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Article Information Research Article

Submitted: November 30, 2023
Approved: December 12, 2023 Kinetic Study of the Removal
Published: December 13, 2023

How to cite this article: Prinz PF, Hawerroth M,

of Reafix Yellow B8G Dye by
de Lima LS, de Abreu Pietrobelli JMT. Kinetic Study of the
Removal of Reafix Yellow B8G Dye by Boiler Ash. IgMin
Boiler Ash
Res. Dec 13, 2023; 1(2): 130-132. IgMin ID: igmin127;
DOI: 10.61927/igmin127; Available at:
Peterson Filisbino Prinz1, Mariane Hawerroth1,
www.igminresearch.com/articles/pdf/igmin127.pdf Liliane Schier de Lima2 and Juliana Martins
Teixeira de Abreu Pietrobelli1*
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5804-1644
Departament of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology-Paraná,
1

Copyright license: © 2023 Prinz PF, et al. This is Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
an open access article distributed under the Creative 2
Alphacarbo Industrial Ltda, Guarapuava, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
*Correspondence: Juliana Martins Teixeira de Abreu Pietrobelli, Departament of
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology-Paraná, Ponta Grossa,
provided the original work is properly cited. Paraná, Brazil, Email: jpietrobelli@utfpr.edu.br

Keywords: Adsorption; Boiler ash; Dye

Abstract
The textile sector has great relevance in the Brazilian socioeconomic context, generating large volumes of effluents of varied composition, with
dyes being one of the most worrying contaminants due to their characteristics of high solubility, harmfulness and low degradability. Among them the
Reafix Yellow B8G (ARB8G) dye has an azo nature, harmful to organisms in the aquatic environment. According to Brazilian laws, it is recommended
to dispose of waste through incineration or landfill, due to its resistance to biodegradation. One of the methods for treating effluents is the adsorption
of contaminants using materials with adsorption capacity, such as residue from the burning of biomass in boilers (ash). The general objective of this
work was to evaluate the adsorption kinetics by contact time of the ARB8G dye by boiler ash. The test was based on mixing the adsorbent material
with a dye solution at 75 mg.L-1, at constant temperature and stirring at different time intervals. To quantify the amount of adsorbed dye, the UV-Vis
spectrometry method was used. The kinetic test indicated an equilibrium time of 30 minutes, with 100% removal under the tested conditions. From
this result and considering that boiler residue is an underutilized and low-cost material, it is concluded that this substance has significant potential to
be applied as an alternative material for the treatment of effluents containing dyes.

Introduction and being able to remove contaminants of a toxic nature [2] such
as Reafix B8G Yellow dye.
Since the industrial revolution, technologies and innovations
in industrial processes have experienced significant growth, According to the Chemical Product Safety Information
providing the development of quality products on a large scale, Sheet [3], the Reafix B8G Yellow dye is azo in nature, harmful
in addition to generating jobs and growing the world economy. to organisms in the aquatic environment, and may cause long-
However, combined with this, concern arose about how the waste term adverse effects. Therefore, it is recommended to dispose
generated in the process would be treated, leading to a discussion of waste through incineration or landfill, due to its resistance to
about environmental impacts and how they affected human health. biodegradation.
Therefore, the United Nations (UN) included in the Sustainable
When effluent contaminated with dyes is discarded without
Development Goals (SDGs) and in the 2030 Agenda goals to
treatment into water bodies, they alter the physical-chemical
guarantee sustainable consumption and production patterns
properties of the environment. The dyes present impair light
through the Circular Economy with prevention, reduction,
penetration, compromising photosynthesis and consequently the
recycling and reuse actions for the waste [1]. amount of dissolved oxygen [4].
In this context, the waste studied in this work is the ash generated Thus, considering the need for new applications for waste
by the burning of biomass in industrial boilers and, generally, its originating from industrial processes combined with the concepts
main destination is industrial landfills. However, some types of ash of Circular Economy and the SDGs, this study proposed the
may contain high levels of unburned carbonaceous material with evaluation of ash produced by the burning of biomass as an
high porosity, providing the residue with adsorbent characteristics adsorbent material for the Reafix B8G Yellow dye.

