 In like manner it is conceded that the
natural power, which is free will, may now be relaxed by grace and now tightened [i. e., increased and
lessened]. And in this way the seeming discordances of the doctors which arise by ambiguity of language are
solved, some of whom, as Anselm, say, "that free will cannot be lost or increased or diminished," while
others, like Augustine, Enchiridion [Nic. Fathers, 3: 247], say, that free will may be lost through sin and
increased through grace. On this account there is in the church great strife about the power of bestowment,
withdrawal or restriction. Nevertheless, it is known that when God and reason make it necessary for the profit
of the church that a thing should be done by man, then and not otherwise does God give or withdraw or
restrict power of this sort.

Hence, when Christ said to Peter: "I will give thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven," that is the power of
binding and loosing sins, he said in the person of Peter to the whole church militant, that not does any person
whatever of the church without distinction hold those keys, but that the whole church, as made up of its
individual parts, as far as they are suitable for this, holds the keys. These keys, however, are not material
things, but they are spiritual power and acquaintance with evangelical knowledge, and it was on account of
this power and knowledge, as we believe, that Christ used the plural "keys." For this reason the Master of
Sentences, 12: 18, cap. 2 [Migne's ed., p. 375], says: "He speaks in the plural "keys," for one is not sufficient.
These keys are the wisdom of discernment and the power of judging, thereby the ecclesiastical judgeis bound
to receive the worthy and exclude the unworthy from the kingdom." And it is to be noted, that to the Trinity
alone does it belong to have the chief power of this kind. And the humanity of Christ alone has chief
subordinate power from within himself, for Christ is at the same time God and man. Nevertheless, prelates of
the church have committed unto them instrumental or ministerial power, which is a judicial power, consisting
chiefly of two things, namely, the power of knowing how to discriminate, and the power of judging judicially.
The former of these is called in the court of penance the key of the conscience, reasonably disposing the mind
to the exercise of the second function, that is, the judicial; for no one legally has the power of pronouncing a
definite sentence unless he has the prior power of discerning in a case in which he is called upon to
discriminate and pronounce sentence.

The first key, therefore, is neither an act nor a state of knowledge, but the power of antecedent
discernment. Consequently, all the power of the sacerdotal order, namely, of being the instrument in opening
to man the gate, which is Christ, or of shutting to an inferior the said kingdom, is the key of the church given
to Peter and to others, as appears from the Saviour's words: "Verily I say unto you whatsoever ye bind on
earth, shall be bound in heaven, and whatsoever ye shall loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven," Matt.
18:18. He also said: "Receive ye the Holy Spirit. Whosesoever sins ye forgive they are forgiven unto them;
and whosesoever sins ye retain they are retained," John 20:22. To Peter and the church in him were the words
spoken: "Whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth," etc., Matt. 16:19.

These words, because of a defect in their understanding, frighten many Christians so that they are filled
with servile fear, while others are deceived by them and presume because of the fulness of power [they are
supposed to convey]. Therefore, the following things are to be laid down: (1) That the Saviour's dictum about
the virtue of the words is necessary, because it is not possible for a priest to loose or bind anything, unless
such loosing and binding take place in heaven, not only in the heavenly realm which also comprises the
sublunary world and all things which are therein, but also take place with the divine approval and the approval
of angelic beings which are heavenly. Hence, it is to be noted, that guilt inheres in the soul of him who sins
mortally and grace is corrupted or ceases to be, for which reason he who sins mortally is under the debt of
eternal damnation, provided he does not do penance, and, if he persists in this guilt, he is separated from the
companionship of pilgrims in grace. But in penance there is a remedy, by which guilt is deleted, grace
conferred, the chain of damnation broken, and man reunited with the church. This penance is performed by
contrition, confession and satisfaction.4 Contrition, which is sorrow or full pain for sin committed, must
include displeasure with the sin already committed, and the sin which may be committed and, in the case—
articulo—of necessity, such contrition is enough for salvation. Hence the Saviour, knowing that the mind of
the adulteress was full of sorrow, added the words: "Go and sin no more," John 8:11. For this reason St.
Augustine, St. Ambrose and St. Gregory agree in saying that to be penitent is to lament evils done and not to
wish to do evils that are to be lamented.

Secondly, it is to be noted that, for the justification of the wicked man there is needed infinite power by
which God cleanses from spot and stain and grants grace. Again, God's mercy is needed whereby he relaxes
the offense done his Majesty, and the eternal punishment for the debt which would follow if he did not do
penance. Therefore, the church often prays, "Almighty and most merciful God," urging the infinite power and
mercy of God. But that infinite power is required for the justification of a wicked man is evident because, as
Augustine says, "it is easier to create a world than to justify the wicked; the first demands infinite power and
consequently also the second [act], and this is the reason why, in the justification of the wicked, the active
bestowal of the Holy Spirit is required, which cannot be secured except from God," as Augustine proves in
many places, as I have shown in my Tract on Indulgences. And the Master of Sentences, 1: 14 [Migne's ed., p.
49], concludes from these words of Augustine and says, "Therefore no men, however holy, can give the Holy
Spirit," and the same reasoning applies to the active remission of sins.5

Hence in a unique sense the Baptist said of Christ: "Behold the Lamb of God that taketh away the sins of
the world," John 1:29. On these words Augustine says, Hom. on John, 4 [Nic. Fathers, 7: 28]: "Let no one
presume and say of himself that he takes away the sins of the world. Now, observe the proud against whom
John lifted his finger were not yet heretics and yet they were already shown to be such against whom he cried
from the river." Wherefore the Jews often ascribed blasphemy to Christ because, esteeming him, though
falsely, to be a mere man, they said he was not able of himself to forgive sins, because sin is not forgiven by a
mere word except only as the offense against God is relaxed. But who forgives an injury except the person
against whom it is done or against whose subject it is done? For God, in giving power of this kind, first
forgives the injury against Himself before His vicar can forgive. Hence on this point Ambrose says: "He alone
forgives sins who alone died for us. The Word of God forgives sins. The priest is the judge. The priest
performs his function and does not exercise the way6 of any power," de Penitentia, 1 [Friedberg, 1: 1170]. To
the same purport speaks Jerome, whom the Master of Sentences quotes (see above), and Gregory, 1:1, Paulus.
The same holds good for the retention and binding of sins. Hence the Master of Sentences, 4: 18, 4 [Migne, p.
376], adducing these authorities and reasons, concludes, that "God alone washes a man within clean from the
stain of sin and from the debt of eternal punishment," and he closes thus: "By these and many other
testimonies it is taught that God alone and of Himself forgives sins; and just as He forgives some so He retains
the sins of others."

But some one will say, if God alone can forgive and retain sins, why did He say to the apostles and their
vicars: "Whatsoever ye shall loose," etc., . . . and "whosesoever sins ye retain," etc.? What, therefore, is it for a
priest to loose or bind sins, to remit or retain? To the first the Master of Sentences (see above) gives answer
and says: "Priests also bind when they impose the satisfaction of penance upon those who confess. They loose
when in view of the satisfaction they forgive anything or admit those purged by it to participation in the
sacraments." To the second Richard answers well in his Power of Loosing and Binding [Migne, 196: 1164
sq.], when he says:7 "What is it to remit sins except to relax the sentence of punishment which is due for sins,
and by relaxing to absolve? And what is it to retain sins but not to absolve those not truly penitent? For many
of those who confess seek absolution who nevertheless do not want to wholly abandon their sins. Many
promise caution for the future but do not want to make satisfaction. All of this sort, in so far as they do not
truly repent, beyond doubt ought not to be forgiven. For truly to repent is to be sorry for past wrong-doing, to
confess with a strong purpose, to make satisfaction, and to take heed to oneself with all caution. Those who do
penance in this way, they ought to be forgiven; and to be remitted in any other way without absolution, this is
to retain sins. Now, from the things already said we may clearly understand that, in the forgiveness of sins, the
Lord does by and of Himself what is done through his minister, that is, he does not by Himself and through
the office of ministers, but He fully of Himself looses the bond of obduracy; and He looses by Himself and
His minister the debt of eternal damnation; truly He looses by his ministers the debt of future purgation. The
power of the first kind of forgiveness He reserves for Himself alone. The second kind of forgiveness He
imparts by Himself and His minister. But the third kind, the Lord is accustomed to impart not as much by
Himself as by his minister. Properly, indeed, is it said that the Lord absolves the truly penitent from the bond
of damnation. None the less it is true that the priest does this and the Lord,8 the Lord in view of the conversion
of the heart, and the priest in view of the confession of the mouth. For the confession of the heart alone
suffices in the case of the truly penitent unto salvation. And the case—articulus—of necessity excludes both
the confession of the mouth and absolution by the priest." Thus much Richard.

From these things the conclusion is drawn that God predestinates from eternity, and He executes in time
the absolution of a person who is to be saved and the remission of his sin, before such a person is absolved on
earth by the minister of the church. Again the minister of the church, the vicar of Christ, is not able to absolve
or to bind, to forgive sins or to retain them, unless God has done this previously. This appears from John 15:5:
"Apart from me ye can do nothing." That vessel of election knew this, and so he said: "Not that we are
sufficient of ourselves to account anything as from ourselves, but our sufficiency is from God," II Cor. 3:5.
Therefore, if we are not sufficient to think except as God imparts the thought, how are we sufficient to bind
and loose except God have previously loosed and bound? And this the philosophers recognize when they say
that a second cause can effect nothing without the coagency of a first cause.

Further, it is clear that no man may be loosed from sin or receive the remission of sins, unless God have
loosed him or given him remission. Hence the Baptist says: "A man can receive nothing except it first be
given him from heaven," John 3:27. Hence as an earthly lord first forgives in spirit the sin committed against
himself, before this is announced by himself or by another, so it is necessary for God to do. Therefore, the
presbyters are wildly beside themselves who think and say that they may of their own initiative loose and
bind, without the absolution or binding of Jesus Christ preceding their act. For loosing and binding are in the
first instance the simple [absolute] act of God. Therefore, the Gospel says, "Whatsoever is bound on earth
shall be bound in heaven," but it does not say that it is bound in heaven at a later time and not previously.

Hence, the ignorant think that the priest binds and looses in time first and after him God. It is folly to have
this opinion. But the logicians know well that priority is twofold: the one, priority of origin, taken from the
material cause, and the other the priority of dignity, taken from the final cause. And these two priorities meet
at one and the same time, and in this way the binding and loosing of the church militant is in a sense prior to
the binding and loosing of the church triumphant and vice versa.

But God's act of binding or loosing is absolutely first. And it is evident, it would be blasphemy to assert
that a man may remit an offense done to so great a Lord, with the Lord himself approving the remission. For
by the universal law and practice followed by the Lord, He himself must loose or bind first, if any vicar looses
or binds. And for us no article of the faith ought to be more certain than the impossibility of any one of the
church militant to absolve or bind except in so far as he is conformed to the head of the church, our Lord Jesus
Christ.

Hence, the faithful should be on his guard against this form of statement: "If the pope or any other pretends
that he binds or looses by a particular sign, then by that very fact the offender is loosed or bound." For by
conceding this, they have to concede that the pope is impeccable as is God, for otherwise he is able to err and
to misuse the key of Christ. And it is certain that as impossible as it is for the figure of a material key to open
anything when the substance is wanting, so impossible is it for Christ's vicar to open or shut except as he
conforms himself to the key of Christ which first opens and shuts. For just as Christ the first-born of many
brethren and the first-fruits of them that sleep was the first to enter the kingdom, so he alone and above all
could have had committed to him the spiritual kingdom9 which was altogether closed from the time our first
parents lied until he himself came. And the same is to be said in regard to any opening or closing whatever
which pertains to the heavenly country. And it is plain that every vicar of Christ, so long as he continues to
walk in this world, may err, even in those things which concern the faith and the keys of the church as those
knew who wrote the Chronicles;10 for Peter himself, Christ's first vicar, sinned in these regards.

Likewise, God is the only being who cannot be ignorant as to whose sins may be remitted, and He the only
being who cannot be moved by a wrong motive and judge unjust judgment. But any vicar may be ignorant as
to whose sins ought to be remitted, and he may be moved by a wrong motive in binding or loosing. Therefore,
if he refuse to impart absolution to one truly penitent and confessing, moved by anger or greed, he cannot by
his act bind such a person in guilt. Similar would be the case with one who came with a lying confession, as
happens very often, and the priest, not knowing his hypocrisy, should impart to him the words of absolution.
Undoubtedly he does not thereby absolve, for the Scriptures say, Wisdom [of Solomon] 1:4: "‗The Holy Spirit
evades a feigned act of worship." In the first case, just noted, the vicar alleges that he bound or forgave sins
and did not; and in the second case he alleges that he loosed or remitted sins and did not. And it is evident
how great the illusion may be of those who administer the keys and of those who do not truly repent. For it is
necessary that a person, wishing to be absolved, be first so disposed in his will that he is sorry for his guilt,
and then have the purpose to sin no more. Hence, all priests combined—who are at the same time vicars—are
not able to absolve from sins him who wishes to go on sinning and who does not wish to lament his sins.

So all together are not able to bind a righteous man or retain his sins when he humbles himself with his
whole heart and has a contrite heart, a thing which God does not despise. Wherefore St. Jerome, commenting
on Matt. 16:19 [Migne's ed., 26: 118], "I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and
whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven," etc., says: "Some not understanding this
passage appropriate something of the arrogance of the Pharisees so as to think that they can damn the guiltless
and loose offenders, for with God not the judgment of priests is sought but the life of the guilty." 11 To these
words the Master of Sentences, 4: 18, cap. 6, adds [Migne's ed., p. 375]: "Here it is plainly shown, that God
does not follow the sentence of the church which judges in ignorance and deceitfully." He also adds, cap. 8:
"Sometimes he who is sent outdoors, that is, outside of holy church, by the priest, is, nevertheless, inside. And
he who, by virtue of the truth, is outside, seems to be kept inside by the priest's false sentence." And again he
says, 4: 19, cap. 4 [Migne, p. 382]: That the priest who binds and looses others ought himself to be prudent
and just, for otherwise he will put to death souls who do not die and revive souls which do not live, and in this
way he turns his power of pronouncing judgment into an instrument of cursing—so that it is said in Mal. 2:2:
"I will bless your cursings and curse your blessings." Therefore the vicars of Christ ought to take heed that
they do not lightly presume to bind or loose whenever it pleases them.

But the objection is offered concerning higher rank and obedience from the Canon Solitæ [Friedberg, 2:
196–199], where Pope Innocent [III] says: "The Lord said to Peter, and in Peter to his successors, 'Whatsoever
thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in heaven,' making no exception when he said, 'Whatsoever,' etc."
Here it is to be noted that in virtue of the words, "Whatsoever thou shalt loose," Peter could not loosen the
Scriptures, for Christ our Saviour said: "The Scripture cannot be broken," John 10:35. Nor, secondly, could he
loose one who would not repent, and so he said to Simon Magus: "Repent, therefore, of this thy wickedness
and pray the Lord if perhaps it may be forgiven you," Acts 8:22. Thirdly, Peter had no power to loose the
marriage bond, for the Saviour said: "What God hath joined together, let not man put asunder," Matt. 19:6.
And fourthly, he was not able to absolve Judas from sin, because the Saviour said: "Not one of them perished
but the son of perdition, that the Scripture might be fulfilled," John 17:12.

Therefore, if Peter in virtue of that saying of Christ, "Whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall be loosed
in heaven," had presumed to have power to loose in any of the four cases just adduced, would they have been
loosed in heaven? Certainly not! For the will of God would have opposed it in the case of the Scriptures,
marriage, Judas, and in the case of the one refusing in his pertinacity to repent. Therefore, it does not follow
that the vicar, who thinks that he is able to loose or to bind whomsoever he chooses, really does it. On this
point, St. Augustine, de vera et falsa Penitentia,12 speaks, when he says: "God, who had already raised up
Lazarus from the grave, offered Lazarus to the disciples that they might loose him, 13 thereby showing the
power of loosing imparted to priests: and God said, 'Whatsoever ye shall loose on earth shall be loosed in
heaven,' that is, I, God, and all the ranks of the heavenly army and all the saints who give praise in that
heavenly glory join with you in confirming those whom ye bind and loose. He did not say, 'whom ye think ye
bind and loose, but those towards whom ye exercise works of righteousness or mercy. But your other works
done towards sinners I do not recognize." Thus much Augustine, who limits the clergy's power to loose or
bind as it stands in their own estimation.

To the same purport are the words of Richard, de potest. ligandi et solvendi [Migne, 196: 1167]. He says:
"So far thou goest and sayest: if I am not able to bind or absolve anything or to retain and remit the sins of all
persons whatsoever, what does that mean, which was said in a general way unto Peter: 'Whatsoever thou shalt
bind, whatsoever thou shalt loose'? Just as it was also laid down as a general rule spoken to the apostles in
common: 'Whosesoever sins ye remit, they are remitted unto them; and whosesoever sins ye retain, they are
retained.' Properly should this question move you had the Lord said to Peter, 'Whatsoever thou shalt wish to
bind shall be bound, and whatsoever thou shalt wish to loose shall be loosed,' but he did not say this nor did he
wish to be understood in this way—namely, if any one shall wish to bind what he is not able to bind, shall that
sin, therefore, be bound? Who said this? Therefore, he did not say, whatsoever thou shalt wish to bind, but
whatsoever thou shalt bind, shall be bound in heaven. He verily is bound who is bound by the just debt of
satisfaction in accordance with the nature of his confession. That person is really absolved by the sacerdotal
office whose sin is justly remitted in view of a deserved satisfaction. God, therefore, binds and absolves those
who by a priest's sentence justly deserve absolution,14 but, beyond any doubt, the sins of those are retained to
whom the absolution of sins has been justly denied and not those to whom it has been unjustly denied.

"What the Lord, therefore, said to Peter means the same as if he had said in other words: 'What has been
bound or loosed by thee, shall be bound or loosed with me. He who is held with thee by the command of a
required satisfaction is held with me as a debtor owing the same satisfaction. And because 15 he deserved from
thee the just absolution for his sins he shall not at my bar be held bound any further.' After this manner we
should also understand that which Christ said to all his apostles: 'Whosesoever sins ye remit, they shall be
remitted unto them, and whosesoever sins ye retain, they are retained.' Assuredly the sins of offenders will be
remitted or retained with the Lord which have been properly remitted or retained by his ministers, the
priests—both of which are truly and really done by them when done in accord with the canonical rite;
nevertheless, neither of these things can priests do at their personal pleasure, but only for desert—merito—and
according to the rite as instituted." Thus much Richard.

From Augustine and from this declaration by Richard, it is plain that it does not follow: Christ said to Peter
or to any vicar of his: "Whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth," that is,in the church militant, "shall be loosed
also in heaven," that is, in the church triumphant—therefore, whatsoever thou shalt wish to loose on earth
shall be loosed also in heaven. And it is evident that by this clause the bestowment falls on every person that
is truly penitent. And also, in view of the words, "Whatsoever thou shalt bind," the bestowment falls upon the
impenitent, for the loosing applies to every truly penitent person, the binding to the impenitent. The same is
true of retaining and remitting.

Therefore, Christ's disciple ought to be on his guard against the fallacy of antichrist, when the following
course of argument is pursued: Whatsoever Christ's vicar shall bind upon earth shall be bound. also in heaven,
but this faithful layman who does not wish to give money for his absolution, him he binds on earth. Therefore,
this layman is bound in heaven. Likewise, whatsoever Christ's vicar shall loose on earth shall be loosed also in
heaven, but him who is not contrite and yet is willing to give money, him he looses on earth. Therefore, is he
loosed also in heaven. The case is similar if it be argued: Whatsoever Christ's vicar looses on earth shall be
loosed also in heaven, but him, who is evidently a reprobate, he looses on earth in the agony of death,
therefore he is loosed also in heaven. In these arguments the minor premise is wanting in strength; for unless
the said man, in the case of the minor premise, binds himself by a bad will or looses himself by true contrition,
the minor premise is false. And, according to Richard, the argument is to be rectified in this way: "Whatsoever
Christ‘s vicar shall properly bind on earth shall be bound also in heaven. But this faithful layman who does
not wish to give money, him he binds properly on earth." Thus the falsehood of the minor premise is made to
appear. In a similar way the other arguments are to be corrected. And, if the objection be raised that a
Christian ought to be in doubt as to when a priest binds and looses according to the rite and when not, the
reply is to be made that the opposite follows [we should not be in doubt], since we ought to believe that the
priest binds and absolves only in cases when he ministers according to the rules of Christ's law. And when he
exceeds that law, then he alleges that he is binding and loosing, but does not bind and loose.

Then as to Innocent's words: "The Lord made no exception when he said to Peter: 'Whatsoever,' etc." If
Innocent understands a bestowment in any case whatsoever, when Peter or his vicar might allege they were
binding, then Innocent's meaning would be false. For then, through a subordinate assumption, an improper
conclusion would follow, the argument running thus: whatsoever Peter or his vicar shall bind on earth, shall
be bound in heaven. But this holy man he alleges he is binding on earth: therefore he is bound in heaven. The
conclusion is false and impossible. The minor proposition is true or may be true. Therefore the application of
Innocent's major proposition would be false. But, if Innocent means with Richard, Augustine, and Gregory
that the bestowment is for that for which binding and loosing are intended then it is true that when the Lord
said, "whatsoever," he made no exception. For it means this: Whatsoever that is of true penitence thou shalt
loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven. Likewise, whatsoever that is of impenitence thou shalt bind on earth
shall be bound also in heaven. And with this the Little Glosses16 of the Decretists agree, which say that, when
the key does not make a mistake, and consequently when a righteous thing is done on earth, it shall be
confirmed in heaven.

For every man who, being penitent, is according to the rite loosed on earth by Christ‘s vicar on the earth,
he also is loosed in heaven—just as he who has believed and is baptized shall be saved, and he who has
believed in love shall be saved finally. For "believe" here is to be accepted as in John 3:36, "He that believeth
on the Son hath eternal life," and if it shall be argued that whosoever believeth on the Son hath eternal life:
every Christian believes on the Son of God, therefore every Christian hath eternal life—or, again, if it be
argued that whosoever believeth on the Son of God hath eternal life but that reprobate, who is in grace,
believes on the Son of God, therefore that reprobate has eternal life—in these cases the conclusion is false.
And both these conclusions are invalid, because "to believe‘" is one thing in the major premise and another
thing in the minor. Hence, in order to correct the statement the argument must run in this way: Whosoever
believes with love in the Son of God and perseveres. In this case the consequence is good [he shall be finally
saved]. But the minor statement the objector should prove [namely, that every Christian believes with love of
God]. Similar is the case with the second conclusion and its minor premise: namely, "that reprobate who is in
grace believes with love in the Son of God and perseveres." This reasoning is false.

From the things already said, it is clear what the power of the keys is and what is catholic belief on the
subject, namely, that every priest of Christ ordained according to the rite has the sufficient power to confer the
sacraments appertaining to him and consequently to absolve a person truly contrite from sin, howbeit power of
this kind, so far as the exercise of it goes, is for good reasons bound in the case of many persons, as appears
near the beginning of this chapter. But how this power belonged to the apostles equally is stated in the
Decretum, Dist. 21, in novo [Friedberg, 1: 69], where it is said: 17 "The other apostles with him, that is, Peter,
by reason of equal fellowship received honor and power. . . . When these died, the bishops arose in their
place." And here the Gloss, Argumentum, says that the bishops are all equal in apostolic power, so far as the
order and ground of consecration go. St. Cyprian, 24: 1, cap. Loquitur [Friedberg, 1: 971], says: "He gave to
all the apostles after his resurrection equal power."

Hence it would be foolish to believe that the apostles received from Christ no spiritual gifts except what
were derived by them immediately and purely—simpliciter—from Peter, for Christ said to all: "Whatsoever
ye shall loose on earth," Matt. 18:18; also, "Receive ye the Holy Spirit: whosesoever sins ye remit they are
remitted unto them," John 20:23; and again, "This do ye in remembrance of me," Luke 22:19; and still again,
"All power is given unto me in heaven and on earth. Go ye therefore and teach all nations, baptizing them in
the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I
have commanded18 you; and lo, I am with you all the days, even unto the consummation of the ages," Matt.
28:19, 20.

1↑ Plebanus, the term common in the M. A. for the parish priest.

2↑ The seven spiritual gifts of mercy, namely, teach the ignorant, direct the doubting, reprove the erring, console the sorrowing,
forgive those indebted to thee, bear the infirmities of others, pray for all—in opposition to the seven bodily works of mercy: Visito,
poto, cibo, redimo, tego, colligo, condo, namely, I visit the sick, give drink to the thirsty, feed the hungry, release the imprisoned,
clothe the naked, care for the stranger, bury the dead. See Huss, Super IV. Sent., p. 596.
3↑ In regard to the bishop, Thomas Aquinas made the distinction between the power—potestas—of doing episcopal acts and
jurisdiction. Even a bishop who becomes schismatic or heretic retains the former, but loses the latter. Summa Supplem., 39: 2 [Migne,
4: 1065]. The problem of the validity of acts done by priests who have become schismatic or heretic was so difficult that Peter the
Lombard and Gratian thought it well-nigh if not altogether insoluble.
4↑ Penance is treated by Thomas Aquinas as a restoration to health. This sacrament is the second plank thrown out for the sinner, as
baptism is the first. After the close of the twelfth century the four elements were considered necessary parts of penance: contrition,
confession to the priest, satisfaction, and absolution. Peter the Lombard still taught that confession to God was sufficient for
forgiveness. Alexander of Hales, d. 1245, made confession to the priest essential, and he was followed by Thomas Aquinas.
Absolution, which from 1200 on has been regarded in the Catholic church as a judicial act, was treated by Peter the Lombard as a
declarative act, and the petitionary form was still common in his day. Schwane, Dogmengesch. d. m. Z., p. 670, pronounces it the most
important part of the sacrament of penance. In his Com. on the Lombard, p. 508 sqq., Huss takes a moderate view, and on the basis of
the cases of the penitent thief and publican, leans toward the opinion that contrition of heart and confession to God are sufficient.
5↑ The Treatises on Papal Indulgences, Mon., 1: 215–237, was called forth by John XXIII's two bulls, calling for a crusade against
Ladislaus, king of Naples, 1412, and promising liberal indulgence for participation in the campaign. The bulls created a great sensation
in Prague, where the billets of pardon were openly sold at three different places. Huss attacked the whole system of wars against
fellow Christians started at the pope‘s instance, and entered into the question of papal and priestly absolution. He declared that if the
pope had the right to give indulgences, he was a criminal if he did not empty purgatory. He took up the same position as here that the
priest cannot ab solve whom God has not before absolved, and that the priest's power is essentially the same as the priest's power under
the O, T. in pronouncing a leper clean. See Huss, Super IV. Sent., 606 sqq., and Introd. to this volume.
6↑ Viam. The Decretum has jura, rights.
7↑ Richard of St. Victor, d. 1173, was born in Scotland, and was the pupil of Hugo of St. Victor. Both were mystics, but their
mysticism differed from that of St. Bernard by being developed into a scientific system and brought within the limits of careful
definition. In addition to the book above quoted, Richard wrote commentaries on the Canticles, the Apocalypse, etc., Emmanuel, a
treatise directed to the Jews, Preparation of the Mind for Contemplation, etc. While he was prior of St. Victor, Alexander III and
Thomas à Becket visited the convent. It was located within the present bounds of Paris, and its buildings were destroyed during the
French Revolution.
8↑ The expression, "and the Lord" is not in Richard's text. Otherwise Huss's quotation is exact.
9↑ The kingdom of bliss to which the worthies of the Old Testament dispensation were not admitted till they were released from the
limbus patrum during the three days after Christ's crucifixion.
10↑ The histories of the church of Ranulph Higden, Martinus Polonus, etc., mentioned by name in a subsequent chapter.
11↑ Jerome adds that, according to Lev. 14, the lepers were commanded to show themselves to the priest and, if they had leprosy, they
became unclean by the priest—a sacerdote immundi fiant—"not that the priests made them leprous and unclean, but that the leprous
and those who were not might have the knowledge of their condition." For Huss's treatment of the power of the keys as set forth in his
Com. on Peter the Lombard, see Introduction to this volume.
12↑ Migne, 40: 1122. The work is printed in the Appendix of Augustine's Works. It is quoted by Gratian and Peter the Lombard as
Augustine's. That the work was not from Augustine's hand, Erasmus showed.
13↑ "Jesus said unto them, loose him and let him go," John 11:44. Richard of St. Victor also uses Lazarus, Migne, 196: 1166.
14↑ An important clause is here omitted from Richard's treatise.
15↑ Quia. Richard has qui.
16↑ See Introduction.
17↑ A letter of Pope Anacletus to the bishops of Italy asserting the gift of the primacy to the Roman church.
18↑ Præcepi. Vulgate: Mandavi.
 CHAPTER XI

THE ABUSE OF SCRIPTURE IN THE INTEREST OF CLERICAL POWER

Because many priests abandon the imitation of Christ, the high priest, and boast of the power committed to
the church, without doing works that correspond, therefore up to this time we have been speaking of the
power of this kind. For they extract out of Matt. 18:16, "Whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in
heaven," that whatsoever they do, every man ought altogether to approve. And from the words of Matt. 23:2,
"The scribes and Pharisees sit on Moses' seat, therefore all things whatsoever they bid you, these do," they
extract that every inferior is to obey them in all things. And so these priests clamorously apply to themselves
at their own pleasure whatsoever appeals to them out of Christ's Gospel, and without any ministry of love on
their part to correspond. But what plainly calls for toil and worldly self-abnegation and the imitation of Christ,
that they spurn away as something inapplicable to themselves, or make believe they hold it when they do not.

Hence, because Jesus said to Peter, "I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven and
whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth, etc.," this they lay hold of with great complacency for the exaltation of
their own power. But what the Lord said to Peter, John 21:17, "Follow me and feed my sheep," this they flee
from as poison. Likewise, what he said to his disciples, Matt. 18:18, "What things soever ye shall bind on
earth shall be bound in heaven," they gratefully seize upon and glory in. But what he says, Matt. 10:9, "Get
you no gold nor silver," they shun as hurtful. In the same way what he said to his disciples, John 20:23,
"Receive ye the Holy Ghost. Whosesoever sins ye remit they are remitted unto them; and whosesoever sins ye
retain they are retained," very placidly they accept. But what he says in Matt. 11:29, "Learn of me for I am
meek and lowly of heart," even the gentleness and meekness, which prepare a place for the Holy Spirit, they
do not admit to their hearts.

Also what the Lord said to his disciples, Luke 10:16, "He that heareth you heareth me," they seize upon as
meaning obedience to themselves, but what the Lord says in Matt. 20:25, "Ye know that the rulers of the
Gentiles do lord it over them and their great ones exercise authority over them.Not so shall it be among you,
but, whosoever would become great among you, shall be your minister, and whosoever would be first among
you shall be your servant: even as the Son of Man came not to be ministered unto but to minister,"—this most
weighty saying they repudiate in word and deed—in word, saying that they ought to rule, and in deed because
they do not wish to minister to the church after the custom of Jesus Christ the Lord.

And that I may gather up briefly all that the Scripture says, and especially the Gospel: what seems to
indicate to them that they ought to be rich, live delicately, be famous in the world, and suffer no reproach for
Christ, these sayings they ruminate over, proclaim aloud and make known all too extensively. But whatever
calls for the imitation of Christ, as poverty, gentleness, humility, endurance, chastity, toil or patience—these
passages they suppress or gloss over at their pleasure or expressly set aside as not pertaining to salvation. And
the devil, who is the worst of sophists, leads them astray by their ignorance of the logical consequences,
arguing in this way: "Christ gave such authority to Peter and the rest of the apostles, therefore also to you."
And from this they draw the inference that it is lawful for them to do whatsoever they please, and so, by
reasoning of the same kind, they are most blessed fathers together with Christ in pronouncing judgment in the
church and because they are to be crowned later with an everlasting crown. But blessed be Christ, the
omniscient, who said these things to his apostles, knowing that the authority which was given to them they
would use according to his good pleasure in ministering to his bride.

So far, therefore, as the power—authority—is concerned in which the clergy glories it is to be noted, that
power is sometimes taken to mean lordship or real power, as in Romans 13:1: "Let every soul be in subjection
to the higher powers." Sometimes it is taken in an ambiguous sense to mean assumed or simulated power, as
Christ said to his captors sent by the power of the high priests, Luke 22:53: "This is your hour and the power
of darkness." And it is said, Rev. 6:8: "Lo, a pale horse: and he that sat upon him, his name was Death: and
hell followed him, and there was given unto him power over the four parts of the earth to kill with sword,
famine, and death, and by the wild beasts of the earth." Also it is said, Rev. 13:4, that the "dragon gave his
authority—power—unto the beast, and they worshipped the beast saying, Who is like unto the beast? who is
able to war with him? . . . And it was given unto him to make war with the saints and to overcome them, and
there was given to him authority over every tribe and people and every tongue and nation; and all that dwell
on the earth shall worship him, every one whose name hath not been written in the book of life and of the
Lamb,1 that hath been slain." Who is this beast whom men worship out of fear of his power? He who reads let
him understand and resist assumed power of this kind and let him not fear, as they did, because it was given to
that beast to make war against the saints and to overcome by the death of this body—the saints who, dying for
the law of Christ, finally overcome that beast. For to these very ones the Saviour said, "Fear not them which
kill the body," Matt. 10:28, and "In the world ye shall have tribulation, but be of good cheer, I have overcome
the world," John 16:33. Here Augustine, in his Com. on John [Nic. Fathers, 7: 393], says: "In whom do they
have good cheer and overcome except in Him? For he would not have overcome the world if the world
overcame his members. Hence the apostle says: 'Thanks be to God which giveth us the victory,' and adds,
'through our Lord Jesus Christ,' who said to his disciples, 'Be of good cheer for I have overcome the world.'"
Thus much Augustine. But they overcome the power of the dragon and the beast who have the power of
predestination which is the chief of powers and of which John speaks: "To them gave he the power to become
the sons of God," John 1:12. And to this power is added perfecting power, and that is the power which God
gives to the blessed in the heavenly country to fully enjoy the Lord and every creature in Him.

Therefore, the true worshippers of Christ, wishing to obtain that power, ought to resist every assumed
power which seeks to remove them from the imitation of Christ by force or craft, for, in thus resisting such
power we do not resist the ordinance of God but the abuse of power. And such abuse, in respect to the power
of the keys, the simoniacs2 exercise who allege that they can either damn the deserving or loose those who are
bound, and they do this because the obedience they falsely demand is refused them or for the sake of the gain
they derive. Of such priests the Lord said: "They polluted me among my people for a handful of barley and a
piece of bread that they might slay souls, which do not die, and make alive souls, which do not live, lying to
my people which believes lies," Ezek. 13:19. On this passage Gregory comments, 11: 3, Plerisque3 [Friedberg,
1: 667], and says: "Rightly does the prophet say they put souls to death which do not die and make alive souls
which do not live. For, indeed, he puts to death one who does not die when he condemns the righteous, and he
attempts to make alive him who does not live4 when he seeks to loose the guilty from the sentence of death."
This abuse of power they exercise who sell and buy the sacred orders, episcopates, canonries, and parishes—
plebanias. They secure and sell simoniacally who make spoil out of the sacraments, living in pleasure, avarice,
and luxury or who, by any other kind of criminality, defile the power of the priesthood. For even if they
declare that they know God, they, nevertheless, deny Him by their deeds, Titus 1:16. Consequently, they do
not believe in God, and so, as unbelieving children, they have unbelieving thoughts about the seven
sacraments of the church and also about the keys, the ministries, censures, the customs, ceremonies, and
sacred things of the church and likewise the worship of relics, indulgences, and sacred orders.

This is clear because such despise God's name. Hence it is said in Mal. 1:6, 10: "Unto you, O priests, that
despise my name. And ye say, Wherein have we despised thy name? Ye offer polluted bread upon my altar. . .
. Oh, that there were one among you that would shut the doors and kindle fire upon my altar in vain! I have no
pleasure in you, saith the Lord of hosts, neither will I accept an offering at your hand." Behold how the Lord
speaks to the wicked priests because they despise His name and offer polluted bread. Hence Gregory, 1: 1,
Multi sec. [Friedberg, 1: 388], follows up his statement about the sacraments and power by saying: "So we
defile the bread, that is, Christ's body, when we approach unworthily the altar, and with filthy lips drink his
pure blood." And the apostle says: "He who despised Moses' law, died without any mercy under two or three
witnesses. Of how much sorer punishment, think ye, shall he be judged worthy who hath trodden under foot
the Son of God and accounted the blood of the covenant wherewith he was sanctified an unholy thing?" Heb.
10:28, 29.

In the second place, such crucify the Son of God. For the apostle says: "Crucifying to themselves afresh the
Son of God, they put him to an open shame," Heb. 6:6. Thirdly, such deal wickedly with the law of Christ, of
whom St. Jerome in Sophoniam Proph., 1: 1 [Com. on Zephaniah, Friedberg, 1: 391], says: "The priests who
minister in the eucharist and distribute the Lord's flesh to his people, deal wickedly with Christ's law in
thinking that the words of the one who curses make the eucharist and not his life, and that such a solemn
address is all that is necessary and not the merits of priests." Of these he says: "A priest who is assoiled by any
stain of sin should not approach the table to offer sacrifices to the Lord." Fourthly, the persons spoken of
above blaspheme the Lord's majesty. Hence we read: "Who walk after the flesh in the lusts of defilement and
despise damnation," II Peter 2:10. Further on Peter says: "But these as creatures without reason to be taken
and destroyed, railing in matters whereof they are ignorant." On this point St. Augustine, on Psalm 147 [Nic.
Fathers, 8: 665], says: "If thou dost exceed the due measure of nature by gluttonous immoderation and satest
thyself with wine-bibbing, so often as thy tongue sounds the praises of God, so often thy life blasphemes."
How, then, shall the avaricious, simoniacs, the self-indulgent and those guilty of other crimes think in
goodness of heart about the Lord or about his sacraments when they, like infidels, despise the Lord's name,
defile his bread, crucify to themselves the Son of God and put him to an open shame, deal wickedly with
God's law and despise government and blaspheme?

It is also clear that to this class belong the pestiferous clergy who, in an infidel way, think of the seven
sacraments of the church and of the keys and of other things belonging to Christ's law. It is also clear that the
dictum of the doctors—whose leader at that time was Stephen Palecz, supported by Stanislaus, who led after
them Peter of Znaim, John Helie, Andrew Broda, John Hildissen, Matthew the Monk, Herman the Hermit,
George Boras, and Simon Vuenda—laid down as a statement of the matter of disagreement, is to be verified
by the conduct of the clergy who were living in sin.5 For, in the beginning of their writing, they say: "The
matter of this disagreement is manifest from the lives of some of the clergy who are pestiferous." Because
Christ's priests preach against the offenses of pestiferous clerics, therefore has this disagreement arisen, for the
reason that the clergy in imparting to the people the plague of criminal living and refusing to tolerate the
preaching of those who preach against their plague, which is at variance with the Gospel and who seek to cure
their infection by the Word of the Lord, has conspired together and desires in malice to suppress preaching.
But the purpose of the said doctors was to prove that those who evangelize against the wickedness of the
pestiferous clergy were heretical on the subject of the keys, which, with the help of the Lord, during the term
of their lives, they will not prove.

1↑ The Vulgate has libro vitæ Agni, the Lamb's Book of Life.
2↑ Huss constantly attacked the simony of the clergy and regarded his legal troubles as a result of these assaults. He wrote a special
tract on the subject in Czech entitled, The Traffic in Holy Things, which he closed by exalting Christ as the only way, truth and life. In
his de sex Erroribus, Mon., 1: 240–243, he also gave the subject elaborate treatment, quoting at length from the canon law and
declaring that prelates guilty of it are in mortal sin, and so their acts invalid. He speaks there of the sale of baptisms, confirmations,
chrism, the marrriage blessing, the mass and sepulture. Laymen also were guilty of it who abet or wink at the practise in their priests.
He returned to this vice in almost all his writings. He speaks of Prague clerics selling consecrated oil at a higher price than common oil
and charging thirty groschen for thirty masses, and says that if priests would attempt to say all the masses they assumed to say, saying
fifteen a day, they would not have gotten through in fifteen years. One of Gregory VII's reform movements was to do away with
clerical simony. Dante put simoniacal popes in hell, including Boniface VIII.
3↑ Mistake for plerumque.
4↑ Vivum, a mistake for victurum.
5↑ The document referred to (Doc., 475 sqq.) was signed by eight doctors of the theological faculty of the university of Prague against
the XLV Articles of Wyclif and seven other articles alleged to give Huss's views, such as that the priest does no more than announce
the forgiveness of sins in the sacrament of penance. It was an attack upon Huss for the hostile position he had assumed to the sale of
indulgences ordered by John XXIII, 1411. The disturbances which followed in Prague led the king, Wenzel, to call the eight magisters
and Huss before him at his summer residence of Zebrak. There, after a meeting in the parish house at which Palecz read a paper
charging Huss with disobedience to the university authorities, they appeared before the king. Huss offered to submit himself to the
ordeal of fire provided that the others did and that the party not proving its case from Scripture should undergo it. The proposition was
not accepted, the meeting seems to have come to naught, and the disturbances in Prague went on, and the three men were murdered to
whom reference is made in a succeeding chapter. Huss made an elaborate Reply to the Eight Doctors, Mon., 1: 366–408, in which he
goes into the scriptural authority limiting the papal power of indulgence and the priestly power of remission of sins. The eight doctors
included the names given above with the exception of Boras and Vuenda. See ad Stanisl., Mon., 1: 331.
 CHAPTER XII

CHRIST THE TRUE ROMAN PONTIFF UPON WHOM SALVATION DEPENDS

To the honor of our Lord Jesus Christ, which honor and also Christ the aforesaid doctors nowhere mention
in their writing, this conclusion is proved, namely, "to be subject to the Roman pontiff is necessary for
salvation for every human being."1 From this it is clear, that no one can be saved unless he is meritoriously
subject to Jesus Christ. But Christ is the Roman pontiff, just as he is the head of the universal church and
every particular church. Therefore the conclusion is a true one. The consequence is clear from the major
premise. And the minor premise is clear from the things said above and from what is said in I Peter 2:25, "For
ye were sometime going astray like sheep but are now returned unto the shepherd and bishop of your souls,"
and also from Heb. 7:22: "By so much also hath Jesus become the surety of a better covenant and they indeed
have been made free, many in number, according to the law because that by death they are hindered from
continuing. But this man, because he continueth forever, hath his priesthood unchangeable, wherefore also he
is able to save to the uttermost, drawing near through himself 2 to the Lord and always living to intercede for
us. For such a high priest became us holy, guileless, undefiled, separated from sinners and made higher than
the heavens, who needeth not daily like those priests, to offer up sacrifices first for his own sins and then for
the sins of the people, for this he did once for all when he offered himself."

