a.

MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A (25marks)
1. State the main method used by archaeologists to obtain information on history
(1mk)
 Excavation
2. Give one reason why early man moved from forests to settle in grasslands (1mk)
 Availability of food/wild animals in the grasslands
 Climate in the grasslands was warmer
 Grasslands provided much needed water
 They protected themselves from dangerous animals/enemies
3. State two ways in which poor transport has contributed to food shortages in Africa
(2mks)
 Has led to high transport cost thus high prices of food
 Has undermined transportation of food leading to wastages and
losses
 Has undermined the effectiveness of agricultural extension officers
 Agricultural inputs do not necessarily reach farms leading to poor
food production
4. State two roles of the Western Sudan rulers in the Trans-Saharan trade (2mks)
 Provided security to the traders
 Regulated the supply and production of goods
 Ensured steady supply of trade goods
5. Identify the main use of pipeline transport (1mk)
 Transportation of petroleum products/fuel/ liquids and gases over
long distances
6. State one way in which the use of internet has promoted learning (1mk)
 It has enhanced storage of information
 It has promoted educational programmes e.g. google classroom,
meet
 It has promoted research e.g. websites
7. State two factors that facilitated the spread of iron working in pre-colonial Africa
(2mks)
 Warfare
 Through giving/receiving gifts
 Through trade
 Migration of the Bantu
 Through agriculture
 Intermarriage
8. State two uses of bronze in ancient kingdom of Benin (2mks)
 Used in making weapons
 Used in making tools
 Used in making decoration/ornaments
 It is used in making statutes
 It was used as an item of trade
 It was used as a currency
9. State the main contribution of the discovery of chloroform in the field of medicine
(1mk)
 It reduced pain during operation
10. Give two reasons why early urban centers in ancient Egypt developed in the Nile
Valley (2mks)
 Water from the Nile River was used for transport
 Water from the Nile River was used for domestic and industrial use
 Fertile river banks promoted agriculture leading to food security
  Cool temperature encouraged human settlements
 Vegetation along the Nile River provided building materials
11. State two functions of the Ssaza chiefs among the Baganda in the 19th Century
(2mks)
 Maintained law and oder
 Collected taxes
 Recruited men for military services
 Settled disputes/tried cases in courts
 Advised Kabaka/king/ were members of Lukiko
12. Give two ways in which industrial revolution in Europe contributed to the European
expansion to Africa (2mks)
 It created the need for raw materials which the Europeans came to
acquire in Africa
 Europeans came to Africa to look for market for their industrial
goods
 Capital generated from industries were to be invested in Africa
 Industrial revolution boosted transport system which enabled the
Europeans to travel to Africa
13. Identify the main method used by European powers to suppress resisting African
communities during the colonial invasion of Africa (1mk)
 Military conquest/force/expedition
14. Identify two ways in which Samori Toure’s second empire contributed to his defeat by
the French (2mks)
 He was cut off from Bure gold fields which denied him important
source of revenue for sustaining his army
 His second empire was surrounded by enemies e.g. the British
 He was exposed to war with communities he had attacked earlier
 He was cut off from free town where he had secured arms
15. Name the British High Commissioner who introduced Indirect rule in Nigeria (1mk)
 Fredrick Lugard
16. Name the political party that led Ghana to independence in 1957 (1mk)
 Convention People’s Party
17. Identify one type on nationalism that developed in South Africa (1mk)
 British nationalism
 Afrikaner nationalism
 African nationalism

SECTION B (45MKS)
Answer any three questions in this section
START=18nbsp;