www.igminresearch.com 130
ISSN 2995-8067 DOI: 10.61927/igmin127

Materials and methods Silva [5] in his study found similar results for dye removal with
malt pomace using the same contact time method but varying
Adsorption was evaluated by the amount of yellow dye adsorbed
the temperature. The method proved to be efficient and found
per contact time with the residue. The analyzes were carried out
30 degrees Celsius as the optimal adsorption temperature where
in triplicate at each time point and consisted of adding 0.15 g of
removal was 72.5% in 15 minutes.
activated carbon to 25 mL of dye solution with a concentration
of 75 mg.L-1. The dye used was provided by the company AGS This can be explained by the relationship between the number
Química and the aqueous solutions were prepared by dissolving of empty sites on the surface of the adsorbent material and time. At
the solid dye in distilled water. the beginning of the adsorption process there is a greater number
of empty sites that are available to be filled, and over time this
The test was carried out in a thermostatic shaker, under agitation ratio decreases, generating repulsion and making the adsorption
of 130 rpm and a temperature of 30 ºC at constant pressure. After process difficult [7].
the contact time, the samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for
According to Raganati, et al. [8] fast kinetics is important from
10 min, then they were subjected to Visible Ultraviolet (UV-Vis)
an industrial point of view as it enables the use of smaller volume
spectrometry at wavelength 425 nm, based on the study by Silva
reactors, promoting reduced operational costs and high efficiency.
[5] who used the same dye in her study. Using the absorbance
values, the concentration of dye remaining in the sample was Conclusion
calculated and consequently the amount of dye adsorbed per gram The kinetic test showed that the ash analyzed reaches
of activated carbon. equilibrium in 30 minutes, removing 100% of the dye, proving to
Results and discussion be very efficient for this purpose. Considering that boiler residue
is an underused and low-cost material, it is concluded that this
The results obtained in the kinetic test conducted at the natural substance has significant potential to be applied directly to the
pH of the solution (5.84) are represented in Figure 1. adsorption of dyes in effluents.

Considering the information contained in the graphs, dye For best results it is necessary to test the influence of pH and
removal is more accelerated in the first moments, obtaining 90% temperature, as these conditions directly influence the adsorption
removal in the first 15 minutes and 100% after 30 minutes. process. Furthermore, it is interesting to carry out the kinetic
evaluation of adsorption using real industrial effluents that contain
From the experimental results, it is noted that adsorption is
dye in their composition.
faster at the beginning, followed by slow sorption until reaching
the equilibrium period. This behavior is observed in studies such The results show that the residue from burning biomass to
as Hawerroth [6], in which approximately 70% of the yellow dye generate energy can be reused in the treatment of effluents with
is removed in the first 10 minutes using a mineral byproduct from dye. This directly aligns with the concept of a circular economy
the detonation of granite rocks as an adsorbent. that uses waste as an input in a new production process.

Figure 1: Adsorption kinetics of Reafix B8G yellow dye solution (75 mg.L-1) in the presence of boiler ash (0.15 g). The data were obtained keeping the experimental
conditions constant, varying only the contact time between the phases.

ENGINEERING 131 December 13, 2023 - Volume 1 Issue 2

ISSN 2995-8067 DOI: 10.61927/igmin127

References in batch and continuous system: experimental evaluation and

computational fluid dynamic simulation (Master’s thesis, Federal
1. DESA U. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2023: Special
Technological University of Paraná). 2019.
Edition-July 2023. New York, USA. 2023.
2. Aigbe UO, Ukhurebor KE, Onyancha RB, Osibote OA, Darmokoesoemo 6. Hawerroth M. Granite rock powder in the removal of dye in effluent
H, Kusuma HS. Fly ash-based adsorbent for adsorption of heavy and application in Portland cement matrix (Master’s thesis, Federal
metals and dyes from aqueous solution: a review. Journal of Materials Technological University of Paraná). 2023.
Research and Technology. 2021; 14:2751-2774.
7. Santos J, Silva M. Adsorption of Methylene Blue Using Rice Husk.
3. FISPQ nº 0222/08 of 2008. Chemical Product Safety Data Sheet: In Proceedings of the XIII COBEQ–IC 2019-Brazilian Congress of
Reafix Yellow. Barueri, SP: AGS Química. Chemical Engineering in Scientific Initiation. 2019; 19461952.
4. Martins TMDA. Adsorption of dyes and metals and the use of waste 8. Raganati F, Miccio F, Ammendola P. Adsorption of carbon dioxide for
using biosorbents: a review. 2020. post-combustion capture: A review. energy & fuels. 2021; 35(16):12845-
5. Silva BCD. Biosorption of Reafix B8G Yellow dye from malt bagasse 12868.

How to cite this article: Prinz PF, Hawerroth M, de Lima LS, de Abreu Pietrobelli JMT. AKinetic Study of the Removal of Reafix Yellow B8G Dye by Boiler Ash. IgMin Res.
Dec 13, 2023; 1(2): 130-132. IgMin ID: igmin127; DOI: 10.61927/igmin127; Available at: www.igminresearch.com/articles/pdf/igmin127.pdf

ENGINEERING 132 December 13, 2023 - Volume 1 Issue 2

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