Truly this is the most holy and chief Roman pontiff, sitting at God‘s right hand and dwelling with us, for
he said: "And lo, I am with you all the days, even unto the consummation of the age," Matt. 28:20. For that
person, Christ, is everywhere present, since he is very God whose right it is to be everywhere without
limitation. He is the bishop, who baptizes and takes away the sins of the world, John 1:29. He is the one who
joins in marriage so that no man may put asunder: "What God hath joined together, let not man put asunder,"
Matt. 19:6. He is the one who makes us priests: "He made us a kingdom and priests," Rev. 1:6. He performs
the sacrament of the eucharist, saying: "This is my body," Luke 22:19. This is he who confirms his faithful
ones: "I will give you a mouth of wisdom which all your adversaries will not be able to withstand or gainsay,"
Luke 21:15. He it is who feeds his sheep by his word and example and by the food of his body. All these
things, however, he does on his part indefectibly, because he is a holy priest, guileless, undefiled, separated
from sinners and made higher than the heavens. He is the bishop holding supreme guardianship over his flock,
because he sleeps not nor is he, that watches over Israel, weary. He is the pontiff who in advance makes the
way easy for us to the heavenly country. He is the pope—papa—because he is the wonderful Prince of Peace,
the Father of the future age. For, indeed, such a pontiff became us who, since he was in the form of God, did
not think it robbery to be equal with God but emptied himself, taking upon him the form of a servant, because
he humbled himself by being made obedient unto death, even the death of the cross. Wherefore God hath
highly exalted him and given him a name which is above every name, that at the name of Jesus every knee
should bow, of things in heaven, of things on the earth, and things in hell [Phil. 2:6 sqq.].

To this the conclusion follows, namely: "To be subject to the Roman pontiff is necessary for salvation for
every human being." But there is no other such pontiff except the Lord Jesus Christ himself, our pontiff. This
is so because the humanity of Christ is not subject to any other pontiff as of necessity to salvation, inasmuch
as God hath exalted him and given him a name which is to be the most worthy above every other name, that at
the name of Jesus every knee should bow and every power bend in obedience to him "of things in heaven,"
that is, the angels; "things on the earth," that is, all men; and "of things in hell," that is, the devils. And it is
also so because Christ's mother was a human being; John the Baptist also, Peter the apostle, and other saints
now in heaven, and for none of these was it necessary for salvation to be subject to any other Roman pontiff
besides Christ, seeing that they are already saved, persons whom no Roman pontiff can loose or bind.
Therefore, Pope Clement extended his authority all too far when in his bull The Angels of Paradise, he
commanded the angels to lead into the everlasting joys the soul of one who had died on a journey to Rome to
secure indulgence, and who had been absolved from purgatory. For this pope wished that at his command the
heavenly angels should bow their knees. And he added, "We wish that the pain of hell be not inflicted upon
that soul in any degree," and so he commanded that the power or the knees of the spirits in hell should also
bow at his command. Not so did the apostles presume, for John wished not to command but to worship at the
feet of angels, as he said, Rev. 22:8: "I, John, fell down to worship before the feet of the angel, and he said to
me, see thou do it not, for I am a fellow servant with thee and with thy brethren the prophets and with them
that keep the words of the prophecy of this book. Worship God." See how great is this apostle and prophet,
beloved of God, who without doubt excelled modern popes and notably Clement, who gave command to the
angels. He did not wish to give any command to an angel but, falling down, wished to worship before his feet,
and the holy angel forbade him, showing him that he ought to worship God.

But in view of Heb. 7:23, "many indeed are made priests according to the law," it is to be noted that every
high priest of the old law prefigured Christ in all his legal acts. Therefore he is called, uniquely, the High
Priest and Bishop of our souls, and for this reason that multitude of priests and their offices are fulfilled in
Christ alone, as the apostle says in Heb. 7 and 9. And this is the reason why the apostles did not call
themselves most holy popes, heads of the universal church, or universal pontiffs; but, having with them the
High Priest even unto the consummation of the age, they called themselves servants of Christ, his companions
in tribulation and ministers of the church. Hence this holy custom was observed in the time of St. Gregory,
Decretum, Dist. 92 [Friedberg, 1: 318]; and in the preface of his letter [Nic. Fathers, 2d Ser., 12: 241] Gregory
says: "See how, so far as I am concerned, I forbade that thou shouldst use that word of proud entitlement.
Thou wert concerned to confer upon me the title of universal pope which I beg thy most sweet holiness not to
do any more, for in this way would be taken away from thee and shown to another more authority than reason
allows. I do not seek to be advanced with words—[titles]—but by my good life—moribus. Nor do I regard
that to be an honor wherein I would know that my brethren had lost their honor. For mine is also the honor of
the universal church; my honor is the solid stability of my brethren. Then am I honored, when the honor due is
not denied to any single one of them, for if thy holiness entitles me universal pope, it denies that thou art this,
because thy holiness professes that I am the whole—universum. But far be that from us! Away with words
which puff up vanity3 and wound love!" From the words of this holy pope the deduction is to be drawn that he
may be easily puffed up who is called most holy father, though he perhaps lives in sin and is struck through
with flattery or through ignorance lies.

Therefore, Gregory most notably says: "I desire not to be advanced with words but by a good life." Alas!
not thus do modern pontiffs think who, destitute of good lives—morals—glory in a bare title, imagining to
themselves that the name, Holiness, befits them in virtue of their office or ecclesiastical dignity. But if this
reasoning held, then Judas would have had to be called holy apostle. But blessed be the Lord, who, in order to
remove this cloak, said to his disciples: "Have I not chosen you and one of you is a devil?" John 6:70. This he
said before Iscariot had betrayed his master.

Hence holy men, when they have been praised by men, have humbled themselves and have burdened their
minds with fear, lest praise should cast them down from a meritstill more worthy. Therefore, Peter, Christ's
apostle, when he was called by messengers went humbly to the Gentile, Cornelius, and when he was on the
way, Cornelius went to meet him, instructed by an angel of Peter's holiness, and worshipped at Peter's feet.
And Peter, taught of God about Cornelius and assured through revelation of his blessedness, did not permit
Cornelius to lie at his feet as do modern pontiffs in whom not a scintilla of holiness is seen. Nay, often they
are conscious of their sin in allowing themselves to be reverenced and, on that account, make the more
ostentation, and if the ostentatious title—titulus pompositatis—be omitted, they at once shake with anger.

Wishing to put an end to this pride, the African council,4 Dist. 99 [Friedberg, 1: 350], says: "Let not the
bishop of the first see be called the prince of priests or high priest or anything of this kind, but only bishop of
the first see. And the Roman pontiff is not to be called universal bishop." Proscribed are all these things which
proceed from ostentations, pride, flattery, avarice, and from the blind deception of the unlearned. Returning,
therefore, to our most lowly High Priest, Jesus Christ, who bade him that was called to the wedding take the
lowest place [Luke 14:9], let us confess to him according to his precept that we are unprofitable servants,
Luke 17:10. For he said: "When ye shall have done all those things which are commanded you, say, We are
unprofitable servants." For, when we have kept all his precepts, and shall have humbled our souls before this
High Priest—knowing that it is possible that our pontiffs may be thieves and robbers—this Bishop of our
souls will not fail us in things necessary to salvation, but will pasture, guard, and feed his sheep as a truly
good Shepherd.

1↑ From Boniface VIII's bull Unam sanctam. The expression in the next sentence, "meritoriously," refers to the mediæval doctrine of
merit in proportion to our good works.
2↑ Accedens refers the drawing near to Christ. The Vulgate has the plural, accidentes, those who draw near through Christ.
3↑ Vanitatem, Huss's text has wrongly unitatem, unity. This famous letter (see Mirbt, p. 77, for the full text), addressed to Eulogius,
patriarch of Alexandria, by Gregory the Great, 598, is a strong testimony, constantly appealed to, against the exorbitant claims of the
papacy. Six hundred years later, one of Gregory's successors, Innocent III, added to the other papal titles that of Vicar of God.
4↑ Third council of Carthage, 397, which fixed the catholic canon of the O. T. and the canon of the N. T. as then accepted by all
Western Christendom.
 CHAPTER XIII

THE POPE NOT THE HEAD OF THE CHURCH BUT CHRIST'S VICAR

Further, the aforesaid doctors lay down in their writing that "the pope is head of the Roman church and the
college of cardinals the body, and that they are very successors and princes of the apostle Peter and the college
of Christ's other apostles in ecclesiastical office for the purpose of discerning and defining all catholic and
church matters, correcting and purging all errors in respect to them and, in all these matters, to have the care
of all the churches and of all the faithful of Christ. For in order to govern the church throughout the whole
world it is fitting there should always continue to be such manifest and true successors in the office of Peter,
the prince of the apostles, and of the college of the other apostles of Christ. And such successors cannot be
found or procured on the earth other than the pope, the existing head, and the college of cardinals, the existing
body, of the aforesaid Roman church."

These follies, long drawn out, which, I think, proceeded for the most part from the brain of Stanislaus,
overcome and terrified by the Roman curia, involve many points. And in regard to these, I note that in their
writing the church is taken to mean all Christian pilgrims. They seem to admit this when they say that "the
body of the clergy in the kingdom of Bohemia, not only with the whole body of clergy in the world but also
with the whole body of Christendom, always feels and believes as the faith dictates, just as the Roman church
does." Or, secondly, these doctors call the pope, together with his cardinals, alone the Roman church, when
they say that they believe just as the Roman church believes and not otherwise, the pope being the head of this
Roman church and the cardinals the body. In these ways only, so far as I can see, do the doctors designate the
church in their writing.

I assume that the pope stands for that spiritual bishop who, in the highest way and in the most similar way,
occupies the place of Christ, just as Peter did after the ascension. But if any person whatsoever is to be called
pope—whom the Western church accepts as Roman bishop—appointed to decide as the final court
ecclesiastical cases and to teach the faithful whatever he wishes, then there is an abuse of the term, because
according to this view, it would be necessary in cases to concede that the most unlettered layman or a female,
or a heretic and antichrist, may be pope. This is plain, for Constantine II, an unlettered layman, was suddenly
ordained a priest and through ambition made pope and then was deposed and all the things which he ordained
were declared invalid, about A. D. 707.1 And the same is plain from the case of Gregory, who was unlettered
and consecrated another in addition to himself. And as the people were displeased with the act, a third pope
was superinduced. Then these quarrelling among themselves, the emperor came to Rome and elected another
as sole pope.2 As for a female, it is plain in the case of Agnes, who was called John Anglicus,3 and of her
Castrensis, 5: 3,4 writes: "A certain woman sat in the papal chair two years and five months, following Leo.
She is said to have been a girl, called Agnes, of the nation of Mainz, was led about by her paramour in a man's
dress in Athens and named John Anglicus. She made such progress in different studies that, coming to Rome,
she read the trivium to an audience of great teachers. Finally, elected pope, she was with child by her
paramour, and, as she was proceeding from St. Peter's to the Lateran, she had the pains of labor in a narrow
street between the Colosseum and St. Clement's and gave birth to a child. Shortly afterward she died there and
was buried. For this reason it is said that all the popes avoid this street. Therefore, she is not put down in the
catalogue of popes."

As for a heretic occupying the papal chair we have an instance in Liberius, of whom Castrensis writes, IV
[Rolls Ser., 5: 158], that at Constantius's command he was exiled for three years because he wished5 to favor
the Arians. At the counsel of the same Constantius, the Roman clergy ordained Felix pope who, during the
sessions of a synod condemned and cast out two Arian presbyters, Ursacius and Valens, and when this became
known, Liberius was recalled from exile, and being wearied by his long exile and exhilarated by the
reoccupation of the papal chair, he yielded to heretical depravity; and when Felix was cast down, Liberius
with violence held the church of Peter and Paul and St. Lawrence so that the clergy and priests who favored
Felix were murdered in the church, and Felix was martyred, Liberius not preventing.

As for antichrist occupying the papal chair, it is evident that a pope living contrary to Christ, like any other
perverted person, is called by common consent antichrist. In accordance with John 2:22, many are become
antichrists. And the faithful will not dare to deny persistently that it is possible for the man of sin to sit in the
holy place. Of him the Saviour prophesied when he said: "When ye see the abomination of desolation, which
is spoken of by Daniel, standing in the holy place," Matt. 24:15. The apostle also says: "Let no man beguile
you in any wise, for it will not be except the falling away come first and the man of sin be revealed, the son of
perdition; he that opposeth and exalteth himself against all that is called God or is worshipped; so that he
sitteth in the temple of God setting himself forth as God," II Thess. 2: 3–4. And it is apparent from the
Chronicles how the papal dignity has sunk.

For the emperor Constantine, about A. D. 301, thought and commanded that the highest bishop should be
called by all pope and in his dotation that name also sprang up. The emperor Phocas likewise, about the year
600, at the instance of the clergy confirmed this same thing, as may be read in his Annals. Therefore,
Castrensis, 4 : 14, describes how the excellency of the Roman empire helped the papacy of the Roman pontiff
above others. He says: "The Nicene council conferred this prerogative on the Roman pontiff, that, just as
Augustus had rank above other kings, so the Roman pontiff should be held as bishop, and the pope be called
chief father—principalis pater."6 The origin, however, of this name and this excellency is to be found in the
dotation of the church, as is indicated in the Decretum, 96, Dist. Constant..7 These things being noted, in order
to remove ambiguity, I assume that the doctors in their writing designate by the Roman church that church of
which the Saviour said to Peter: "On this rock I will build my church" (see Chapter VII). The holy writers and
the Decretals speak of it as the Roman church, Dist. 21: 3 [Friedberg, 1: 70], 24: 1, capp. 9, 14 [Friedberg, 1:
969, 970]. And in the Clementines, de Jurejurando [Friedberg, 2: 1147],8 it is said: "The Romans, princes,
professors of the orthodox faith, venerate with warm faith and pure devotion the holy Roman church, whose
head is Christ, our Saviour, and the Roman pontiff, the Saviour's vicar." 9 And in the Sextus it is said: "Our
alma mater, the church" [Friedberg, 2: 1106], and in the Extravagante of Boniface VIII, "The holy Roman
church." And the same is true of the other statements made in other places and alleged above.

In regard to these follies of the Unlearned—indoctorum—I find these points: (1) The pope is the head of
the holy Roman church. (2) The college of cardinals is the body of the holy Roman church. (3) The pope is
manifestly and truly the successor of the prince of the apostles, Peter. (4) Cardinals are manifest and true
successors of the college of Christ's other apostles. (5) For the government of the church throughout the whole
world, there should always be manifest and true successors of the same kind in the office of the prince of the
apostles and in the office of Christ's other apostles. (6) Such successors are not to be found or procured on the
earth, other than the pope, the existing head and the college of cardinals, the existing body of the church.

Against all these six points, the argument in brief runs thus: all truth in the religion of Christ is to be
followed and only that is truth which is known by the bodily senses, or discovered by an infallible
intelligence, or made known through revelation, or laid down in sacred Scripture. But none of these six points
is truth known by the bodily senses or discovered by an infallible intelligence or known through revelation, or
laid down in divine Scripture. Therefore, no one of these six points is truth in the religion of Jesus Christ
which is to be followed. The major premise is seen in what St. Augustine says, Enchiridion, 4 [Nic. Fathers, 3:
238]: "These things chiefly, yea almost exclusively, are to be followed in religion, and he who contradicts
them is altogether a stranger to the name of Christ or he is a heretic. . . . These things are to be defended by the
reason whether they start from the bodily senses or are discovered by the intelligence of the mind. But these
things, which we have not been aware of through the bodily senses or been able to reach with the mind, nor
now are able—these are beyond doubt to be believed on the testimony of those witnesses by whom the
Scriptures, deservedly called divine, were written, because, assisted with divine help, they were able to see
these things or to foresee them either through the bodily senses or through the mind." Thus much St.
Augustine.

The minor premise, however, the doctors are unable to disprove unless one of these six points should be
revealed to them by divine revelation. For neither by the bodily senses, nor by the reason, nor from sacred
Scripture do these points appear. Yea, the doctors in making these points authoritative, so that they must be
believed, are seen to be anathema by the authority of Augustine himself which they adduce in their writing. If
any one venerate any other scriptures than those which the catholic church has received or has handed down
to be held as authoritative, let him be anathema. This is clear because these doctors have offered their own
writings as authoritative and to be believed and the catholic church has not received them for they are found
neither in the divine law nor in the code of canons. Therefore, it follows that these doctors are themselves
anathema, and it is clear that religious faith is not held by them so far as these points are concerned unless
they prove them plainly or show them to be founded in sacred Scripture or in clear reasoning, for Augustine
says, Ep. ad Hieron., Decretum, Dist. 9: 5 [Friedberg, 1: 17]: "I have learned to give only to those writers, who
are now called canonical, honor and regard, so that I would not dare to believe that any of them erred in
writing. But other writers I will read10 as far as they seem to excel by sanctity or true doctrine but I will not
regard as true what they say because they have felt it to be true, but because they have been able to convince
me by other writers, or by canonical or probable reasons, that they do not differ from the truth."

Inasmuch as these doctors are not writers of sacred Scripture—it being granted that they excel by their
sanctity—the faithful are not, therefore, to think a thing is true because they feel it to be true unless by other
writers of Scripture or for canonical or probable reasons they prove that these points do not deviate from the
truth. Then, similarly, as to the point that the pope is always and uniformly to be regarded as the head of the
Roman church, and that the church is the bride of Christ built upon Christ "against which the gates of hell
cannot prevail," we must argue thus: No pope is the most exalted person of the catholic church but Christ
himself; therefore no pope is the head of the catholic church besides Christ. The conclusion is valid reasoning
from description to the thing described. Inasmuch as the head of the church is the capital or chief person of the
church, yea, inasmuch as the head is a name of dignity and of office—dignity in view of predestination, and
office in view of the administration of the whole church—it follows that no one may reasonably assert of
himself or of another without revelation that he is the head of a particular holy church, although if he live well
he ought to hope that he is a member of the holy catholic church, the bride of Christ. Therefore, we should not
contend in regard to the reality of the incumbency whether any one, whoever he may be, living with us is the
head of a particular holy church but, on the ground of his works, we ought assume that, if he is a superior,
ruling over a particular holy church, then he is the superior in that particular church, and this ought to be
assumed of the Roman pontiff, unless his works gainsay it, for the Saviour said: "Beware of false prophets
which come unto you in sheep's clothing but inwardly they are ravening wolves. By their fruits ye shall know
them," Matt. 7:15. Also John 10:38: "Believe the works."

Likewise, it is not necessary to believe that every Roman pontiff whatsoever is the head of any particular
holy church unless God has predestinated him. This is clear because otherwise the Christian faith would be
perverted and a Christian would have to believe a lie. For the church was deceived in the case of Agnes, and
for the sake of His own, and without doubt for the better, God permits that he who is chosen pope should not
forthwith and without reverent hesitancy be regarded as holy or such as he assumes himself to be. Hence I
could wish that the doctors would openly teach the people whether for the whole clergy that lived at that time
and held Agnes to be a true pope, Agnes was really the head of the church; or, if the church was at that time
without a head—acephalous11—with only a nominal pope in the church militant for two years and five
months, the faithful for that reason ought not to think that it is not of the substance of the catholic faith to
believe expressly [beyond a doubt] that Liberius, Joanna, Boniface, Clement, or Urban were predestinate or
members of holy mother church—in view of the judgment given above.

In the same way, it is not of necessity to salvation for all Christians, living together, that they should
believe expressly that any one is head of any church whatsoever unless his evangelical life and works plainly
moved them to believe this. For it would be all too much presumption to affirm that we are heads of any
particular church which perhaps might be a part of holy mother church. How, therefore, may any one of us
without revelation presume to assert of himself or of another that he is the head, since it is said truly,
Ecclesiasticus 9, that "no one knows, so far as predestination goes, whether one is worthy of love or hatred."

Likewise, if we examine in the light of the feeling and influence with which we influence inferiors and, on
the other hand, examine by the mirror of Scripture, according to which we should regulate our whole life, then
we would choose rather to be called servants and ministers of the church than its heads. For it is certain that if
we do not fulfil the office of a head, we are not heads, as Augustine, de decem chordis [Migne's ed., 38: 75–
91], says: that a perverse husband is not the head of his wife, much less is a prelate of the church, who alone
from God could have a dignity of this kind, the head of a particular church in case he fall away from Christ.12

Therefore, after Augustine has shown that a truly Christian wife ought to mourn over the fornication of her
husband, not for carnal reasons, but out of love and for the chastity due to the man Christ—he says
consequentially that Christ speaks in the hearts of good women, where the husband does not hear, and he goes
on to say: "Mourn over the injuries done by thy husband, but do not imitate them that he may rather imitate
you in that which is good. For in that wherein he does wrong, do not regard him as thy head but me, thy
Lord." And he proves that this ought to be the case and says: "If he is the head in that wherein he does wrong
and the body follow its head, they both go over the precipice. But that the Christian may not follow this bad
head, let him keep himself to the head of the church, Christ, to whom he owes his chastity, to whom he yields
his honor, no longer a single man but now a man wedded to his mother, the church." Blessed, therefore, be the
head of the church, Christ, who cannot be separated from his bride which is his mystical body, as the popes
have often been separated from the church by heresy.

But some of the aforesaid doctors say that the pope is the bodily head of the church militant and this head
ought always to be here with the church, but in this sense Christ is not the bodily head. Here is meant that the
same difficulty remains, namely, that they prove the first part of the statement. For it remains for them to
prove that the pope is the head of holy church, a thing they have not proved. And, before that, it remains for
them to prove that Christ is not the bodily head of the church militant, inasmuch as Christ is a bodily person,
because the man who is the head of the church militant, who is Christ, is present through all time with his
church unto the consummation of the age, in virtue of his divine personality. Similarly, he is present by grace,
giving his body to the church to be eaten in a sacramental and spiritual way. Wherefore, is not that
bridegroom, who is the head of the church, much more present with us than the pope, who is removed from us
two thousand miles and incapable of influencing of himself our feeling or movements? Let it suffice,
therefore, to say, that the pope may be the vicar of Christ and may be so to his profit, if he is a faithful
minister predestinated unto the glory of the head, Jesus Christ.13

1↑ Constantine II, 767–768—not 707—was elected through the influence of his brother Toto, duke of Nepi. He was rushed through the
various grades of ordination and then forced out of the papal chair by a military insurrection, thrown into prison, and blinded. Huss
often cites his case. Mon.,1: 342, etc.
2↑ Huss seems to refer to Gregory VI, 1045-1046 (see also Reply to Stanislaus, Mon., 1: 342), although a part of his statement cannot
be verified. Gregory bought the papacy from the flagitious Benedict IX for one thousand or, according to another account, two
thousand pounds silver. There were then three popes, Benedict IX, Sylvester III, and Gregory, all three elected by the Roman people.
At the synod of Sutri, 1046, two of these popes were deposed and Gregory abdicated and, at the instance of the Emperor Henry III, the
bishop of Bamberg was elected and took the name Clement II. Gregory was taken to Germany as a prisoner and died about 1048.
3↑ This story of the female Pope Agnes (John VIII, about 855), to which Huss refers again and again in his writings (Doc., 59, 61;
Mon., 1: 323, 324, 326, 336, 339, 343, 345, 347) as a proof that the papacy is not necessary to the being of the church, was fully
believed in his time. Gerson used it to prove that the church may err in matters of fact, and a bust of Agnes was included among the
busts of the other popes in the cathedral of Siena in the beginning of the fifteenth century. Dietrich of Nieheim names the very school
in which she taught. So far as the story can be traced, it was first told by Martin von Troppau—Martinus Polonus—d. 1278, in his
Chronicles. It is now discredited, and the invention regarded as a satire upon the rule of meretricious women over worthless and
wicked popes in the ninth and tenth centuries. See Mirbt, p. 97; Döllinger: Fables ef the Middle Ages.
4↑ Castrensis or Cestrensis, a derivative of Chester—castra, the name by which Ranulph Higden was often quoted, the author of the
Polychronicon or Universal History, in seven books, ed. by Babington and Lumby in Rolls Series, 1865 sqq.,9 vols. The ed. gives the
Latin text and also two Engl. translations, one by Trevisa and the other by an unknown writer of the fifteenth century. Nothing is
known of the author except that he was a Benedictine monk of St. Werburgh, Chester. He wrote probably after the middle of the
fourteenth century. The historical part begins with Abraham and continues to the reign of Edward III, 1312–1377. The work was
widely circulated and the author gives a list of the writers upon whom he has drawn. The quotation in regard to Joan, vol. VI, 330,
Cestrensis draws from Martinus Polonus.
5↑ Voluit, that is, Constantius wished. The original has noluit "he would not," referring to Liberius's refusal to consent to heresy.
Cestrensis interjects the statement, which Huss omits, that "Constantius recalled Liberius from exile as one who treated the Arians
more mildly." The implication is that during his exile in Thrace Liberius yielded to heretical views, or perhaps on his way back to
Rome, where he remained very popular and whither he was recalled by the emperor. The statement of the text represents the view
which prevailed during the Middle Ages. Felix's martyrdom was ascribed to his being cast into a hole where he died after languishing
for seven months. The history of Liberius and Felix is a matter of historical uncertainty. Döllinger, Fables of the Middle Ages, Engl.
translation, 183–209, pronounced the mediæval view an invention of the sixth or seventh century, and rejected the charge of heresy
made against Liberius as well as the story of Felix's martyrdom. Liberius was pope 352–366 with an interim of three years. Felix died
a natural death, 365. It is difficult to exempt Liberius altogether from the taint of heresy in spite of Sozomen's spirited denial of it.
Athanasius implies that he was a heretic and Jerome distinctly called him one. In a document, whose genuineness is questioned, Hilary
anathematized the unfortunate pontiff. Felix's name was included in the Breviary from which it has been expunged and his bust was
given a place in the Siena cathedral among other popes.
6↑ Rolls Series, 5: 140, Castrensis prefaces the words quoted by Huss with the statement that ―in the early church there were only three
patriarchs, corresponding to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, namely Antioch, Alexandria, and Rome. Peter constructed these three seats by
his occupancy—sua sessione. Over two of them he himself was president and his disciple, Mark, occupied the third, Alexandria." Of
course the Nicene council, 325, did no such thing but in its sixth canon makes the three bishops of Alexandria, Rome, and Antioch,
each supreme in his own diocese. See Schaff, Ch. Hist., III, 275.
7↑ Constantine's donation was the reputed gift to Pope Sylvester of dominion over the city of Rome, Italy, and all the provinces, cities,
and territories of the West. The gift, it was alleged, was made out of gratitude to Sylvester for having healed the emperor of leprosy
and baptized him. In view of Sylvester's healing power, Constantine was assured of the divine power given to Peter and his successors.
In addition, the emperor also acknowledged the Roman bishop as universal pope and his supremacy over Antioch, Alexandria,
Jerusalem and Constantinople, called him the vicar of the Son of God, and as Huss notes, Mon., 1: 337, gave him the Lateran palace.
This colossal fraud of the middle of the eighth century was a part of the Pseudo-Isidorian decretals, and was more influential than
anything else in building up the arrogant claims of the papacy. Dante denied the right of Constantine to grant secular power to the
pope, but did not call in question the authenticity of Constantine's gift. He expressed himself in the lines:
Ah, Constantine, of how much ill was cause
Not thy conversion, but those rich domains
Which the first wealthy pope received of thee.
The fraud was not shown up till the middle of the fifteenth century by Laurentius Valla, and a profound impression was made upon
Luther in 1520 when he was informed of the fraudulent character of the document by von Hutten. Of course, Constantine was baptized
by Eusebius of Nicomedia, and not till the very last year of his life and never had the leprosy. Huss fully believed the story and often
refers to the donation as the beginning of papal wealth, pomp, and corruption. The text in Mirbt, pp. 81–87. Also Boehmer's art. in
Herzog, XI, 1–7.
8↑ The first of these decretals is by Gelasius, 495, and states that the "holy Roman catholic and apostolic church is placed at the head
of the other churches not by virtue of the action of synods but by the appointment of Christ." The second is by Lucius, the third by
Jerome writing to Pope Damasus.
9↑ Clement V, 1314, the first of the Avignon popes. He declares that the "Roman church transferred the empire from the Greeks to the
Germans."
10↑ Legam. The original has lego.
11↑ Huss uses the same Greek word a number of times as in his Replies to Palecz and Stanislaus, Mon., 1: 320, 347.
12↑ Not an exact quotation. The inference is drawn by Huss. The Sermon on the Ten Strings, Psalms 144:9, has much to say on the
relation of husband and wife on the basis of "Thou shalt not commit adultery."
13↑ The same thought is expressed in Reply to Palecz, Mon., 1: 321: "God gave Christ to be the head over the militant church, that he
might preside over it most excellently without any hindrance of local distance . . . and pour into it, as the head pours into the body,
movement, feeling and a gracious life whether there be no pope or a woman be pope."
 CHAPTER XIV

WHEN THE CARDINALS ARE THE TRUE SUCCESSORS OF THE APOSTLES

The second point is this: the college of cardinals is the body of the holy Roman church. This being so, then
the college of the cardinals is the holy Roman church. The conclusion follows from Eph. 1:22: "He gave him
to be head over the whole church, which is his body." And as the church, which is Christ's mystical body,
cannot be damned, as when Christ said, "on this rock I will build my church and the gates of hell shall not
prevail against it"—it follows, that the college of cardinals cannot be damned; and since this conclusion is
false or, at least, for the doctors doubtful, it follows that in this particular point they have laid down as truth
what is doctrinally false or doubtful. What is the fruit of teaching the worshippers of Christ in this way?

Likewise, the college of cardinals is either the true body of the holy Roman church or the pretended body.
Not the second, according to the doctors. Therefore they must be the true body, and consequently that college
is predestinated unto glory, and, as the doctors have not the revelation of predestination with reference to that
college, it follows, that they ought not to have affirmed that the college is the body of the Roman church.

Again, the body of the holy Roman church is made up of all the predestinate, and the college by itself does
not include all these. The first part of this statement appears from the words of the apostle, who spoke as the
representative of the predestinate: "We being many are one body in Christ," Romans 12:5. And, showing the
unity of the body, he does not make the college of the apostles the body of the church, I Cor. 12:28, but he
says: "God hath set some in the church, first apostles, second prophets, thirdly teachers, then miracles, then
gifts of healings," etc. And making a comparison of the body of the church with a man's natural body, he says,
"For as there is one body and it has many members but all the members of the body being many are one body:
so also is Christ," namely, he is one, because he is one person with his holy church, which is his body.

The second part of this statement, that all the predestinate are not that college, is evident of itself.
Therefore, better would the doctors have said that Christ is the head of the holy Roman church, and each of
the predestinate a member and that all together are the body, which is the church, than to have said that the
pope is the head of the Roman church and the college of cardinals the body, for in this case they would have
agreed with the apostles and with the saints quoted in Chapter I, especially with St. Augustine, de doct. christ.
III [Nic. Fathers, 2:569], who says: "For, in truth, that is not the Lord's body which will not remain with him
through eternity."1 If, therefore, the college of cardinals will not remain through eternity, a thing which is
hidden from me, how is it the body of the holy Roman church or of Christ? In a similar way, how is the pope
with the aforesaid college the holy Roman church against which the gates of hell cannot prevail?

Therefore, we will speak more safely with St. Augustine who, Commentary on Psalms, 80:1 [Nic. Fathers,
7:386], says: "Finally by this testimony, the confession is made both of Christ and the vine that is the head and
the body, king and people, shepherd and flock, and the whole mystery of all Christians, Christ and the
church." See, how the doctor of holy church shows us another holy church with its head than the one defined
of the [eight] doctors who, without support of Scripture, say that the body of the holy Roman church is the
college of cardinals, for which college it were well if its parts were members of the holy church of Jesus
Christ. And we ought to think how St. Augustine himself feared to call Christ Lord-man, for the reason that
this sense does not appear in Scripture; therefore much more ought we to fear to call any Christian head of the
holy church militant, lest Christ perhaps be blasphemed, to whom this name is reserved by the Nicene council,
Trinitatis concilio, as proper to him. How, then, do the doctors, without any Scripture proof, teach that the
pope is head of holy church and the college its body? Since it is enough for the faithful Christian with
inwrought faith and perseverance to believe the article of faith concerning the catholic church that it is the one
totality of all the predestinate faithful who are to be saved by virtue of the merit of Christ—who is the head of
the catholic church—it is not permissible for us expressly to descend to any particular vicar whom the
Christian might recognize as the chief—capitalis. For many have been saved in Judea, Asia and Ethiopia who
have believed in Christ, following the teaching of the apostles, and who did not expressly recognize Peter,
nay, or expressly believe what concerns Peter, just as they did not hear anything about him.

The third point is this: the pope is the manifest and true successor of the prince of the apostles, and about
this I have treated in Chapter VII near the close. It is, however, to be said again that the doctors do not prove
this point. And, as the vicar ought to occupy the place of his superior from whom he has received vicarial
power, therefore, occupying his place, he ought more directly to be conformed to him in his works or
otherwise the power would be frustrated in him. From this, then, the argument is constructed: a man is the
vicar of the person whose place he fills and from whom, in a legitimate way, he receives procuratorial power
[delegated as with the Roman procurators]. But no one truly occupies the place of Christ, or Peter, unless he
follows him in his life, for no other kind of following is more fitting; nor does any one otherwise receive
procuratorial power. The requirements, therefore, of the vicarial office are conformity of life and authority
from him who appoints. If, therefore, the pope is a most humble man, depending little upon mundane honors
and the gain of this world, if he is a shepherd deriving his name from the pasturage of God's Word, of which
pasturage the Lord said to Peter, "Pasture my sheep," John 21:17, if he pasture the sheep by the Word and the
example of his virtues being made ensample of the flock with his whole heart, as Peter says, I Peter 5:3, if he
is meek, patient, chaste, laboring anxiously and solicitously in the service of the church, esteeming all
temporal things as dung—then, without doubt, is he the true vicar of Jesus Christ, manifest to God and men,
so far as the judgment of the outward senses can determine. But, if he lives at discord with these virtues—for
there is "no communion2 between Christ and Belial," II Cor. 6:15, and, as Christ himself said, "He that is not
with me is against," Matt. 12:30—how can he be the true and manifest vicar of Christ or of Peter and not
rather the vicar of antichrist, seeing he resists Christ in morals and in life?

Therefore, when Peter was opposed to Christ in will and words and after Christ had promised him the keys,
Christ called Peter Satan, that is, "adversary," and said: "Get thee behind me, Satan, thou art an offence to me,
because thou savorest not the things that be of God but the things that be of men." If, therefore, Peter, chosen
to be Christ's first vicar by Christ and deputed to serve the church in spiritual matters, was called by Christ
Satan, Peter out of affectionate love having tried to dissuade him from submitting to the sentence of death,
why should not another one, more opposed to Christ in his life, not be called Satan and consequently antichrist
or antichrist's vicar or antichrist's chief minister? Hence, St. Bernard, Com. on Caniticles, says: "Evil has gone
out from thy elder judges, who seem to be ruling the poeple. Alas! alas! O Lord God, for they were the first to
persecute thee who seemed to hold primacy in thy church and to rule the spiritual princedom. Likewise all
friends are all foes, all clients are all adversaries, all servants are no peaceful men, all who seek the things
which are their own, they are ministers of Christ and yet the servants of antichrist." See how plainly that holy
man brings out that bad prelates are in pretence friends, servants, and ministers of Christ. But in fact they are
the foes of Christ and the servants of antichrist.

Likewise, Augustine, Com. on John, also Decretum, 8: 1 [Nic. Fathers, 7: 446; Friedberg, 1: 596], pointing
out who are not true shepherds, but mercenaries, says: "There are some superiors in the church about whom
the apostle Paul says: 'they seek their own things and not the things of Christ.' What is it, therefore, 'to seek
one's own things'? Not to love Christ freely, not to seek God for His own sake, 3 to follow after temporal
comforts, to heap up riches, to hanker after honors from men. When these are loved by the superior, and when
God is served for such things, whoever he may be that serves, he is a mercenary and he does not count himself
among the children." For about such the Lord also says: 'Verily, verily, I say unto you, they received their
reward.' Hence the same Augustine says: "That just as Peter, the apostle, was the type of all good men and
especially good bishops, so Judas represented all bad men, especially bad priests." Therefore, commenting on
John 12:8 [Nic. Fathers, 7: 283], "The poor ye have always with you, but me ye have not always," he says:
"What does he wish for himself? How is this to be understood,—'me ye have not always'? Do not fear. The
words were spoken to Judas. Why, therefore, did Christ not say, 'thou hast,' but 'ye have'? Because there is not
one Judas or one wicked person, but Judas represents the body of the wicked, just as Peter represents the body
of the good." Further on he says: "In Peter's person the good in the church are represented; in Judas's person
the evil in the church are represented. To them it was said: 'But me ye have not always.' What is this 'not
always,' and what is this 'always'? If thou art good, if thou belongest to the body which Peter represents, then
thou hast Christ both now and in the future—now, by faith; now, figuratively; now, by the sacrament of
baptism; now, by the food and drink of the altar. Thou hast Christ now, and thou hast him always, because
when thou goest hence thou wilt go to him who said to the thief: 'To-day thou shalt be with me in paradise.'
But if thou livest wickedly, thou seemest now to have Christ because thou enterest into the church, signest
thyself with the sign of Christ, art baptized with the baptism of Christ, dost mingle with the members of
Christ—now thou hast Christ, but on account of wicked living thou wilt not always have him." Thus much
Augustine, who shows that Peter's true vicars are the righteous and Judas Iscariot's vicars are the wicked, and
especially wicked priests, hypocrites and blasphemers. And he shows the same when he comments upon
Psalm 109: "Deus laudem meam ne tacueris." And Ambrose, 22: 20 [Friedberg, 1: 888], says: "Beware, my
brethren, against lies.4 . . . For it is a lie to say one is a Christian and not to do the works of Christ. It is a lie to
profess oneself to be a bishop, a priest, or a cleric, and to act at variance with this order." Again, 2:1
(Friedberg, 1: 438]. All prelates are not to be esteemed as prelates. Not the name makes the bishop, but the
life. And, Dist. IV sub rubrica, under "He is not truly a priest who is called a priest," Chrysostom also says
[Dist. 40: 12; Friedberg, 1: 147]: "There are many priests and few priests."

From these and other sayings it is evident that no pope is the manifest and true successor of Peter, the
prince of the apostles, if in morals he lives at variance with the principles of Peter; and, if he is avaricious,
then is he the vicar of Judas, who loved the reward of iniquity and sold Jesus Christ. And by the same kind of
proof the cardinals are not the manifest and true successors of the college of Christ's other apostles unless the
cardinals live after the manner of the apostles and keep the commands and counsels of our Lord Jesus Christ.
For, if they climb up by another way than by the door of our Lord Jesus Christ, then are they thieves and
robbers, just as the Saviour himself declared when of all such he said: "All that came before me are thieves
and robbers," John 10:8. Whosoever, therefore, say that they are Christ's true and manifest vicars, knowing
that they are living in sin, lie. Therefore the apostle says: How "do they of the synagogue of Satan say that
they are Jews, and they are not, but lie"? [Rev. 2:9.]

Hence, if the cardinals heap up to themselves ecclesiastical livings and barter with them and take money
for their sale either themselves or through others, and so devour and consume in luxurious living the goods of
the poor, and if they do not do miracles or preach the Word of God to the people or pray sincerely or fill the
place of deacons—whom the apostles appointed, Acts 6—by not performing their duties or living their lives—
in how far, I ask, are they the vicars of the apostles? In this that they heap up livings or, like Gehazi, seize
upon gifts, or because very early in the morning they come into the pope's presence clad in the most splendid
apparel, and attended with the most sumptuous retinue of horsemen—thus attended, not on account of the
distance of place or difficulty of the journey but to show their magnificence to the world and their contrariety
to Christ and his apostles, who went about among the towns, cities, and castles clad in humble garb, on foot,
preaching—evangelizando—the kingdom of God.5

Nor in this are they the true and manifest vicars of Christ that they permit themselves to be adored of men
on bended knee or that they surround the pope with visitors from abroad, that while he sits on high, splendidly
apparelled even down to his feet, yea and far beyond his chair, they with bended knee humbly seek the kisses
of his blessed feet, as if the sanctity of this father, the pope, would descend even to the place where his foot is
planted? But do they, themselves weak, receive from those feet health? For Christ suffered his feet to be
kissed by a woman, but did not protrude them, as appears in Luke 7, because sincere contrition and the care
and washing of Christ's feet, that is, of the poor, deletes the sins of pilgrims. But that kiss profits no part [of
the body] unto salvation. For, he who kisses, moved by guilty greed or fear or flattery, or deceived by blind
devotion, will be altogether chargeable with guilt, he bending his knees and approaching the pope's feet 6 more
solicitously and reverentially than he would do before the sacrament of the body of the Saviour. But in
allowing himself to be kissed the pope is altogether guilty, because he cannot make himself equal to Christ so
as to deserve such honor. And if he may equal Christ (though he will not quickly equal the apostles), yet
should he not exceed in honors of this kind what they received, unto the increase of his merit, and by a similar
confession, for the profit of the people doing honor. Therefore, they, like Christ, began to do good by
excelling in good works and not by receiving kisses, given as unto God. For they despised mundane honors
and for that reason forbade men to make genuflections in their presence. For they kept in memory Christ's
words: "When thou art bidden to a marriage feast, sit not down in the chief seat, lest a more honorable man
than thou be bidden of him, and he that bade thee and him shall come to thee and say, Friend, give this man
place; and then thou shalt begin with shame to take the lowest place,‖ Luke 14:8, 9.

But it is certain from the sayings of the saints that Christ is speaking of the spiritual and not the corporal
vocation, place and meal, for by the wedding is intended the marriage of Christ and the church which will be
fulfilled perpetually in the last supper. To this marriage feast many are called, and few are chosen, as Christ
said, Matt. 22:14, but he sits in the lowest place who, with a good heart, esteems himself the least of the elect,
just as did Christ's apostle, who saw into the secret things which it is not lawful for a man to utter and
esteemed himself the least of the apostles. If, therefore, the pope esteems himself to be the most holy father, or
consents to receive from his inferiors the address, "Most Holy Father,‖ does he not in presumption choose the
first place? Therefore, if he had humility, such as St. Gregory had, he would with all haste put a stop to this
style of address or seek to put a stop to it. Not because he holds the place of Peter and because he holds the
great dotation, is he most holy—sanctissimus—but if he follows Christ in humility, in waging warfare, in
patience and toil, and out of the great bond of love, then is he holy. But far be it that he is most holy, because
then he would be God almighty and consequently not the vicar of Jesus Christ. For Christ did not want the
woman to kiss his feet after the resurrection—immortal and undoubtedly blessed—so that he keep from
blasphemous presumption the miserable persons who, for the time, falsely assume that they are Christ's vicars.
But the feet of Christ and those ascending with Christ are blessed and not the food of worms, a putrid member
and a fetid sweat of mundane fluids. By these things we should be persuaded in regard to the fourth point—
namely, that the cardinals are the manifest and true successors of the apostles, that it does not contain the
truth. For by the fruits which it bears, is the tree known.