a. Name three types of dwellings used by early man in the early Stone Age
Period (2mks)
 Rock shelters
 Tree trunks
 On top of tress
 In forests
 In caves First 3x1=3mks
b. Describe the way of life human beings during the Late Stone Age period
(12mks)
 Microlithic tools were used which were more efficient/effective
in hunting /defence/farming
 Man lived in permanent shelters made of
branches/leaves/grass which protected them from harsh
climatic conditions/wild animals
  They practiced agriculture that ensured regular/adequate food
supply
 Man led sedentary life thereby enabling him to carry out other
activities
 Man developed a system of government in order to control the
conduct of people
 Man developed religious beliefs/practices which they used to
explain mysterious nature/natural phenomena
 They practiced art/basketry/pottery/weaving which were used
for various purposes
 They buried/cremated the dead with possession as an
expression of life after death
 They developed distinct language for communication
 They decorated the body with red ochre/painted their shelter
 They wore animal skin as garment/clothing Any
6x2=12mks
2.
a. State three disadvantages of using barter trade during Trans-Saharan trade
(3mks)
 It is only acquired when there is double coincidence of wants
 Lack of common language undermine it/language barrier
 It lacked a common measure of value
 Some goods were perishable
 Some goods were bulky/difficult to carry
 Some goods were not divisible
b. Explain six ways in which West African communities benefited from Trans-
Saharan trade (12mks)
 They acquired essential items from trade e.g. Cloth, salt
 Commercial centers developed into towns along trade routes
e.g. Gao, Kano
 African kingdoms established strong armies with firearms
acquired from trade
 It stimulated the production/exchange of locally produced
commodities such as gold, ivory
 Introduction of Islamic education in west Africa leading to the
establishment of many centers of Islamic education
 Led to the spread of Islamic culture in west Africa leading to
the development of Arabic architecture
 It opened up West Africa to the outside world/establishment of
diplomatic ties with North Africa
 Led to the development of class of wealthy merchants in West
Africa
 Islamic law/Sharia was introduced in administration First
6x2=12mks
3.
a. Give three features of Macadam roads (3mks)
 They were all weather roads
 They were durable
 They were straight roads
 They were smooth which good motoring surface
 They had well drainage system
 They were wide
 They were cheap to construct First 3x1=3mks
b. Explain six ways through which the invention of railway speeded up
industrialization in Europe (12mks)
  It facilitated the transportation of bulky/heavy raw materials
to industries
 It eased and speeded up transportation of bulky manufactured
goods to the various markets in Europe
 It facilitated the transportation of heavy industrial sources of
energy such as coal industries
 It provided a reliable and cheap means of transporting workers
to industries and enhance their performance
 Revenue from railway was invested in setting up more
industries
 It facilitated the transportation of heavy machinery for
installation in industries
 It opened mining and farming in the interior of most countries
 It facilitated interaction between towns and business people,
promoting investment in industries First 6x2=12mks
4.
a. Identify three methods used by European powers to establish their rule in
Africa (3mks)
 Through military conquest/expeditions
 They signed treaties with African leaders /diplomacy
/collaboration
 They lured African leaders with goods/treachery/
 They used chartered trading companies
 They used divide and rule/pitting off communities against each
other in order to cause disunity First 3x1=3mks
b. Explain six reasons why African resistance against the colonial powers failed
(12mks)
 European powers had superior weapons compared to weapons
used by Africans
 Disunity among African communities who fought as different
entities
 Africans warriors were not well trained and coordinated
 The killing of African leaders demoralized Africans hence some
surrendered
 The European troops were ruthless and employed scorch earth
policy in suppressing resistance
 Some African communities were weakened diseases and
natural calamities
 Some African communities collaborated with the European
powers First 6x2=12mks

SECTION C(30MKS)
Answer any two questions in this section
24.
a. Give three importance of the Odwira festivals among the Asante (3mks)
 Enhanced unity in the Kingdom
 Gave people chance to honour the dead
 Gave the Omanhene opportunity to show their loyalty to
Asentehene
 Provided opportunity to settle disputes First 3x1=3mks
b. Describe the political organization of the Shona in the 19th Century (12mks)
 It was led by the king/emperor called Mwene Mutapa who had
absolute powers /The kingdom was centralized under emperor
 The position of the king was hereditary
  The emperor appointed officials to take charge of particular
duties eg the Chancellor, Royal doctors, , Military Commander,
gatekeeper, Chief Cook
 The king was the head of religious activities/semi-divine
 The Queen’s Mother, the King’s Sister and the Nine principal’s
wives helped the king in the administration of the kingdom
 There was an advisory council made of lesser chiefs heading
provinces
 The vassal states were ruled by chiefs who paid tribute to the
king
 The authority of the king was symbolized by the Royal Fire.
This kept burning continuously at the capital city throughout
the king’s rule
 The king had a strong standing army for defense and
expansion
 There existed priests who acted as spies Any 6x2=12mks
25.
a. State three characteristics of British direct rule in Zimbabwe (3mks)
 It was dominated by European settlers
 It embraced racial discrimination
 The territory was administered by BSACO for a very long time
 There was massive alienation of African land
 The British regarded Zimbabwe as a whiteman’s country
 There was a legislative council dominated by white settlers
First 3x1=3mks
b. Explain six effects the French policy of Assimilation in West Africa (12mks)
 It undermined African culture as people took the French
language and Christian religion
 It eroded the authority of traditional African rulers as they lost
authority over their subjects
 It frustrated the spread of Islam as people were converted into
Christianity
 Africans from Senegal were allowed to participate in the
political matters in France as either voters or candidates
 A great rift emerged between assimilated Africans and those
who were subjected to taxation and forced labour
 The colony was incorporated in the French republic and
regarded as oversea province of France
 The people of Senegal received western education as civilizing
mission introduced education modeled on French system
 The elite class spearheaded the rise of nationalism later on in
Senegal First 6x2=12mks
26.
a. State three external factors that facilitated the growth of African nationalism
(3mks
 Experience of ex-service men who participated in world wars
 Spread of Lennist-Maxist ideology /ideas that opposed
colonization
 Activities of Pan African Movement
 Formation of United Nations Organization that stressed the
need for political independence
 Gaining of independence in India and Pakistan that inspired
African nationalists
 Influence of USA that put pressure on Britain to decolonize
  Rise of the Labour Party in Britain that came up with policies
that supported decolonization First 3x1=3mks
b. Explain six political challenges faced by nationalists in South Africa in the
struggle for majority rule (12mks)
 Some were arrested and detained by the apartheid
government eg Nelson Mandela, Sobukwe
 Some African nationalists such as Steve Biko were killed
 African political parties were banned by the government
 Pass laws restricted the movement of African nationalists
 The government banned African newspapers making it difficult
to spread their ideas
 Ideological differences between moderates and radicals
divided African nationalists
 Divide and rule policy employed by the government caused
disunity among African nationalists
 They were denied access to state-owned media
 Banning of trade unions frustrated the efforts of African
nationalists First 6x2=12mks