1↑ Augustine here, in reply to Tychonius, the Donatist, denies that the "body of the Lord" can be properly said to be "twofold." The
full quotation is: "Twofold is not 'a suitable word, for that is really no part of the body of Christ which will not be with him in
eternity.'" Hypocrites may be said to belong to the mixed church, but not to be of "the body of Christ."
2↑ Communicatio. The Vulgate: conventio.
3↑ Propter se ipsum; the original, propter Deum.
4↑ Ambrose continues: "For all who love a lie are children of the devil. For a lie is found not only in false words but also in
hypocritical works."
5↑ In his Postilla, Doc., 729 Huss said: "Jesus went about preaching on foot, and did not drive about in a splendid carriage as
nowadays our priests drive. I, alas, also drive about . . . and I do not know whether it will be a sufficient excuse in the future that I have
not been able to cover the long distances on foot and with sufficient speed."
6↑ The emperor Caligula seems to have been the first Roman emperor to introduce the custom of kissing the foot from the East. The
pope wears a red slipper, but when the custom of kissing his feet entered is not known. In the Address to the German Nobility Luther
denounced the custom whereby 'a poor sinful man suffers his foot to be kissed by one who may be a hundred times better than he.' In
chapter XXI Huss again refers to the custom of adoring the pope.
 CHAPTER XV
THE CHURCH MAY BE RULED WITHOUT POPE AND CARDINALS

The fifth point is this: "for the government of the church throughout the whole world, there ought always
to be cardinals as the manifest and true successors in the office of Peter, the prince of the apostles, and of
Christ's other apostles." Here that word "ought" does not mean opportuneness—opportunitas—on the side of
God who rules the church, and who is able to rule the church scattered throughout the world, without such
successors, nor does it mean fitness on the side of the church which can be properly ruled by holy priests,
even if those twelve cardinals were removed; just as it was ruled for three hundred years and more after
Christ's ascension, unless perhaps it be said that that word "ought" means necessity, a thing which the Saviour
indicated when he said: "It must needs be that offences come, but woe to that man by whom the offence
cometh," Matt. 18:7. For these words the Saviour spoke after his rebuke of his disciples who asked who was
the greatest among them, when he commanded them, saying: "Verily I say unto you, except ye turn and
become as little children, ye shall in no wise enter into the kingdom of heaven," Matt. 18:3. And, that they
might not offend by pride those who believed in Christ, he added: "Whoso shall cause one of these little ones
that believe on me to stumble, it is profitable for him that a great millstone should be hanged about his neck,
and that he should be sunk in the depth of the sea," Matt. 18:6.

Commenting on these words, St. Gregory, Pastoral Rule 1: 2 [Nic. Fathers, 2d Ser., 12:2], says: "Pastors,
perverse in their lives, impugn in their morals what they preach in words. Therefore, it happens when a pastor
walks along steep places, the flock follows him to the precipice"; because, when laymen have learned the
sayings of prelates, they are perverted by their works. "Hence, it is written by the prophet: 'Wicked priests are
the cause of the people's downfall,' and of these the Lord said through the prophet: 'They are made to be a
stumbling-block of iniquity to the house of Israel' [Hosea 5:8]. For indeed no one does more injury in the
church than he who acts perversely and yet has the name and order of sanctity. For no one dares to oppose and
refute such a delinquent, and his guilt is greatly extended, becoming an example, when the sinner is honored
on account of the reverence paid to his order. For the unworthy would flee the dangers of such a burden of
guilt if they would carefully consider the meaning of the truth, namely, 'Whoso shall cause one of these little
ones who believe on me to stumble, it is profitable for him that a great millstone should be hung about his
neck, and he should be sunk in the depth of the sea,' Matt. 18:6. By 'a great millstone' is meant the treadmill
and sorrow of the secular life; and by the 'depth of the sea' is meant utmost damnation. He, therefore, who, led
along by the appearance of sanctity, destroys others either by word or example, would truly be far better off if
his worldly acts under an external cloak bound such an one to death, rather than that the ministries of his
sacred office performed in guilt should show to others that he was changeable, because, doubtless, if he was
the only one to fall, a more tolerable pain of hell would torment him."

That Holy Pope knew the conditions and dangers incident to a prelate's life and especially incident to the
position of the Roman pontiff, inasmuch as his sin of commission and omission would be a scandal to the
whole Christian people. For it is said goodness in a pope is like salt for all, and badness in him inures to the
damnation of persons without number, Dist. 40, Si Papa [Friedberg, 1: 146]. If, therefore, the pope and the
cardinals by pompous equipages, resplendence of dress, exquisite and wonderful furnishings, by excessive
anxiety to heap up benefices or money, and by the manifest ambition for honor in greater measure than secular
laymen—if they offend those who believe in Christ—how is it that they always and necessarily continue to be
essential "for the government of the universal church as manifest and true successors in the office of Peter and
Christ's other apostles"? Never was the office of the apostles other than one of following Christ in good living
and in teaching the church, baptizing men, healing the sick, casting out devils, offering up the sacrifice of
Christ‘s body and everywhere exercising the power connected with their office for the perfecting of the
church. If, therefore, the pope and his cardinals exercise that office, then the pope holds the office of Peter.
But, if he with the cardinals falls away from it, who doubts that he falls away from the true vicariate of Christ
and his apostles?

By the same method of proof the sixth point is set forth which is: "there are not to be found or given [by
God] on earth other such successors than the pope, the present head, and the college of cardinals, the present
body of the Roman church." On this point I note in the first place that Christ is a most sufficient head as he
proved during three hundred years or more, when his church prospered and his law was most efficient for the
closing of ecclesiastical cases, the end for which God gave his law. For Christ and his law did not fail for the
governing of the church, seeing devoted priests ministered this law unto the people, who followed the
judgment of holy doctors, which judgment they issued by the indwelling of the Holy Spirit as is clear from the
cases of St. Augustine, St. Jerome, St. Gregory and St. Ambrose, who were given after the apostles' death to
the church to teach her. Hence, it is not to be doubted that St. Augustine was more profitable to the church
than many popes, and in matters of doctrine much more profitable than all the cardinals, from the first
cardinals down to those now in office. For, in the government of the church, he knew the Scriptures of Christ
better than they and also defined the nature of the catholic faith better by clearing the church of heretical
errors and correcting them. Why, therefore, were those four doctors not true vicars of the apostles and their
manifest successors, nay, even more true and reliable, so far as the people go, than any modern pope with his
cardinals who shine before the people neither by virtue of a holy life nor by doctrine? Therefore, do I boldly
assert that, if in any point these four doctors agree, the pope and his cardinals may not lawfully declare the
opposite as the faith of the people. And the same is true of other saints, such as John Chrysostom, John of
Damascus and Dionysius the Areopagite, who, taught by the Holy Spirit, illuminated the church of Christ by
their knowledge and piety.

Against this point it is argued chiefly in this way: God is omnipotent, therefore, God may give other true
successors of the apostles than are the pope and the cardinals. Therefore, other true successors of the apostles
can be found or given who are not the pope or the cardinals. Hence that [sixth] point is false and the first
consequence is proved. For, if God is not able to give other true successors, than are the pope and the
cardinals, it follows that the power of Cæsar, a man and not God, in setting up the pope and cardinals limited
God's power, a thing which is false. Hence the consequence is proven, for Constantine, the Cesar, three
hundred years after Christ, instituted the pope; because the Roman pontiff was an associate of other pontiffs
until the donation of Cæsar by whose authority the pope began to rule as head. Hence the Decretum, Dist. 96:
14 [Friedberg, 1: 342 sq.],1 which out of reverence we cannot deny, thus speaks: "The emperor Constantine on
the fourth day after his baptism conferred on the pontiff the grant—privilegium—of the Roman church that
the pontiffs might have headship in all the earth, as judges over the king." In this grant, this among other
things is read: "We have bestowed upon him power and ability and imperial honor, seeing that he is thus to
hold the government over the four sees, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem and Constantinople, and is the highest
ruler over all priests in the whole world," etc. See how the institution and preeminence of the pope emanated
from Cæsar's power, which, however, cannot limit God's power. For this reason later pontiffs, fearing that
they might lose their pre-eminence, sought confirmation from other Cæsars, as the Decretum, Dist. 63
(Friedberg, 1: 244], says: "I, Lewis, Roman emperor, Augustus, do decree and bestow by this our act of
confirmation upon thee, blessed Peter, prince of the apostles, and through thee upon thy vicar, Lord Pascal,
supreme pontiff, and upon thy successors forever, even as by our [your] predecessors ye have up to this time
held in our [your] power and gift alone and controlled the Roman state."2

But there need be no anxiety over this grant of words when Cæsar says: "I, Lewis, concede unto thee,
blessed Peter." Never did Peter, who at that time was already in possession of the kingdom of heaven, stand in
need of civil possession over Rome, and never was Lewis greater than Peter and more truly in possession than
Peter. Would that Peter, if it had been God's will, had said: I do not accept thy grant because, when I was
Roman bishop, I had already forsaken all and did not crave from Nero dominion over Rome; nor do I stand in
need of it. And I see that it greatly hurts my descendants, for it hinders them in the preaching of the Gospel
and in salutary prayer and in the performance of God's counsels and commandments and makes many of them
proud and arrogant. Since, therefore, the good—optimus—God is able to take away the grant—privilegium—
made by those emperors and to bring His church back to a state where pontiffs are on a parity, even as it was
before the donation—it follows, that God is able to give to His church other true successors than the pope and
the cardinals that they may minister even as did the holy apostles.

But against this the objection is brought: "The pope has this very appointment from the Lord," as the
Decretum states, Dist. 22 [Friedberg, 1: 73], where Pope Anacletus says: "The holy Roman church obtained
the primacy not from the apostles but from the Lord himself.‖ From thisit follows, that the pope was not
appointed to his high office by the emperor or man but immediately by God. And this is clear 22 2, 3 from the
submission rendered by kings and also from the testimony of doctors where they treat of the pope's authority.

As for the first statement, it is to be laid down that that pope, Anacletus, understood by the holy Roman
church not the basilica of stone or wood, but St. Peter and St. Paul, and the other saints who dwelt in that
place. For this reason, in this same decretal, he says, that Peter and Paul were associates in the city of Rome,
wherefore it is said figuratively that he obtained the primacy.

In regard to the second statement it is to be taid down that he is speaking about the primacy over men from
God's standpoint, by virtue of the primacy of virtues and in view of the edification of the church and not about
a primacy of temporal riches or human glory—a primacy which the apostles of Christ spurned. It is thus clear
how weak the argumentation is: namely, the Roman church obtained the primacy not from the apostles, but
from the Lord himself. For this reason every Roman pontiff ought to have pre-eminence in the matter of
mundane glory and have secular rule, when, in fact, it ought rather to follow from the Decretum that the
Roman pontiff is charged with serving the people not by ruling for his own ends, or suspending the people,
but by praying efficiently for the people, as according to the Decretum |Friedberg, 1: 74] Paul did, Romans
1:8. He says: "A prayer may be poured out for all to the Lord of all the saints, and in these words Paul, most
blessed, promised the Romans over his own signature, 'God is my witness whom I serve in my spirit, in the
Gospel of his Son, how unceasingly I make mention of you always in my prayers.'" From this decretal it is
seen that Pope Anacletus did not intend to affirm that he himself was to have civil rule over all others or hold
a primacy of government over all other persons of the church militant. Because, in thus seeking his own glory
he would show most clearly the mark of antichrist. John 5:41 sqq. Yea, even Boniface VIII, in his bull Unam
sanctam, did not dare expressly to affirm this, for then he alone would have borne witness that he was the
most holy man and, in this case, the faithful as well as unbelievers might appositely object against him: "Thou
bearest witness of thyself; thy witness is not true‖ [John 5:31].

Therefore, the Roman pontiffs have become involved in this difficulty by reason of the dotation and
exaltation derived from Cæsar, because, when the emperor asks them, whether, in the matter of government,
they excel all mortals living, in power, primacy and dignity, they have to admit it to be so, for otherwise, as
they say, no one is under obligation to believe that they are popes. But Peter and Paul did not make any such
statement about themselves, for they did not have any power given them by Cæsar. For this reason, Paul truly
and humbly made this confession concerning himself: "I am least of all the apostles, who am not worthy to be
called an apostle," I Cor. 15:9. On this account, therefore, the Roman pontiff would not make such a
profession if the imperial dignity were not in the way. Wherefore, the conclusion holds that from God direct
and not from a man—who is not God—or from a mere man, does the pope hold the excellency of his rank.
But he should make himself deserving of that rank by an humble demeanor and without pomp. And if Cæsar's
dignity exalts the pope in the eyes of the world when he is without humility and a holy life, how can this
exaltation fit in with the life and glory of Christ, when antichrist is exalted in the same worldly way?
 As for the second point—the subjection of the kingdoms—it is said that at first it was rendered without the
pope's seeking, but arose out of fear of the emperor's command, according to which all peoples did not owe
subjection to him, that he should have secular rule over them, and therefore that subjection does not argue for
the necessity that a Roman pontiff and his cardinals govern until the end of time.

Thirdly, concerning the testimony of the doctors who treat of the pope's power, it is alleged, that all who
thus magnify the pope's power and say that he can do without guilt whatsoever he wills and that nobody has
the right to ask why he does this or that—all these are mendacious rhetoricians, leading the people of our Lord
Jesus Christ astray. Nor ought such to be believed except as their words are founded in Scripture. For thus the
great doctor, Augustine, often asserted of himself that he ought to be believed only so far as he had grounded
himself in Scripture. It is evident, that God may give other successors of the apostles than the pope and the
cardinals, just as he was able to give others in the place of the pontiffs of the old law, the scribes and the
Pharisees with their traditions. And to these, who did not keep God's law, the Lord said: "I say unto you, the
kingdom of heaven shall be taken away from you and shall be given to a nation bringing forth the fruits
thereof," Matt. 21:43. These words the Saviour spoke to the priests when they alone bore sentence against
themselves in that they said: "He will miserably destroy those wicked men and will let out the vineyard to
other husbandmen who shall render him the fruits in their seasons." How, therefore, is the hand of the Lord
shortened that He is not able to cast out the pope and the cardinals and appoint others in their places who,
though they have no titles, will build up the church as the Lord did with the apostles?

Likewise all bishops of Christ's church, who follow Christ in their lives, they are true vicars of the apostles
and they are not pope or cardinals. Therefore, other true successors of the apostles can be found and given
besides the pope and the cardinals. The consequence is given with the minor premise, and the first part of it is
clear from Decretum, 21, in novo [Friedberg, 1: 69, 70], where Pope Anacletus says that "the rest of the
apostles, by reason of an equal fellowship [with Christ], received with Peter honor and authority." And later
on he says: "When they were deceased, bishops arose in their places." And here the Gloss says, Argumentum,
that "every bishop is equal in apostolic power by virtue of his ordination and the ground of his consecration."
The same is clear from Decretum, 24: 1, Loquitur ad Petrum [Friedberg, 1: 971], where Cyprian, the bishop
and martyr, says that "after his resurrection Christ conferred on all the apostles equal power." This also
appears from what Jerome says, Dist. 95, Olim (Friedberg, 1: 332]: "The same person formerly was both
presbyter and bishop, before rivalries had been started by the insinuation of the devil, and before it was said
amongst the people, 'I am of Paul and I of Apollos.'"

Likewise, all archbishops, patriarchs and bishops, at the council of Pisa who recognized, determined and
condemned Pope Gregory XII, as a heretic,3 these were and now are true successors of the apostles, and these
are other persons than the pope and cardinals. Hence the sixth point is false. The consequence follows together
with the part spoken of above. And the doctors did not dare to deny the first part.

Likewise, it should be evangelical wisdom that all priests are consecrated and guided directly by the one
and only pontiff, our Lord Jesus Christ. For this was so at the time of the apostles, when the church grew, and
this statement accords with Scripture. Therefore, God is able to bring his church back to its pristine state by
taking away the government from the pope and cardinals. And so it stands that others besides these may be
vicars of the apostles.

Likewise the designation of the power and the office, "minister of the church," is indicated lest he wander
away, into forbidden ground, but no other one is indicated save the one whom Christ appointed. For, since
Christ is almighty, omniscient, and all-merciful, it is clear that reason requires that he ordain finally and
unchangeably, and more especially in view of the fact that in the primitive church the harvest was larger, and
God ordained more copiously different kinds of ministers as laborers in the harvest. But then he only ordained
deacons and presbyters and the presbyter and the bishop was the same person, as says Jerome and as appears
from Paul's epistles to Timothy and Titus. From these Jerome draws the conclusion in his letter to the
presbyter Evagrius, Dist. 93, Legimus [Friedberg, 1: 328], when he says: "What does the bishop do, except
ordain, that the presbyter does not do? Nor is the church of the city of Rome one thing, and the church of the
whole world another. And the church of Gaul and of Britain and Africa and Persia and the Orient and India
and all the barbarous nations adore one Christ and observe one rule of truth. If authority is sought, the world is
greater than the city. Wherever there may be a bishop, either at Rome, Constantinople or Alexandria, the
bishop is of the same merit and of the same priesthood. The power of riches and the lowliness of poverty
make4 the bishop either higher or lower. Besides," he says, "all are successors of the apostles." So we see that
the pope and his cardinals are not the only successors of Christ.

The same is made to appear by Bede who, commenting on Luke 10:1 [Com. on Luke, Migne's ed., 92:
461], "The Lord hath appointed seventy-two others," says: "There is no one who doubts that just as the twelve
apostles prefigured the class of bishops, so these seventy-two the class of presbyters and bore the mark of the
second order of the priesthood."5 From the things already said it is shown that others than the pope and
cardinals may be given and found as true successors of the apostles. Inasmuch, therefore, as by Christ's
appointment in the days of the apostles, two orders of the clergy sufficed for his church, that is, the deacon
and the priest, as the saints say, and also the Decretum, 93, Dominus Noster (Friedberg, 1: 329], where it runs:
"The Lord chose apostles, disciples, bishops and presbyters, and the apostles appointed for themselves after
the Lord's ascension deacons to be ministers of their episcopate and of the church," 6—why should it be
wondered at if God almighty, putting the pope and his cardinals to death and giving them also eternal life—in
case they merit it—should allow His church throughout the whole world to wage war with these same orders
now as originally, namely, without the cardinals, and should ordain that the church should be ruled again as
she was ruled by His own indestructible law, by giving bishops and priests who, by evangelizing and prayer
and the exemplification of good lives, would diligently feed Christ's sheep. For this office alone was given to
Peter by Christ, as appears in John 21.

Hence Augustine notes, Ep. 141, ad Paulinum [Migne's ed., xxxiii: 635], how in the apostolic passage,
Eph. 4:11, the office of pastor and the office of teacher are joined. "Pastors," he says, "and teachers whom
thou hast appointed to discern above all the truth, are, I think, the same, and not the pastors one and the
teachers another. And so, as he had spoken previously of pastors, he added teachers that pastors might
understand that teaching—doctrina—belonged to their office. And, therefore, he did not say, 'some pastors
and some teachers'—the form of speech used in the former part of the preceding verse—but 'some pastors and
teachers,' as if one office were embraced under the two words: 'some,' he said, 'pastors and teachers.'"

Hence, if that which is superfluous be taken away, it would appear what pope, cardinal or bishop would
remain a true shepherd out of the treasury of the Lord, and perhaps more would be found useless thieves and
robbers rather than true vicars of the Lord Jesus Christ.

But against what has been said the objection is brought, that, if the pope and cardinals are not the true and
manifest successors of the apostles, then for the same reason others are not, inasmuch as the power of
discrimination cannot be based upon the fact that they may be clad in sheep's clothing, and yet may be
inwardly ravening wolves, as stated, Matt. 7:15. Here it becomes us to consider the two sects of the clergy,
namely, the clergy of Christ and the clergy of antichrist. Christ's clergy rests in its head, Christ, and in his
laws; but antichrist's clergy leans wholly or chiefly on human laws and the laws of antichrist, and yet it is
clothed upon like the clergy of Christ and the church with the design that the people may be led astray by its
simulation. And so it is fitting that these two things which are so contrary to each other obey two contrary
heads with their laws. The outward evidence teaches the class to which the members belong. Indeed, it is
established that the clergy of the church falls away7 into two parts and for this reason laymen cannot help but
waver who are borne along by those who are so different from Christ in opinion and in life.

But these parts may be commonly best discerned from the fact that the clergy of antichrist is zealously
intent upon human traditions and rights which savor of pride and the greed of this world, and that it wishes to
live ostentatiously and in pleasure and in a way contrary to Christ, wholly neglecting the imitation of the Lord
Jesus Christ in its living. But Christ's clergy labors diligently for Christ's laws and his rights, whereby spiritual
good is acquired that it may be shown, and it flees pride and the pleasure of this world, and seeks to live in
conformity with Christ, giving itself up most zealously, following the Lord Jesus Christ. Nor is it right for the
faithful to doubt that this part is the true clergy, and the other part is the false. And although in the absence of
revelation, the pilgrim is not able clearly and with certainty to determine who the holy pastor really is,
nevertheless we ought to decide by his works, which are conformed to Christ's law, that he is such a pastor.

If, however, the pilgrim sees him living at variance with Christ, to what other judgment can he come than
that he is antichrist's vicar, for Christ says: "Ye shall know them by their fruits," Matt. 7:16, and "He that is
not with me is against me," Matt. 12:30. Here the Glossa ordinaria says: "He that is not with me"—that is,
does works dissimilar to mine—" he is against me." If, therefore, a prelate is proud, lives in luxury, follows
after greed, is impatient, does not feed the sheep, but oppresses and scatters them, is he not antichrist? Hence
men may easily recognize the wicked by their outward works which are contrary to Christ; but the good
cannot be so known because hypocrisy may lurk in them.

1↑ Huss's text gives the citation wrongly as Dist. 98. Huss quotes a small part of the spurious decretal of Pope Gelasius. The preceding
decretal con- tains the express assertion of Constantine's donation: "The emperor Constantine bestowed upon the apostolic see the
crown and all royal authority in the city of Rome and in Italy and in the regions of the West."
2↑ Huss's text departs from the original substituting nostris for vestris, and nostra for vestra, the original reading, "even as by your
predecessors ye have held in your own power and gift and disposed of the city of Rome with its duchy and all the suburban regions
and towns, its hilly territory, and its seacoast line and harbors and all cities, strongholds, walled towns and villas in the regions of
Tuscany," etc. This pact between Lewis and Pascal, 817-824, is first found in Anselm of Lucca, d. 1073, and is deemed altogether
spurious or at least largely interpolated.
3↑ Gregory XII, Angelo Correr, fourth and last pope of the Roman line, 1406–1415, and contemporary with Benedict XIII, of the
Avignon line, was together with Benedict deposed as a schismatic and heretic by the council of Pisa, June, 1409. He still claimed to be
pope till 1415, when he resigned his office to the council of Constance. He died 1417. Bohemia was true to the Roman obedience till
King Wenzel acknowledged the council of Pisa and the pope it elected, Alexander V. Gregory and his two predecessors had seemed to
favor Wenzel's rival for the imperial crown—Ruprecht. The archbishop of Prague, Zbynek, continued to acknowledge Gregory until
the fall of 1400, and Huss's alleged indorsement of Wenzel's action and acknowledgment of Alexander was one of the immediate
causes of the archbishop's strained relations with Huss.
4↑ Huss's text omits non and also Rhegium and other cities of whose bishops Jerome makes mention.
5↑ The number, seventy-two, is given by some MSS. and in the Vulgate. Bede goes on to say that in the first period of the church, as
the Scriptures bear witness, the terms bishop and presbyter were used interchangeably. The Venerable Bede, d. 735, the first English
scholar, wrote commentaries, and on many subjects, but is more particularly known by his Eccles. History, a history of England from
the time of Cæsar to 731. Huss as well as Wyclif quote Bede frequently.
6↑ Cyprian's text, which Huss is quoting, runs thus: "The deacons should remember how the Lord chose the apostles, that is, the
bishops and presbyters, but after the Lord's ascension, the apostles appointed them as ministers of their episcopate and the church."
7↑ Claudicat, literally limps or falters; DuCange derives it from claudeo and claudo.
 CHAPTER XVI

THE LAW OF GOD THE STANDARD OF ECCLESIASTICAL JUDGMENTS

Further, the aforementioned doctors lay down that "certain of the Bohemian clergy, leaning too little on the
pope and the college of cardinals, do not want to agree to this, wishing to have holy Scripture for the only
judge in such matters, which Scripture they interpret and wish to have interpreted according to their own
heads, not caring for the interpretation accepted by the community of wise men in the church nor heeding the
holy Scripture recorded in Deut. 17:8–12: 'If thou seest that there is a matter in judgment too uncertain and
hard for thee, between blood and blood, between plea and plea, between leprous and non-leprous, and
perceivest that the words of the judges do not agree within thy gates; then arise and get thee up unto the place
which the Lord thy God shall choose and thou shalt come unto the priests, the Levites, and unto the judge
which shall be in those days, and thou shalt inquire from them and they shall pronounce for thee a sentence of
truth. And thou shalt do according to whatever they may say who preside in that place which Jehovah hath
chosen; and they shall teach thee according to his law and thou shalt observe their sentence, nor shalt thou
turn aside from the sentence to the right hand or to the left. And the man that doth presumptuously, not willing
to obey the priest‘s jurisdiction who at that time standeth to minister before thy God, and to obey the sentence
of the judge, even that man shall die: and thou shalt put away the evil from Israel. And all the people shall
hear and fear and do no more presumptuously.'1 It is certain that for all the faithful the Roman church is the
place which the Lord has chosen, the place where the Lord has placed the primacy of the whole church, and
the high priest who occupies the primacy, and is set over that place, is the pope, the true and manifest
successor of Peter. And the cardinals are the priests of the tribe of Levi who are joined with the lord pope in
the administration of the priestly office, to whom in cases of doubt and difficulty recourse must be had in
matters, catholic and ecclesiastical, the judgment of God being followed.

"Hence Jerome, Ep. ad papam [Letter to Damasus, Friedberg, 1: 970], speaking of the same thing, says:
'This is the faith, most blessed pope,2 which we have learned in the catholic church and which we have always
held, and, if anything less proper or anything indiscreet has been placed in her, we desire that it be corrected
by thee, who holdest Peter's seat and faith. And if this, our confession, approves itself to the judgment of thy
apostleship—whosoever may wish to charge me with guilt—he will prove himself to be inexperienced or
malevolent, or perchance not a catholic but a heretic.'"

This exposition, so far as the principles go, I think flowed chiefly from the head of Stephen Palecz, for by
it he attempts first to arouse the pope and the cardinals against the party opposed to him, when he says:
"Certain of the clergy of Bohemia, leaning too little on the pope and the cardinals, do not wish to agree to
this": namely, that the pope is the head of the Roman church and the cardinals its body, the true and manifest
vicars of Christ. However, in regard to this too little dependence, I say that, so far as their vanity, greed and
illegal commands go, the pope with the cardinals ought to be depended upon little. For so the Saviour put little
dependence upon the savorless salt, which was good for nothing except to be trodden under foot of man,"
Matt. 5:13,3 and he added: "Nor is it fit for the dunghill," Luke 14:35. And Judas Iscariot he depended upon
little, for he called him a devil and the son of perdition, John 6:71; 17:12. Peter he also called Satan, when
Peter opposed him, Matt. 16:22.

Later on that doctor heaps together many lies against us. The first lie is that we wish to have the holy
Scriptures alone for our judge in such matters. And in this statement he affirms that we would not wish to
have for our judge God, the apostles, the holy doctors, or the universal church. But he draws this lie from a
certain disputation in which we were engaged, when it was said that he would offer Scripture for his
statements and for the reason that we would not agree to the positions of our opponents. The doctor, however,
ought to know that neither with him nor with any of his adherents do we agree in matters of faith unless they
ground themselves in Scripture or reason. But revelation I do not expect from them, and if it did perchance
come to them, we would feel that it taught otherwise than the Scripture teaches.

The second lie that he ascribes to us is that we interpret holy Scripture according to our heads, that is—as
he himself and the other doctors allege—that we expound holy Scripture according to our erroneous
understanding or according to our pleasure, and in this he charges upon us the arrogance of wisdom and also
heresy, but mendaciously, because, with God's help, we do not intend to explain Scripture otherwise than the
Holy Spirit requires and than it is explained by the holy doctors to whom the Holy Spirit gave understanding.
And I could wish that that doctor and all his colleagues might show which Scripture it is which we expound
ill. Hence, he is the more to be suspected of lying when he adds, "And they wish to interpret," because if he is
not a knower of hearts how does he dare to say that we wish to expound Scripture otherwise than we ought?
But this statement is vented forth because we do not follow his pleasure and the pleasure of his colleague
Stanislaus, and stand with them who deem themselves, with the doctors agreeing with them, the wise in the
church. And even much more are they to be suspected of lying for they have not dared to charge us with not
giving heed to the interpretation of the holy doctors.

But they add the biggest lie of all when they speak without applying the holy Scripture as written in Deut.
17:8–12. For this these doctors ought to know that we turn to sacred Scripture and affirm that it is the true
Word of God, which also confirms our judgment. For that diligent expounder of Scripture, Nicholas of Lyra,
on Deut. 17, says: "The opinion of no man, whatever his authority may be, is to be held if it plainly contains
falsehood or error, and this appears by the promise made in the text, 'They shall pronounce for thee a sentence
of truth,' and 'they shall teach thee according to His law.' From this it appears that, if they said what was false
or plainly fell away from God‘s law they were not to be heard." Thus much Lyra. And what has been said is
confirmed by that word of the Lord: "Thou shalt not follow the multitude to do evil; neither shalt thou
acquiesce in the judgment of the many to depart from the truth," Ex. 23:2. On this Lyra says that in the
Hebrew it runs: "Thou shalt not fall away after the rabbins—that is, teachers or the great men—to commit
sin." And further on, he says: "As you are not to fall away from the truth on account of the larger number who
sit in judgment, and fall away from the truth, so you are not to fall away on account of those who have greater
authority in giving judgment." Thus much Lyra.4

Certainly I confide in this expounder, so far as this opinion goes, more than in all the aforesaid doctors. For
Lyra aptly draws from Scripture (1) that the opinion of no man, whatever his authority may be—and
consequently the opinion of no pope—is to be held if it plainly contains falsehood or error. It seems to me to
be certain that Palecz and Stanislaus are so afraid of the pope and the cardinals that they would not dare
publicly to avow this holy saying. (2) Lyra declares that God's law is the standard according to which
individual judges and especially ecclesiastical judges ought to pronounce sentence and not otherwise. For this
law shows what ought to be accepted as true. Hence he says that this appears from the words: "They shall
pronounce for thee a sentence of truth." And the words follow: "They shall teach thee according to His law."
O doctors, why do you not hold to this Scripture? You were asked and for God's sake publicly besought in the
convocation of the university to pronounce a sentence of truth according to God's law, whether the bulls for
the raising of the cross obligated the scholars of the university to give of the goods collected by God subsidies
to the pope against Ladislaus and against his allies at the pope's command.5 And you responded that you did
not wish to instruct them [the convocation] nor pronounce judgment upon the pope's bulls, and interpret them.
But in corners you have written differently, and especially have I heard Palecz say about the articles which
were handed to him by the pope's legates that they contained plain errors evident to the eye, which articles,
nevertheless, were taken from the bull and were handed out to the preachers by these legates as the first
deputies under the authority of the pope to be promulgated. Hence, as I have heard, the preacher, Master
Briccius, in their lecture-room said to those masters that he would rather die than announce those articles. But
when Palecz receded and was followed by others, Briccius also receded, for letters from the lord king
frightened them, which letters the legates used for their financial support—subsidium.

(3) Lyra deduces from the aforesaid Scripture of the Lord that if judges say what is false or plainly fall
away from God's law they are not to be heard, because God said, as I have quoted: "Thou shalt not follow the
multitude to do evil; neither shalt thou acquiesce in the judgment of the many to depart from the truth" [Ex.
23:2]. How, therefore, can we be bound contrary to that most holy mandate of God to follow the multitude
which the doctors gathered together and led to the city hall that they might overcome by fright those whom
they were not able to overcome by Scripture or reason? The priests, scribes and Pharisees did not dare to go
into the pretorium and accuse Jesus for fear of being polluted. But these, when the scribes and Pharisees and
elders of the people were assembled, gladly went in and one of them, named Palecz, read, while all listened,
the words of Deut. 17:8–12: "But that man that doeth presumptuously, not willing to obey the judge's decree,
even that man shall die." He did not fear to incur irregularity, and if perchance he had been with the Jews in
accusing Christ, perhaps he would have said: "His blood be upon us and upon our children; for we have a law
and by that law he ought to die." Pilate was not, therefore, excused because he heard the high priests and the
magistrates, scribes and elders of the people, for God said: "Thou shalt not follow the multitude to do evil,"
etc. Here Lyra says the Hebrew is, "Thou shalt not fall away after the rabbins," that is, the teachers or great
men, "to commit sin"—whoever the great men and teachers in the city hall were who condemned and decreed
many things which down to this day they have not shown should be condemned at their pleasure.

And according to the purpose of the doctors, in the Scripture quoted, some might Judaize and say that
under the rule of Caiaphas, the high priest, or Annas, who then presided in the holy place which the Lord had
chosen, and by Pilate's decree the judge, Jesus Christ, was justly condemned, a thing which is against what
Paul says: "They that dwell in Jerusalem and their rulers, because they knew not him or the voices of the
prophets which are read every Sabbath, fulfilled them by condemning him. And though they found no cause
of death in him, yet asked they of Pilate that they might slay him," Acts 13:27, 28. And it is clear that, in
condemning Christ, the high priest was present, the priests of the house of Levi were present, and Pilate, the
judge, was present in the place which the Lord had chosen; and these persons Christ Jesus did not wish to
obey in the evil they were doing, although he obeyed God, his Father, and Pilate, submitting to death meekly.
Did, therefore, the high priest, followed by the priests, the Levites, the magistrates and elders of the people,
Pilate and the soldiers, yea, and by the crowd shouting, "Crucify Him, crucify Him!" did they justly condemn
Christ the Lord? Yea, truly, because not love but hate, not truth but lying, urged them on and ignorance of
God's law led them astray, did they err gravely.

Equally, there may be a leading astray in the case of the pope and cardinals, our doctors themselves being
included, that they should condemn some truth or other. For if the apostles, chosen by Christ, who received
the Holy Spirit, fell into heresy, as St. Augustine and Bede affirm, how is it that the pope and cardinals have
received greater gifts of the Spirit, making it impossible for them to stray off in the same degree or even in a
larger degree? And it is not a matter of doubt that obedience should be rendered to pope and cardinals so long
as they teach the truth according to God's law, as the authority says: "They shall pronounce for thee a sentence
of truth, and thou shalt do whatsoever they say and whatsoever they teach thee according to His law." But if
the rabbins, that is, the teachers or great men, as Lyra says, or popes or cardinals charge or admonish anything
besides the truth, even though the whole Roman curia is on their side, the faithful is not to obey when he
knows the truth, for God says: "Thou shalt not follow after the multitude to do evil." 6 Daniel, Nicodemus and
the thief on the cross put this principle into practise, who would not fall in with the crowds in condemning the
truth, as the Scripture states. For Daniel condemned as naught the sentence of the elders of the children of
Israel by liberating Susanna and pronouncing against the senior elders from whom the iniquity started, Daniel
13.7 Nicodemus in the council of the Pharisees and priests, when they had sent the servants to bring Jesus,
wishing to put him to death, and when they said to the servants, "Hath any of the rulers believed on him or of
the Pharisees? But this multitude that knoweth not the law are accursed"— then Nicodemus said to them:
"Doth our law judge a man, except it first hear from himself and know what he doeth?" John 7:47–51. O
blessed Nicodemus, thou didst accord such force to God's law; thou didst bear witness to the law that it should
be the judge of man.

See, how inconvenient the statements of our doctors are when they pronounce the sentence that we wish to
have the law as judge—a judge which judges most justly and does not judge otherwise than does God, the
most just judge. Thou sayest, "Doth our law judge a man, except it first hear from him and know what he
doeth?" as if he would say, No, because it judges justly. To that judge Christ referred the priests, Pharisees,
scribes and Jews, who accused him of sin because he kept not the Sabbath day, and called God his Father,
saying: "Ye search the Scriptures. These are they which bear witness of me," John 5:39. Did not, therefore,
Christ wish the Scriptures to judge the Jews which believed not on Christ? Certainly, he wished it. In
proportion, therefore, as the doctors wish that the Scriptures be not the judge, in that proportion they wish
themselves to be believed that whatever they condemn should be condemned and that whatever they approve
should be approved. For this they asked and begged in the city hall; for this they sought the signatures of the
magisters who gainsaid heir opinions. But the counsel of the Pharisees, scribes and priests has come to naught,
because the faithful who gainsaid them were not willing to agree without hearing the proof from the law,
which holds wrapped up in itself all truth that is to be believed. If the pontiffs, Pharisees, priests and elders of
the people had known this law they would not have condemned Christ—but they did condemn and blaspheme.
More learned than they was the thief, who, hanging on the cross, bare witness to Christ, saying: "This man
hath done nothing amiss," Luke 23:41.

And, so far as the chief purpose of the doctors goes, who intend that the pope ought to be the judge of all
cases and that whoso does not obey him ought to die the death of the body, these doctors ought to be
reverenced for their apish and cruel comparison [that is, to those who put Christ to death], especially as our
Lord Jesus Christ, priest of both Testaments, neither wished to pronounce civil judgment nor to condemn the
disobedient to bodily death. For, so far as the first goes, he said: "Man, who made me a judge or divider over
you?" Luke 12:14. And so far as the second, he said to the woman taken in adultery, whom the Pharisees
pronounced worthy of death according to the law: "Neither do I condemn thee; go thy way; from henceforth
sin no more," John 8: 11.

But, perhaps it may be said by the doctors that this is not to the point, that the law says: "He who does
presumptuously, not willing to obey the rule of the priest." See, I will give a case in form—for, Christ said: "If
thy brother sin against thee, go show him his fault between thee and him alone: if he hear thee, thou hast
gained thy brother, but if he hear thee not, take with thee one or two, that at the mouth of two witnesses or
three every word may be established; and if he refuse to hear them, tell it to the church: and if he refuse to
hear the church let him be unto thee as the gentile and the publican," Matt. 18: 15–17. See, to whom the
supreme lord of the law and the supreme pontiff speaks? Certainly to Peter, the future Roman pontiff, next
after himself, that he might kindly correct the erring and convince the disobedient person before witnesses,
and if he remained hardened in disobedience he spoke to the church, that is, he announced to the multitude,
not to put to death the perverse and disobedient with corporal death, but to avoid him as a publican and
gentile. What ground, therefore, is there for the argument from comparison [with those who put Christ to
death]? Under the old law the disobedient person was to be put to death, therefore, also under the law of grace.
Even Christ's disciples have been deceived by this argument from comparison, for after the manner of Elijah
the prophet, they wanted the Samaritans who refused to receive Christ to be consumed by fire from heaven,
saying: "Lord, wilt thou that we bid fire to come down from heaven and consume them?" That most good
priest and best of masters reproved them, for the words follow that he, turning around, rebuked them, saying:
"Ye know not what spirit ye are of, for the Son of Man came not to destroy souls but to save them," Luke
9:54–56.
 This good Gospel the doctors did not turn to and so they have joined to their statements this sanguinary
corollary—sanguinolentum corollarium8—and say: "If any of the clergy be found in Bohemia acting contrary
to these premises or a single one of them, such an one is to be corrected by ecclesiastical censure and, if he
refuses to be corrected, he is to be turned over to the secular tribunal." For a certainty in this they follow the
pontiffs, scribes and Pharisees who, when Christ refused to obey them in all things, said: "It is not lawful for
us to put any man to death," and then delivered him over to the secular tribunal. Are they not murderers?
Truly they are worse murderers than Pilate. The Saviour bore witness and said to Pilate: "He who delivered
me to thee hath the greater sin." These are they to whom Peter spoke when he said: "Ye denied the Holy and
Righteous One and asked for a murderer to be granted unto you and killed the Prince of Life," Acts 3:14.

Then the doctors add: "It is fixed for every one of the faithful that the Roman church is the place which the
Lord hath chosen, where the Lord placed the headship of the whole church. And the high priest who presides
there is the pope, the true and manifest successor of Peter, and the cardinals are the priests of the tribe of
Levi." In this statement, the doctors heap together many things that they do not prove. For when did they
prove that it is fixed for every one of the faithful to accept that legal loaf of theirs?—brodium—[see DuCange,
Glossarium, vol. 1]. For many of their party are without doubt among the faithful and know nothing about
Rome, the pope, and the cardinals, and especially whether the pope is the true successor of Peter, and the
cardinals the priests of the order of Levi. But these doctors call the church perhaps that place of which the
Saviour prophesied when he said: "When ye see the abomination of desolation standing in the holy place (let
him that heareth understand)" Matt. 24:15. Or the doctors call the Roman church a place, the basilica of St.
Peter, or the apostolical dignity, for in these two senses "the place" in their statement may be understood, for
there the Lord located the chief government—principatus—of the whole church because he wanted the
apostles Peter and Paul to undergo their chief sufferings there, men who were appointed to be the spiritual
rulers over the whole church and in whom, after Christ's death, the spiritual government of the church chiefly
inhered. And in this church not the pope but Christ is the chief ruler who presides over that place, that is, the
basilica or apostolic dignity, and he rules the church which is his bride. But, if in the pope is discovered a life
at variance with Christ, lived in pride, greed, restless impatience, ambition, and in the flaunting of power and
giving preponderance to his own law over the law of Christ—then is seen the abomination of the desolation of
Christ's virtues standing in the holy place, where it ought not to stand, as Christ said, Mark 13:14. Wherefore,
if faithful souls should observe anywhere the spiritual state of the church set up, where one head of a family9
was accustomed to preside over his house, who graciously received all his servants whom he had invited, took
care of them by warming them, and defended them by helping them, but if in that same house he should find
that one presides over a condition altogether the opposite, it would not be wondered at if many were
confounded, just as though a traveller wished to be entertained by a true head of a household, a man of large
hospitality, goodness and good nature, and of an altogether virtuous life, and afterward should find a
monstrous wild beast which was wont to tyrannize over the guests by giving them cold comfort and by craft,
cruelty and avarice and betrayal—the traveller, entering the house and seeing such an one sitting in the chair
of the good head of the household, would wonder, be troubled and not a little confounded at his looks. So the
abomination of desolation may be understood in accord with Zech. 11:15: "Take unto thee yet again the
instruments of a foolish shepherd, for I will raise up a shepherd in the land which will not visit those which
are cut off, neither seek those which are scattered nor heal that which is broken nor feed that which is sound;
but he will eat the flesh of the fat sheep and will tear their hoofs in pieces. Woe to the shepherd and idol 10 that
leaveth the flock!" If, therefore, this description of "the idol" and this forsaking of the flock fit the pope, how
could the saying of the doctors be true of any possible pope in the future, that he is the high priest, the true and
manifest successor of Peter, presiding over the church which is the bride of Christ? For it does not follow,—
he is the idol [worthless shepherd] who forsakes the flock; therefore, he is the high priest, the true and
manifest successor of Peter. And it also does not follow,—he is the pseudo-Christ, therefore, he is the true and
manifest Christ; for the true Christ said: "If any one shall say to you, Lo here is Christ or there! believe it not,
for there shall arise pseudo-Christs and pseudo-prophets." Let, therefore, the faithful beware lest, moved by
flattery, they call the pseudo-Christs most holy and the worthless shepherd high priest and true successor of
St. Peter, the apostle. For, in so calling Agnes most holy father and high priest, presiding over the whole
church—Agnes who gave birth to a child—they are deceived.

Then, to turn to the saying of Jerome, "This is the faith, O most blessed pope," Decr. 24: 1 [Friedberg, 1:
970], it is said that presumably he spoke of the apostolic works of Pope Damasus as he wrote to St. Augustine
in letters addressing him "Augustine, our lord and most holy and blessed pope." 11 And so likewise the saints
are reported to have spoken of prelates when they saw them straying away from the steps of Christ, and said
they were to be condemned or were members of the devil. But, woe to them who see the pope doing works
directly at variance with Christ and yet call him most holy father, for it is written, "Woe unto them that call
evil good and good evil," Isaiah 5:20, for by their lying flattery they deceive both themselves and him. For,
again, it is written: "O my people, they that call thee blessed, they deceive thee, and destroy the way of thy
paths. The Lord standeth to judge," Isaiah 3:12. For, if those learned in the law would boldly speak the truth
about the pope and the cardinals and not flatter them out of fear or in hope of promotion to benefices, then the
popes might at times recognize themselves and not allow themselves to be venerated as gods. But, because
both parties sin in hypocritically rejoicing over honors and beatification [allowing themselves to be called and
treated as blessed], and are tickled over such lying adulation, so necessarily both parties shall be hurled down.
For the prophet says, Isaiah 9:16: "They that bless this people and lead them astray and they that are blessed
will be hurled down." And who these are, the prophet shows in the verses immediately preceding: "The Lord
will destroy in one day from Israel head and tail, crooked and refractory. The elder and honorable man, he is
the head and the prophet who teaches lies, he is the tail." Lo, the one prophet expounds the head and the tail.
Let him, therefore, that will, take note that he is called honorable and elder father whom they call head. And
with probability it may be said of every pope, from the first one to the last, who lives at variance with Christ
and whom they have called or will call head and holy father—that he is that honorable and elder one, because
this succession began a long time ago. But the tail, which by flattery or false show or by vain excuses covers
the works of that elder father, and the prophet who teaches lies, represent the learned clergy which teaches
that the pope is neither God nor man but a mixed God or an earthly God and also teaches that the pope is able
to give me another's good and that I will be safe, because the pope is able to depose a bishop without cause, is
able to dispense at variance with the apostles' teaching, at variance with his oath, his vow and with natural
law, and no one has a right to say to him, Why doest thou this? For he himself may lawfully say: "Thus I will,
thus I command; let my will be the reason." And so he is impeccable; and he cannot commit simony because
all things are his. Therefore, he may do with his as he pleases, for he is able even to command angels and to
save men or damn them as he chooses, and, what is more, he is able to bend not only the pope but the subject
people and those who will not bow themselves in flattery and in a worldly way before him as the head and the
honorable one and bend their knees to him. For the pope, the people and themselves also they lead astray into
wrong paths by sowing such lies. And it is about them, as is probable, that Christ spoke the words: "There
shall arise pseudo-Christs and pseudo-prophets and shall show great signs and wonders so as to lead astray if
possible even the elect," Matt. 24:24.

But, returning to the statement of St. Jerome, it is said that "it was, presumably, of his good works that he
spoke in addressing that pope" [Damasus]. But whether St. Jerome had a revelation with regard to this pope's
predestination and the righteousness of his works is unknown. In the second place, it is said that St. Jerome
addressed the pope in this way, secure about the faith of which he wrote, because in that letter he wrote
expressly what is contained in Scripture and in the symbols of the church, as appears to one who wishes to
read the letter. And hence he says: "This is the faith which we have learned in the catholic church, and which
we have always held." It is clear how the conditional element in St. Jerome's statement is to be understood.
For, if that confession of his was confirmed by the judgment of that pope, whosoever might impugn it would
bea heretic. For presumably he said and affirmed nothing by revelation or certitude of the faith he was setting
forth which the pope would not confirm except it were true, and he would not change anything rightly held in
the church long before. But it would be insane to believe that a conclusion is to be drawn from this concerning
every Roman pope, for it is certain that many of them have ratified errors and heresies, for they were heretics
themselves.

Hence the text, Dist. 24, in nomine Domini (Friedberg, 1: 78], describes how the pope laments because that
[apostolical] seat has often been smitten with the frequent din12 of simoniacal heresy. Therefore, wishing to
provide a remedy for the future, he [Nicolas II] decreed that, at the pope's death, the cardinals, the religious,
clerics and laymen, shall meet together for the election of a suitable pope from the bosom of that church or
from the bosom of some other, wherever the most fit might happen to be found, and that the privilege of the
emperor, Henry, should always be honored, namely, that he and his successors shall have the right to be
present at the pope's election.13 But a true pope being elected, he shall have before his consecration, following
the example of St. Gregory, power to dispose of the goods of the church, and every one who should hinder
this ordinance he might anathematize as a most wicked antichrist. Here the Glossa ordinaria says, that at this
point is plainly touched upon what is read in the Chronicles, how Benedict, who succeeded Stephen, was
ejected from the pontifical office, and for a money consideration John, bishop of Sabina, was made pope, to
whom the name Sylvester was given. But he in turn was cast down and Benedict restored, and Benedict was
again ejected and the papacy given to John, archpriest at the Latin Gate, on whom was imposed the name
Gregory. And he was cast down by the emperor Henry and transferred beyond the mountains; and these things
all happened in a single year. On account of these things that privilege was given to Henry.14 Thus much the
Glossa of the Decretum.

And, as is gathered from the Chronicles of Martin, Castrensis and Rudolph,15 (1) Pope Boniface was
presiding at Rome A. D. 420, and Eulalius having been ordained in opposition to him and the church being
divided on the question, both by the command of Honorius Augustus left the city; and, Eulalius being
condemned, Boniface, who had previously been ordained, was by the command of Augustus restored to the
apostolic seat.16

(2) A. D. 493 Laurentius was ordained over against Pope Symmachus by a dissident faction.17

(3) A. D. 768 the schismatic pope Constantine was deprived of his eyes, and Stephen was made pope. The
latter assembled a synod at Rome and reordained those who had been ordained by the schismatic
Constantine.18

(4) A. D. 873 Pope Anastasius invaded the præsulate as against Benedict.19

(5) A. D. 907 Pope Leo presided, and against him rose up Christophorus.20

(6) A. D. 968 a synod of bishops was collected from all Italy, and Pope John was disgraced for nefarious
crimes, and, because he excused himself and delayed to come, another, Leo, up to that time a layman, was
made pope by a unanimous election and with the emperor's consent. And so Leo performed ordinations and
did other acts which were apostolic. Not long afterward the Romans, proving faithless to the emperor,
received Pope John. He assembled a synod and deposed Leo and set aside his acts, and it was decreed by Leo
that the synod was not to be called a synod but a brothel because it favored adultery. Whoever, therefore, were
condemned by his decree were commanded to present his proscription of them in a writing containing these
things, "My father had nothing for himself, gave nothing to me," and so these remained deposed from those
positions which they had who had not been ordained by Leo. This Pope John was found lying with a man's
wife, was struck through during the commission of adultery, and died without the Lord's viaticum.21
 (7) It happened that the Romans—violating the oath which they had made to the emperor never to elect a
pope without his consent or the consent of his son Otto—made Benedict pope. But the emperor, besieging
Rome, so afflicted the Romans that they promised to receive Leo as pope, and so Benedict was dismissed.22

(8) A. D. 1047 Benedict, who got into the papacy by simony, an illiterate man, had another consecrated
pope with himself to perform the ecclesiastical duties for him—namely, Sylvester; and, as this did not please
many, a third was brought in who was to fill the places of the other two.

(9) A. D. 1046, when at Rome one pope was contending against two and two against one over the papacy,
King Henry proceeded to Rome against them; and when they were deposed, Clement was chosen to preside.
By him Henry was consecrated emperor, and the Romans swore never again to elect a pope without the
emperor‘s consent. Then was constituted the law, III Reg., 2, that, following the example of Solomon, the
king in case of necessity is bound to depose the pontiff. Then King Henry humbly received at the hands of
Clement consecration, and thereafter without such confirmation no other was to be regarded as emperor. But
why was this necessary in accordance with the law of God, since, prior to the institution of the cardinals, it
was held that the pope was elected by the people of Rome?23

(10) A. D. 1068, while two were contending at Rome for the papacy and Alexander, after he had
established his innocence against the charge of simony, was received and Cadalus, bishop of Parma,
condemned. Hence, it was said: "Cadalus, in Parma, was made by me bow and arms. Cadalus died; Parma was
made a ruin."24

(11) A. D. 1083 Henry broke into the city of Rome and placed Wibert in the apostolic chair. Hildebrand
departed to Beneventum, where he remained till his death.25

(12) A. D. 1087 Desiderius, called also Victor, was made pope against Clement.26

(13) A. D. 1091 there were, it is said, two, who were called Roman pontiffs, at discord one with the other
and drawing about the church of God, divided between themselves, Urban, who first had been bishop of Ostia,
and Clement, called Wibert, who had been bishop of Ravenna.

(14) A. D. 1130, when Innocent was ruling as pope, Peter Leoni thrust himself in and was called
Anacletus, and Innocent passed over into France.27 Hence it is said:

"Peter has Rome, Gregory the whole world."

(15) A. D. 1189 Pope Albert ruled, against whom Octavian thrust himself in, but he died in schism, and so
also Guido of Crema; but John, who had thrust himself in, was reconciled.28

And so within a centenary of years from the time of the dotation of the church a notable contention
occurred between popes; and in our times there was begun the two-headed schism between Urban VI, who
lived at Rome, and Robert of Geneva, who held his seat in Avignon; and this two-headed split lasted between
their successors until A. D. 1409. In that year both popes were condemned at the council of Pisa as heretics,
namely Gregory and Benedict, and Alexander, of the Franciscan order, was elected pope.29 And when he died
there remained three to contend for the papacy, Pope John XXIII, Gregory in Sicily and Benedict in Spain.
But from what moving cause this diabolical strife originally came, even the blind can discern, namely, from
the dotation. Hence, St. Jerome, in his Lives of the Fathers, wrote: "As the church increased in possessions,
she decreased in virtues." And what is set down as a probability by the Chronicles seems clear, as narrated by
Castrensis, 4: 86, who describes how, 'at the time of the dotation of the church, an angelic voice30 was heard in
the air, saying, that day poison was infused in the holy church of God. For, however it came to be, this is true:
either a good angel or a devil uttered the voice, because it is certain that demons, who rejoice when they do
evil, are bound to serve God and to be messengers of the truth, and it becomes God by the mammon of
iniquity to announce in advance to the people their danger.' From these things the faithful are able to form a
judgment whether any one, by the mere fact that he is called pope, is indeed the chief pontiff of the church and
the most blessed father, and in matters of the faith learned above all worshippers of Christ, and whether he is
the head of God's holy church.

him aside and restored Leo VIII, Benedict being placed under charge of the archbishop of Hamburg and
dying in Germany.

1↑ The translation follows the Vulgate which Huss gives exactly.

2↑ Beatissime papa. Huss has beatissimi pape. Damasus, pope 366–384, is said to have called upon Jerome to make his Vulgate
translation.
3↑ In his Reply to Palecz, Mon., 1: 352, Huss says Christians must judge by the effects or fruits whether the pope and cardinals are the
salt of the earth and the light of the world.
4↑ Nicholas of Lyra, born in France, d. Paris, 1340, member of the Franciscan order, a notable exegete, who knew Hebrew and in his
Postillæ gave a running comment on all the books of the Bible. He was much used by the Reformers, especially Luther, so that it was
said: "If Lyra had not harped, Luther would not have danced." Lyra quotes Raschi at length on the O. T.
5↑ Ladislaus, king of Naples, by occupying the city of Rome, called forth against himself the severest papal censures from John XXIII.
John's two bulls calling for a crusade against the refractory prince promised full forgiveness from "guilt and punishment" to all who
went to the holy war or helped others to go. Three places were set up in Prague where the pardons were sold. Huss lifted his voice and
used his pen against the crusade as Wyclif had done against the crusade preached by Henry de Spenser. Palecz and seven other
members of the theological faculty of the university, that is, the Eight Doctors, took sides against Huss and defended John's bulls. Huss
took the ground that the pope has no right to forgive sins unless he surely knows that God in these cases has forgiven, that the pope
does no more than announce God's decisions, and that, instead of calling upon Christians to make war against Christians, he ought to
imitate Christ, who did not call down fire upon his enemies, and with tears and prayers seek to overcome opposition to the church.
Huss, in his Reply to Palecz, Mon., 1: 330, says that Palecz was at first opposed to the sale of the indulgences and declared the pope's
bull to his legates was full of evident errors. For the bulls and Huss's treatise, Mon., 1: 212–235, see Schaff: John Huss, p. 111 sq.,
116–122.
6↑ In his treatises against John XXIII's bulls, Mon., 215–235, Huss asserts the fallibility of popes and that they are not always to be
obeyed. Popes do not know whether they themselves are among the predestinate, not to speak of others. Many popes who gave
indulgences are lost.
7↑ The History of Susanna, Lange: Apocrypha, 456 sq. This apocryphal work gives the story of the attempt on the virtue of a beautiful
married woman, Susanna, by two elders of Israel. Rejecting their proposal rather than incur God's condemnation, she was nevertheless
accused by her would-be seducers and sentenced to death. Daniel then intervened, proved the charges false, and Susanna's accusers
were put to death.
8↑ This is one of the rare protests before the Reformation against the bloody practice of putting heretics to death. In his Reply to Eight
Doctors, Mon., 1: 382 sqq., Huss takes up again at length the treatment of heresy. The definite position taken by the church was that
they should be put out of the world. The laws of Frederick II ordered death by burning for all heretics and the church well knew that
when it turned a heretic over to the civil power, though its sentence asked for mercy, the death penalty would follow. In fact, as
Vacandard has shown, the ecclesiastical court sometimes actually pronounced the death penalty and carried it out, and popes and other
ecclesiastics demanded on pain of excommunication the summary treatment by the civil authorities of persons condemned by the
church. See Schaff: John Huss. It would have been well if Calvin and Beza had made the same distinction between the Old Testament
and the New which Huss makes in the preceding paragraph. In this case, they would not have justified the execution of heretics upon
the basis of the examples given in the Old Testament. A strong passage in Huss's treatise against indulgences, Mon., 1: 223, runs: "The
Saviour taught Peter and in him his vicars and pontiffs in their necessities to flee to God in prayer and not to money or physical battle."
For a more elaborate treatment of putting heretics to death, etc., see ad octo Doctores, Mon., 1: 393 sqq., 399 sqq.
9↑ This is taken from Gregory the Great, Migne, 76: 1154.
10↑ Pastor et idolum. So the Vulgate. The Rev. Vs. has "worthless shepherd."
11↑ Augustine's Letters [Nic. Fathers, 1: 272, 324, 545].
12↑ Tunsionibus; probably from tundo, to beat, to thump. I do not find the word in DuCange.
13↑ The decree of Nicolas II, 1059, confining election of the pope to the college of cardinals. The rule was soon after set aside in the
case of the election of Gregory VII, 1073. The emperor, Henry III, at Sutri, 1046, dictated the election of his chaplain as Clement II.
For Nicolas's edict, Mirbt, p. 110.
14↑ The reference here is to the synod of Sutri, 1046, when Henry III was present, having come south to Rome to rid the church of the
scandal of having three contemporary popes and to receive the imperial crown. As before said, Benedict IX, a dissolute fellow, was
opposed by an antipope, Sylvester III, elected by the Romans, and, wishing to marry, sold the papacy to Gregory VI. All three were
disposed of at Sutri and Clement II elected.
15↑ Martinus Polonus, d. 1278, whose work, de Imperatoribus et Pontificibus, was one of the most esteemed chronicles of the later M.
A. Rudolph is Radulphus Glaber, a monk of Cluny, about 1050, who wrote Historia sui temporis, Migne, vol. 142. Castrensis was
Ranulph of Higden.
16↑ After the death of Zosimus, Eulalius was chosen pope by a part of the clergy and consecrated 418. The day before the consecration
Boniface I was elected by another part of the clergy. Honorius recognized Boniface and expelled Eulalius, who died 423, a year after
Boniface, refusing to stand again for election to the papal chair.
17↑ Symmachus, 498–514. Both were consecrated, one in the Lateran and Laurentius in the S. Maria Magg. Laurentius at first
submitted and was made bishop of Nocera, Campania, but his party pressed his case, and it was not till four years had passed that,
forced by the decrees of synods and the attitude of Theodoric, he withdrew permanently from Rome.
18↑ Stephen III, 768-772. The antipope Constantine II, the creature of his brother, Duke Toto, was deposed by a Lateran synod, 769,
which also enacted a rule against the election of laymen to the papal chair. Constantine's eyes were put out, as Huss has said before.
19↑ Benedict III, 855–858. Anastasius had resisted Benedict's predecessor, Leo IV, and, receiving the support of the imperial legates,
forced his way into the Lateran and had Benedict torn from his throne. The clergy and people of Rome were against him and he was
obliged to withdraw. Of his end there is no credible account.
20↑ Leo V, 903, pope, died in prison. Christophorus was deposed by Leo and seems to have been murdered.
21↑ John XII, one of the dissolute popes, 955–964, was condemned by a Roman synod for perjury, murder, sacrilege and almost every
crime and his place filled by the election of Leo VIII, but John was received again by the Roman people. While the emperor Otto was
on his way to Rome to settle matters, John, as Huss says, was put to death while he was in the act of adultery, an act worthy of
Marozia, whose grandson he was.
22↑ Benedict V, 964–966. Leo VIII, at Otto I's instance, was elected pope. After Otto's departure from Rome, John XII entered the city
and expelled Leo. John died 964, and the Romans elected Benedict V. The emperor set
23↑ The three popes disposed of at Sutri, 1046.
24↑ Alexander II, 1061–1073, gave offense by being elected by the cardinals and entering upon the papacy without the emperor's
confirmation. Agnes, the queen regent and mother of Henry IV, called a synod, which elected Cadalus, of Parma, known as Honorius
II. The latter died 1072.
25↑ This is the famous Wibert of Ravenna, Clement III, who was elected antipope at the instance of Henry IV against Henry's
opponent, Gregory VII. Wibert, "the usurper of the holy see," was the only one of his enemies that Gregory refused to forgive on his
death-bed. Henry was crowned emperor by Wibert in St. Peter's. Hildebrand died 1085 at Salerno, not at Beneventum.
26↑ Victor III, 1087, was the legitimate pope as against Wibert.
27↑ Anacletus II, antipope 1130-1138, the son of a Jew of Rome and elected by the majority of the cardinals. Innocent II, 1130-1143,
elected by a minority had the support of Bernard and the emperor. Anacletus's last supporter was Roger of Sicily. See Schaff, Ch.
Hist., V, part 1, 94 sq.
28↑ Albert was antipope at the time of Pascal II; Octavian, Victor IV, under Alexander III in the days of Barbarossa, and Guido at
Victor's death, 1164, elected antipope under the name of Pascal III.
29↑ At the death of Gregory XI, the Avignon pope, in Rome, 1378, Urban VI, an Italian, was made pope under circumstances the most
sensational. See Schaff, Ch. Hist., V, part 2, 117 sqq. This election was followed by the election of the notorious French cardinal,
Robert of Geneva, by the Avignonese cardinals, and the papal schism followed, lasting 1378-1417, with one pope at Rome and another
at Avignon. The council of Pisa, 1409, attempted to bring the schism to an end by the election of Peter Philargi, cardinal of Milan,
Alexander V, who appears prominently in the history of Huss. He lived only a year after his election, and was followed by John XXIII,
who was deposed by the council of Constance, 1415. After receiving the resignation of Gregory XII, of the Roman line, and deposing
Benedict XIII, the last of the Avignon popes, the council, 1417, finally terminated the schism by the election of Martin V.
30↑ Rolls Series, 5: 130. Trevisa's translation runs: "The olde enemy cryde openliche in the ayer." Castrensis quotes Jerome's words as
given by Huss, and he adds that "when Constantine was baptized of Sylvester, he opened the prisons, destroyed the temples of the
idols, built new and restored old churches, endowing them with spiritual privileges and immunities and assigned one-tenth of all his
possessions to the churches and, at the repairing of St. Peter's, turned the first spade of earth and carried ten baskets full of earth on his
shoulders," etc.
 CHAPTER XVII

HUSS'S RESISTANCE TO PAPAL AUTHORITY

Further, as for the principal thing according to which they believe all their sayings to be necessary or true,
the aforementioned doctors lay down that "obedience is due to the apostolic see and to prelates from inferiors
in all things whatsoever, where the purely good is not prohibited or the purely evil commanded, but also in
that which is intermediate, which, in view of the mode, place, time or person, may be either good or bad in
accordance with the Saviour's statement, Matt. 23:2: 'Whatsoever they bid you, these do and observe.'" And
they add the following from Bernard's Letter to Adam the Monk [Migne's ed., 182: 95], which begins thus:
"'If thou remain in love, the law for obedience is fixed as in the tree of the knowledge of good and evil which
was in the midst of paradise.' In such things certainly it is not right to submit our interpretation to the opinion
of the magisters, and in such things neither the command nor the prohibition of prelates is in any wise to be
spurned."

And they add: "But some of the clergy in the kingdom of Bohemia refuse to agree to this, endeavoring, as
much as in them lies, to lead the faithful people to disobedience towards prelates and to irreverence towards
the papal, episcopal, sacerdotal and clerical dignities, not giving attention to that which St. Augustine says in
the words (Sermon 8): 'If thou hast fasted, hast made prayer night and day, if thou hast been in ashes or
begging, if thou hast done nothing else except what is prescribed for thee in the law and thou hast been wise in
thine own sight and not obedient to thy father—understand, not bodily father, but spiritual—thou hast lost all
virtues. Therefore obedience is worth more than all the other moral virtues.'"

By the combination of the above sayings the doctors mix up the false with the true, flattery with fear, and
these three things are involved in these words: "Certain of the clergy"—here having in mind our party—
"refuse to agree to this, endeavoring as much as in them lies to lead the faithful people to disobedience." See
what a false lie this is, by which they indicate that we are become seducers of the people, when it is (1) not the
purpose of our side to seduce the people from real obedience, but that the people may be one, governed
harmoniously by the law of Christ. (2) The purpose of our side is that the rules of antichrist shall not seduce or
separate the people from Christ, but that the law of Christ shall honestly rule in connection with the customs
of the people so far as they are approved by God's law. (3) The purpose of our side is that the clergy live
honestly according to the doctrine of Jesus Christ, laying aside pomp, avarice and luxury. (4) Our side wishes
and preaches that the church militant, in its different parts which God has ordained, be honestly commingled,
namely, of Christ's priests those who administer his law in purity, and from the world the nobles who press for
the observance of the ordinances of Christ and the common people, both these parts serving in accordance
with Christ's law. Therefore, let the doctors bestow this wrong on our side. But the flattery which they show to
prelates and the fear with which they would affright our side are involved in the words: "endeavouring to lead
the faithful people to disobedience towards prelates, and irreverence towards the papal, episcopal, sacerdotal
and clerical dignities." Blessed be Christ Jesus that they have not dared to lay on us the calumny of
disobedience to Jesus Christ—or perhaps they have forgotten to do so, for to serve him is to reign, and
obedience rendered to him avails so much that it is of no advantage to obey any one except in so far as such
obedience is obedience to our God.

Wherefore, as to that saying of the doctors, "that obedience is due to the apostolic see of the Roman church
and to prelates by inferiors in all things," etc. [we proceed as follows]:

As for obedience, this is to be said: It is to be noted that obedience first is to be understood by analogy or
in a very general sense, as is the loyalty of any created thing whatsoever, in respect to the divine will which all
created things obey, without resistance—repugnantia—even as a stone obeys by falling or tending
downwards, or fire by rising and the sun by illuminating, and so in regard to all other created things. Or else
obedience is rendered with resistance, as the devil or a damned man who obeys by suffering because he must.
And in this way the saints speak when they say that all things obey their Creator, and man alone, the sinner,
does not obey; that is, the sinner does not submit to the rule of the Creator without resistance on the part of his
will. But obedience, so far as it is an act of virtue or is virtue, is thus described by some, namely, obedience is
the subjection of our own will to the will and judgment of superior in things lawful and honest— or obedience
is the disposition to follow voluntarily a superior's command in things lawful and honest.

The first kind is exhibited in acts, the second in the disposition. And from these definitions, it follows that
there is no such thing as obedience in the case of things unlawful. And so obedience is correlated to that which
is good, disobedience to that which is evil. But the first definition seems to me to be wanting in this, that
obedience is a more general thing than submission, since obedience is becoming in God and submission is not,
for God obeyed a man's voice, for it is said, Joshua 10:14: "There was no day like to it before or after, that
God hearkened unto the voice of a man and fought for Israel." Nevertheless God, the Trinity, was not subject
to man, or under a man as a lesser to a greater. Nor is all obedience to the will of a superior, for Christ was
subject to his parents, Luke 2:51. And it is certain that, as among others born of women a greater than John
the Baptist hath not arisen, so Christ was infinitely greater than Joseph or Mary.

Therefore, as Christ did nothing but what he ought to have done, it is plain that the greater ought to be
subject to the lesser, that is, be obedient to him; for whatever the fountain of religion, as the chief of all, may
teach, that is to be held. Hence Christ, who was of a twofold nature, was obedient in a twofold sense, for (1)
he obeyed God, his Father, in all things, as being on the side of his humanity less than the Father, for he
himself said: 'The Father is greater than I," John 14:28. And (2) he was obedient to his parents as to the lesser.
And he was also obedient to others and endured willingly at their hands, and he is obedient to true and holy
Christians, supplying their need and filling up their desires. And it is clear that the conclusion does not follow:
because one obeys another, therefore he is less than the other. Similarly, it does not follow that, because one
serves another, therefore he is less than the other. For Christ obeyed another man and served him, wherefore
he said, Isaiah 43:24: "Thou hast made me to serve in thy sins, thou hast put upon me toil in thy iniquities. I
am he that blotteth out thy iniquities for my own sake, and I will not remember thy sins. Put me in
remembrance that we may be judged together." He also said: "The Son of Man came not to be ministered unto
but to minister," Matt. 20:28. And the apostle was speaking of him when he said: "Christ emptied himself,
taking the form of a servant," Phil. 2:7. And it is also said, John 13:4: "He girded himself with a towel, poured
water in a basin and washed his disciples' feet." Hence he is not falsely but truly a bishop, a servant of the
servants of God,1 not only a Roman bishop but, in a general way he is the bishop of all the churches. He is
himself the bishop of Prague. But, as he is a servant or minister not by the compulsion of civil law, because a
life where activities are moved by compulsion did not befit him, so he is the bishop of souls, not of secular
riches or possessions, for he as bishop, lowly and meek, mounted the foal of an ass, as is attested by Zech. 9:9.
And he said: "Foxes have holes, and the birds of heaven have nests, but the Son of Man hath not where to lay
his head," Matt. 8:20. Why was this? The apostle gives the reason when he says: "Ye know the grace of our
Lord Jesus Christ, who2 for our sakes became poor, that we through his poverty might be made rich,‖ II Cor.
8:9.

The second definition of obedience is also defective, as is seen from what has already been said, because it
states that obedience is the disposition to follow the command of a superior. For all obedience is not with
respect to a superior to whom the obedience is rendered, or with respect to a command. For sometimes
obedience is with respect to an inferior, as has been said already. And obedience is also related to counsel, as
when a man obeys the counsels of God, which he is not under obligation to obey under any pain of mortal sin.
Obedience is also related to entreaty, as when God obeyed at Joshua's entreaty, bidding the sun stand still over
Gibeon and not be moved towards its setting. Hence Jerome, Ep. 113, says: "God sometimes seems to obey
the prayers of the saints." And it is clear that obedience is sometimes a fulfilment of a command, sometimes
of a counsel, and sometimes of anentreaty, which is neither a command nor a counsel. And sometimes it is the
result of persuasion, the way in which the devil persuaded Christ, Matt. 4:5, to go with him to the holy city
and to a very high mountain, and Christ in a most virtuous way consented to this and fulfilled the devil's will.
And so in view of this distinction, it is to be said that to obey is to truly fulfil another's will, and for this reason
obedience always involves the relation of one to another. But this is not the case with other virtues, as for
example, continence and temperance.

From these things it is gathered that obedience, like humility, is of three kinds: namely, of the greater to the
less—which is the highest form of obedience;—of an equal to an equal—which is the intermediate form;—
and of the less to the greater—which is the lowest form. To the last the first definition of obedience applies—
namely, that obedience is the subjection of one‘s own will to the will of a superior in things lawful and right.
And it may be defined thus: obedience is an act of the will of a rational creature by virtue of which he
voluntarily and intelligently submits himself to his superior: and such obedience is related to what is good,
just as disobedience is related to what is evil. In both cases, however, it pertains to the rational creature and his
subjection. And secondly, it refers fundamentally to activity, suffering, silence or any other activity of this sort
to which the command is directed.

Hence, as all sin is disobedience and as disobedience is related to sin, and as every good man obeys God,
so every sinner is disobedient. But obedience may be in the understanding and the will—in the understanding,
which discerns that obedience ought to be rendered in given cases; and in the will, which yields consent to
him who commands. But its results are shown in certain powers within and in an external effect. And, because
there is found in Scripture good obedience and evil disobedience, it is clear what the good is; and of the evil it
was said to Adam, Gen. 3:17: "Because thou hast hearkened unto the voice of thy wife rather than unto my
voice, cursed is the ground for thy sake." It is also said, "Why do ye also transgress the commandments of
God, because of your traditions," Matt. 15:3, and, "We must obey God rather than men," [[Acts (Bible)|Acts
5:29.

Hence, whenever obedience is rendered to man rather than God, as Adam obeyed Eve, then it is always
evil obedience, so that every one obeying evilly is disobedient to God; and so it is that the same man may be
obedient and disobedient, with respect to the different persons commanding or to different commands. And it
does not follow that, because a beloved man?3 is disobedient, therefore he is not obedient, but it does follow
that the man is not obedient to him with respect to whom he is disobedient or with respect to whose
commands he is disobedient. And it is clear that to obey in one's brotherhood [religious community] is to fulfil
the will of the one giving commands, and this is well, as when a man or a created spirit living in grace fulfils
the lawful will of the one giving commands. But to obey is bad when either living in sin one fulfils the will of
a superior as to a given command, as when one who lives in luxury, fasts from respect to the command; or,
secondly, when one fulfils a bad command against God. In view of these things it is clear that it is impossible
for a rational creature to be virtuous morally unless he is obedient to his God.

And so it must be known that, according to St. Thomas [Aquinas] 2: 104, art. 5 [Migne's ed., 3: 798], 4
obedience is threefold, namely, sufficient, perfect and unreasoning. Sufficient obedience is that which obeys
only in those things where the obligation is of natural law and does not go beyond the limits of its own station.
That is sufficient obedience by which any one obeys in those things to which he is expressly obligated, and
examples of this there are in holy Scripture. For children are bound to obey their parents, according to the
apostle where he says: "Children, obey your parents in all things," Col. 3:20. This is to be understood only to
apply to those things which concern the outer course of life and household care, as Thomas says. Similarly,
servants are bound to obey their masters: "Obey your masters according to the flesh in all things," Col. 3:22,
and, "Servants, be in subjection to your masters in all fear, not only to the good and gentle, but also to the
froward," I Peter 2:18. These texts are to be understood only of those things which apply to servile acts lawful
to be performed, as Thomas also says. Wives are held to obey their husbands according to the words of the
apostle, as above, and also of Peter [I Peter 3:1]: "Wives, be in subjection to your husbands in the Lord." This
is to be understood only of those things which pertain to external marital conduct so far as such conduct is
lawful.

Similarly, all Christians are bound to obey the secular power, each in his own rank, as the apostle says,
Titus 3:1: "Put them in mind to be in subjection to rulers and powers," and, Romans 13:1, "Let every soul be
subject unto the higher powers." Here the apostle proves that every man is in duty bound to obey his
superiors, both in secular and spiritual affairs, because God's servants are ordained, the good to be guided,
purged and to praise; but the evil to be corrected, punished and to wrath, because there is no power but of
God, and he that resisteth the power resisteth the ordinance of God. With this Thomas agrees, 2:14, art. 6
[Migne‘s ed., 3: 798]. And all this subjection or obedience is understood among those ranks over which the
superiors have lawful authority, and in those cases when they command righteous commands and not
otherwise. The Glossa ordinaria also agrees in its comment on the words: "the powers that be are ordained of
God" [Romans 13:1]. The Master of Sentences also agrees, 2:44 [Migne's ed., p. 246].

Perfect obedience is that whereby the person obeying places all his willing and not willing—velle et
nolle—in the will of his prelate, to do the acts commanded, so long as the command does not gainsay the
divine will or good morals or the necessities of life, and so long as it does not conflict with the commands and
counsels of the Lord Jesus Christ. And because obedience appertains to commands and counsels, the
difference is to be noted between a command and an evangelical counsel, so far as they may be distinguished
as opposites.5

A precept or command is a general teaching of God, obligating every man under pain of mortal sin—
namely, in cases in which he has fallen away from the command. Hence the saints who for a period of their
life lived hypocritically sinned mortally for that period. So also the damned, by persistent false living sin
persistently in hell.

A counsel is a special teaching of God, obligating under pain only of venial sin and for the period of this
life. And so the doctors say that precepts are for the imperfect, obligating them for the reason that they are
servants. But counsels are for the perfect which obligate above what is commonly required by reason and
everywhere and always under pain of mortal sin. And that they may shun the occasion of sin, counsels advise
them as friends. Hence, if a saint should make a divine counsel an occasion of falling from his height into
mortal sin—that would be by the breaking of the first command and not by a refusal to obey the divine
counsel. But in the heavenly country where the danger and occasion of sin do not exist, the counsel is not
spoken of in this way. For in the heavenly country there is no voluntary poverty nor is there any savor of
indigence. This Christ counselled when he said, Matt. 19:21: "If thou wilt be perfect, go and sell all6 that thou
hast."

The second obedience is by co-operative submission to a superior, of which it is said, "If any one would
come after me, let him deny himself," Luke 9:23, as does the beloved disciple. And in heaven there is no
struggling against chastity, of which it is said: "There are eunuchs who have made themselves eunuchs for the
kingdom of heaven's sake," Matt. 19:12. Nor is there found there any retaliation against adversaries, of which
it is said: "Do good to them which hate you," Matt. 5:44. Nor is there any patient endurance of those who
smite violently, of which it is said: "Whosoever shall smite thee on the right cheek, turn to him the other also,"
Matt. 5:39. Nor are there any supererogatory works of mercy there, about which it is said, "Give to every one
that asketh of thee," Luke 6:30; nor any refraining from words and oaths, of which it is written: "For every
idle word which men shall speak they shall give account in the day of judgment," Matt. 12:36, and, "I say unto
you, swear not at all," Matt. 5:33. Nor will there be left the occasion to commit sin, of which it is said: "If
thine eye cause thee to stumble, or foot, or hand, pluck it out and cut it off and cast it from thee," Matt. 5:29.
Nor will there be any easement of activity, lest by defect of pure purpose we fall into hypocrisy, of which it is
said: "Take heed that ye do not your alms to be seen of men," Matt. 6:1. Nor will there be any example of
conforming one's works to one's words such as Christ spoke of: "The Pharisees say and do not," Matt. 23:3.
And so he counselled the hypocrite to "first cast out the beam out of his own eye," Luke 6:42. Nor will there
be there the care of this world, choking out the Word, of which it is said: "Be not anxious, saying what shall
we eat," etc., Matt. 6:31. Nor will there be any reproving of the brother, of which it is said: "If thy brother sin
against thee, go and rebuke him between thyself and him alone," Matt. 18:15. All these twelve counsels, in
their primary form, they will not hold it necessary to put into practice, but they will observe them in a
secondary sense and form, as eternal commands, which are healthful in the way unto life.

And would that the clergy, and especially the religious who value the counsels of men, and that all others
who depend on human counsel might hearken unto these counsels of the heavenly physician, for undoubtedly
they are preservatives against possible sins, purgatives for sins already committed, and conservatives of health
already attained. Therefore, all pilgrims are obligated to keep these counsels or some of them, as occasion
demands, on the pain of venial sin. And in order to pronounce judgment in these cases the best judge will be
cautious in regard to himself when he is watching out that he may not fall into sin by failure to observe any
one of these twelve—that he does not act quickly, lest he contemn a divine counsel.

And it is to be noted that the twelfth counsel, namely, the rebuke of a brother, sometimes is a counsel when
it concerns venial offences, and sometimes a command when it concerns the rebuke of mortal sins. And this
second kind of rebuke it belongs to every one to exercise, and it is always obligatory, but not on all occasions,
for, as to place and time, rebuke should be made when it seems likely to be useful.

Up to this point it is to be noted that human obedience is threefold—spiritual, secular and ecclesiastical—
spiritual, which is due purely according to God‘s law, and under this kind of obedience Christ and the apostles
lived and each Christian should live. Secular obedience is obedience due according to the secular code.
Ecclesiastical obedience is obedience according to the regulations of the priests of the church aside from the
express authority of Scripture. The first kind of obedience always excludes what is of itself evil, both on the
part of the person giving the command and on the part of the person obeying. For he who commands
according to God's law and he who obeys act rightly, and of both it is said: "Thou shalt do whatsoever the
priests the Levites have taught, according to all I have taught them," Deut. 29 [Deut. 24:8].

Here it is affirmed that he who commands ought only to command things in agreement with the law, and
the person obeying ought to the same extent to obey them and never act contrary to the will of God Almighty.
On this I have in another place quoted Augustine, Gregory, Jerome, Chrysostom, Isidore, Bernard and Bede,
as well as the Scripture and the canons. These for the sake of brevity I will pass. Only let the saying of Isidore
be given, 11: 3 [Friedberg, 1: 672]: "He who presides, if he command anything or say anything otherwise than
in accordance to God's will or what is plainly commanded in Holy Scripture, he shall be regarded as a false
witness of God, or as committing sacrilege."

1↑ A title used by Gregory the Great in his letters, and common in Huss's time; Boniface's bull Unam sanctam opens in that way:
"Bon., bishop, the servant of the servants of God."
2↑ Qui. Vulgate: quoniam, because.
3↑ "Beloved man," literally, Sortes, an abbreviation for Socrates and a general term common with writers in the Middle Ages for a
person dear to us. Huss uses it in his de Corpore, Flajshans, ed., p. 22, and very frequently in his Com. on the Lombard's Sentences.
"This human species is Sortes [Socrates], this Plato," p. 47. "Sortes and Plato are one and the same thing, res—and so do not really—
realiter—differ," p. 54. "The body of Christ is not in the sacrament as Sortes is in a definite place and only in one place at one time," p.
566, etc.
4↑ The distinction is taken from Th. Aquinas. Huss gives in his own language the substance of Thomas's treatment.
5↑ Huss is making the distinction between the mandates of the Scriptures—præcepta—such as the duties enjoined by the Ten
Commandments and the evangelical counsels or counsels of perfection, evangelica consilia. He takes it up in his Com. on the
Lombard, pp. 482, 488 sqq. The counsels are voluntary poverty, voluntary chastity and absolute obedience to the earthly ecclesiastical
superior, as to an abbot or a bishop. Origen made the distinction in the third century and based it on two kinds of morality. The
mandates are for all Christians and must be kept in order to salvation; the counsels of perfection for the higher Christians or saints. By
observing the counsels of perfection one secures a higher grade of merit and a higher place in heaven. I Cor. 7:25 and Christ's words to
the rich man are taken to justify the distinction. The Protestant Reformers set it aside as unscriptural and tending to place those who
take the three vows above all ordinary mortals who follow Christ in the usual daily avocations of life. Thomas Aquinas sets it forth at
length, Summa, 1: 2 sq., 108 sqq. [Migne's ed., 2: 894 sqq.].
6↑ Omnia is not given in the Vulgate.
 CHAPTER XVIII
THE APOSTOLIC SEE, OR CATHEDRA PETRI

Now that certain statements have been made about obedience, I want to return to the statement of the
doctors, in which it appears that "obedience is to be rendered by inferiors to the apostolic see1 of the Roman
church, and to the prelates in all things whatsoever, where that which is purely good is not forbidden and that
which is not purely evil is commanded, but also in that which is intermediate," etc.

And here consideration must be had of the apostolic see, about which many, and especially the canonists,
predicate many things, who, nevertheless, are ignorant what the apostolic see is. For some think that it really
is a seat of wood or stone in which the pope is wont to sit bodily. Others think that it is the Roman curia;
others that it is the seat of St. Peter, in which he sat bodily; others that it is Rome; others that it is the pope's
power; others still that it is the church or basilica of St. Peter. But it is to be noted that apostolic is derived
from apostle, and apostle means one sent from God. The Saviour, whom God sent, said, John 3:34: "I speak
the words of God." Hence, he also said to his disciples that "as the Father sent me, so also send I you," John
20:21—namely, to bear testimony to the truth, to preach the word of salvation, and, by life and teaching, to
show the way of blessedness to the people.

Hence, every priest who is not seeking his own glory but the honor of God, the prosperity of the church
and the salvation of the people, and who does God‘s will and uncovers the wiles of antichrist, preaching the
law of Christ—he has the marks which show that God sent him.

As to "glory," Christ said: "I receive not glory from men," John 5:41, and, "I seek not mine own glory,"
John 8:50. As to the second thing, he said: "I came in my Father's name and ye received me not. If another
would come in his own name, him ye will receive," John 5:43. In regard to the third thing, Christ said: "I am
come down from heaven not to do mine own will but the will of him that sent me," John 6:38. Christ so did
because he sought the prosperity of the church and the people's salvation. As for the fourth thing, he said:
"The world hateth me, because I testify of it that its works are evil," John 7:7. And finally Christ shows that he
was sent from God to do the works of the Father: "If I do not the works of my Father, believe me not; but if I
do them, though ye believe not me, believe the works," John 10:37.

And it is clear that the righteous conduct of a priest and his fruitful labor in Christ's Word show to the
people that he is sent from God, because he does the works of the Father. Nor should a man be pope, bishop,
priest or deacon unless he be so sent of God, and hence the apostle says: "How shall they preach unless they
be sent?" Romans 10:15. Therefore, St. Augustine, Quæstiones Orosii, 65, thus answers the question of
Orosius how we may know who are sent by God: "Recognize that one as sent by God whom the praise of a
few men or rather their flattery did not choose, but him whom the best life and morals and examination have
approved to the judgment of apostolic priests or all the people—the man who does not hanker after pre-
eminence, who does not give money as the price of the episcopal honor. For he who hastens to secure pre-
eminence, as one of the Fathers finely expresses it, 'Let him know that it does not profit him to be a bishop,
who desires pre-eminence.'" Thus much Augustine.

It being understood by general consent what an apostle is, we can understand what "apostolic" means. For
apostolic means keeping the way of an apostle. Just as, therefore, a true Christian is one who follows Christ in
his life, so a truly apostolic man is the priest who follows the teaching of the apostles, living the life of an
apostle and teaching his doctrine. Hence, any pope is to be called apostolic so far as he teaches the doctrine of
the apostles and follows them in works. But, if he puts the teaching of the apostles aside, teaching in word or
works what is contrary, then he is properly called pseudo-apostolic or an apostate. Hence Dist. 97 [79: 9,
Friedberg, 1: 278]: If any one shall be enthroned in the papal seat on account of money or human favor or by
the help of a popular or military uprising, without a harmonious and canonical election, he is not to be
considered apostolic but apostate. Since, therefore, the error is greater in an active election when those
electing are forced by the devil to elect an individual whom God condemns—a thing manifestly certain from
his works and his neglect of the spiritual office, that he is at variance with the life of the apostles—much more
does it follow that such an individual is to be deemed not apostolic but an apostate.

Therefore, in view of these statements, the apostolic seat may be called the life of the priest who efficiently
maintains the life of an apostle, just as the seat of an apostle is the life of an apostle. Hence Chrysostom, Hom.
25, says [Nic. Fathers, 10: 395]: "That virtue of any apostle whereby he may have been more perfect than the
rest, that is his throne. But all the virtues of Christ together are, as it were, one seat, because he was equally
perfect in all the virtues, and he alone." See how well that saint perceives that the individual life of each of
Christ's apostles is his seat in which he reposes by reason of his merits and for which reason he now sits in the
glory of Jesus Christ, as it is said: "Ye also shall sit upon twelve seats," Matt. 19:28. Here Augustine
understands by seats the location of the apostles and of all holy predestinated prelates which, since it is in
blessedness, cannot cease to be or suffer destruction at the hand of tyrants. But the Twelve—duodenarius—
which is the whole number, does not indicate those twelve apostles man for man, for Iscariot ruled at that time
and Paul was yet to become a part of the number.

But the seat of Christ's majesty is to be understood as the location of the eternal kingdom from which none
can be removed. And that seat of Christ is his seat intrinsically, but his external seat in which he reposes,
dwells and resides by grace is all the saints, just as, on the other hand, the seats of Satan in which Satan
reposes, dwells and resides are all the wicked. Hence it is said: "To the angel which is in the church of
Pergamos write, One like unto the Son of Man who hath a sharp two-edged sword saith, I know where thou
dwellest, even where Satan's seat is," Rev. 2:12, 13. Here the Gloss says: "Understand, this means the places
where Satan reposes." And, "Thou holdest fast my name and didst not deny my faith [even in the days of
Antipas who was killed] among you, where Satan dwelleth." But as to the principal proposition, the apostolic
see is the same as the cathedra—seat—of Moses, of which the Saviour said: "The scribes and Pharisees sit in
Moses' cathedra," Matt. 23:2. But Moses' cathedra was not Moses nor an old stone or wooden seat on which
Moses sat as a presiding judge. Nor is it the synagogue, but that cathedra is the authority to teach and judge
the people. And this is shown by Christ's words, when he said, "in Moses' cathedra." And the words follow,
"Whatsoever they say," that is, teach by the authority and doctrine of Moses, "that do." "Therefore the
apostolic see is the authority to teach and judge according to Christ's law, which the apostles taught, and in
which men, wise and fearing the Lord, ought to sit, men in whom is the truth and who hate covetousness. For
so Ex. 18:15 has it: "And Moses said to his father-in-law, Jethro, The people come unto me seeking the
sentence of God, and when any act of false dealing has occurred they come unto me that I may judge between
them and show them God's statutes and his laws." Here is meant the authority to pronounce judgment and to
teach God's laws. And Jethro said to Moses: "Provide out of all the people able men who fear God, in whom is
the truth and who hate covetousness, and Moses did so." At this place Lyra says: "Able to judge by reason of
wisdom and experience. On this account another translation has 'wise' where we have 'able men who fear God'
more than men 'in whom is the truth,' that is, the truth of life, of doctrine and righteousness, and men 'who
hate covetousness,' because covetous men are easily turned away from righteousness by gifts." So much Lyra.

Would that that cathedra now had such men. And where are they to be found? Certainly in the Roman
curia, where they preside over the cathedra of St. Peter, that is, sit in the authority of the apostles, which is the
authority to pronounce judgment in spiritual things and teach the law of the Lord Jesus Christ, provided
covetousness, unrighteousness and pride are kept out and holy living flourishes. The Saviour himself testified,
saying: "Scribes and Pharisees sit in Moses' cathedra. Therefore all things whatsoever they bid you, these do
and observe, but do not ye after their works, for they say and do not," Matt. 23:2, 3. Here certainly a life
lacking the works of the law is referred to. For "they bind heavy burdens and grievous to be borne and lay
them on men's shoulders." Certainly unreasonable doctrine and unrighteousness are here referred to. "But they
themselves will not move them with their finger." Certainly an easy-going life! "All their works they do to be
seen of men"—certainly vainglory! "For they make broad their phylacteries" in bulls distributed throughout
the whole world, as if they were pre-eminent in keeping God's law. Here is hypocrisy. They enlarge the
fringes with which they cover their asses.2 They love the chief places at feasts, seeking pleasure and honor of
men, and "the chief cathedras—seats—in the synagogues," that is, accumulations of church livings, for this
one wants to be a cardinal, this one a patriarch, this one an archbishop. "And they love salutations in the
market-places," with genuflexions—that is, in public—"and to be called of men, Rabbin" [Matt. 23 4 sqq.],
that is, our Master, and to rule the whole church of Christ.

Therefore, they also call the Roman curia the mistress and teacher of churches. And granting the possibility
of this, these persons are seats not of Christ but of Satan, sitting in view of their own life in the cathedra of
pestilence. And of this the Psalmist, speaking of Christ, said: "Blessed is the man that walketh not in the
counsel of the ungodly, nor standeth in the way of sinners, nor sitteth in the cathedra of pestilence," Psalm 1:1.
Here Augustine says [Com. on Psalms, Nic. Fathers, 8: 1]: "This is to be understood of our Lord Jesus Christ,
the Lord-man, who does not sit in the cathedra of pestilence. He did not desire an earthly kingdom with its
pride, which is rightly understood to be the cathedra of pestilence, because there is hardly a single one who is
wanting in the love of dominion and does not hanker after glory. The pestilence is a disease widely pervasive
and involving all or nearly all people. More amply, however, the cathedra stands for pernicious doctrine
whose words work as doth a cancer." Thus much Augustine, who calls the cathedra of pestilence the lust of
dominion and pernicious doctrine, a cathedra in which the elders of the church sit, wishing to exercise secular
dominion and teaching men to keep their doctrines more carefully than the commandments of God.

In the cathedra, however, that is, in the authority and in the teaching of the law, he verily sits who teaches
the law and keeps the commandments of the law. Hence Augustine says on Psalm 1:3: "'And his delight is in
the law of the Lord.' It is one thing to be in the law and another to be under the law; he who is in the law acts
and does according to the law; he who is under the law is acted upon according to the law." See how clear the
exposition of this holy man is. Whoso, therefore, "does and teaches, he shall be great in the kingdom of
heaven," says the Saviour, Matt. 5:19. Truly, therefore, he sits in the cathedra of Moses or Peter who lives
well and teaches well in the authority of Scripture, who adds nothing extraneous to the law, nor seeks gain or
profit from the cathedra.

On the other hand, he sits ill in the cathedra who either teaches ill or lives ill, or who teaches good things
and lives ill, or who neither teaches good things nor lives well. And such, alas, are many who seek the things
that are their own and not the things of Jesus Christ. Of these our Saviour said: "The scribes and Pharisees sit
in Moses' cathedra, for they say and do not." And a little later he says: "Woe unto you scribes and Pharisees,
who shut up the kingdom of heaven against men, for ye enter not in yourselves, neither suffer ye them that are
entering in to enter," Matt. 23:13.

And see the other part. "Ye have made void the commandment of God because of your tradition. Ye
hypocrites, well did Isaiah prophesy of you, saying, This people honoreth me with their lips, but their heart is
far from me. But in vain do they worship me, teaching the doctrines and commandments of men," Matt. 15:6.
They, therefore, sit ill in the cathedra of Moses and Peter, or of Christ, who teach good things and do them
not. Worse are those who neither teach nor do. Worst are those who prevent the teaching of good things. And
still worst of all are they who live ill, forbid the teaching of good things and teach their own things. All such
are thieves and robbers, as said the Shepherd truly, "As many as came before me are thieves and robbers," for
all such, the aforesaid, came to the sheepfold apart from Christ, ascended to the cathedra by some other way,
sought the things that are their own and so they are to be called hirelings, not shepherds. Therefore, the
Saviour, showing who is an hireling and not a shepherd, said: "An hireling, and he who is not the shepherd
and whose own the sheep are not, beholdeth the wolf coming, and leaveth the sheep, and fleeth away, and the
wolf snatcheth and scattereth the sheep," John 10:12. Here Augustine, Homilies on John [Nic. Fathers, 7:
257–259], says: "An hireling here does not bear a good character, yet he is useful in some respects, and he is
not called an hireling, unless he receives the reward from the one guiding him. Who is, therefore, that hireling
who is at once both guilty and necessary? Here, brethren, let the Lord himself give us light that we may
understand who is the hireling and that we be not ourselves hirelings. What is, therefore, an hireling? There
are in the church certain officials of whom Paul says that they seek their own and not the things of Jesus
Christ. What is it, then, to seek one's own? They who seek their own are those that do not love Christ freely,
do not seek God for God's sake, who pursue after temporal goods, coveting lucre and hankering after honors
from men. When these things are loved by a superior, and when he serves God for the sake of these things,
whoever he may be, he is an hireling; let him not count himself among the children. For of such the Lord says:
'Verily I say unto you, they have received their reward.'" Thus far Augustine. But because men of this kind sit
in the cathedra, Augustine, after interposing some things, says at the same place: "But take note how the
hirelings are necessary. Many, forsooth, in the church who pursue after worldly comforts nevertheless preach
Christ and through them Christ's voice is heard, and the sheep follow not the hirelings but the voice of the
Shepherd at the call of the hireling. Listen to the hirelings as they are set forth by the Lord himself. 'Scribes,'
he said, 'and Pharisees sit in Moses' seat. Whatsoever they bid you, those things do, but whatsoever they do,
do not ye.' What else did he say except hear the voice of the shepherd when the hireling calls? For, sitting in
Moses' seat, they teach God's law; therefore God teaches through them. But, if they seek to teach their own
things, hear them not, do them not, for certainly such people seek their own things and not the things of Jesus
Christ. No hireling, however, has dared to say to the people of God: 'I seek thy things and not the things of
Jesus Christ.'" Thus much Augustine. At the close of this homily he uses these words: "See, how the hireling
is said to flee when he seeth the wolf. Why? Because he careth not for the sheep. Why does he not care for the
sheep? Because he is an hireling. What is an hireling? He is one that seeketh temporal gain, but will not dwell
in the house forever." Thus much Augustine, who shows that there are now hirelings in the church and they sit
in the cathedras, that is, in the authority of teaching God's law.

And again Augustine, on the words, "Simon Peter drewin the net full of great fishes," John 21:11 [Nic.
Fathers, 7: 443], says, ―He is least who breaks in deeds what he teaches in words"; and further on: "Finally, to
show that those least ones are reprobates, who teach in words, speaking good things, which they break by
living ill, and that they will not be as the least in the life eternal and will not even be there, after Christ had
said, 'he shall be called least in the kingdom of heaven,' Christ added: 'for I say unto you except your
righteousness shall exceed the righteousness of the scribes and Pharisees, ye shall not enter the kingdom of
heaven.' These certainly are the scribes and Pharisees who sit in Moses' seat, and of these Christ said:
'Whatsoever they bid you, do, but whatsoever they do, do not ye, for they say and do not, they teach in words
and break in their lives.'" Similarly, it is said, Psalm 119:2: "Blessed are they that keep his testimonies, that
seek him with a whole heart."

From what has just been said it is clear that the cathedra of Moses or the apostolic seat is the authority to
teach God's law, that is, the family of holy popes or of bishops succeeding the apostles, which family, as it
chiefly thinks of God's honor, so it chiefly takes care for it and most proftably looks out for the holy church
and most helpfully for both superior and subject—not by preferring the unworthy, not in putting aside the
more fit, not in confirming without examination an ecclesiastical office to any one for gain or blood
relationship or private personal tie.

And, further, it is clear, as concerning the apostolic commands, as said the lord of Lincoln3 in the following
reply to the letters of the Roman pontiff about preferring a certain relative to a stall in Lincoln church: "The
apostolic commands I fully obey with filial affection, devotedly and reverently. Indeed, I oppose and resist
those who oppose themselves to the apostolic commands, myself zealous for the paternal honor. To do both I
consider myself held by reason of my sonship and out of regard to the divine commandment. Indeed, apostolic
commands are not and cannot be other than apostolic teachings and teachings of our Lord Jesus Christ
himself, the teacher of the apostles." Thus far he of Lincoln. Therefore, Christ's faithful disciple ought to
consider how a command emanates from the pope, whether it is the express command of any apostle or of
Christ's law or whether it has its foundation in Christ's law, and this being known to be the case, he ought to
obey a command of this kind reverently and humbly. But, if he truly knows that a pope's command is at
variance with Christ's command or counsel or tends to any hurt of the church, then he ought boldly to resist it
lest he become a partaker in crime by consent.

For this reason, trusting in the Lord and in Christ Jesus, who mightily and wisely protects the professors of
his truth and rewards them with the prize of never-ending glory, I withstood the bull of Alexander V, which
Lord Zbynek, archbishop of Prague, secured, 1409, and in which he commands that there should be no more
preaching or sermons to the people by any priest whatsoever—even though he might be fortified with an
apostolic instrument taking precedence of such a mandate or by any other written instrument 4—except in
cathedrals, parochial or cloistral churches or in their cemeteries. This mandate, being contrary to the words
and deeds of Christ and his apostles, is not apostolic, for Christ preached to the people on the sea, in the
desert, in the fields and houses, in synagogues, in villages and on the streets, and taught his disciples, saying:
"Go ye into all the world and preach the Gospel to every creature," Mark 16:15. And these, going forth,
preached everywhere, that is, in every place where the people were willing to listen, God working with them.
Therefore, this command is to the hurt of the church, and binds the Word of God, that it should not run freely.
And, in the third place, it is prejudicial to the chapels which are erected and have with reason been confirmed
by diocesans, and have been furnished with privileges by the apostolic see for the preaching of God's Word in
them. For no advantage whatever can be seen to accrue from that command, but it is a fallacious and faithless
irony, because the places set apart for divine worship and furnished with privileges for the preaching of the
divine Word are deprived of their lawful liberties on account of some personal feeling or of some injurious
appeal or some importunity, or on account of some temporal good. Hence, I appealed from that command of
Alexander to Alexander himself, better informed.5 And while I was prosecuting the appeal, that lord pope
suddenly died. And, no audience being allowed me in the Roman curia, the Lord Zbynek, archbishop of
Prague secured papers aggravating the censure against me, from which, A. D. 1410, I appealed to Pope John
XXIII, and he during two years did not grant audience to my legal advocates and solicitors.6 In the meantime I
was weighed down still more by ecclesiastical proceedings.7 When, therefore, my appeal from one pope to his
successor did not profit me and to appeal from the pope to a council involves long waiting and because it is of
uncertain advantage to beg for grace in the matter of a grievance and censure, therefore I appealed finally to
the head of the church, Jesus Christ.8 For he is superior to any pope whatever in deciding a case: he cannot err,
nor to a suppliant, rightfully begging, can he deny justice, nor is he able in view of his law to condemn a man
who in the sight of his law is without demerit.

Besides, I withstood in the matter of the indulgences issued or announced A. D. 1412 through the bulls of
Pope John XXIII, about which I have said enough in another place.9 For the pope cannot command anything
lawfully except what makes for the destruction of evil and for the edification of the church—a thing which
ought to be universally held. To this the apostle bore witness when he said: "The weapons of our warfare are
not of the flesh, but mighty before God to the destruction of strongholds, by which we cast down counsels, 10
casting down every high thing which exalted itself against the knowledge of God," II Cor. 10:4, 5. And again
he says: "That I may not deal sharply according to the authority which the Lord gave me for building up and
not for destruction," II Cor. 13:10. Hence, he of Lincoln in his letters to the pope thus writes: "The apostolic
see to which is given authority by the holiest of the holies, Jesus Christ, the apostle bearing witness, for
building up and not for casting down, cannot commit schism." And further on he says: "For this reason your
Discretion cannot ordain anything hard against me, because all my words and all my actions are not a
gainsaying or a rebellion, but a filial honoring due to the father and mother, that is, Christ and the church,
because it is the keeping of a divine command. But, recalling in brief, I say that the sanctity of the apostolic
see can do nothing except for the building up and not for destroying, for this is the plenitude of power to be
able to do all things to build up. These things, however, which they call provisions, are not adapted to build
up, but clearly to destroy. Therefore, the most blessed apostolic see is not able to make these provisions."11
These things by him of Lincoln, who appealed from Pope Innocent to the tribunal of Christ.

For this reason Castrensis, VII, tells how when Robert of Lincoln was dead, a voice was heard in the papal
curia, Come, wretch, to thy judgment. And the pope was found the next morning dead as if pierced in the side
by the point of a staff. And he of Lincoln, although noted for striking miracles, is nevertheless not admitted to
a place in the list of the saints.12

And it is clear that the pope may err, and the more grievously because, in a given case, he may sin more
abundantly, intensely and irresistibly [than others], as said Bernard in his book addressed to Pope Eugenius: 13
"More abundantly if the sin extends to all Christendom, more intensely if his act concerns the cure of souls
and involves the withdrawal of spiritual benefits, and more irresistibly if no one dares to gainsay him, now in
view of his alliance with the secular arms, now in view of the cloaked censures which he fulminates against
the children of obedience, now in view of promotions and ecclesiastical dignities which he provides for his
accomplices. Hence, as the papal office, when it profits the church, is the most deserving, so, when the papal
office is perverted in that man who abuses his office, if it do injury to the church, is most undeserving. The
evidence of a pope's defect is if he put aside the law and a devout profession of the Gospel and give heed to
human tradition." It was on this subject that Bernard was reasoning with Eugenius.

This is the first mark. The second is when the pope and ecclesiastical superiors abandon the manner of life
Christ followed and are involved in a secular way in things of the world. The third mark is when the pope
advances the traffickers of this world in the ministry of Christ and gives himself up chiefly to the continued
pursuit of the secular life so that the poor churches are oppressed. The fourth mark is when, by his own
command or through the appointment of incapable persons in the pastoral cure, he deprives souls that are to be
saved of the Word of God. Hence he of Lincoln, thinking over this, would not admit one of the pope's
relatives to a stall in Lincoln, giving in this matter, among other things, a probable reason [for his conduct].
"After the sin of Lucifer," he said,"—and the case will be the same in the end of time with the son of
perdition, antichrist, whom the Lord Jesus will destroy with the breath of his mouth—there is not, neither can
there be, another class so adverse to or at variance with the apostolic and evangelical doctrine, so hateful and
detestable to the Lord Jesus Christ himself, and so abominated by him and so pernicious to the human family
as the class which kills and destroys by depriving and defrauding of pastoral ministries souls which are to be
made alive and saved by the office and ministry of the pastoral cure. And this sin they are known from the
very clearest testimonies of holy Scripture to commit who, entrusted with the power of the pastoral cure,
satisfy their own fleshly pleasuring with the milk and wool of Christ's sheep, and do not minister the things
due from the pastoral office for the working out of the eternal salvation of Christ's sheep. For the non-
performance of pastoral ministries is, by Scripture testimony, the killing and perdition of Christ's sheep. And
that these two classes of sins, although they are distinguished, are the very worst, and every other class of sin
inestimably excels them, is clear from this that, although distinct and dissimilar, they are directly contrary to
the very best things. For that is the worst which is contrary to what is best, etc. And because, in good things,
the cause of the good is better than the thing caused; and, in evil things, the cause of the evil is worse than the
thing caused—it is clear how those who introduce into the church of Christ those worst murderers of
godlikeness and divinity among Christ's sheep are still worse than those worst murderers themselves, and
more like Lucifer and antichrist than they. And in this gradation of badness those do more abundantly excel
who, in view of the greater and the diviner power given them for edification and not for scattering the sheep,
are the more held by the church of God in duty bound to exclude and exterminate those worst murderers."
Thus much he of Lincoln.

He wished briefly to establish that the killing and driving to perdition of Christ's sheep are the two worst
sins, although they may be distinguished, even as the making alive of the sheep by grace and their
glorification are the two best things for the sheep, although different, and to them the killing and the
destroying are opposites. And as killing is the opposite of making alive and murder of glorification, it follows
that by as much as these two sins are more serious by so much are they opposed to the good things which are
more excellent. And, as God of himself is the cause of these good things, it follows that by as much as the
killers and murderers of the sheep are worse than others, by so much are the killing and murdering of the
sheep the worse sins. And it is clear that those who kill souls are the worst servants of antichrist and Satan.

In view of these things it is to be held that to rebel against an erring pope is to obey Christ the Lord,
because in making his provisions he chiefly makes those which savor of personal affection. Therefore, I call
the world to witness that the papal distribution of benefices sows in the church hirelings all too widely. On the
part of the popes, it gives them occasion to exalt their vicarial power, to put an excessive value on the world's
dignity and to make an extravagant show of a fantastic sanctity. But these doctors, who are looking for
temporal remuneration from the pope or servilely fear his power,14 and also are saying that he has mysterious
power and is impeccable and inerrant and that he may do lawfully whatsoever pleases him—these doctors are
pseudo-prophets and pseudo-apostles of antichrist.

From the things already said, it is clear that the apostolic seat is the authority to judge and teach Christ's
law, or secondly, as has been said, it is the family of holy popes who are successors to Christ. In this sense the
apostolic seat is understood, Dist. 22 [Friedberg, 1: 74], where Pope Anacletus says: "This apostolic seat has
been established as the head and hinge by the Lord and not by another; and just as a gate is ruled by the hinge,
so by the authority of the holy apostolic seat all the other churches are ruled, subject to the government of the
Lord." That pope intended that he himself should be the head and hinge, the head in presiding and the hinge in
ruling, but he has a weak enough argument for proving his purpose. For he argues from things that are alike,
when he says: "As a gate is ruled by its hinge, so by the authority of the holy apostolic see all the churches are
ruled." It would have been sufficient to argue that the pope and cardinals rule themselves well.

For as by one hinge only one door is ruled, so it would be a good thing if by their doctrine and authority
they were ruled well themselves, so that afterwards other churches should be well ruled. For in what manner
do they rule our church of Prague except by distributing benefices to the covetous and collecting monies? But
what has become of teaching and the other ministrations of power?

Thirdly, the seat is conceived of as power, and in this way it is conceived in Dist. Inferior. [21: 4,
Friedberg, 1: 70], where Pope Nicolas says, "an inferior seat is not competent to absolve a superior," and he
draws the conclusion but unfittingly enough from Isaiah 10:15, "Shall the axe boast itself against him that
heweth? Shall the saw magnify itself against him that wieldeth it?" when he says: "Seeing these things are set
forth in divine Scripture, we have shown more clearly than the sun that no one who is of lesser authority is
competent to condemn by his judgments one who is of greater power, or subject him by definitions of his
own." See how he here calls the inferior seat the man of lesser authority and the superior seat the man of
greater authority. But how is the seat to be understood? This Pelagius [a mistake for Gelasius] answers, when
he says: Dist. 21 [Friedberg, 1:70]: "The first seat of the apostle Peter is the Roman church, which has neither
spot nor wrinkle nor any such thing." See how the seat of Peter is here called the Roman church. But by this is
it verified, that it is "without spot and wrinkle"? Since neither is the pope that seat nor that church, nor is the
pope in conjunction with the cardinals, for they are not "without spot." Nor is that seat the stone church. Of a
truth, I am not able otherwise to think of that seat except as it is all those who imitate the life of Peter,
measured finally by the law of Christ. For these will be "without spot and wrinkle" in the heavenly country.
But whether this is the meaning of that pope or not, I do not know.

Hence Augustine, Com. on Psalm 122: 5 [Nic. Fathers, 7: 594], "The seats sat in judgment," speaks thus of
the thing in question: "How did those seats sit in judgment? Wonderful enigma, wonderful question, if seat
does not mean what the Greeks call throne! The Greeks call chairs thrones, as something honorable.
Therefore, my brethren, it is not wonderful if men sit on seats, on chairs, but that the seats themselves sit, how
are we to understand this? As if some one were to say, let the cathedras sit here, or the chairs sit here; to sit in
a chair, to sit in seats, they sat in cathedras. The seats themselves do not sit. What, therefore, is the meaning of
this, that the seats sat for judgment? Surely ye are accustomed to hear what the Lord said: 'Heaven is my
throne and the earth is the footstool of my feet.' But in Latin the whole is said to be: 'Heaven is my seat [or
seats].' Who are these but the righteous? Who are the heavens but the righteous? What church? The churches
are many and yet they are one. So, therefore, it is also with the righteous. The righteous are heaven that they
may be the heavens. On these God sits, and the things pertaining to them God judges. And not without reason
was it said that 'the heavens declare the glory of God.'

"The apostles, however, are made heaven. Whence are they made heaven? Because they are made
righteous. How is the sinner made earth, to whom it is said, 'Thou art earth and unto earth thou shalt go'? Even
so those who have been made righteous are made heaven. They have borne God; for their sakes God has made
wonderful lights to shine, thundered terrors, rained consolations. Therefore the righteous were heaven and
‗declared the glory of God.' Now that ye may know that these are the heavens spoken of, it is said in the same
Psalm, ‗Their sound is gone out through all the earth, and their words unto the ends of the world.' You ask,
Whose sound? and you will find, the sound of the heavens. If, therefore, heaven is God's seat and the apostles
are heaven, then they are themselves made God's seat; they are God's throne. In another place it is said: 'The
soul of the righteous man is the throne of wisdom.' This is a great thing which is said, namely, in the soul of
the righteous man wisdom sits as on its throne and from there it judges whatever it judges. Therefore, there
will be thrones of wisdom, and so the Lord said to them: 'Ye shall sit on twelve thrones, judging the twelve
tribes of Israel.' So also they will sit on twelve seats; and they are themselves the seats of God. Of them,
indeed, it was said: 'For there the seats sat.' How will the seats sit there? And who are the seats of whom it is
said, ‗The soul of the righteous man is the seat of wisdom'? And who are the seats of heaven? The heavens.
Who are the heavens? Heaven. What is heaven, of which the Lord says, 'Heaven is my seat'? The righteous
themselves are the seats, and have seats; and in that Jerusalem the seats will sit. For what purpose? 'For
judgment, ye shall sit,' he says, 'on twelve seats, judging the twelve tribes of Israel.' Judging whom? Those
who are below on the earth. Who will judge? Those who are made heaven." Thus much Augustine, showing
from Scripture that the righteous are God's seats and they it is who will judge.

Fourthly, seat is understood of the place in which any apostle remains for a given period, ruling the people
according to Christ's law, and, in this sense, Jerusalem was not the bare city, but with its people it was the seat
of James the apostle who, elected by the apostles, was there constituted by the Lord its first bishop. And
Antioch was the first seat of the apostle Peter, and so Pope Marcellus says, 24:1 (Friedberg, 1: 970]: "We
beseech you brethren that ye teach and think nothing else than what was taught by St. Peter the apostle and the
remaining apostles and Fathers." And further on: "His seat, that is, Peter's, was the primary one among you,
and it was afterwards, at God's bidding, transferred to Rome, over which we, with divine grace supporting us,
preside this very day. But if your Antiochian seat, which originally was the first, gave way to the Roman seat,
there is none which is not subject to its bestowal—ditione." See how very finely this pope begins and how
very confusedly he ends. In the first place, he asks and begs that the priests of Antioch teach nothing else than
what they received from Peter and from other apostles and holy Fathers. O that all clerics had done this! Then
he says, that the seat of Peter was the primary one among them, that is, the first place of his residence, in
which as bishop he taught Christ's law. And this is true. But when he says, "Afterwards it was transferred to
Rome," that is, Peter's seat—I certainly do not know what that seat was that was transferred; for no church, no
locality, no people were transferred. If it be said, it was the authority of Peter to teach the law, then that
authority was at one and the same time in Antioch and in Rome. What then was transferred unless it was
Peter, when he came from Antioch to Rome? But Pope Marcellus did not preside over Peter, nor is Peter now
the Roman seat. What, therefore, does this expression "Over which," mean, when he says, "Over which we
preside." Certainly this pope speaks confusedly. For after the dotation, the Roman bishop then living intended
that the Roman church by the authority of Cæsar should be called first, that is, the more worthy seat over
which he himself presides, and so he intended that the priests of Antioch should be subject to himself. If Peter
affected this superiority while he dwelt in Rome, I do not know. But I do know that in his letters he wished
that they should follow in the steps of Jesus Christ. And I will pass by the way in which many popes and
canonists speak obscurely about the apostolic see. I will, however, not say that the city of Rome is the
apostolic seat, so necessary that without it the church of Jesus Christ could not stand. For, if by a possibility
Rome, like Sodom, were destroyed, the Christian church would be still standing. And it is not true that,
wherever the pope is, there is Rome. Howbeit, it is true that, wherever the pope shall be so long as he is here
on the earth, there Peter‘s authority abides with the pope, so long as the pope does not depart from the law of
our Lord Jesus Christ. So much I have wanted to say about the apostolic seat for the present.

1↑ The word "see" comes from sedes, a seat, and was interchangeable with the Greek word thronos, seat, and Latin cathedra, chair.
2↑ Quibus operiunt mulas.
3↑ Robert Grosseteste, the famous bishop of Lincoln, 1235–1253, was one of the chief English ecclesiastics of the Middle Ages. He
was a scholar and patron of learning as well as a vigorous and independent episcopal administrator. The letters, quoted here and further
on, are found in Luard's ed., Rolls Series, 1864, Pp. 435, 437- Grosseteste made bold protest against Innocent IV's appointment of his
nephew, Fred. of Lavagna to a stall at Lincoln. It was one of the boldest protests made against the custom of appointing Italians to rich
English livings. Matthew Paris referred to the papal exactions upon England as "bloodsucking extortion."Shakespeare expressed a
wide-spread feeling, King John, 3:1:
"That no Italian priest
Shall tithe or toil in our dominions."
Although Grosseteste on more than one occasion resisted the pope, he did not at one time deny the pope's right to "dispose freely of all
ecclesiastical benefices," as he wrote, 1238 to the papal legate Otho, Luard's ed., p. 145. But in the letter from which Huss quotes, he
said: "I disobey, I resist, I rebel." Huss knew of Grosseteste through Wyclif's quotations, but, as is also probable, at first hand, as
Grosseteste's MSS. are in the Prague library.
4↑ Alexander V's bull, dated Dec. 20, 1409, was in answer to protests sent by the part of the Prague clergy hostile to Huss against the
spread of Wyclif's views in Bohemia. Alexander called upon Zbynek to be solicitous to clear his diocese of errors and bade him
appoint a commission to detect and summon heretics. Huss's text in regard to the prohibition of preaching in chapels is taken word for
word from Alexander's bull. Palacky, Doc., 347 sqq. Bethlehem chapel was one of the privileged chapels which had papal sanction for
popular preaching in the Bohemian tongue. Zbynek, at first favorable to Huss, was archbishop of Prague, 1403–1411. See Schaff, Life
of John Huss.
5↑ Huss claimed that Alexander had been misinformed by Zbynek and the Prague clergy in regard to the conditions in Prague.
6↑ John of Jesenicz, Huss's chief legal advocate, remained faithful till Huss's death, and after it. He presented Huss's case at Rome and
Bologna, was cast into prison and afterwards escaped and returned to Prague. See Schaff, Life of John Huss, 140 sq.
7↑ The reference is to the aggravated excommunication issued by the curia against Huss, 1412, in view of his contumacy.
8↑ Huss repeatedly refers to the appeal he made to Christ, now putting it on the simple ground of the right of a Christian to do so and
now citing the case of Paul who appealed to the higher power, Cæsar. See Letter, Doc., 73; Mon., 1: 325–392, etc., as well as later in
this treatise.
9↑ Huss's treatises against Papal Indulgences for the crusade against Ladislaus, king of Naples, Mon., 1: 215–237.
10↑ Huss has quibus consilia demolimur, the Vulgate simply consilia destruentes.
11↑ A provision is the gift of a spiritual office or living by pope or bishop. The theory was that all the livings in Christendom were in
the pope's hands for bestowment, a theory receiving its full statement from Clement IV, 1265. See Schaff, Ch. Hist., V, part 2, 83 sqq.
The Avignon popes, 1305–1377, appointed two and sometimes three successors with right to succeed living incumbents of
ecclesiastical positions. A collation is equivalent to a provision.
12↑ The full quotation runs, Rolls Series, 8: 242: "Robert was summoned to the curia and excommunicated, but he appealed from
Innocent's tribunal to the bar of Christ. Hence it happened after his death, Robert appeared to that pope in the night while he was lying
in bed, himself clad as a bishop and said, Arise, wretch, and come to thy judgment. And straightway he pierced him with his pastoral
staff in the left side unto the heart, and so the pope's bed was found in the morning full of blood and the pope was dead." Variations
were given of this popular story. Matthew Paris, who has unbounded admiration for Grosseteste, reports that on the night of his death
strange bells were heard.
13↑ Quoted in chapter IX by its title, de Consideratione.
14↑ Huss frequently ascribes the changed attitude of Palecz and Stanislaus to the fear of ecclesiastical penalties, Doc., 53, 466, etc.
 CHAPTER XIX
WHEN ECCLESIASTICAL SUPERIORS ARE TO BE OBEYE

It having been stated what the apostolic seat is, it is now to be stated in what cases obedience is to be
rendered to this apostolic seat. And the aforesaid doctors say, that "it is to be obeyed by inferiors in all
things—when the absolutely good is not forbidden or the absolutely evil is not" commanded [but the
intermediate also]1 which in place, way, time or person may be either good or bad.

This they prove by four pertinent witnesses, the Saviour, Bernard, Augustine and Jerome. And because the
doctors took the distinction from Bernard, Ep. ad Adam monachum [Migne's ed., 182: 95 sq.], about the
absolutely good and the absolutely evil, so it is to be noted that after St. Bernard shows that no one is to be
obeyed in that which is evil and concludes, saying: "Therefore, to do evil, even when any one whosoever
commands, certainly is not obedience but rather disobedience. This deserves soberly to be said, that some
things are absolutely good, some absolutely evil, and in these latter no man owes obedience, just as the former
are not to be left undone, even when forbidden. Nor are the latter to be performed, even though they be
enjoined. Further, between these two are the things that are intermediate, which may be good or evil according
to the place, time, mode or person involved. And in these things the law of obedience is fixed as in the tree of
knowledge of good and evil, which was in the midst of Paradise. In these things, certainly, it is not right to
prefer our thoughts to the sentence of the teachers. In these things neither the command of prelates nor their
prohibition is to be in all cases spurned." And further on, Bernard says: "Faith, hope and love are absolutely
good, and other things of this kind; and they may not be either forbidden or not kept. Absolutely evil are
sacrilege, adultery, theft, and such like, which certainly may neither be properly enjoined nor done, and they
may not be improperly not2 forbidden and not done. For no one's prohibition is valid to set aside precepts, and
no one's commandments are valid to prejudice in favor of things forbidden.

"Then there are the things intermediate, which indeed of themselves are not known to be either good or
evil. They may, however, indifferently be either good or bad; they may be commanded or forbidden, but under
no circumstances are they to be obeyed by inferiors, when they are evil. Among these are, by way of example,
fasting, vigils, reading and such like. But it should be known that certain things intermediate go beyond the
reason of things impure or evil. For since marriage may occur or not occur, but when once entered into it is
not permissible to undo it, what, therefore, before marriage was permitted to be, as a thing indifferent, obtains
in those already married the force of the absolutely good. Likewise, it is a matter indifferent for a secular man
to possess private property, because he has the option of not possessing. But for a monk, because he is not
permitted to have possessions, to possess goods is an absolute evil." Thus much Bernard.

Also it is to be noted that, so far as the sense of those speaking about human actions goes, a certain work is
called neutral among them which, in its primary intent, cannot be said to be a good of morals or an evil of
vice, as, for example, to build or to weave. But works are called good or evil by the standard of their class—de
genere—which words designate from a moral standpoint the substance or nature of a good work or an evil.
Nevertheless, they do not involve the circumstances which of themselves fix the natures of such acts as in the
class of virtue or vice, as, for example, giving alms or putting a man to death. For both of these can become
good or evil according to the diversity of their causes or the purpose of the doer. For to give alms for
vainglory is evil, just as to kill a man by the authority of God, lest he infect the church, is good. 3 But of
another kind are collective works, which from a moral standpoint are called purely good or bad, such as
committing adultery and thieving, which are of vice, and loving God and our neighbor heartily, which are
virtuous. Briefly, as one act is purely good, such as loving God with the heart, so another act is purely evil, as
is hating God.
 Likewise, a thing is good generically which, as it were, disposes a man to judge and discover that it is good
more than to judge that it is evil, as fasting and giving alms. A thing is evil generically which, as it were,
disposes a man to judge and discover what may be evil rather than what may be good. Howbeit, the thing may
be well done, as the putting a man to death. But a neutral work is such a work which does not dispose a man
to judge and discover what is good rather than what is evil, as weaving, eating, ploughing, or running.

Hence, a work absolutely good holds the first rank, a work generically good [that is, judged by its class], as
it were, the middle rank, and a neutral work the lowest rank. Examples of these three are loving God, fasting,
and weaving. The same applies to their opposites, for a work purely evil, as is hating God; a work generically
evil is putting a man to death. But the third or neutral work is not counted as evil, for if it were it would not be
neutral. For the name neutral is used because it does not dispose to virtue more than to vice, or the contrary.

Further, it is to be noted that there is an immediate distinction between human works, because whether
they are virtuous or vicious is manifest, for, if a man is vicious and does something, then he acts viciously;
and if he is virtuous and does something, then he acts virtuously, for just as vice, which is called crime or
mortal sin, infects the acts of the whole man, so virtue gives life to all the acts of a virtuous man, in so far as
that, living in grace, he is said to be meritorious and pray even in sleeping or in doing anything whatsoever, as
the holy doctors say, especially St. Augustine, Gregory, Jerome and others. And this statement is founded in
the words of Jesus Christ our Saviour: "If thine eye be single, thy whole body shall be full of light," that is, if
thy purpose be good and in grace unto the doing of good works, then "thy whole body," that is, the sum of all
thy works, "will be full of light," because they are pure in the sight of God. "But if thine eye be evil," that is,
thy purpose be bad, tainted and incriminate with vice, "thy whole body," that is, the sum of thy works, "will be
full of darkness," that is, will be vicious. Hence, the doctor of the Gentiles, the apostle Paul, teaches thus: "Do
all to the glory of God," II Cor. 10:31, and, "Let all your things be done in love," I Cor. 16:14. Therefore, the
whole mode of living in love is virtuous, and the whole mode of a man's living without love is vicious.

From this it is clear that, as no one may be neutral, so far as virtue and vice go, since it must needs be that
one is in the grace of Almighty God or outside it, so no conduct of any man may be neutral. In the case of
virtuous commands, therefore, the superior is to be obeyed, but of vicious commands he is to be boldly
withstood. These things having been stated [[[../Chapter 17|Chapter XVII]], on Obedience], every one of
Christ's faithful ought truly to be on his guard lest he believe that if the Roman pontiff or a prelate commands
anything whatsoever, it is to be done as though it were a mandate of God, and that the prelate cannot err, even
as Jesus Christ cannot.

Secondly, let him hold in regard to the commands in God's law, how some are commanded us in a mixed
way and others distinctly. In a mixed way the commands are commanded which we ought to do every day and
meritoriously, after the manner of which Augustine says, that all truth is contained in the Scriptures. But a
work that is commanded, for which there is no reason or utility to the church of Christ, is not contained
explicitly or implicitly in the Scriptures. And if such be commanded by pope or other prelate, the inferior is
not bound to perform it, lest, in so doing, he offend against the liberty of the Lord's law. For we ought to
receive as of faith that God commands us to do nothing except what is meritorious for us and reasonable, and
consequently profitable to salvation.

The conclusion should be this: Subjects are bound to obey willingly and cheerfully virtuous, yea, and hard
superiors, when they command us to do the mandates of the Lord Jesus Christ. This conclusion is evident, for
Christ says, "The scribes and Pharisees sit in Moses' seat. All things, therefore, whatsoever they bid you, these
do," Matt. 23:1, that is, all my commandments. Here Augustine, Com. on John, 20 [Nic. Fathers, 7:443], says:
"In sitting in Moses' seat, they teach God's law. Therefore God teaches through them. But, if they wish to
teach their own things, do not hear them, do not do them." And on this subject Christ also said, "He that
heareth you, heareth me, and he that despiseth you," etc., Luke 10:16, consequently, also, God the Father;
because such persons are not obeyed as men, but as ministers of God, who is to be obeyed above all.

Therefore, no one should obey man in anything, even the least thing, that opposes itself to the divine
commands, which St. Bernard calls divine counsels. For Peter says: "We must obey God rather than men,"
Acts 5:29. Hence, as we are commanded to obey our superiors in things lawful and honorable, with the
circumstances taken into consideration, so we are commanded to resist them to the face when they walk
contrary to the divine counsels or commandments. For Paul, teaching that we should be his imitators, I Cor.
4:16, withstood Peter to the face for a light offence, Gal. 2:11. But much more are we bound to obey Paul and
every writer of divine Scripture rather than the Roman pontiff, when it comes to matters indifferent or neutral.
And as we are not bound to follow any apostle, except in so far as he follows Jesus Christ, so it is evident by
the limitation laid down by the apostle that we are bound to obey no prelate who has lived since the apostles,
except as he commands or counsels Christ's counsels or commands. And so the holy apostle, I Cor. 4, 11,
when he counsels that they be his imitators immediately announces the manner of such imitation, when he
says, "even as I also am a follower of Christ." Therefore, the wise inferior ought to examine into the
commands of a superior when he seems to deviate from Christ's law, or his rule. For no superior is above
correction. Hence, Christ often commanded us to be watchful in our works: "I say unto you all, watch," Mark
13:36. And the apostle said: "Beloved, do not believe every spirit, but prove the spirits whether they be of
God, for many false prophets are gone out into the world," I John 4:1. The Saviour also said: "Many false
prophets shall arise4 and lead many astray," Matt. 24:5.

And in this connection, St. Bernard speaks very finely in his Letter to Adam the Monk [Migne, 182: 100
sq.],5 when he rebukes him because he had unwisely obeyed his abbot contrary to the rule of his vow. Hence,
he exclaims, but in a playful mood: "O most obedient of monks, whom of all the words of the elders not a
single iota escapes, he does not heed of what nature the command is which is commanded, satisfied if he only
obeys, and this obedience is without delay! If this ought to be so, let it now Ve scratched out from the book of
the Gospel, where it is written, 'Be ye wise as serpents'; and let that be sufficient which follows: 'simple as
doves.' And I do not say that the commandments of superiors are to be examined and judged by inferiors when
nothing is found to be commanded6 at variance with the divine appointments, but I assert prudence to be
necessary, by which it may be determined whether anything is at variance; and also liberty to be necessary,
with which we may honestly spurn commands." Further, he says: "I have nothing to enquire. Let him see to it,
who has commanded.7 Say, I ask, whether, if the sword were put in thy hands, he would order thee to be
struck in the neck, wouldst thou consent?8 Would it not be reputed to others as homicide, since thou couldst
have prevented it? Come, therefore, see to it lest, perhaps, under the pretext of obedience, thou fall into
something more grave." Thus much Bernard, who adduces many testimonies from Scripture and concludes:
"Thou, therefore, in the face of all these things and other numberless testimonies of the truth to this same
purport, dost thou think any one whosoever ought to be obeyed? Hateful perversity, this virtue of obedience,
which always wars against the truth, and is girded about against the truth!" Thus much Bernard.

Therefore, this same Bernard in his sermon on the Lord's advent lays down five conditions of right
obedience; the first, when the work is a holy work, for it is not permissible to obey contrary to God; the
second, when the work is voluntary; the third, when it is pure from the standpoint of a holy purpose, in
accordance with the Saviour's teaching, when he said: "If thine eye is single, thy whole body shall be full of
light," Matt. 6:22. The fourth condition is when the work is judicious, because neither defect nor excess
infects it, and the fifth, when it is permanently persevered in, as an obligation, even to the end. From this it is
clear that an inferior, recognizing a superior's injudicious command, that it is known or should be known as
fitted to hurt the church, by drawing away from the worship of God and the profit of souls unto salvation,—he
ought to resist that superior. For such resistance is true obedience done not only to God in view of the law of
fraternal correction but also to the superior himself, for no superior has the right to command anything except
what is good. Since, therefore, an inferior is obligated, for obedience's sake, to do that which is generically
good and commanded by the superior, it follows that he is obeying in so resisting him, as he ought; for he
thereby does what is good, and turns away from what is evil. Hence, it is clear that a subject, in obeying his
prelate in that which is evil, is not excused from sin, for the Saviour says: "If the blind guide 9 the blind, both
fall into the pit,‘‘ Matt. 15:14.

This means that if a "blind man," that is, an ignorant or bad prelate, guides "a blind man," that is, an
ignorant or bad subject, by commanding him to do something, they both fall into the pit of error. Hence,
Christ aptly says to his disciples in regard to the scribes and Pharisees—who taught that it is a sin to eat bread
with unwashen hands, when it is nevertheless not a sin:—"Let them alone, they are blind leaders of the blind."
What does "let them alone" mean? The Gloss says, "Leave them to their own will; they are blind," that is, they
are obscured by traditions.

And this rule of Christ the very brute animals observe, for the horse or the ass, discerning the hole in front
of them and urged on by spurs, avoid the ditch so far as they can, as is clear from the case of the ass, which
discerned the angel forbidding, lest it go the way Balaam wanted to go [Num. 22:22], and, with a man's voice,
admonished the prophet's unwisdom. Hence, Bernard says ironically in his letter to the monk Adam: "Thou,
that most obedient son, thou, that most devoted disciple—as for that thy father and teacher, whom neither by
an instant of time nor a turn of the foot, as they say, thou didst suffer to be removed from thee as long as he
lived—after him not with blind eyes, but after the manner of Balaam, with open eyes, thou didst not hesitate
to fall down into the pit!" So much Bernard.

From these truths, however, it follows further that clerical inferiors, and much more laics, may sit in
judgment on the works of their superiors. From this it follows that the judgment by discreet and hidden
arbitrament in the court of conscience is one thing, and the judgment in virtue of the empowered jurisdiction
in the court of the church is another. By the first way the inferior ought chiefly to examine and judge himself,
as it is written: "If we would judge10 ourselves, we would not be judged," I Cor. 11:31. And again, in the same
way, he ought to judge all things pertaining to his salvation as it is written: "He that is spiritual judgeth all
things," I Cor. 2:15. The laic also ought to examine and judge the works of his superior, as the apostle judged
the works of Peter, when he corrected him and said: "When I saw that they walked not uprightly according to
the truth of the Gospel, I said unto Cephas before them all, If thou, who art a Jew, livest as do the Gentiles and
not as do the Jews, how compellest thou the Gentiles to walk as do the Jews?‖ Gal. 2:14. Secondly, the laic
ought to examine and judge his superior for the purpose of fleeing, for Christ said: "Beware of false prophets
which come unto you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly they are ravening wolves," Matt. 7:15. Thirdly, he
ought to examine and judge that the superior may attend to spiritual offices and bodily nourishment or other
good works to be done. For not otherwise should clergymen ever be chosen by laics as their curates and
confessors and the dispensers of their alms.

Therefore, it is lawful for the rich of this world with diligent scrutiny to examine by what and what kind of
superiors they shall administer their alms and in what way they shall administer them, guarding against
rapacious wolves, because according to the apostle, in Acts 20:29, and according to Chrysostom, in
Imperfecto, Homily 20, it is clear that in this way they seek more the money of those subject to them than
their salvation and this is at variance with the apostle, who says: "I seek not yours, but you," II Cor. 12:14.
And looking ahead with prophetic vision and seeing such false apostles, he affirmed, "I know that after my
departing rapacious wolves shall enter in among you, not sparing the flock," Acts 20:29. And because this
wolfishness is clearly discerned in the robbing of temporal things and in the infliction of punishments for the
very purpose of plundering temporal goods more abundantly, he declares that he had himself pursued the
opposite course. No man's gold and silver, he says, or vestments have I coveted, as ye yourselves know,
because for those things that were needful for me and for those that were with me these hands have
ministered.

Therefore, subjects living piously in Christ ought to pay heed to the life of the apostles and see to it
whether their superiors live conformably to the apostles. For, if in their spiritual ministry they are out of
accord with the apostles, if they are busy in exacting money, spurn evangelical poverty and incline to the
world, nay, if they evidently sow offences, then they know by their works that they have departed from the
religion of Jesus Christ the Lord. Therefore, O ye who love Christ's law from the heart, first note their works
and see if they [the superiors] incline to the world, second give heed to their commands, whether they savor of
avarice or the gain of this world, and third consult holy Scripture whether they command in accordance with
Christ's counsel. And in the light of this counsel believe them; or disbelieve them, if they command contrary
to this counsel. But let not curates say to laics, 'What concern is it of yours to take note of our life or works,'
for did not our Saviour say: "Do not according to their works"? Matt. 23. And afterwards he exposed the
works of the prelates to the multitude that they might know them and to their advantage avoid them. Yea,
much more to the prelates, who say, 'What concern is it of yours to take note of our life and works?' it is
pertinent for laics to reply: 'What concern is it of yours that ye should receive our alms?' for the apostle says:
"We command you in the name of Jesus Christ that ye withdraw yourselves from every brother that walketh
disorderly and not after the tradition which they received of us, for ye yourselves know how ye ought to
imitate us, for we behaved not ourselves disorderly among you, neither did we eat bread for naught at any
man‘s hands, but in labor and travail, for even when we were with you, this we commanded you, If any man
will not work, neither let him eat." II Thess. 3:6, 10.

It is clear how inferiors ought to examine and judge intelligently and reasonably in respect to the
commands and works of superiors, for otherwise they would be in peril of eternal death, if they did not judge
wisely about these things, how far they ought to believe their superiors, how far follow them, and in what
things they ought intelligently to obey them according to the Lord's law. For that best of masters, the Lord,
admonished us in advance to "beware of false prophets and the leaven of the Pharisees," Matt. 7:15; 16:11. He
also said: "Believe not, go not forth and do not do their works," Matt. 24:26. For he himself exhorted the
priests and the multitude to examine and judge in respect to his works, saying, "Which of you convicteth me
of sin?" John 8:46, and, "Though ye believe not me, believe the works," John 10:38. And what an evil it is of
Christ's church that our superiors make a larger demand that belief be given to all their approving and
condemning judgments, than that belief be given to the faith of holy Scripture, which is the catholic faith. And
they punish more severely for departure from their traditions than they do those who blaspheme against that
most excellent faith of Christ. And so to them the words of the Psalm [41:9] may be applied: "He that ate of
my bread hath lifted up his heel against me." For as they affirm, they themselves eat up Christ's patrimony and
nevertheless they put a higher value on their commandments than on the commandments of our Lord Jesus
Christ himself.
1↑ The printed text of the original ed. as well as of the reprint omits the words in brackets and "not" before commanded.
2↑ Huss has improperly inserted this "not" which is not found in Migne.
3↑ The special authority of God is essential. See Introduction.
4↑ Surgent; Vulgate has venient.
5↑ Adam, monk of Morimond, a Cistercian abbey in the diocese of Langres, whose abbot was Arnold. The letter is dated, in Migne,
1125.
6↑ Huss's text leaves out the juberi, Migne.
7↑ Migne has quid jusserit.
8↑ Migne adds: "If he had been ready by thy act to be thrown into the fire or water, wouldst thou have obeyed and done it?"
9↑ Præbit ducatum. Vulgate: prestet ducatum.
10↑ Judicaremus; the Vulgate dijudicaremus.
 CHAPTER XX
OBEDIENCE NOT ALWAYS TO BE RENDERED TO THE CHURCH OR ITS PRELATES

Again, that the doctors in their double statement may be better understood, since they say that "the Roman
church and the prelates are to be obeyed in all things by their inferiors," etc.,1 and again, ‗Therefore ought they
to be obeyed and submitted to," I take it as true from the rules of grammar that this complex statement "are to
be obeyed" means as much as the complex expression, "ought to obey," and further, that this word "ought"
expresses a debt of obligation to obey under pain of mortal sin. This supposition appears from the affirmation
of the doctors derived from the words of the Saviour: "All things whatsoever they bid you, these do and
observe," Matt. 23:3. For this word of the Lord is a commandment. Secondly, this supposition appears from
the words of the doctors, when they say: "Certain of the clergy in the kingdom of Bohemia who do not agree,
striving, so far as in their power lies, to lead the faithful people to disobedience in respect to their prelates and
to irreverence for the papal, episcopal, priestly and clerical dignities." It is only noted that there would be
mortal sin in disobedience, and irreverence would be mortal sin. Thirdly, this supposition appears from the
assertion of St. Augustine, when he says: "If thou art not obedient to thy father (understand not thy bodily
father but thy spiritual father) thou hast lost all the virtues." In this way it is plain that a virtuous man is not
able to lose all the virtues except by committing mortal sin, and so disobedience to authority involves a
serious offence. Therefore this statement, taken from the proposition of the doctors, "the Roman church and
prelates are to be obeyed by inferiors in all things," etc., means this much: "that we ought to obey under pain
of mortal sin."

Therefore, following this sense, they now cry out that I am disobedient to the Roman church, and for this
they excommunicate me. And it is clear from God's law and from the canons that no one is to be
excommunicated except for mortal sin, as I have stated in another place.

Letting this proposition stand, I lay down this conclusion, that to no apostolic seat of the Roman church,
that is, to no pope with the cardinals (as these are understood by the doctors), and to no prelates do inferiors
owe obedience in all things which are neither purely good nor purely evil.

It is proved that king, marquis, duke, baron, soldier, citizen or rustic is bound to obey under pain of mortal
sin no Roman church and no prelates so as to be prevented from holding worldly possessions or from entering
marriage. These two things, the possession of goods and the entrance upon marriage, belong, in the case of the
persons mentioned, neither to the class of purely good things nor things purely evil. Hence the conclusion.
The consequence has been noted and the minor premise is presented in St. Bernard's letter to the monk Adam
[Migne, 182:96], when he says: "Truly it must be known that things intermediate often cease to be so. For
marriage may be lawfully contracted or not, but when once contracted it cannot be dissolved. Therefore, what
before marriage is permitted to be a thing intermediate obtains, when the parties are married, the force of a
thing absolutely good. Likewise, the possession of private property is for a secular man a thing intermediate
for he may or may not have property, but for a monk, because he is not permitted to hold property, it is a thing
absolutely evil." So much Bernard.

The major premise is proved in this way. No Roman church is permitted to command, under pain of mortal
sin, that king, marquis, duke, baron, soldier, citizen or rustic enter upon matrimony or that he may not hold
private property, therefore none of the persons mentioned are bound to obey under pain of mortal sin. The
consequence has been noted and the antecedent is clear, because the Roman church has no right to exalt its
commandment above a counsel of Christ. In commanding, however, that a king, marquis, duke, baron or
soldier may not hold property, the Roman church would exalt its commandment above Christ's counsel, for
this is the first among the twelve chief evangelical counsels, namely, voluntary poverty, which consists in the
renunciation of private property and is related to need. Christ counselled, he did not command, when he says
to a certain young ruler: "If thou wilt be perfect, go and sell all that thou hast and give to the poor and follow
me," Matt. 19:21. Similarly, if the Roman church commands king, marquis, duke or other secular person to
enter upon marriage it would be commanding contrary to a counsel of Christ and would it, therefore, not be
acting contrary to Christ? The observance of virginal chastity until death is Christ's third evangelical counsel,
and of this he says: "There are eunuchs that made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven's sake,"
Matt. 19:12—because Christ does not command but counsels that what is fitting for a person, that he ought
with good will to hold, and he says: "He that is able to receive it, let him receive it."

Therefore, it would be great presumption for the Roman church to bind any one, under pain of mortal sin,
above what the counsels of his Lord demand. This would be to lay unbearable burdens on men's shoulders, as
said the Saviour: The things which the scribes and Pharisees, sitting in Moses' seat, do not keep they lay upon
others. Hence, Christ's apostle, who saw the secret things of God, which the Roman church has not seen, says
that he did not dare to command any one to marry and not to remain continent, for he says: "Every one hath
his own gift of God, one after this manner, one after that," I Cor. 7:7. The apostle did not wish to command
anything except what the Lord commanded through him and so what was useful to the one obeying. For there
are many counsels for others which are not counsels for us, because of our weakness or ignorance, so that one
may marry in the Lord without mortal sin, when, however, it would be better to keep his virgin state, but he is
ignorant, believing the opposite. Therefore, the apostle says: "Every one has his own gift from God, one after
this manner, one after that." And the words follow: "But if they cannot contain, let them marry, for it is better
to marry than to burn." Some things, therefore, are more useful to some which for others would be less useful.
Hence, it would be a notable mistake to think that all Christ's counsels would be profitable for all men if they
fulfilled them to the letter. And hence a son is not bound to obey his father under pain of mortal sin, when the
father commands that the son possess nothing or that he marry. In a similar way, it is also with a daughter,
who cannot lawfully be forced to remain a virgin till death or be forced to marry.

Likewise, if that statement of the doctors be true that "the apostolic seat of the Roman church is to be
obeyed by inferiors in all things," etc., it follows that Wenzel, king of the Romans and king of Bohemia, and
likewise Sigismund, king of Hungary, would be continually sinning mortal sins, for they have not given
obedience to the commandments of the Roman church and Pope Boniface with his cardinals, and resigned
their kingdoms, the former the kingdom of the Romans, the latter the kingdom of Hungary. 2 And this is clear
because to resign their kingdoms is for the one as for the other not a thing absolutely evil, as is seen from the
statement of Bernard. And as these kings have not yet obeyed that mandate or been absolved by Boniface, it
follows that they are still persisting in disobedience. But who of sound head would want to say this, seeing
that that Pope Boniface, according to the Lord's law, ought not to have attempted to bring this about?

Likewise, it follows that certain persons, according to the statement of the doctors, to wit, Stanislaus, Peter
of Znaim, John Helius and yet another, are still under the ban of papal excommunication. This seems to be the
case, because they have not obeyed up to this day the apostolic seat of the Roman curia, or, if on account of
contentions they have secretly obeyed, they are, however, not absolved from the curse, as the mandate was
placed upon them by the pontiff Innocent, under the pains of excommunication, deprivation of their benefices
and disenablement, that they really should give up and assign to Master Mauritius the place which he wished.
And they themselves, though solemnly warned by a notary before witnesses, do not up to this day obey that
mandate, although the turning over of a place to Master Mauritius which was commanded is not a thing
absolutely evil, although perhaps it is an evil for Master Mauritius that they in such an unusual degree like that
place. And to the doctors themselves perhaps it is also an evil because, loving the first place in the
synagogues, they do not admit Mauritius himself.3 Oh! that on both sides they may not come under the
heading of the salutation of that most lowly of masters, Christ, which runs: "Woe unto you Pharisees, that love
the chief seats in the synagogues!" Luke 11:43, "and to be called of men Rabbi!" Matt. 23:7. Likewise in acts
good generically, as are fasting and prayer—which are not things absolutely evil—the Roman church and
prelates are not to be obeyed except as these acts are weighed in the balances of reason. This is plain because
an inferior must continue in prayer and fasting, so far that the neglect to do so would mean damage to himself
and the church; but this is to be avoided both by him who commands and by the inferior; therefore, the
antecedent is true. For it is certain that it would be tempting God to obey a prelate or for me to vow to myself
that I would never eat or drink but so much and never have but so many clothes or wraps. And the same would
be true with the other counsels, wrongly interpreted. And much more would it be folly for a prelate to obligate
a community to perform such a singular measure of conduct as this. For one and the selfsame individual, in
view of the diversity of the times, of weakness and health, of youth and old age, of heat and cold, must vary in
practices of this sort; and much more in a community made up of different persons are things that are
indifferent to be adapted to individuals of different temperaments and states of health. According to Aristotle,
Ethics, II, that which is a matter of indifference does not apply in the same way to all. For in the indifferent
matter of eating, the amount proportioned to Milo, who wished to eat a whole bull in a day, would not be the
amount proportioned for every individual whatsoever, young or decrepit, sound or weak.

Hence, the Saviour wholly excused his disciples who were accused of not fasting, when it is said: "Then
came to him the disciples of John saying, Why do we and the Pharisees fast oft, but thy disciples fast not?"
Matt. 9:14. To these calumniators who joined themselves with the pharisees in reproving Christ, the Saviour
replied for his disciples and said: "Can the sons of the bridegroom mourn as long as the bridegroom is with
them? But the days will come when the bridegroom will be taken away from them and then they will fast. And
no man putteth4 a piece of undressed cloth upon an old garment, for that which would fill it up, taketh from
the garment and a worse rent is made. Neither do men put new wine into old wine-skins, or else the wine-
skins burst and the wine is spilt and the skins perish, but they put new wine into new skins and both are
preserved," Matt. 9: 15–17. Here the Saviour excuses his disciples for not fasting, first for the reason that he,
the bridegroom of the church, was at that time with his children and providing for them; secondly, because
that bodily fasting did not befit them for that time, as Lyra says: "Wherefore does the bridegroom say, 'Can
the children of the bridegroom mourn?' that is, be sad by afflicting themselves with fasting?—which is as if he
should say, No, for fasting does not befit them now, 'but the days will come,' namely, the days of the passion,
'when the bridegroom will be taken away from them' by death, and 'then they will fast,' that is, with the fasting
of grief, as it is written: 'Ye shall weep and lament,' John 16:20. 'Then shall they fast,' namely, at a time when
such fasting befits them. And then by a double example the Saviour proves that bodily fasting did not befit
them at that time." Supplications are also touched upon in Luke 5:33, when they said: "Why do the disciples
of John fast often and make supplications,5 likewise also the disciples of the Pharisees, but thine eat and
drink? And Jesus said unto them, Can ye make the sons of the bridegroom fast when the bridegroom is with
them?‖ which is as much as to say, apart from the bridegroom's will ye cannot lawfully make his sons to fast.

Truly Christ is the good prior and abbot, who does not burden his disciples but, laying on them an easy
yoke and a light burden, says of the Pharisees and scribes, sitting in Moses' seat, that they lay heavy burdens
and grievous to be borne on men's shoulders, but do not move them with one of their own fingers. Even so,
modern prelates and penitentiaries impose many fastings, many prayers, and other hard things upon the
people, and they alone do not do the least of them.

Hence, they more often say: "Let us eat and gamble and the coarse may do our fasting." Therefore, when
the Saviour calls such hard commandments as they lay upon men unbearable burdens because they are
weighty beyond Christ's counsels and commands, what wise man will say that inferiors are bound in such
things to obey their prelate under pain of mortal sin? Likewise to eat with unwashen hands is a neutral work,
neither absolutely good nor absolutely evil, and Christ's disciples were not obligated by the command of those
sitting in Moses' seat to do it. Nor are we now. The consequence has been stated, for the reasoning is the same
in the case of traditions of this kind, which are not founded in the Lord's law.
 The second part is manifest from Matt. 15:2, when the Pharisees and scribes said to Jesus, "Why do thy
disciples transgress the traditions of the elders? for they wash not their hands when they eat bread," but he,
rebuking them for the transgression of God's commandments, showed that his disciples did not sin in not
keeping their commandments, and he said: "To eat with unwashen hands defileth not the man." What,
therefore, is the reason now, that any inferior in any act whatsoever that is neutral or intermediate should be
obligated to obey his prelate, if it happens that the prelate is callous, who indiscreetly and overmuch burdens
an inferior with such neutral acts? Hence, as said above, Bernard well lays down the conditions of obedience,
one of which is that a work commanded is judicious when neither excess nor defect attaches to it.

Hence, no human commandment or decree is valid or to be observed except in so far as it is caused by a

divine command before exemplifying it.

And hence, it is, that no obedience made to a superior profits for merit except in so far as it leans towards
obedience of the counsels and commandments of the Lord Jesus Christ. This is clear, for obedience to Christ,
owed or performed, is in and by itself a reason of merit which increases or diminishes with the degree of
obedience or disobedience. Hence nothing is more religious than obedience unto God, as the Decretum 8: 1,
Sciendum [Friedberg, 1: 593], teaches, where is noted what Samuel, the prophet, says, I Sam. 15:22: "To obey
is better than sacrifice, for rebellion is as the sin of witchcraft and stubbornness as a crime." 6 "Obedience
itself," says the Decretum, "is a virtue that possesses the merit of faith, and any one who is without it, is
convicted of being an unbeliever, even though he seem to be of the faithful. The flesh of others, it says, is
slaughtered in the case of sacrifices, but by obedience our own will is sacrificed." Here it appears, it is clearer
than the light, that Samuel is speaking about obedience due to God, for he said to Saul: "Because thou hast
rejected the word of the Lord, the Lord hath rejected thee from being king, and Saul said unto Samuel, "I have
sinned, because I have transgressed the commandment of the Lord and thy words, for I feared the people and
obeyed their voice," I Sam. 15:23, 24. It is clear how much prelates of the people blaspheme who on the
ground of Scripture and ecclesiastical law traffic in such obedience for themselves; secondly, from
Augustine's authority, which the doctors quote for their side, Sermon 86, when he says: "If thou wilt fast,
make prayer night and day, if thou wilt beg, or be in ashes, or if thou wilt do anything else but what is
commanded in the Lord's law, and thou seemest wise to thyself and art not obedient to the Father [understand
not the corporal Father, but the spiritual Father]—thou hast lost all the virtues. This is clear, because he who
obeys not God, as his spiritual Father, has lost all the virtues." And hence Augustine adds: "Therefore
obedience profits more than all the other moral virtues." Far-fetched, therefore, is the proof of the doctors who
seek to deduce from this authority what they propose.

Further I lay down this conclusion and in spite of the pretended—prætensa—excommunication, threatened
or already issued, that the Christian ought to follow the commandments of Christ. This appears from the
conclusion of St. Peter and the other apostles: "We must obey God rather than men," Acts 5:29. From this it
follows logically that Christ's priest, who lives according to his law, and has a knowledge of the Scripture and
a desire to edify the people, ought to preach, a pretended excommunication to the contrary notwithstanding.
This is clear, for to preach the Word of God is a command to priests, as the apostle Peter bears witness, when
he says: "God charged us to preach unto the people and to testify," Acts 10:42. Jesus sent out the twelve,
commanding them and saying: "Go not into any way of the gentiles . . . and as ye go, preach, saying, The
kingdom of heaven is at hand," Matt. 10:5–7. The same appears from Luke, chapters 9 and 10, and also from
what Augustine says, Prologue to his Sermons: "Few are the priests who rightly preach God's Word, but many
are they who accursedly keep silence—some from ignorance, who refuse to teach and some from neglect,
because they spurn God's Word; but neither the former nor the latter may be excused from the guilt of keeping
silence, since they ought not to have a place of authority who do not know how to preach, nor ought they to
keep silent who know how to preach, howbeit they are not in places of authority."
 Likewise is this clear from what St. Jerome says on Ezek. 3:18: "When I say to the wicked, Thou shalt
surely die, and thou givest him not warning, nor speakest to warn the wicked from his wicked way to save his
life, the same wicked man shall die in his iniquity, but his blood will I require of thy hand." Here Jerome says:
"The priest is bound to preach, and let him see to it that fear of man does not make him to keep silence. There
is a great difference in the keeping of the words of God silent for three causes—namely, out of fear, stupidity
or flattery." Likewise is this clear from Gregory, Pastoral Theology, 15: 43, sit rector [Nic. Fathers, 2d Ser.,
12: 27, Friedberg, 1: 154], where he gives most solemn proof from many Scripture texts and, among other
things, says: "Indeed it is written that 'the sound shall be heard when he [Aaron] enters into the holy place in
the presence of the Lord . . . that he die not' [Ex. 28:33–35]. For the priest, going in or coming out dies if a
sound is not heard from him, because he gets to himself the anger of the hidden judge, if he goes in without
the sound of preaching." The same is clear from St. Isidore, who says, de Summo Bono, III: "Priests are
condemned for the people's iniquity if they do not instruct the ignorant or convict sinners."

When, therefore, in view of what has been said, any one who has reached the priesthood has accepted as of
commandment the office of preacher, it is clear that that commandment ought to be executed, a pretended
excommunication to the contrary notwithstanding.

Likewise for no true catholic ought it to become a matter of doubt that a man if he be adequately trained in
knowledge is more obligated to teach the ignorant, to advise the uncertain, to punish the unbridled, to remit
sins to those committing injury, than he is to do any works of mercy. Since, therefore, when he is fitted for the
ministry of alms for the body, he is bound to do these things under pain of damnation, as appears from Matt.
25—much more when he is fitted to administer spiritual alms [is he under obligation to do spiritual
ministries]. From this it is evident that preaching for the priest and giving alms for the rich are not things
intermediate but commandments.

Further, it is evident that if pope or other superior command the priest not to preach, who is disposed to do
so (as has been said), or the rich not to give alms, the inferior ought not to obey. Wherefore, depending on this
command of the Lord, I have not obeyed Pope Alexander's command in regard to not preaching and hence
will humbly bear excommunication,7 confident that I will secure to myself the benediction of my God. And as
to God, the Psalmist says: "Let them be accursed, but do thou bless." And he also blessed, when he said:
"Blessed are ye when men shall reproach you and say all manner of evil against you falsely for my sake.
Rejoice and be exceeding glad, for great is your reward in heaven," Matt. 5:11, 12.

1↑ In his de sex Erroribus, Huss has a chapter on obedience, Mon., 1: 238 sq., in which he denies that it is to be rendered in all cases to
ecclesiastical superiors. The terms, "inferiors" and "subjects" refer to ecclesiastical rank and orders.
2↑ This act of Boniface IX, 1403, referred to by the university of Prague, Doc., 500, was a deposition of Wenzel in favor of Ruprecht,
who had been chosen king of the Romans by three of the electors, 1400. Ruprecht threatened to pass over to the obedience of the
Avignon line. See also Huss's Reply to Palecz, Mon., 1: 329.
3↑ Mauritius-Marik Rwacka found favor with Innocent VII, d. 1406, who called upon the theological faculty of Prague to make a
place for him in the university on pain of excommunication, which it neglected to do, Documenta, pp. 53, 500. He was one of a
deputation sent to Rome, 1408, by King Wenzel. He was then made papal inquisitor, with whom Huss had something to do, Doc., 164,
184. Huss also refers to the case of Mauritius and the university's disobedience to the papal mandate in Reply to Palecz, Mon., 1: 329.
4↑ Committit. The Vulgate: immittit.
5↑ Observationes. The Vulgate: obsecrationes
6↑ The Vulgate adds: idolatriæ, of idolatry.
7↑ This was the papal bull of Dec. 20, 1409, which forbade preaching in chapels which, like Bethlehem chapel, were not connected
with a cathedral, collegiate or conventual church or their cemeteries. Doc., p. 375.
 CHAPTER XXI

CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH OBEDIENCE IS TO BE RENDERED TO PRELATES

Now as to the authorities which the doctors have adduced to emphasize the necessity of human obedience,
the following is briefly to be said. For, in the first place, they say: "The Roman church and prelates are to be
obeyed by inferiors in all things, according to the Saviour's statement, 'All things whatsoever they bid you,
these do and observe,' Matt. 23:2.1 Here I wonder why the doctors openly cut off the Saviour's previous
words, for they do not quote: "The scribes and Pharisees sit in Moses' seat." Nor did they add the later words,
"Do not ye according to their works," but they only quote the intervening words: "All things whatsoever they
bid you, these do and observe." Here it seems to me that they have so done because the pope and other
prelates of the church do not wish to be compared with scribes and Pharisees, and if anything is said of their
evil works they are indignant; and because also the doctors and masters are flattered by such things, and so the
former heap up to themselves masters having itching ears who turn away from the truth and the masters are
flattered. Therefore, the apostle's prophecy is fulfilled in both particulars, for he adjures Timothy saying: "I
charge thee in the sight of God and Jesus Christ, who shall judge the living and the dead, and by his appearing
and his kingdom: preach the word; be urgent in season, out of season; reprove, rebuke, exhort, with all
longsuffering and teaching. For the time will come, when they will not endure sound doctrine, but having
itching ears they will heap to themselves teachers after their own lusts and will turn away their ears from the
truth and turn aside unto fables," II Tim. 4:1–4. It is not, therefore, to be wondered at that prelates gratefully
accept the statements of the aforesaid doctors, for they anoint all those statements with the oil of flattery and
do not lay down a single word of correction with intent to suppress their wickedness. But a Master, a Bishop,
and most just Judge will come, who will think most righteously of the flattering speaking of the doctors and
the wickedness of the prelates, even he who said: "The scribes and Pharisees sit in Moses' seat, all things,
therefore, whatsoever they bid you, these do and observe, but do not according to their works, for they say and
do not."

Truly this Master never spoke fair of the wickedness of prelates and doctors. He spoke the truth, taught his
own faithful ones and confuted the scribes, sitting in Moses' seat, because of their evil works. He spoke truth
and taught truth, for he sat in Moses' seat, that is, the authority of judging and teaching God's law, as has been
shown above, Chapter XVIII.

By that authority Moses said: "They come unto me, that I may judge between them and show them the
statutes of God and his law," Ex. 18:16. "All things, therefore, whatsoever they bid you," that is, pertaining to
the seat of judgment, "do," namely, from the heart, "and observe," namely, in deed. "But do not according to
their works," that is, keep their doctrine, do not follow their life: "for they say and do not." Chrysostom says:
"They preach the faith and act in unbelief, give to others peace and do not have it themselves, cry out the truth
and love a lie, denounce avarice and love covetousness." Augustine, as above, on Ex. 18, says: "Sitting in
Moses' seat, they teach God's law; therefore, God teaches through them, but, if they wish to teach their own
things, do not hear them, do not do them."

Therefore, most true is Christ's saying and command, by which it is clear that he does not command the
keeping and doing of all the precepts of those who sit in Moses' seat, for otherwise he would not have said:
'They lay heavy burdens and grievous to be borne," and consequently burdens which ought not to be borne.
And in the next chapter it is seen how he excused his disciples in respect to eating with unwashen hands and
fasting.

Then, as for the authority of Augustine (which the doctors immediately append), the chapter preceding
this, near the end, gives his statement. As for the statement of St. Jerome, on the explanation of faith, see
Chapter XVI, where is set forth what he had spoken to Pope Damasus. But, after having looked at many old
books, we have found that he wrote to St. Augustine, whom in his letters he often calls pope—which
Augustine was a true pope—giving one significance to Peter's seat and Peter's faith, as appears near the
beginning of Chapter XIII. As to St. Bernard, when he speaks of the absolutely good and the absolutely evil,
and things intermediate, Chapter XIX treats of that. And it is added: "In these things which are intermediate
the law of obedience is placed as—tanguam—in the tree of the knowledge of good and evil which was in the
midst of Paradise." Certainly, in these things to prescribe our view to the judgment of the Masters is not right;
and in these things neither the command nor the prohibition of prelates is in all cases to be despised. Here it is
to be observed that the adverb of similitude, "as" [as it were]—tanguam—expresses a certain amount of
likeness, not full likeness. For in the tree of the knowledge of good and evil the law was placed by God, who
can neither deceive nor be deceived. This law was given under pain of mortal sin. For God said unto Adam:
"Of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it, for in the day thou eatest of it, thou
shalt surely die," Gen. 2:18. Here, then, three things are to be thought of—he who gives the word of
command, the command and the condition of the person called upon to obey. He who commanded is God,
who cannot err; the command is exceedingly useful; and man it is who heard God himself commanding. To
eat, therefore, of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil after the prohibitive command was given, was an
absolute evil. In accordance with this, let us suppose that the prelate Peter command John, his inferior, to
collect strawberries and let it be thought that it is not possible for him who commands to err in this, and let it
be thought of how much value such a work is for the person called upon to obey, and also that the man called
upon to obey is disposed to do such a work, as was Adam to do God's command, and it is evident that in all
these three, the comparison is not the same. For a prelate may err and the work commanded is not so useful,
and the man called upon to obey is not so disposed to do that work, as was Adam to do the command of God.

Therefore, Bernard says that a work which is intermediate is one which in respect of mode, time, or person
may be either good or bad; and here that saint insists upon the circumstances from the side of him who gives
the command, from the side of the work, and from the side of him called to obey. Therefore, when he says that
it is a work which is intermediate so far as the mode goes, he urges a due measure of the exercise of reason, in
such a way that he who commands does not depart from the divine counsels. For, if a prelate should command
Peter, a subject, a learned priest in God's law, to feed sows on the Lord's day and God for that day should
counsel him to do for Him a work of supererogation incompatible with that act of feeding, then Peter the
priest is bound to obey God who counsels rather than the prelate who commands. This is clear, for in this case
the superior is more to be reverenced, one whom every subject is more bound to obey; and the enjoined act
also is more useful. But the act enjoined by the prelate, namely to feed sows on the Lord‘s day, is in respect to
merit a thing indifferent, but the act enjoined by God has of and in itself the reason of merit.

Hence, I could wish that he might reply to St. Bernard in respect to this case. If St. Benedict had bid him
feed sows for himself and, for the same time, God had given him a counsel to give advice to persons asking in
the church with respect to the salvation of their souls, I am of the opinion that the authority of him who
counsels and the greater usefulness of the counsel, as compared with the commands of St. Benedict, would
have forced Bernard to hearken rather to the divine counsel than to Benedict's command, both to the honor of
God and to the salvation of those asking counsel. From this it is seen to follow, that we owe more to any
divine counsel whatever than to a human command which is incompatible with it. Secondly, it is seen to
follow that no one is bound to obey a private command except in so far as it admonishes in accordance with
the divine counsel or command; and it is clear that, as regards the mode, a due measure of reason is involved
and also the quality of the command, both of which he who is called upon to obey and he who commands
ought to consider. For what reason would there be for the command of a dull and fat bishop that a priest
should feed sows and send away Christ's sheep without pasturing them—sheep which Christ purchased with
his own blood?
 Similarly must the circumstance of place be thought of, for, if a prelate should bid a subject to appear in a
place where enemies are who are planning the subject's death, the subject is not bound to obey. Hence Pope
Clement V, de Sent. et rejud. in Clement. [Friedberg, 2: 1152], says: "Who would dare or by what reason
would any one be held bound to dare to submit to the judgment of such a consistory—namely, to place oneself
in the bosom of enemies and to offer oneself voluntarily to a death from violent injury and not by formal
justice? That, indeed, is to be feared from the side of the law; that is to be evaded as a matter of morals; that
human sense and reason flee from; that nature abhors. Therefore, he would be a fool who would dream of
such a citation binding the one cited.‖ Nor ought the means of defence to be taken away which come from the
law of nature, for the emperor himself has no right to withdraw those things which are provided by the law of
nature.

Likewise, Pope Nicolas wrote to the emperor Michael, 3:5 [Friedberg, 1: 518]: "That suspects and enemies
ought not to be judges, reason itself dictates, and it is proved by many examples. For what could any one give
more acceptable and to be desired to an enemy than to commit a person to him to be assailed, who might
greatly wish to hurt him?" This thing also the Constantinopolitan synod, Canon 6 [381 A. D.], is known to
prohibit, and in the very same chapter [Friedberg, 1: 518] Pope Gelasius 2 a most brave assailer of heretics,
says: "I ask for the tribunal to which they lay claim. Where can they carry their cases? Before those who are
enemies and at the same time witnesses and judges? But to such a tribunal no human business should be
committed. And if to a tribunal, where enemies are the judges, no human business should be carried, how
much less ought cases of divine import, that is, ecclesiastical cases be carried! He that is wise, let him
understand. And in truth, for this reason, the good emperor Justinian is known to have promulgated in his laws
the same, when he said: 'He who thinks a judge partial may, before the trial begins, accuse him that the case
may revert to another. For it is just as natural to shun the assaults of judges as to wish to flee from the
sentence of enemies.' Thus St. John the Golden-mouthed refused to enter the college of the council assembled
together against him." These things are found at the place [Friedberg, 1: 519] where Gratian draws the
following conclusion:3 "Outside the limits of his province no man charged with guilt is under any
circumstances to be summoned." Hence Pope Fabian,4 3: 6 [Friedberg, 1: 519], says: "The case is always tried
there where the offence occurred, and he who does not prove his accusation should himself suffer the
punishment he would inflict." Likewise Pope Stephen,5 3: 6 [Friedberg, 1: 519]: "No permission to accuse
shall be proceeded with outside of the bounds of the provinces, but every charge is to be heard within the
province." The same thing appears, 3:6 [Friedberg, 1: 523] from the action of the Roman synod.

Therefore, what would be the nature of such obedience, or what reason would there be for it, that a person
cited three hundred miles away—to the pope unknown, accused by enemies—should go with such concern to
himself through enemies and come to hostile judges and witnesses and consume extravagantly the goods of
the poor or (not practising extravagance) that he should go, suffering with hunger and with thirst! And what
would be the fruit of such an appearance? Certainly the neglect of the work enjoined of God, so far as his own
salvation goes and the salvation of others. Nor will he there be taught how to believe well, but how to push
litigation, which is not permitted to a servant of God. There he will be despoiled in the consistory [curia], he
will grow cold in holy morals, he will be stirred up through oppression to impatience of spirit, and, if he have
nothing to give, he will be condemned, even if he have justice on his side. And what is more serious, he will
be compelled to adore with bended knees the pope as God.6

Blessed, therefore, be God, who says: "I will go down and see whether they have done altogether
according to the cry which is come unto me, and if not, I will know," Gen. 18:21. "Blessed be the Son of God,
who came down from heaven to seek and to save that which was lost," Luke 19:10. "And he went about all the
cities and the villages, teaching in their synagogues, and preaching the Gospel of the kingdom, and healing all
manner of disease and all manner of sickness. But when he saw the multitudes, he was moved with
compassion for them because they were distressed and scattered as sheep not having a shepherd," Matt. 9:35–
36. Blessed be Christ who commanded Peter, saying: "If thy brother sin against thee, show him his fault
between thee and him alone," Matt. 18:15. Therefore, the pope will not find any passages except such as prove
the contrary, namely, that Christ answered in person citations of this kind. For, if popes would depend upon
that law of Christ as stated, Matt. 7:12, "All things whatsoever ye would that men should do unto you, even so
do ye also unto them; for this is the law and the prophets," I am of the opinion that they would not with reason
desire to cite men and oblige them to make such a perilous and untried journey. Therefore, why do they urge
others without a patent and reasonable cause to go to such pains and labor?

Oh that they would think of an exemplary life lived as set forth according to the authority of the pontiff,
Christ, who piously went to see the erring and those oppressed by the devil, not by citing them to appear, not
by excommunicating them, nor by imprisoning them, or by burning them—and who charged Peter and in him
every one of his vicars, saying: "If thy brother sin against thee, go show him his fault," etc. Here Peter's vicar
should take note, first, that when he wants to show a brother his fault, he ought to see first that he himself is
unblamable, for love ought to begin with itself. How, then, may a prelate, full through and through with
simoniacal heresy, pride, self-indulgence or avarice, lawfully show a brother his faults? To him the Lord says:
"Hypocrite, first cast out the beam out of thine own eye and then shalt thou see clearly to cast out the mote out
of thy brother's eye," Luke 6:42. Or how may he condemn any one to death, when the Saviour says: "He that
is without sin among you, let him first cast a stone at her," John 8:7. In truth, if that law of Christ be thought
of, rarely would a prelate be found in these times who could lawfully correct or condemn for heretical
depravity.

Secondly, Christ's vicar should note how the Saviour commands, saying, "Go," for here he commands that
judges ought in telling subjects of their faults to visit the places where the offence is said to have been
committed, as even law proclaims. For so did Christ and all his apostles. And so Christ will do at the last
judgment, as he alone predicts in Matt. 25. In the third place, let Peter's vicar or prelate note how in the way of
telling one's fault, he ought to be prudent, diligent, and intent that he do not excommunicate before the close
of the third rebuke. Fourthly, he should note the number of the faithful witnesses by whom the brother's
offence is to be established. And fifthly, he ought to tell it to the church, as one greater than himself, for so the
Lord bade Peter: "Tell it to the church."

From the things already said I summarize: that the proposed excommunication does not concern me or
bind me because hostile judges and witnesses dwell in Rome and the case chiefly is a matter touching the
judge. The distance for me is a long one and, guarded as it is all along the way by hostile Germans, I do not
see any fruit of my appearance, but, on the contrary, only neglect of the people in the Word of God. I hope
that Christ will guard me, as he said: "Behold, I send you forth as sheep in the midst of wolves, be ye,
therefore, wise as serpents and harmless as doves. But beware of men, for they will deliver you up to councils
and in their synagogues they will scourge you," Matt. 10:16, 17. He also said: "Behold, I have told you
beforehand. If, therefore, they shall say unto you, behold, he is in the wilderness, go not forth: behold, he is in
the inner chambers, believe it not," Matt. 24:25, 26. Therefore, I have committed myself to Christ alone that
whether as a result of the false excommunication of men, or, outside that, by natural death or through violence
he may bring my life to a close.

Then in respect to the circumstance of time [as bearing upon the duty of obedience], it is not doubtful that
it is necessary for the one who gives a command as well as for the one called upon to obey to know when an
act good generically, or when a neutral act, ought to be performed. For, if during the paschal festival a prelate
bids a subject fast or, if he has a healthy body, on Good Friday not to fast, would it be lawful for a subject to
obey contrary to the custom approved in the church and contrary to the conscience of this subject which
resists, or, if he should bid him wander in the middle of the night through woods among cruel wild beasts
when there was no necessity for it? And many are the commandments of this kind repugnant to reason. Nor
should an argument be made in favor of obedience, if it were anywhere found in the lives of the Fathers, that
subjects in the case of works which are without fitness or neutral obeyed, even as certain of the holy Fathers
did obey, as Hugo of St. Victor, Libellum Intitulatum, speaking of these things which may not lawfully be
done, said: "Just as we read that certain of the holy Fathers commanded subjects many things foreign to
human reason that they might teach them the virtue of obedience, such as watering dry parts until they
produced seeds or softening hard stones by pouring water over them and taming ferocious beasts by a word of
command."

So far as the circumstance of the person is concerned, it is clear that here reason ought to direct as to a
work good generically and also neutral. In a work generically good, if the prelate should command the subject
to give alms by pauperizing his boys, or to take up penance by fasting which he is not capable of enduring, or
to make many prayers even as confessors lay hard tasks upon men—certainly in such cases a pope is not to be
hearkened to, since a parent is more bound to nourish his boys than to give alms to others; and he is not bound
to bear insufferable burdens. The same is true in works neutral, for, if ever a pope should command me to play
on the flute, build towers, to mend or weave garments, and to stuff sausages, ought not my reason to judge
that the pope was foolish in so commanding? Why should I not prefer in this matter my common sense to the
pope's sentence? Yea, if with all our doctors he should command me do these things, the reason would judge
that the sentence of these persons was foolish.

Likewise, if the pope of his own motion should command that any one accept a bishopric who was
incompetent on account of his inexperience of the language of the people he was to rule, would he have to
obey by accepting? It is evident he would not. Similarly, it is evident that the people would not have to accept
him just as they would not want the pope to put over them a shepherd of sows or goats—a pastor who would
be of no account to feed those flocks.

And it is clear, that Christ‘s faithful disciple ought to look back to the first exemplar, Christ himself, and
listen to a prelate as far as he teaches Christ‘s law, things reasonable, things to edification, and things lawful
for the subject, for Cyprian, God's glorious martyr, says: Decretum, Dist. 8 [Friedberg, 1: 15]: "If Christ alone
is to be hearkened to, then we ought not to listen to what any one before us may have thought ought to be
done, but what Christ, who is before all, did." This soundest of rules antichrist's satraps lay aside, who say that
disobedience to papal statutes is to be punished most severely, and so Christ with his law is put aside. Hence,
it being laid down that obedience is due to the pope and prelates in all things neutral, the pope, in treating the
law of Christ as difficult to understand, may decree that no Christian should do any work that is neutral,
except such works as he himself approves and ratifies, and consequently he may ordain that his satraps cite
any persons whatsoever to appear and answer at his tribunal; and so they are able to worry the people out till
they make a promise, and mulct the people as they do in absolutions, in reservations and in dispensations.

And, as is believed, they would practise this more abundantly if they did not fear that the people,
perceiving their subtilty, would rebel. For now God is enlightening the people that they be not beguiled from
Christ‘s paths. For Daniel prophesied, saying: "And arms [forces] shall stand on his part; and they shall
profane the sanctuary and they shall set up the abomination that maketh for desolation, and such as do
wickedly against the covenant shall he pervert by flatteries, but the people that know their God shall be strong
and do exploits," Daniel 11:31–32. Antichrist's "arms which stand and profane God's sanctuary" are wicked
prelates who are an abomination on account of their villainies, and they are the "desolation" by refusing to
imitate Christ. Of this abomination Christ says, "when ye see the abomination of desolation standing in the
holy place which was spoken of by Daniel the prophet," Matt. 24:15, and, "standing where he ought not,"
Mark 13:14. And when the prophet adds, "and such as do wickedly against the covenant," for they say they
keep Christ's covenant, but will not keep it, because they obscure and gloss it for their own exaltation and to
excuse their sin, "but the people that know their God," that is, know by the gift of God's grace, will obtain
Christ by imitation of him and will do the commandments of the covenant of the Lord Jesus Christ. But
because to those that teach these things persecution comes unto death, therefore Daniel further says: "And
they that are wise among the people shall instruct many and shall fall by the sword and in the flames and in
the captivity and by the fall of days. And when these shall fall, they shall be lifted up by the help of the little
ones and many shall join themselves unto them with flatteries," Dan. 11:33–34.

The experience of the facts enables us to understand this text, for simple laymen and priests, taught by
God's grace, teach very many by the example of a good life and, gainsaying publicly antichrist‘s lying words,
perish with the sword. This is seen in the cases of the laymen, John, Martin, and Stafcon, 7 who resisted
antichrist‘s lying disciples, and perished together by the sword. And others, exposing their necks for the truth
have been martyred, being seized, imprisoned, and murdered and yet did not deny Christ's truth—priests, and
also laymen and women. But those who have oppressed them have gone away clandestinely for, terrified by
antichrist's censures and seizures, they have turned into the opposite way. But God, up to this time, multiplies
the sons of his church who suffer and are patient and publish the truth of Christ‘s law. Therefore, blessed be
God and the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ who has hidden the way of truth from the wise and prudent and
revealed it unto simple laymen and little priests who choose rather to obey God than men, who in acts
generically good and acts neutral have the life of Christ before their eyes and obey prelates so far as these acts,
modified by circumstances, can be reasonably put into practice for edification through the imitation of Christ.
For they themselves hold that an act, in order to be virtuous, must be justified by eight circumstances, which
are set forth in this line:

Who, what, where, how much, how many, why, in what manner, when.

Who, that is, the individual who ought to obey. What, namely, he ought to do when he is commanded.
Where, because in one place it is fitting, in the case of an act good generically or neutral to obey, and not so in
another place or in any place whatsoever. How much, namely, he ought to obey, in as far as the command is
of something applicable to edification according to the counsel of Jesus Christ or his command. For one is not
bound to obey forever his personal superior as the foolish prate, saying, that the pope's authority extends to the
right of infinite commanding, and whom individual Christians ought to obey even to that extent. How many,
namely, acts he may lawfully do, since it matters not whether the subject, following the command of a priest
binding him to penance, gives two pennies or two denarii or fasts three days weekly; and that he give as many
pennies or fast as many days as the simple fellow commands or limits (unless he fill his confessor's purse), or
that he give as much for the building of St. Peter as he would offer if he lived there and as much by the
estimate of the pope's camera as he might consume on the journey thither; and so of other taxations invented
of the devil. The faithful ought also to think of the circumstance of the end in view, namely: why, that is, with
what end in view he ought to obey by the act which is enjoined, because, if it leads to God's honor and directly
to the profit of the church, then it is a good end. But if another end is held forth, then it is against the apostle's
words: "Whatsoever ye do, do in the name of Jesus Christ." For the end determines all the means—media—
which are used with that end in view. Hence, Aristotle concludes, de Anima, 2, with these words: "It is right
that all things should be called good by the end, so that when the end is good, the means for that end are also
good." And another circumstance is also added, when it is said: how. For it is not enough to do a thing that is
good generically, but it is demanded that it be done well, for nothing can be done well by a man except as he
abides in love. Therefore, the apostle says: "Let all your things be done in love." And that nothing is well done
by a man without love, the apostle proves when he says: "Though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor, and
have not love, it profiteth me nothing," I Cor. 13:3. And this is reasonable because the branch cannot bear
fruit, except it abide in the vine, as the Saviour said: "Ye cannot bear fruit, except ye abide in me," that is, by
love, John 15:4. Hence it is said in a general way that a certain philosopher, by name Phantasma—Illusion—
advanced that God is the rewarder not of nouns but adverbs [not names, but qualities], and it is clear that for
obedience to be true, grace or love is needed. Then other circumstances are involved in this adverb, how,
because one that is called upon to obey ought to perform the work commanded out of love, in humility,
wisely, joyfully, bravely, and promptly. The last condition is when—namely, it is fitting to perform the work
commanded, as has been said before, with respect to time, for without doubt there are many acts good
generically and also acts neutral, which it is not expedient to command at any time whatever, and
consequently it is not expedient to yield obedience to them at any time.

However, as for this [namely, that the inferior obey the superior in all things], it is argued up to this point
thus: Suppose that the pope should, by the bond of holy obedience and upon the assurance of obtaining
absolution from penalty and guilt or some other spiritual benefit, bind every cleric subject to him to resist the
first pope obedient in all things, and that he should bind every laic by a similar formula to resist the first
disobedient pope and let the injunction be made under the severest of anathemas—and suppose in addition
that every cleric or laic subject to our pope was first obedient to him and that every cleric resisted every laic
and vice versa. Here the contradiction would be manifest because it is allowed that Peter the cleric and Paul
the laic were not at first in opposition, resisting one another, and I ask whether Peter being for the moment
obedient is resisting the pope. If so, then we must say that for that moment Paul was disobedient to the pope
because, inasmuch as he resists Peter who is disobedient to the pope in all things, and it was enjoined that he
should resist the first disobedient pope, it follows that Paul incurs the mark of disobedience, and so also Peter
for the moment being disobedient would be resisting the pope. Then we should grant that Paul is obedient and
Peter also, because before they resisted one another they were both obedient, and Peter by resisting, was not
disobedient but, as follows from what has been said, his obedience is confirmed. And it is not valid to deny
the pertinency of this case on account of the following things, namely, (1) because only what was neutral or
possible was commanded and (2) because a prelate may command what in itself is impossible and altogether
unreasonable, therefore, he may command that thing, and so there remains no reply except the truth that
neither more nor less on account of his commanding do the cleric and the layman incur reward or penalty. For
a command must be reasonable with God if it is to be obeyed. And then it would hold good, provided no one
under human authority would make that command, since otherwise a man would become disobedient to
reason. And it is clear that, as in the case supposed, there would be no possibility left of looking for remission
or anathema, so in a general way there would not be in the case of a papal sentence except so far as one
merited them in accordance with God's will. This logical objection must be solved. And similarly suppose,
that Peter the prior had a second Twelve made up of conventuals all obedient to him, and he should bid the
more stable Twelve not to speak with the other unless perchance by being disobedient it might bring the other
to obedience. And it is clear that the second Twelve did not talk with the rest except, by obeying Peter, to
bring the other to obedience, and Paul of the former Twelve should speak with Linus of the latter Twelve both
of them excelling in this that they have regard to the injunction of obedience, so that, before the talking
occurred, both were lawfully obedient to Peter; and the contradiction will appear.8

Likewise as Bernard in his letter to the monk Adam says that things which are intermediate—may equally
well or equally badly be either commanded or prohibited. Therefore, when a superior commands or forbids
wrongly, and when the subject knows that he has commanded or forbidden wrongly, he ought by the law of
love to tell the subject his fault as a brother because when in so commanding or forbidding he sins against
God and his brother. This appears by that rule of Christ: "If thy brother sin against thee, go and tell him his
fault between thee and him alone," Matt.18:15. Nor is there any objection to this that he who is superior in
virtue should tell one inferior in his living his fault, howbeit the latter be the superior in rank, for otherwise
this law of Christ would perish, which ordains that every Christian prelate, when he has sinned, should be
corrected by another. For the law speaks to all men alike when it says: "If thy brother sin against thee, go and
tell him his fault." But if, to make an impossible supposition, Christ had sinned, he would inasmuch as he was
our brother, Heb. 2:17–19, have had to be corrected by the church. Hence he indicated this, when he said to
the multitudes: "Which of you convicteth me of sin?" John 8:46.
 For this reason the church in the person of our Saviour aptly sings: "O my people, what have I done to
thee? or how have I comforted thee? Answer me,"—namely, by a reproach. And Isaiah, 1:17, says: "Cease to
do evil, learn to do well. Seek justice, relieve the oppressed, judge the fatherless, plead for the widow, and
come and let us reason together, saith the Lord." Therefore, itis clear that every wayfaring man ought to have
his faults told him by his brother, for otherwise the law of Christ would be wanting in providing a remedy
against the spots of his bride, and Paul contradicts the idea that it is wanting, Gal. 5, for he resisted Peter, the
pope, to his face for a light offence and also in his writing left for those who were to come after, that in cases
of like falling away they should do the same to their brother. Therefore, it is faithless to assert that the higher
rank may not have its fault told it in matters moral by an inferior. Wherefore, in case of a fault, a son may
lawfully tell his father his fault, a daughter the mother, a subject the prelate, a disciple his teacher—all
following the rule of love.

However, against these things the objection is made that the pope has the place of the Lord Jesus Christ on
earth. But it is not permitted any one to tell him his fault, as appears from Matt. 16. When, on account of
Christ's rebuke, Peter is called Satan, is it not, therefore, permitted to find fault with him that occupies Peter's
stead? But this kind of reasoning includes too much, for it would necessitate saying that every vicar of Christ
is impeccable, just as Christ is impeccable. But it is a good inference that neither pope nor other person ought
to be found fault with or corrected in so far as they follow the Head, Christ. But, if a bishop or confessor
occupying Christ's stead attempt an act of selfindulgence with a virgin or a chaste wife, ought he not to be
vehemently found fault with as if he were antichrist and the faithless enemy of his own soul? For in
committing such an illicit act, he does not occupy Christ's stead, but the place of antichrist himself and the
devil, tempting a woman most iniquitously. And it is clear, that that statement of St. Bernard which the
doctors adduce, namely, that in those things, that is, 'things intermediate, it is certainly not right to prefer our
view to the sentence of the masters, and in these neither the command nor the prohibition of prelates are
altogether to be spurned'—the circumstances must be understood fitted to the act of obedience which is owed
in respect to the mode, place, time and person, as has been said. For often the student with reason refuses to
obey in an act intermediate or neutral or even in an act good generically, showing the reason why it is not
expedient in such a case to obey. This has frequently happened to me, when I have commanded; and being
taught better and even taking gratefully information, I have obeyed the student. And the same reasoning holds
in respect to a prelate, for in our times prelates often talk wildly in their commands because of ignorance, and
are to be reasoned with in love, by their subjects, for the well-being of the church.

But it is objected to this that an equal has no rule over an equal. Since, therefore, the pope excels every
other pilgrim and every superior his subject, it seems that it is not the business of any pilgrim to correct the
pope or any subject his prelate. This means that, if the antecedent be denied, since necessarily God the Father
has no rule over the Holy Spirit, and yet they are equal persons, the consequence does not follow, namely, that
of necessity God the Father has rule over the Son, according to the humanity he assumed and yet necessarily
they are absolutely equal. Therefore, if no equal has rule over an equal, the catholic faith is gainsaid. And
again: as is the rule of a vicar, so also of the same kind is all human rule, as the apostle says: "Charge them
that are rich in this present world that they be not high-minded," I Tim. 6. But such rule is either independent,
derived from itself, or it is originally authorized over some creature, and so it is clear how bare this mode of
reasoning is both as to its substance and form, for he understands by this principle that an equal has no
authoritative rule over his equal, on the ground by which he is equal to one who rules in such a way. But what
stands in the way of one who excels in virtue telling to one inferior in his living his fault, howbeit the latter be
the superior in rank?

Besides, the objection is raised from the canon law, Dist. 21, Nunc autem [Friedberg, 1: 71], where it is
declared that no one of the holy bishops dared to bring a judgment against Pope Marcellinus, but they said:
"By thine own mouth judge thy case. Thou shalt not subject thyself to our decision." That is to say, that this
saying of the bishops is not sufficient to nullify God's law according to which in the case of Paul he reproved
Peter the pope. Secondly, it means that it would be most superfluous for them to reprove him in such a case,
who observed from his contrition that he was fully reproved of the Lord. Thirdly, it means that he was
sufficiently reproved by them when they said, "by thine own mouth judge thy case, thou shalt not be subject to
our decision." And still again, it means, Be not heard at our tribunal but gather up thy case in thy own bosom
and once more thou wilt be declared righteous of thyself, they say, or be condemned out of thine own mouth.
Certainly that was a great act of reproving, because those who reproved cast the duty of reproving back on the
pope himself. Hence Marcellinus, when he heard these things, declared the sentence of deposition against
himself.9

Thus it is clear that a subject following the rule of prudence and of love may correct an erring superior and
lead him back to the way of truth. For, if a superior should wander away and come into a cave of thieves or
into the danger of death, it would be proper for the subject to draw him back and to preserve him from danger.
Therefore, this is the more allowable when a superior by a devious path of living runs into the cave of demons
and into the peril of the worst death of sins. If, therefore, in the first case, the superior would rejoice, why not
much more in the second? If he employs a guardian in the first case, why not in the second?

Nor is there anything to conflict in that saying of St. Augustine, de conflictu virtutum et vitiorum [Migne,
40: 1094]:10 "What sort of men they ought to be who rule is not a question to be discussed by subjects." This
is true and evident, that they ought not to discuss rashly what sort of men they ought to be, nevertheless,
reason dictates to them that they who rule ought to be good, that they ought not to live in excess and, if they
live badly, subjects ought to take heed and to beware of their evil works in advance. Hence Augustine says:
"If human rule is to be obeyed, it is necessary that we be subject to divine government,11 for Christ himself
says, "He who heareth you, heareth me, and he that despiseth you, despiseth me." And, further on, Augustine
adds: "Nevertheless, because he foresees that not all will in the future be of this kind, he took all kinds of
subjects into the company of his disciples and said, admonishing them in advance, 'The scribes and Pharisees
sit in Moses' seat; whatsoever things they say to you, these do, but what they do, do not ye.'" And it is clear
that, with the zeal of a good purpose, subjects should discuss the manner of life of their superiors or think of
it, so that, if the superiors are good, the subjects may imitate them; if evil, they follow not their works, but in
an humble spirit pray for them and take heed when they command good things. Otherwise, unless they
discuss, they will fall with the blind leader into the hole, and easily it may happen that they will worship
antichrist as God, and, like the Jewish people who followed their leaders—prælatis—conspire against Christ
the Lord.

1↑ The exegesis of this passage, upon which so much stress is laid, Huss takes up again at length, ad octo Doctores, Mon., 1: 408.
2↑ Mistake for Nicolas.
3↑ This quotation from the canon law gives only a part of the original and, as Huss's text has several mistakes, I have followed in the
translation the text of the canon law. Gratian's conclusion, which Huss quotes, opens a new section of the canon law and is preceded
by another statement by Gratian which it seems strange Huss did not quote as it is so opposite to what he has been saying. It runs:
"Although a man's guilt be evident, yet is he not to be condemned on the accusation of an enemy." John the Golden-mouthed, to whom
Huss refers, is Chrysostom, patriarch of Constantinople, d. 407, the greatest preacher of the early church. The synod to which Huss
refers was held 403 and is called the synod of the Oak. It was held under the direction of Theophilus of Alexandria, his enemy, and
was made up largely of Chrysostom's enemies or disaffected members of his clergy. Chrysostom refused to attend unless his enemies
were expelled. The court whom he had offended by his condemnations of extravagance in dress, etc., then deposed Chrysostom from
his see.
4↑ Fabian, pope, 236–250, seems to have been a vigorous administrator, in whose reign the schism of Hippolytus was completely put
down and the Decian persecution vigorously resisted in Rome.
5↑ Stephen I, pope, 254-257, in the dispute with Cyprian of Carthage over the baptism by heretics took ground in favor of its validity.
6↑ Cited by Cardinal Colonna to go to Rome, 1410, Huss, in his official replies, his letters and at the council of Constance, constantly
gave as a reason for not complying the dangers from enemies by the way or, as he also expressed it, from traps set by his enemies,
especially the Germans whom he had offended by his course at the university. Other reasons he gave were that he would have to leave
his work in Prague, and that the place where the offence was committed, Prague, was the proper place for the trial. Wenzel, in a letter
to the cardinal, suggested that he visit Prague, Documenta, p. 424, and overlook the situation with his own eyes. In one place Huss, in
urging the distance as a reason for not going to Rome, said the distance from Prague to the holy city was as great as the distance from
Jerusalem to Tiberius, which, however, happens to be only sixty miles.
7↑ In the troubles arising in Prague out of the proclamation of John XXIII's bulls against Ladislaus and the sale of pardons these three
men offered violent resistance and were arrested and imprisoned. As they were about to be executed, Huss, in company with others,
appeared at the city hall, appealed in their behalf and secured, as he thought, their immunity from death. But after he was once out of
sight, the men were taken from prison and quickly beheaded. A great crowd coming together gathered up the bodies and carried them
amidst the singing of sacred hymns to Bethlehem chapel, where they were buried and looked upon as martyrs. In one of his sermons,
Langsdorff, p. 16, Huss refers to the death of these three men as a price for denying that the pope is the God of this world and can
forgive sins as he will, and to their burial in Bethlehem.
8↑ This is the most difficult passage in Huss's treatise. Wyclif, though not using the exact form above, so far as I know, uses the
general method to prove an utter inconsistency, as in his de Eccles., p. 211. The imaginary characters, Peter, Paul, and Linus, are used
somewhat in the same way as Richard Roe and John Doe. Linus is brought in as a judge, being chosen because he belonged to the
second generation of presbyters or bishops. See Wyclif, de domin. civ., pp. 38, 39, for a similar use of Peter, Paul, and Linus to prove
the inconsistency of making natural dominion, as opposed to civil dominion, exempt from spiritual laws.
9↑ Marcellinus, whom Jerome [Migne, 27: 1111] puts among the popes, probably of the time of Diocletian, is reported to have fallen
away in time of persecution and sacrificed to the gods. He acknowledged his mistake in the presence of a synod of bishops who
refused to sit in judgment on him on the ground that prima sedes a nemine judicatur—the primal see is judged by no one. This was the
theory asserted by the mediæval popes. They were subject to no tribunal but God. Higden, 5: 104–108, reported the tradition that
Marcellinus deposed himself and anathematized any one that should bury his body.
10↑ The treatise was falsely ascribed to Augustine.
11↑ Huss's text must be wrong or Huss is drawing an inference in his own language. The original treatise has si obtemperandum
Domini est imperio humano subdi necesse est magisterio. If the Lord's rule is to be obeyed, subjection to human government is
necessary. Romans 13:1–2 is quoted.
 CHAPTER XXII

EXCOMMUNICATIONS, JUST AND UNJUST

Finally, the doctors lay down in their writing the following: "At length, because the processes [court
proceedings before the curia and the archbishop of Prague] against Master John Huss have been received by
the body of the clergy in Prague, and they have obeyed them, therefore these processes are to be obeyed, and
especially since therein nothing absolutely good is prohibited nor is anything absolutely evil enjoined.1 But
according to the method of the church customary with the Roman curia and observed before the fathers of our
fathers, only things intermediate—things between what is purely good and purely evil—are there commanded,
which in respect to time, place, or mode may be either good or bad—and obedience is to be rendered in these
things intermediate in accordance with the teachings of the Gospel and in accordance with St. Bernard." And
they add: "And it is not the business of the clergy in Prague to pronounce judgment on the question whether
the excommunication of Master John Huss is just or unjust." etc.

I will proceed to the things in the processes [court proceedings] about which for the present I chiefly
consider three matters, namely, excommunication, suspension and interdict. And about these I will speak
briefly, discussing first of all this, that the conclusion which the doctors draw is exceedingly bad, namely,
"because the processes against John Huss have been received by the body of the clergy in Prague, and they
have obeyed them, therefore, they ought to be obeyed." It is as if we should argue in this way: because
processes were received by the body of the clergy in Jerusalem against Christ, that he is a seducer, malefactor,
and blasphemer excommunicate and guilty of death, therefore, those processes are to be obeyed by the doctors
themselves. The conclusion from the law of similarity holds by that middle term of cause, "because the
processes were received by the clergy"—and the doctors of theology ought to be ashamed for that conclusion,
and especially Stanislaus, for he is the ablest logician amongst them. Perhaps they learned that conclusion
from the chief priests, scribes, and Pharisees who formulated a like conclusion. For when Pilate said unto
them, "What accusation bring ye against this man?" they answered and said (formulating this conclusion): "If
this man were not an evil-doer we would not have delivered him up to thee," John 18:29–30. And again they
followed the same line of argument when Pilate said, "I find no case against him," when they replied, "We
have a law and according to that law he ought to die, because he made himself the Son of God," John 19:7. In
the first conclusion, formulated by the Jews, the doctors implied that they themselves did not err when they
said: "If this one were not an evil-doer, we would not have delivered him up to thee"—that is, because he is an
evil-doer, therefore have we delivered him up to thee. Similarly our doctors reply in the conclusion they
formulate that the body of the clergy in Prague cannot err; otherwise, if they were able to err, their conclusion
would not be valid. And because that body is able to err in accepting the processes, so also it does err in
securing them and wickedly executing them. Therefore, the conclusion of the doctors is not a good one.

And I wonder how this enormous conclusion—cauda—of the doctors, by which they wish to cover up their
shame by the statement: processes to the contrary import, if received, would have to be obeyed—does not
contradict this, when the conclusion is added: "Nor is it the business of the clergy in Prague to pronounce
sentence whether the excommunication of Master John Huss is just or unjust." For if those processes are to be
obeyed with respect to excommunication, then they are to be obeyed by them as just and not as unjust.
Because the clergy together with the doctors obeys them and received them, therefore it obeys them as just
and received them as just, and consequently the doctors together with the clergy passed upon them sentence
that they are just. Nevertheless, their conclusion says that it is not for the clergy in Prague to pass sentence
whether the excommunication of Master John Huss is just or unjust. And an evident contradiction is
established, namely, the clergy in Prague cries out, affirms and asserts that the excommunication of Master
John Huss is just, therefore the clergy in Prague passes the sentence that that excommunication is just; yet the
conclusion of the doctors says that it is not for the clergy in Prague to pass sentence whether that judgment of
excommunication is just or unjust. It is most clear that this conclusion contradicts the facts and the sentence of
the clergy of Prague.

Likewise, if it is not for the clergy in Prague to pass sentence whether that excommunication is just or
unjust, and the clergy approves the processes and acts in accordance with the processes; therefore the clergy in
Prague does not know whether it is acting justly or unjustly, nor does it hope that it is acting justly. For hope
ought to go before the sentence.

Likewise, these doctors themselves pass the sentence that the excommunication of Master John Huss is
just, and this is clear because they pass the sentence that the processes are to be obeyed, and not as though
they were unjust; hence, as though they were just. Consequently, the doctors pronounce the sentence that the
excommunication enjoined in the processes is just.

Likewise, the doctors say that the processes [court proceedings] are to be obeyed, especially because in
them nothing that is an absolute good is forbidden, nor is anything enjoined which is an absolute evil, but only
things which are intermediate, in which obedience must be rendered in accordance with the teaching of the
Gospel and in accordance with St. Bernard. Therefore the doctors pass sentence that the commands in the
processes are just, among which is the excommunication of Master John Huss. Therefore, these doctors pass
the sentence that the excommunication of Master John Huss is just. And they themselves are part of the clergy
in Prague. Therefore, this very conclusion of theirs confutes these doctors.

Likewise, these doctors pronounce judgment that the excommunication which is enjoined in the processes
is a thing intermediate, a thing between that which is absolutely good and that which is absolutely evil, and
when it is enjoined in respect to the mode, time, place and person, then it passes over into a thing absolutely
good, because it passes into an injunction of the pope and prelates. Therefore, the doctors, in pronouncing
such a judgment about the excommunication, declare that it is just. Nevertheless, in view of their conclusion,
they ought not to pronounce the judgment that it is just. And this they do, a thing they ought not to do; yea,
they do not know what they are doing, for they say that it is not for the clergy in Prague to pronounce
judgment that the excommunication of John Huss is unjust, and yet they pronounce judgment that it is just. It
is certainly worthy of laughter how doctors of the law agree to this conclusion, doctors who pronounce
judgment on the decrees, decretals and processes [court proceedings] whether they are just or justly given or
by just men, when they ought by reasonable methods to expound the decrees and the decretals and examine
the proceedings, whether they are just or unjust, and to advise others, when the emergency arises, whether
processes ought to be admitted and held or whether they ought not be admitted and held; or whether it is
lawful to take appeal from them. This is clear, because the doctors have irrationally shut themselves off on
both sides from a reasonable judgment.

But how the processes fulminated against me are null and erroneous, the Venerable Master John de
Jesenicz, doctor of canon law, showed most clearly by a public discussion and in a decision in the university
of Bologna. And because, as I have said, processes of this kind chiefly enjoin excommunication, suspension
and interdict, for that reason I will say something about them briefly.

Let it be first noted that excommunication means placing outside of communication, 11: 3, Nihil. and cap.
Canonica [Friedberg, 1: 653, 674]; 29: 1, Viduas [Friedberg, 1: 1091]; 24: 3 [Friedberg, 1: 988]; 11: 3, Omnis
Christianus [Friedberg, 1: 653], and the chapter following. And, because excommunication is better
understood through its opposite, namely, communication or communion—inasmuch as by the opposite of
what is good everything good is understood, so also of evil and its opposite—therefore it is to be noted that
communication or good communion is threefold. The first is the participation of divine grace, which makes
gracious. This the apostle wishes for the Corinthians, when he says: "The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ and
the love of God and the communication of the Holy Spirit be with you all," II Cor. 13:13. This communication
is the communion of the saints, who are Christ's mystical body, the body of which Christ is the head, and this
communion we believe when we say: "I believe the communion of saints." The second communication or
communion is the participation in the sacraments. "There is one Lord, one faith, one baptism," Eph. 4:5. It is
especially taken, however, for the participation in the body and blood of our Lord Jesus Christ. "The cup of
blessing which we bless, is it not the communication of the blood of Christ? And the bread which we break, is
it not the participation of the body of the Lord?" I Cor. 10:16. Because we, being many, are one bread and one
body, seeing we partake of one bread and one cup. The third communication or communion is the
participation in suffrages.2 In this participation the good Lord is glorified: "I am a companion of all them that
fear thee and that keep thy commandments," Ps. 119:63. And besides this threefold communication is the
communication which is the intercourse between all Christians, good and bad. The first three are only
participated in by good men, but of this fourth men of the world think more.

Secondly, it is to be noted that in this statement I speak of excommunication, as it corresponds to the

fourfold excommunication just spoken of, namely, separation (1) from participation in divine grace which
makes gracious, (2) from a worthy participation in the sacraments, (3) from participation in the suffrages
which prepare for the life eternal—these three being opposed to the corresponding threefold communion—and
(4) from intercourse with Christians, either by the censure of the spiritual or public exclusion by the secular
judge.

From these it follows: (1) that there is not and can never be an excommunication of the three first kinds
except for mortal sins. This is clear, because never is any one separated from the communion of the saints,
which is the participation in God's grace, and the sacraments and the suffrages, preparing for the life eternal,
except for mortal sin. For mortal sin alone divides or separates from communion of this kind, just as it
separates from God himself. Nor can this happen except through mortal sins, because, so long as a man is in
grace, so long does he remain a partaker of the aforementioned threefold communion, in respect to the law of
present righteousness. And as God is the most righteous judge, He cannot damn a man except for his demerit
in non-participation of this kind. Therefore, the corollary is true. (2) It follows that no judge may ever
excommunicate in this way unless the man himself shall before excommunicate himself by his offences. (3) It
follows that no judge ought to excommunicate any one except for a criminal offence3 or on account of mortal
sin, and this is clear from 11: 3 [41, Friedberg, 1: 655], where it is said: "No bishop except for the certain and
evident cause of sin shall deprive any one whomsoever from ecclesiastical communion by the anathema,
because the anathema is the eternal damnation of death, and only for mortal sin ought it to be imposed and
only on him who may not be otherwise corrected." And it is also said, 24: 3, His ita respondetur [Friedberg, 1:
988]: "With God not the sentence of priests is sought but the life of the guilty, for no one is to be known by
the sentence to whom the stain of sin does not adhere." Likewise, Lyra, Com. on Hosea, 4, at the end, says: "O
Judah, send Israel away, on account of his wickedness, for their company is separated, that is,
excommunicated." And also it is said by Augustine, 2: 1, Multi, 5 (Friedberg, 1: 446]: "No one ought to be
excommunicated except for a criminal offence."

All, however, agree in saying that excommunication is of two kinds, major and minor, as is apparent from
de Sent. Excom. si quem de cleri excommunicat. fieri, de except. cap. 2 [Friedberg, 2: 912] 4 where it is stated
that a minor excommunication removes from the participation of the sacraments but the major separates from
the communion of the faithful. Minor excommunication is separation on account of mortal sin from
participation in spiritual benefits by which a man makes himself unworthy through criminal offence to
continue to participate in grace, and this excommunication no one may impose upon a man who persists in
God's grace. Major excommunication is the separation which the prelates of the church announce against a
man as an open sinner, and by which they set him off from intercourse with Christians and from participation
in the sacraments.
 By this excommunication they now designate me in processes and denunciations, shutting me out from all
human communion. But blessed be God, who did not give such force to this [kind of] excommunication as to
make it possible for it to take away from a good man virtue or righteousness, when he endures in humility, nor
is it able to impose upon him sin [when he refuses to obey it]. Nay, rather when he has patiently continued to
endure it helps to purify him as tools iron, and fire gold, and it helps to increase his reward of beatitude, as the
Lord said: "Blessed are ye when men shall persecute you, and separate you from their company, and reproach
you and cast out your name as evil for the Son of man's sake. Rejoice in that day and leap for joy, for behold,
great is your reward in heaven, for in the same manner did their fathers do unto the prophets," Luke 6:22, 23.

But this [major] excommunication ought to be medicinal, that is, a remedy to heal a man in his soul and to
lead him back to Christ's fold and to life eternal as a measure ordained for a final end. Therefore, St.
Augustine, Homilia, de penitentia, also 2: 1, Multi, says: Excommunication ought not to be mortal but
medicinal." Again, Cum medicinalis. de Sent. Excom., liber 6: 7.5 A notorious sinner after the third warning
or public citation, when he refuses to be corrected, ought on account of his criminal offence to be kept from
communication according to the Saviour's command, where he said to Peter: "If thy brother sin against thee,
go show him his fault between thee and him alone. If he hear thee, thou hast gained thy brother. But if he will
not hear thee, take with thee one or two more that at the mouth of two or three witnesses every word may be
established. And if he refuses to hear them, tell it to the church. And if he refuses to hear the church also, let
him be unto thee as the Gentile and the publican," Matt. 18:15–17. This exposition is given above at the
beginning of Chapter XXI of this treatise, in which the conditions of a true prelate are indicated. Nevertheless,
this is yet to be noted, that Christ said: "If he sin," that is, commit the sin of a criminal offence, for on that
account he is deserving of correction and he is not to be excommunicated for anything whatsoever. But if he
show himself incorrigible, after the third reproof, then he ought to be carefully avoided as a heathen Gentile
and a publican; otherwise not. Let, therefore, prelates see to it that they act cautiously, lest they
excommunicate so easily subjects for temporal gain.

Hence, St. Augustine, Sermo de Quadragesima: "We cannot deprive of the communion, because this
prohibition is not yet mortal or medicinal, except in the case of one who has of his own accord confessed or
has been named or convicted in some secular or ecclesiastical tribunal." And he also says on these words, "If
any man that is named a brother be a fornicator or covetous or an idolater or a reviler or a drunkard or an
extortioner, with such an one no not to eat," I Cor. 5:11: "Likewise it must be known that every one sinning
mortally is excommunicated of God, in accordance with that Psalm, 'Cursed are those who depart from thy
commandments,' and I Cor. 16:22, 'If any man love not our Lord Jesus Christ, let him be anathema.'" And
although this excommunication is called minor because it is not pronounced solemnly in public by a prelate,
nevertheless I fear it more than the major excommunication, with which the prelates now assail me. But,
besides, I fear the greatest excommunication more still with which the high priest, sitting in the sight of all the
angels and men, will excommunicate the damned from participation in eternal blessedness, as he said: "Go, 6
ye cursed into the eternal fire which is prepared for the devil and his angels," Matt. 25:41. Of this
excommunication the judge ought to think and he ought to beware lest he excommunicate unjustly. For
whoever excommunicates another for temporal gain or chiefly for his own honor or to revenge an injury
against himself or without any known cause of criminal offence this man excommunicates himself. For he
ought to excommunicate him whom God excommunicates, for criminal offence which he knows [the possible
offender] has committed and after the third warning and out of love, for the honor of God and for the salvation
of the man whom he excommunicates and also for the advantage of others that they may fear and that he [the
offender] do not infect them. So Paul did when, writing to the Corinthians, he charged them to ast out the
public fornicator lest he should infect others and also that his soul might be saved, I Cor. 5:5.

Now, these things being considered, the faithful should know how many prelates, clergy and laity are
excommunicated of God; for all who depart from the Lord's commandments are excommunicated, and also
how many excommunicate themselves when they put excommunication on others, or publish it, and especially
the clerics who, as it were, every day at prime sing: "Cursed are they who depart from thy commandments."

This much, in brief, with respect to excommunication, in regard to which that good Christian of holy
memory and that great zealot of Christ's law, Master Frederick Epinge, bachelor of canon law, treating of the
first article, said: "No prelate ought to excommunicate anybody unless he first knows that the person has been
excommunicated by God." Of this I have written in another place. And, if thou wilt not believe it, learn it on
the wall in Bethlehem,7 and there thou wilt find how excommunication does not injure the righteous but
profits and why even the righteous ought to fear unjust prelatic or Pilatic excommunication, and for these
reasons, (1) that he may not be guilty at some other place or time. (2) The danger to him who unjustly
excommunicates. (3) The injury to the brethren which may follow from a foolish application of censures; (4)
that they may not become an occasion of stumbling by going back from the truth; (5) that they may not suffer
an injury by an excommunicated person's curses; (6) that he by impatience may not fall from merit or depart
from righteousness—and also for other reasons explained more fully and pertinently in another place.8

Then, in regard to the excommunication, by which the wicked separate the good from themselves, this
should be said, that the wicked excommunicated Christ and the man born blind, as appears in John 9:22, 34.
This kind of excommunication may be distinguished also from its opposite, which is communion in evil, of
which it is said: "Have no communion with the unfruitful works of darkness," Eph. 5:11; and, "He that giveth
him greeting communes in his evil works," II John 11; and, "What communication has a saint with a dog?"
Ecclesiasticus 13, as if he had said, None! Therefore, every one being in grace in respect to present
righteousness is excommunicated [out of communion with] from the wicked. And this is that holy
excommunication by which the righteous is said to be excommunicate, that is, placed outside of
communication or participation with wickedness. Hence, John says: "And I heard another voice from heaven
saying, Come forth, my people, out of her, that ye have no participation with her sins and that ye receive not
of her plagues, for her sins have reached even unto heaven," Rev. 18:4, 5. Let us ask the Lord that He may
vouchsafe to preserve us in His communion and guard us against unlawful communion.

1↑ The duty of resisting unjust excommunications Huss takes up in his adv. Indulg., Mon., 1: 229–234; de sex Erroribus, 239 sqq.; ad
octo Doctores, 383 sqq., etc.
2↑ Suffrages are the prayers of the church and other benefits accruing from the acts of the church in the mass and indulgences. See
Hergenröther: K.-recht, 567; Friedberg: K.-recht, 294.
3↑ A crimen or criminal offence is a violation of a natural law or a positive divine commandment, as, for example, adultery, as
opposed to a violation of ecclesiastical law, delictum. Hergenröther, 549 sq., 780 sq.
4↑ Gregory IX's Decretals, 5: 39, c. 59, and also 5: 39, c. 1, make the distinction above made by Huss between major and minor
excommunication, the canon law running: "If any one pronounces the words, 'I excommunicate him,' then he is bound not merely by
the minor excommunication which separates from participation in the sacraments, but also by the major excommunication which
separates from the communion of the faithful." This distinction is usually resolved into a difference in the solemnities attending the
announcement. Since Martin V's decree, 1418, a distinction has been made between excommunicated persons to be tolerated and
avoided—tolerati et vitandi. In case one of the latter is present at any meeting, the priest must interrupt the service. With those who are
to be avoided are forbidden all passing of words, prayer, greetings, intercourse and fellowship at the table. See Hergenröther, 567 sqq.;
Friedberg, K.-recht, pp. 293 sqq. Wyclif, de Eccles., 153 sqq. and de dom. civ., 300 sq., gives the conditions justifying
excommunication and refers to the distinction between minor and major excommunication and the solemn extinguishing of candles in
the latter.
5↑ Boniface VIII's Liber Sextus de sent. excom., 5: 11; 1 Friedberg, 2: 1093.
6↑ Ite. Vulgate: discedite a me.
7↑ Huss refers to the six inscriptions on the walls of Bethlehem chapel, Mon., 1: 237–243, which were intended to counteract six
errors about the mass—namely, that the priest creates the body of Christ; faith—namely, that faith is exercised in Mary, etc., and not in
God only; absolution from sin—namely, that the priest absolves whomsoever he will; obedience—namely, that subjects are bound to
obey all commands issued by superiors; excommunication; and simony, which, so the inscription read, "the clergy for the most part,
alas! practise." In regard to the fifth, excommunication, the inscription ran: "It is an error that every excommunication, just or unjust,
binds the excommunicated person and separates him from the communion of Christ's faithful and deprives him of the sacraments."
Epinge's name I do not find in Schulte or Chevalier.
8↑ These six reasons for standing in fear even of an unjust sentence of excommunication, Huss quotes from memory, leaving out one
which he had given in his de sex Erroribus, Mon., 1: 240. Some of these reasons he sets forth there more clearly, for example, 3, which
there reads: "The injury to neighbors which might easily arise as a result of the excommunication as, for example, the deprivation of
wholesome teaching and sacraments, for he who wrongly excommunicates sometimes is the cause of the perdition of many through
the withholding from the excommunicate teaching by which he would be instructed most profitably in the law of Christ." And the fifth
there reads: "That the neighbors may not sin by avoiding him, cursing him, and withholding from him the works of charity." Huss's
treatment of the subject of excommunication in the de sex Erroribus is more clear and practical than his treatment in this chapter.
There he introduces many pertinent quotations from the Fathers and especially from the Scriptures which are not given here, as, for
example, Num. 23:8: "How shall I curse whom God hath not cursed?" On the other hand, he leaves out there the distinction between
the major and minor excommunications and the prolonged explanations of communication and excommunication, The cases of
Balaam and Ananias Huss uses often, e. g., Mon., 1: 362, 401.
 CHAPTER XXIII
SUSPENSION AND THE INTERDICT

Now of suspension this is to be said that, in the statement, to suspend is an administrative act or to prohibit
any good thing on account of a criminal offence. Hence, what the old decretals call suspension the new law
and decretals call the interdict, and then they speak of ecclesiastical suspension from an office or from a
church benefice or of an ecclesiastical interdict from executing an office of the church.

This definition of suspension, therefore, being laid down, it is to be noted that, just as it is proper in itself
in the first instance for God to excommunicate a man, so also it is proper for Him in the first instance to
suspend him. Hence it is impossible for a pope or bishop to suspend any one justly, except as he has been
before suspended of God, just as it is impossible for the pope to think anything righteously unless the thought
be before suggested of God. Hence the apostle rightly says: "Not that we are sufficient of ourselves to think
anything as of ourselves, but our sufficiency is of God," II Cor. 3:5. And the supreme Bishop himself said:
"Apart from me ye can do nothing," John 15:5. From this it is clear that a suspension pronounced by a prelate
is only worth as much as God almighty makes it to be worth. Hence, God's efficient suspension extends itself
to priests, kings and every one in authority whom He removes from office or whom He takes from life by a
decree of retribution. Hence, He suspends any one from the sacerdotal dignity, as it is written: "Because thou
hast rejected knowledge, I will also reject thee. Thou shalt be no priest to me," Hosea 4:6; "Bring no more
vain oblations," Isaiah 1:13; and "I have no pleasure in you, neither will I accept an offering at thy hand," Mal.
1:10. And Christ's apostle suspended all who were guilty of criminal offence from the ministry of Christ's
body and blood and the Lord, as he said: "Wherefore whoso shall eat the bread and drink the cup of the Lord
in an unworthy manner shall be guilty of the body and blood of the Lord," I Cor. 11:27. Likewise, we read of
the severe suspension of Eli and his family, in that he did not duly correct his sons, as the Lord said to Eli:
"Wherefore kick ye at my sacrifices and my offerings which I have commanded that they should be offered in
my temple and honorest thy sons above me, to make yourselves fat with all the chiefest of the offerings of
Israel my people? Therefore the Lord saith to Israel, I said indeed that thy house and the house of thy father
should minister for ever before me, but now the Lord saith, Be it far from me, for he who honoreth me, him
will I honor, and they that despise me shall be lightly esteemed. Behold the days come that I will cut off thy
arm and the arm of thy father's house . . . and this shall be the sign unto thee that shall come upon thy two
sons, on Hophni and Phinehas; in one day they shall die, both of them. And I will raise me up a faithful priest,
who shall do according to my heart and my mouth," I Sam. 2:29–35. Likewise, of the suspension of the king,
Saul, who, in the face of God's commandments had spared God's enemies, we read: "Because thou hast
rejected the word of the Lord, the Lord also hath rejected thee from being king," I Sam. 15:23.

It is plain how suspension varies, for one is a suspension from office, one from a benefice or from some
other good from which the sinner is justly suspended on account of open sin. Likewise, there is a suspension
in fact and a suspension by law and there are other sorts of suspension. But, as has been said, suspension by
law belongs chiefly to God to originate and regulate, but suspension in fact occurs when God sometimes
through good, sometimes through bad, ministers suspends by the natural order of things any offending prelate
from his office and ministry when he is actually in criminal offence. For he sins by the very fact that he falls
into mortal sin, whatever it be that he may do, and consequently he is forbidden of God to sin in that way, and
consequently he is suspended by God from that office. Hence, the prophet says: "God said unto the sinner,
What hast thou to do, to declare my statutes, and that thou hast taken my covenant in thy mouth? seeing thou
hatest instruction and castest my words behind thee. When thou sawest a thief thou rannest with him, and hast
been a partaker with adulterers. Thy mouth abounds in evil and thy tongue blabbeth deceit. Thou sittest and
speakest against thy brother and thou settest up slander against thy mother's son," Psalm 50:16–20. Here God
enumerates the sins for which He suspends the sinner from the publication of His covenant which is the law of
truth. The first sin is disobedience to God, the second, rejection of His words; the third, theft; the fourth,
adultery; the fifth, wickedness of mouth, which divides itself into lies, blasphemy, false testimony, deceit,
slander, vain speaking, malediction, base speaking, and such like; the sixth, the sin of taking offence at Christ.

From this we gather how rare are judges, preachers and others who publish God's covenant to the people
who should not be suspended of God from the publication of that covenant. Therefore, let the faithful note in
the matter of suspension just spoken of from the office of publishing God's covenant and for the threefold
example spoken of above whether or not our prelates and clerics are suspended of God. First, if they thrust
from themselves the knowledge of Scriptures and the task of evangelization, then are they suspended by God,
as in the lesser case [that is, preaching under the O. T.] we read in Hosea 4, for our prelates have, on the one
hand and the other, greater material for preaching and a better model and also certain reasons for preaching
above what the priests of the old law had, and yet they exercise this office less. Therefore, as there is a greater
reason now underlying the duty to preach, and as the same Lord is present, who is not able to withhold final
vengeance in view of the greater sin in not preaching, and the demands of His justice, it is clear that if our
prelates are of this kind, they are under a more severe suspension. Yea, and they are under a still more severe
suspension in so far as they are under more urgent obligation to fervently proclaim Christ's law in these times
of antichrist.

So far as the second kind of suspension goes—that of Eli pronounced by God—the faithful should note
whether our prelates either do not punish at all or punish their spiritual sons as more guilty than the natural
sons of Eli, who were punished of God. And in order to discern their greater guilt, the faithful ought to note
these two things: (1) that a prelate is under greater obligation to his spiritual son than any one by the law of
reason is to his natural son and (2) that more detestable is the punishment meted out on account of the lack of
money for which [pardon for] sin is sold than is a punishment remitted for the vindication of an injury against
God out of natural affection, as Eli seems to have spared his sons. So far as the third kind of suspension goes,
as it holds for prelates, kings, and other secular princes, let the faithful note that the prelates show more favor
to the public enemies of God for the sake of their own comfort than Saul showed to Amalek moved by lust for
his temporal goods. If this is so, then there is no doubt but that the same God who at all times must exercise
the same justice punishes the delinquent more severely. Therefore, it is an evident mark of the severity of
punishment that God puts off punishment till after death and does not punish them in this life in any other way
but permits them to wander about in mundane prosperity as reprobates who are not reproved.

But, alas, this threefold suspension men do not think of, and especially ought those higher in worldly rank
often revolve in their minds the way in which they may be suspended from office and from benefice forever.
Hence, on the words, "The Lord in his anger said to Moses, Take all the chiefs of the people and hang them up
before the sun on the gallows," Num. 25:4, Origen, Hom. 20, speaks thus: "The Lord said unto Moses that he
should take all the chiefs and hang them up to the Lord before the sun. The people sin and the chiefs are hung
up before the sun, that is, they are brought forward that they may be examined, and may be convicted by the
light. Thou seest what was the condition of the chiefs of the people. Not only were they convicted for their
own transgressions but they were also obliged to give a reason for the sins of the people lest perhaps the guilt
was theirs that the people came short, and lest perhaps they had not taught nor moved nor been solicitous to
convict those who were first in the guilt that the contagion might not be spread among many. For the leaders
and doctors ought to do all these things, for, if they do not and have no concern for the common people, the
people sin, and they themselves are held up and brought forth to receive sentence. Moses, that is, God's law,
convicts them as neglectful and indolent, and the wrath of God is turned against them and withdrawn from the
people. If men would think of these things, they would never desire the chiefs of the people or go to them. For
it is sufficient for me, if I am convicted of my own sins and shortcomings, it is sufficient for me to render a
reason for my own self and for my own sins. Why is it necessary for me also to be held up for the people's
sins before the sun, in the face of which nothing can be hidden or kept dark or veiled?" And Origen adds, "the
chiefs are held up before the sun and, if guilt is found in them, God's anger ceases towards the people." So
much Origen, who shows how chiefs are heavily censured for the sin of self-indulgence which the people
practise.

Woe, therefore, to the modern spiritual and secular princes who themselves practise self-indulgence, who
give to their subjects a bad example and do not reprove them or, if they reprove them, do this out of avarice!
Such, without doubt, are suspended from office by God, for it is written in the papal law, Decretals, 3, de vita
et honestate [Friedberg, 2: 455]:1 "We command your brotherhood that, as far as the clerics of your2
jurisdiction are concerned, who are in the subdiaconate or the orders above it, if they have mistresses, ye
should studiously take care to admonish them that they remove from themselves these women who least of all
ought to have been admitted. But, if they refuse to acquiesce, ye shall suspend them from their ecclesiastical
benefices until they make condign satisfaction, and if they who are suspended presume to keep these women,
ye shall see to it that ye remove them permanently from those benefices." Because there is no defect in the law
but in the superiors who ought to practise it, therefore, the pope in the preceding chapter says that prelates
who may presume to hold on in their iniquities to such persons, especially for the sake of getting money or
some other temporal good, them we wish to subject to the same punishment. And it is said by the authority of
St. Gregory, Dist. 83 [Friedberg, 1: 293]: "If any bishop shall assent to the fornication of clerics for a price or
at their petitions and not assail their authority, he ought to be suspended from his office." 3 And this
suspension, according to the archdeacon,4 ought to be permanent, equivalent to deposition, because of the
difficulty of assembling the bishops for the purpose of deposing such bishops or bishop who simoniacally
have sold or sell righteousness. And because a metropolitan—as is the Roman pontiff—may be slow so far as
his cardinals are concerned in the execution of this holy duty, therefore, in the third place, they have ordained
laws intended to remedy the disorders, namely, that the mass of the priest shall not be heard from him to
whom it is notorious that that priest is living in fornication, nor shall the goods of the church be administered
to him to encourage the deed. For Pope Nicolas, Dist. 32, Nullus [Friedberg, 1: 117], says: "Let no one hear a
mass said by a presbyter of whom he knows beyond a peradventure that he is keeping a concubine." 5 Hence,
Alexander II in the same place says: "We charge and command that no one hear mass said by a presbyter of
whom he knows beyond a peradventure that he has a concubine." And he goes on to say: "Therefore the holy
synod [Roman synod, 1063] also decreed this under the head of excommunication, when it said: 'Whatsoever
priest, deacon, or subdeacon, in view of the constitution passed by our predecessor of blessed memory, holy
Pope Leo [IX] or Nicolas [II], on the chastity of the clergy, shall again take a concubine or not give up the one
he already has, we in the stead of Almighty God and by the authority of the princes, Peter and Paul, charge
and wholly forbid that he sing mass or read the Gospel or the Epistle in the missal service or that he remain in
the presbytery with those who, in performance of divine service, have been obedient to the aforesaid
constitution or that he receive anything from the church.'" On this the archdeacon says: "That the people ought
to withhold from such a one voluntary tithes, because a benefice is not given except for the performance of
duty. And inasmuch as the same sentence or a greater one holds for spiritual fornication, which is a greater
offence, it is evident that the inferior ought to be suspended by the superior prelate, namely, for the spiritual
sin—which is more grave—whatever it may be. And as it is certain that Luciferian pride in a prelate, eglect of
evangelizing and avarice like that of Iscariot are sins more grave than carnal fornication, it is plain that the
supreme prelate, Christ Jesus, to whom these graver sins are chiefly known, does not withhold suspension on
any excuse proportioned to the guilt. From these things, when the condition of the church is inquired into, it is
gathered that from pope down to the lowest priest rarely is one exempt for a given time from suspension
unless it be he who blamelessly follows the Lord Jesus Christ. For it has already been said how fornicators are
suspended. Likewise of simoniac clerics, Quicumque by Gregory, and Reper. by Ambrose [1: 1: cap. 2, 7;
Friedberg, 1: 358, 359]. Likewise clerics are suspended for brooding over 6 base gains and lucre," Dist. 88
[Friedberg, 1: 307]. And since all these persons, in view of the law of Christ, minister to the church
unworthily, it is clear how manifold are the irregularities and profanations which the clergy of the church are
involved in.

Of profanation I have treated in the tract contra adversarium occultum,7 showing how every wicked
presbyter profanes—that is, violates, curses, and contaminate—God's spiritual temple. For, to follow the
saints in their lives is undoubtedly more honorable than all material temples, which will not last after the day
of judgment. And woe is me, if I keep silence, not assailing the avarice or the evident luxury of the clergy. For
it is said, Dist. 83 [84, 85, Friedberg, 1: 292 sqq.], an error not resisted is an error approved and the truth,
inasmuch as it is defended least, is oppressed. Indeed, as one is able to convict8 perverse persons, to neglect to
do so is nothing else than to favor them. And there is not lacking the suspicion of a hidden fellowship in the
case of him who neglects to oppose a deed evidently bad. For what does it profit him not to be polluted with
another‘s error if he gives assent to the one who errs? For he evidently assents to him who is in error who does
not help him to cut out those things that ought to be reproved.

Hence St. Gregory, Pastoral Theology, cap. 15 [2: 4, Nic. Fathers, 2d Ser., 12: 11], quotes Lam. 2:14, "Thy
prophets have seen for thee false and foolish visions and they have not uncovered thy iniquity to provoke thee
to repentance," and says: "Indeed in the sacred oracle the prophets are sometimes called doctors, who, while
they present the present as fleeting, declare the things that are to come as evident. And the divine discourse
asserts: 'They have seen false things,' for while they fear to correct guilt, they, in vain, flatter the sinning by
promises of safety, because they never in any way uncover the iniquity of the sinning. For they suppress the
voice of chiding. Indeed the key which opens is the word of reproof. For by chiding the voice uncovers guilt,
of which often he himself is not aware who is chargeable with it." These words of St. Gregory are also found,
Dist. 43, sit rector [Friedberg, 1: 154].

Oh that our doctors would turn to these things, for then they would not speak fair of the life of prelates and
they would not be slow to uncover to them their iniquity, that they might provoke them to penitence. They
would see in how many ways one may consent to the open sin of another, for he consents who co-operates,
who defends, who gives counsel, and sanctions, and also who neglects to threaten and rebuke.

Now, in regard to the interdict with which, on account of the sin of a single man, or of a number, the clergy
vex Christ's common people—plebs.9 For by the three censures, excommunication, suspension and interdict,
for their own exaltation they keep the laity at their feet, increase their avarice, protect wickedness and prepare
the way for antichrist. And all three censures they heap up on the ground of [as a punishment for]
disobedience in this way, that every one that does not obey them and yield to their will, him they
excommunicate or suspend from office, and when he continues to resist their will, they place the interdict over
the people, interdicting the exercise of divine services, the display of the sacrament, burial—and these things
they interdict to men altogether righteous, that they may carry out their will by the deliberate imposition of
such burdens.

But this is an evident sign that these censures proceed from antichrist; and these they call in their legal
proceeding fulminations when they are directed against those who preach Christ's law and who show up the
wickedness of the clergy. A second sign is that these censures are multiplied on account of disobedience done
to themselves rather than on account of disobedience done to God and, therefore, rather on account of the
injury done to themselves than for the injury done to our God. For in this way the old enemy, skilled in
wickedness, proceeds, by exalting obedience to antichrist above obedience to Christ, and so he usurps, for
disobedience to himself, that excommunication which Christ instituted for disobedience to God.

And he proceeds after this fashion: He infames Christ's disciple, later accuses, and then cites him,
excommunicates and suspends him, and, if he cannot bring him into prison or death, he then invokes the
secular arm and, if he cannot vanquish him in this way, he superimposes by his wickedness the interdict.
Chiefly, however, he proceeds in this fashion against those who lay bare the malignity of antichrist, who has
monopolized the clergy in largest measure for himself. Therefore, he launches these censures for the sake of
his clergy, notably those engaged in litigation out of greed for benefices and at such times as the people have
not given their tithes according to promise, or in case the prince has seized or received the temporal things, or
if any cleric—even though he be the most iniquitous thief or otherwise taken in crime—has been held in
custody by the secular authorities, or if a priest has been wounded to the shedding of blood, or even when the
people lawfully have withdrawn for a time their obedience from their prelates. But Christ, the high priest,
when the prophet was imprisoned, than whom no greater has arisen born of women, did not impose the
interdict, nay not even when Herod beheaded him. Yea, when he himself was stripped, beaten and blasphemed
by the soldiers, scribes, Pharisees, officers, and priests, not even then did he pronounce any malediction, but
he prayed, saying: "Father forgive them, for they know not what they do," Luke 23:34. And this doctrine he
gave to his members, saying: "Love your enemies, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them that
persecute you, that ye may be sons of your Father which is in heaven, for He maketh His sun to rise on the
good and the evil, and sendeth rain on the just and the unjust," Matt. 5:44, 45.

Therefore, following this doctrine in word and work, Christ's first vicar, the Roman pontiff, also taught the
faithful, saying: "Hereunto were ye called, because Christ also suffered for us, leaving us an example, that we
should follow10 his steps: who did no sin, neither was guile found in his mouth: who when he was reviled,
reviled not again, and when he suffered, threatened not," I Peter 2:21-23. And Paul traversing the same path,
said: "Bless them that persecute you; bless and curse not," Romans 12:14. This doctrine the other saints also
followed, who, in the time of persecution did not fulminate excommunication or suspension or impose the
interdict, but when more serious persecution came, the more urgent were they in performing divine ministries.

But after the thousand years, when Satan was loosed and the clergy was fat with the refuse 11 of this world
and lifted up in pleasure, pride, and ease, the interdict had its origin. For Pope Hadrian, who began to reign
1153, for a wound which one cardinal had received, placed all Rome under the interdict. Oh, how patient
under trial was that pope — not, indeed, as Christ, Peter, or Paul, or the apostle Andrew! Later Alexander III
also, who began to rule 1159, placed the interdict on the kingdom of England, 12 de Sponsalibus, cap. 2, Non
est vobis[[Friedberg, 2: 665]. Pope Celestine III, who began to reign A. D. 1082, says something about the
interdict in chap. Quæsivit de majoritate et obedientia [Friedberg, 2: 506]. Later Innocent III, who began to
rule 1199 A. D., announced the interdict in many decretals, as in chap. in concilio Lateranensi de præbendis,
lib. 3 Decretalium [5: 28 sqq., Friedberg, 2: 478 sqq.]. Still later Boniface VIII, Innocent IV and Clement V
imposed interdicts of this kind, in the Liber Sextus and the Clementines [Friedberg, 2: 937 sqq.]. And in this
way many such interdicts have been multiplied, while the clergy were inflamed with avarice, the pomp of this
world and restless ambition.

Hence I always wish to know the ground or reason of the general interdict by which the righteous without
demerit of their own are deprived of the sacraments, such as communion, confession, and others, and at times
infants are deprived of baptism; similarly why it is that the divine ministries of God are reduced in the case of
righteous men by an interdict issued on account of one single individual.13 Exceedingly wonderful would it be
if service was withdrawn from an earthly king by all good servants on account of one of the servants who was
opposed to him. And especially wonderful would this be if, on account of one that was a good and faithful
servant of the king, a vassal, wishing to bend him to his own will, should interdict all the king's servants to do
ministry to the king himself. How, therefore, does a pope or bishop so inadvisedly, without support of
Scripture or revelation, interdict with such extraordinary ease ministry to the king, Christ? For when a general
interdict is laid upon a city or diocese, sin does not decrease but rather increases. For to the righteous,
sepulture is denied contrary to Scripture: "Thou shalt not withhold favor from the dead," Ecclesiasticus 7:33.
For who doubts but that to bury the righteous dead is a work of mercy, for the angel Raphael addressed Tobias
thus: "When thou didst pray with tears and bury thy dead and didst leave thy repast and hiddest the dead in thy
house, and didst bury them in the night—I carried thy prayer to the Lord," Tobias 12:12, 13. Who even doubts
that to hear confession and consult unto salvation and to preach the Word of God are works of mercy?
Similarly to present the sacrament of the eucharist to the devout people and to baptize are works of mercy.
What, therefore, is the reason for withdrawing these things from the people of God without any demerit on
their part?

Hence St. Augustine writes to Bishop Maximus,14 24:3 [Friedberg, 1: 987 sqq.]: "If thou hast a judgment
about this matter, based on sure reasoning or Scripture testimonies,wilt thou deign to teach us how a son may
be righteously anathematized for the sins of his father, or a wife for the sin of her husband, or a servant for the
sin of his master, or how any one in the household, yea a child not yet born—if born at the time, when the
household is held under the band of anathema—why it should not be healed by the laver of regeneration if it
were in danger of death? For this was bodily punishment of which we read that some despisers of God with all
their households, which had been partakers of the same impiety, perished among the saints. 15 Then forsooth,
that the living might be struck with fear, the mortal bodies which were destined sometime to die were
destroyed. But the spiritual punishment of which it is written, 'Whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be
bound in heaven,' binds souls, and of them it is said, As the soul of the father is mine, so is the soul of the son
mine. 'The soul that sinneth it shall die' [Ezek. 18:20]. Ye perhaps have heard of some priests of great name
who anathematized some sinner including his household, but if perchance they were ever asked about it, it
would be found that they did not give me a fitting reason [for the act]. But, if any one should ask me whether
it was done rightly I do not find anything to reply to them. I have never dared to do this thing for any deeds
done against the church, without having admonished most solemnly. But, if God has revealed to thee that this
was done righteously, I will under no circumstances despise your youth or the beginnings of your
ecclesiastical honor, for I am ready to learn, an old man from a young, a bishop of so many years' experience
from my colleague not yet a little year old in his office—I am ready to learn how I may give a good reason to
God or men, if we punish by spiritual punishment innocent souls for another's offence which they do not
derive from Adam, in whom all have sinned. For, although Clazianus, a son, drew from his parents the
corruption of the first man—which is to be expiated in the sacred font of baptism—nevertheless, who doubts
that some of the sin which his father, after begetting him, confessed did not belong to the child, seeing he did
not actively partake of it? What shall I say of his wife? What of so many souls belonging to the whole family?
Therefore, if one soul, through this severity, with which this whole household was anathematized, should, in
passing out of the body, perish without baptism, the death of innumerable bodies, if innocent men are to be
violently drawn from the church and put to death, is not to be compared with this damning injury. If,
therefore, thou art able to give a reason for this event, would that thou wouldst honor us in writing back in
order that we also may be able to give an answer; but if not, it may be possible for thee to give a reason for
your acting in inconsiderate excitement of mind. Hence, if thou shouldst be asked, thou wouldst not be able to
present a right reply." Thus much Augustine.

From these things Gratian draws the following conclusion: "Therefore, it is plainly shown by authority that
a person is illegally excommunicated who is excommunicated for the sin of another." And back of them they
have no reason whatever who, for the sin of a single person, lay the sentence of excommunication upon an
entire family. An illegal excommunication, however, hurts not the person cited, but only the person who
excommunicates. Hence it is to be noted that the Gloss of the Decretum, summarizing the chapter, says
concerning these words of St. Augustine: "That that bishop had excommunicated Clazianus's whole family for
Clazianus's sin, and that seemed to him the right thing to do, because one is sometimes punished with corporal
punishment for the sins of another and also because some priests of great name have excommunicated certain
persons for sins not their own. In the first part of the chapter Augustine asks of him [Maximus] the cause and
reason of his judgment. Later he teaches that none of the reasons aforesaid suffice to confirm his sentence.
Thirdly, he comes down to the specific act itself and proves that the sentence issued against the family of
Clazianus was unjust. And, finally, he advises the bishop that if he is not willing to give a reason for the
judgment, he ought to abandon his error and follow the truth." Thus far the Gloss.

Would, therefore, that those who excommunicate would heed the saying of St. Augustine together with the
Gloss, and also they who impose a general interdict for the sake of a single man in the church or the state.
Why do they afflict with excommunication and the interdict a community which is not guilty and altogether
deprive the good and devoted presbyters of the exercise of the divine ministry and God's devoted people of the
sacraments and God Himself, who is therein set forth, of honor, the dead of burial, and often infants of
baptism, without which they pass away and are damned, according to the judgment of Augustine? Here the
Gloss of the Decretum says on these words: "In case one soul through this severity, by which that whole
household was anathematized, should perish, passing out of the body without baptism, the death of
innumerable bodies, if innocent men are violently removed from the church, is not to be compared with this
injury." The Gloss, Argumentum, says: "Greater is the sin if one soul perish through the sin of unbelief than if
they should put to death the bodies of innumerable martyrs for God's sake." This seems to correspond to the
very letter, namely: "If the innocent are removed out of the church, and the bodies of martyrs perish, it is not
an injury but in popular speech it is said there has been homicide." Likewise, the Gloss says: "More
grievously does he sin, by whose guilt a boy's soul goes out of this life without baptism, than he who should
destroy many innocent persons by violently removing them from the church."

But, alas! all such things as these the clergy, blinded by wickedness, do not receive, who, on account of the
non-payment, now and then, of a little money, deprive by interdict, as has been said, the people of the
sacraments of the church. Not so did Christ teach, who above all taught that the clergy ought not to contend by
resort to law, when he said: "To him that smiteth thee on the one 16 cheek offer also the other; and to him that
taketh away thy cloak withhold not thy coat also. Give to every one that asketh thee and of him that taketh
away thy goods ask them not again," Luke 6:29–30. But the clergy, at ease, hearing this most salutary
teaching of Christ, ridicule it. Nor is this to be wondered at, for the Saviour says later: "Every one that heareth
these words of mine and doeth them not, shall be likened to a foolish man who built his house upon the sand,"
Matt. 7:26.

Who, I say, is a more foolish man than the cleric who grounds himself in the refuse of this world and holds
Christ's life and teachings in derision? To such a low pitch is the clergy come that they hate those who preach
often and call Jesus Christ Lord. And, when any one claims Christ for himself, immediately with carping
mouth and angry face they say: Art thou the Christ? and after the manner of the Pharisees denounce and
excommunicate those who confess Christ. Hence, because I have preached Christ and his Gospel and have
uncovered antichrist, desiring that the clergy may live in accord with Christ's law, the prelates first arranged
with Lord Zbynek, the archbishop of Prague, to secure a bull from Pope Alexander that in the chapels the
Word of God should not be preached to the people. And from this bull I have appealed and never have I been
able to secure a hearing. Therefore, being cited, I have on reasonable grounds not appeared because this
excommunication was secured through Michael de Causis,17 after we had made an agreement, and now at last
they have procured the interdict with which they vex Christ's common people who are without guilt.

Therefore, I could wish that the doctors, who say that in the acts of procedure nothing absolutely good is
forbidden, nor anything absolutely evil enjoined but only things intermediate, would prove that these things
are so, and that they would prove that an interdict so general is a thing intermediate, something between what
is absolutely good and what is absolutely evil, depriving the innocent of the sacraments and sepulture,
interrupting the exercise of the divine ministries and leading to no good, but to offences, distractions and
hatred. And how would the doctors be able to show that it is lawful to excommunicate God's people from the
sacraments and sepulture and from divine ministries? For it was about this, as has been said, that that most
able doctor of the church, St. Augustine, confutes Bishop Auxilius. And the proof of the doctors, which is a
combination of hypocritical excuse and the reasoning of rustics, would not satisfy Augustine as reasonable
when they say: "According to the method customary with the church and the Roman curia and observed by
it." See what a hypocritical excuse that is! "Before the fathers of our fathers." What a rustic method of
reasoning that is! "Here only things indifferent are commanded." O doctors, of what church is this the
method? Of the apostolic church? What apostle observed this method or what saint after the apostles? Never
was it the method of Christ, that head of the holy church, in whose method all truth useful for the church is
contained.

But I ask where is this saying found: "Every place, city, walled town, villa, or castle, privileged or not
privileged, to which the same John Huss may have gone, and how long soever he may remain and how long
soever he may tarry, and for three natural days after his departure from such places, we, by these writings, do
put them under such a great ecclesiastical interdict and wish that divine ministries be stopped in them"?

Perhaps that method is founded on these words: "Men ought always to pray and not to faint," Luke 18:2, or
on these: "Praise God all ye peoples," and these: "In every place praise ye the Lord." And what will the
authors of the method say, if it should happen that John Huss came to the holy city, Jerusalem, in which
cherubim and seraphim cease not to cry daily with one voice, saying: "Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of
Sabaoth"? Will they then stop these ministries there in obedience to the fulmination, just as if Christ, the
righteous advocate, would not intercede to God the Father for his faithful members or that the angelic choir
would not sing: "Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of Sabaoth"? Will that voice stop of which John says: "I heard a
voice of many angels round about the throne and the living creatures and the elders, and the number of them
was thousands of thousands saying with a great voice, "Worthy is he 18 that hath been slain to receive the
power, and the riches, and wisdom, and might, and honor, and glory, and blessing'; and every created thing
which was in the heavens and which is on the earth, under the earth, and in the sea and all things that are in
them," Rev. 5:11–13? And let not the doctors say that this is not pertinent, for all rational creatures, according
to the method practised by the Roman curia, are subject to the curia's command, for every human creature is
subject to the Roman pontiff, so it is said in the Extravagante of Boniface VIII [the bull Unam sanctam],
namely: "Further we declare, say and define that it is altogether necessary for salvation for every human
creature to be subject to the Roman pontiff." Similarly, the angelic world is subject to the Roman pontiff, as
appears in the bull of Pope Clement: "We command the angels of paradise that they lead to the glory of
paradise the soul of him who has been wholly absolved from purgatory."

Since, therefore, according to this method of the curia, every rational creature—angel and man—is subject
to the commands of the Roman pontiff, and since the method in the processes of the same curia states that
"whatsoever place, privileged or unprivileged, to which John Huss shall go, and as long as he may be there,
we do subject them to the ecclesiastical interdict"—it follows that if, by the highest possibility, John Huss,
according to God's absolute power, reached by death the heavenly Jerusalem, that city would be subject to the
ecclesiastical interdict. But blessed be God Almighty, who has ordered that the angels and all the saints in that
heavenly Jerusalem are not subject to an interdict of this sort! Blessed also be Christ, the chief Roman pontiff,
who has given grace to his faithful ones that, when there is no Roman pontiff for a given time, they may,
under Christ as their leader, arrive in the heavenly country! For who would say that while the woman Agnes,
to all appearances, was for two years and five months the only pope, no one then could be saved? Or again,
who would say that after a pope's death and in the interval between the pope's death and the election of his
successor, no man dying in that period could be saved? Blessed also be God Almighty, who ordains that His
militant church shall have such life that, when a pope is dead, she is not on that account without a head or
dead! Because not upon the pope but upon the head, Christ, does her life depend. And blessed be God that,
when a pope is insane or become a heretic, the church militant remains the faithful spouse of the Lord Jesus
Christ!19 Blessed also be the Lord, the one living head of the church, who preserves her so effectually in unity
that, even now, while there are three so-called papal heads, she remains the one spouse of the Lord Jesus
Christ!

For now Balthazar, called John XXIII, is in Rome; and Angelo Correr, called Gregory XII, is in Rimini;
and Peter de Luna, called Benedict, is in Aragon. Why does not one of them, called most holy father, out of
the fulness of power constrain the others with their adherents to submit to his jurisdiction? By authority of
which one does the Roman curia speak; which one has fulness of power over every man on earth? Therefore,
the foundation is feeble enough as a foundation and proof, to wit, that anything should be held to be inviolable
which is announced by the Roman curia. For the rule is laid down, de Constitutionibus, lib. 6, [Friedberg, 2:
937], that, when two persons having letters from the pope in regard to the same provision given on the same
day, he to whom the pope offered the canonical office has the preference, to whom he did not give it without
the knowledge of the executor20 who first besought it. But if they are equally in grace, so far as the form of the
papal brief goes, he who first presents it [in the diocese concerned] will have the stronger claim over the
prebend. And, thirdly, if they were equal in these three things then the canons, to whom the collation pertains,
or the greater part of them, are bound to proceed to an election, the one left out being deprived of the fruit of
grace—unless from the tenor of the papal letters it expressly appear that the pope wished to provide for both
of them. But this three-membered method of the curia seems to be a principle most contrary to Christ,
because, if it be laid down, as for the most part happens, that the one placed in the canonical office, either by
reason of the time of the presentation or the bestowment of grace or, thirdly, the election of the chapter is, in
respect to God, somewhat less worthy than the one left out, then by this greatest thing called method, a
sentence ought to be pronounced contrary to Christ. From this it follows that that greatest thing called method
is contrary to the conscience, and consequently contrary to Christ. What sort of a proof, therefore, is this: "The
method customary with the Roman curia and observed by it grants a thing or affirms a thing; therefore, that
thing is to be received as consonant with Christ's law and as catholic"?

But this rustic mode of reasoning which the doctors lay down, that "before the fathers of our fathers" such
and such a thing was believed and observed, would lead to the conclusion that the doctors themselves believe
and observe false customs of the Gentiles and Jews, yea, that they ought to worship Baal, as the Bohemians
worshipped him when they were Gentiles. They have for their case the words of Ezek. 20:18: "Walk ye not in
the statutes of your fathers, neither observe their ordinances." How shameless, therefore, is this argument of
the doctors, "before the fathers of our fathers" such or such a thing was believed, observed or held, therefore,
it ought to be believed, observed or held by us. For such insipid arguments are made by unsanctified—insulsi,
unsalted—men, to excuse excuses for sins. Of their number is not he who said: "We have sinned, O Lord,
with our fathers; we have committed iniquity; we have done wickedly. Our fathers understood not thy
wonders in Egypt; they remembered not the multitude of thy lovingkindnesses,‖ Psalm 106:6, 7.

And if, perchance, the doctors should say that in their statement they mean by "the fathers of the fathers"
the holy prophets or the apostles or the later saints, then would they be able to give their express writings
against which no one would dare to rebel. And their urgency would cease which breaks down argument and
reasoning, when they say that in the proceedings, following "the method of the church customary with the
Roman curia and observed by it before the fathers of our fathers," only things intermediate are enjoined,
things peers what are absolutely good and what are absolutely evil. For which of the holy Fathers, prophets,
apostles or other saints enjoins that, wherever even the worst of men might go, there they ceased from divine
ministries? For Christ, seeing that most disobedient Judas, who was also his betrayer, did not cease from
divine ministry at his great supper. Yea, with Judas sitting by, he exercised the divine ministry and gave to
him his most holy and divine body to eat and only the more urgently admonished the isciples to watch and
pray with him lest through the violent assault of the scribes, Pharisees and priests they should fall into
temptation. And that most good pontiff did not withhold the most divine prayer when he was being
blasphemed and crucified, but prayed for those that crucified him, saying: "Father, forgive them, for they
know not what they do," Luke 23:34. "Hence, praying with a loud crying and tears, he was heard for his godly
submission," Heb. 5:7. Hence, also, his true and real vicars, the apostles and other saints, have imitated him in
this, and first of all Stephen, who said: "Lord Jesus, lay not this sin to their charge," for they know not what
they do, Acts 7:60.

And it is wonderful how, in view of the Jews, who denied Christ to be God and so his whole law, they did
not impose the interdict or in view of open simoniacs who are the chief heretics, and by writings of the
apostles and other saints cursed, excommunicated, suspended and interdicted and aliens from the holy
priesthood. The reason is because those simoniacs buy and: sell excommunications, suspensions and
interdicts, and with these as their weapons they feed and defend their simony most powerfully. And a proof is
not necessary, for this simoniacal trafficking is patent even to the eye of rustics, who are bound, vexed,
oppressed and plundered by these selfsame simoniacs. For to such proportions has this heresy of Simon
Magus and Gehazi grown that men without compunction in season and out of season, and even the unwilling,
are impelled on to this sort of criminal offence. And all trafficking of this sort arises from the method in vogue
with the Roman curia, which practises it in turn with the curias of the bishops after the manner of Simon
Magus and Gehazi. This appears in the dimissorial letters for confirmings, pardonings, admissions, and also in
other things invented to get pecuniary plunders.21

Now, as to the condemnation of the XLV Articles,22 it should be said—but I speak briefly—that up to this
day the doctors of the city hall—prætorium—have not proved that a single one of them is heretical, erroneous
or scandalous. And I wonder why at the present time the doctors do not teach in the city hall that the article
about the withdrawal of temporal goods should not be put into practice, the reason, presumably, being this:
that temporal lords may at their own discretion take away temporal goods from ecclesiastics who are
habitually delinquent [in their living and duty]. But now they are silent as were the priests and Pharisees, and
do not assemble at the city hall to condemn those who put this article into practice. And certainly because, as
they feared, it is being applied to them and will be applied in the future. Let them lose their temporal goods
but God grant they may preserve their souls.

The doctors kept saying that when the articles were once condemned, then there would be peace and
harmony. But this, their prediction, is turned into the very opposite. For they rejoiced while they were
condemning, and now they lament while they have to give up their taxes [ecclesiastical incomes]. They
condemned this article—namely, that tithes are pure alms and only alms, but many coming into the city hall
begged that their taxes—which are alms—be not withheld.23 But certain lords of the city hall replied and said:
Behold, ye yourselves before condemned the principle that tithes are pure alms and now ye are saying that,
indeed, they are alms and so ye are acting contrary to your condemnation. So much for the present, other
things being left to be discussed in the future.

1↑ The heading of the chapter in the Decretals is: "The cohabitation of clerics with women." The quotation is from Alexander III's
letter to the archbishop of Canterbury. A part of the letter, not quoted by Huss, speaks "of the depraved and detestable custom which
had prevailed in England for a long time, of clerics having mistresses in their houses." William the Conqueror did not enforce celibacy
and a council at Winchester, 1076, allowed priests already married to retain their wives, prohibiting marriages thereafter. Councils
under Anselm, 1102, 1108, ordered priests to dismiss their concubines, but Eadmer, Anselm's biographer, declares that few priests
observed the chastity Anselm called for, and Pascal II, writing to Anselm, said most of the English priests were married. In Bohemia
the law of celibacy was also late of enforcement.
2↑ Huss's text wrongly has nostræ—our.
3↑ I have restored some of the omitted words from the canon law for the sake of clearness.
4↑ One of the glossators of the Liber Sextus, Guido de Baysio, archdeacon of Bologna, d. 1313.
5↑ The decretal adds aut subintroductam mulierem—a woman secretly introduced.
6↑ Pope Gelasius uses the word imminere where Huss uses incubantes—brooding.
7↑ "Against the Hidden Adversary," Mon., 1: 168–179. This treatise, written 1412 in reply to an attack that Huss was destroying the
law and also destroying the priesthood by his preaching, brings out: (1) That the wickedness of the people and the priests brought
about the destruction of Jerusalem, and (2) that by driving out the hucksters from the temple and by many instances in the O. T. it was
taught that secular princes have the duty of punishing simoniac priests by withdrawing from them their livings.
8↑ Posset arguere. The original has possis perturbare.
9↑ Luther, in his Address to the German Nobility, called for the abolition of the interdict altogether on the ground that it is a greater sin
to silence God's Word and service than if we were to kill twenty popes at once, not to speak of a single priest.
10↑ The Vulgate has sequamini—ye should follow.
11↑ The word used by the Vulgate, Phil. 3:8.
12↑ Hadrian IV, the only English pope, one of whose cardinals was murdered during the excitement caused by the presence and
preaching of Arnold of Brescia. Henry II of England was threatened with the interdict by Alexander III, 1173, in case he did not
deliver up to his sons their wives.
13↑ In consequence of the interdict pronounced over Prague by John XXIII, 1411, Huss withdrew at the advice of King Wenzel from
the city and remained in semi-voluntary exile for two years, until he started for Constance October, 1414. He was in doubt whether he
had done right in withdrawing, denying that he had "fled from the truth" and instancing the case of Christ, "who escaped out of the
hands" of his enemies. He insisted that he was actuated by a purpose not to prevent the ministrations of the Gospel to the innocent by
his presence in Prague. See Schaff, Life of John Huss, and Huss's letters written during his exile, Doc., 34–66.
14↑ The Decretum and also Nic. Fathers, 1: 589 sq., give it as a letter to Auxilius, probably bishop of Murco.
15↑ Periisse inter sanctos. The Decretum has pariter interfectos: "were likewise put to death."
16↑ Unam is wanting in the Vulgate.
17↑ Michael the Pleader, a title given to the Prague magister, Michael of Deutschbrod, by the pope. At first Huss's friend, he became
one of his most bitter and persistent enemies. No sooner had Huss reached Constance than Michael posted up charges against him and
went about stirring up the members of the council against him.
18↑ The "Lamb," Agnus, of the Vulgate is omitted.
19↑ In arguing for the superiority of a general council over the pope, Gerson took the ground that a pope may be deposed who is
insane or heretical. The translator must confess that in this translation he has been inconsistent in treating church now as neuter, now
as feminine.
20↑ The executor, usually called procurator, is the legal representative who appears before the ecclesiastical superior or puts into
execution a papal or episcopal mandate. See Hergenröther, K.-recht, 428; Friedberg, K.-recht, pp. 327, 359.
21↑ Literæ dimissoriales is the name given to licenses by ecclesiastical superiors, setting aside the usual ecclesiastical practices,
whatever they may be, from pope down to priest, as, for example, when a bishop grants permission to ordain a candidate of his diocese
to a bishop of another diocese. Huss is referring to licenses given by popes or bishops to agents to perform acts presumably for
temporal favors. See Hergenröther, K.-recht, 236, 239, etc.
22↑ The XLV Articles of Wyclif, action upon which was first taken at Prague by the university, 1403, and more recently and
drastically, 1412, forbidding any to hold or teach them, they being heretical, seditious, scandalous and erroneous, Doc., 451 sq. At the
city hall of the Old Town King Wenzel had the prohibition of the articles publicly announced, Doc., 456. It seems strange that Huss
has not before mentioned these XLV Articles by name, which were the first cause of his troubles in Prague. In his Reply to Stanislaus,
Mon., 1: 331 sq., he starts out with a prolonged reference to them and reminds Stanislaus that he was one of the doctors of the
theological faculty, all of whom now condemned the articles as heretical, etc., 1412, who originally had taken most positive ground on
the other side and strenuously defended them. Likewise in his Reply to Palecz, Huss brings out into prominence the discussions over
the XLV Articles and makes the statement that Palecz, who was one of the eight doctors who declared the articles heretical, at one
time had defended them, and in a meeting at the university, throwing down one of Wyclif's writings on the table, had said that he was
ready to defend it against any one who might attack even a single word extracted from it.
23↑ Huss is referring here to the dismissal of certain clerics of Prague from their positions, and the sequestrations of the incomes of
others by the civil authorities during the troubles between the Huss party and the party opposed to him. Tithes had been treated by
Huss in a separate treatise, Mon., 1: 156–167. Huss defined an alms as "a gift to help the body made for God's sake."
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