J.

Role of Department of Public ● Bureau of research and standards

Works and Highways, and ● Bureau of Maintenance
National Irrigation Administration ● Bureau of quality and safety

Introduction VISION
The Department of Public Works and By 2040, DPWH is an excellent government
Highways (DPWH) and the National agency, enabling a comfortable life for
Irrigation Administration (NIA) play pivotal Filipinos through safe, reliable and resilient
roles in the development and sustainability infrastructure.
of the Philippines' infrastructure and
agricultural sectors. MISSION
To provide and manage quality
✦ What is DPWH? infrastructure facilities and services
The Department of Public Works responsive to the needs of the Filipino
and Highways (DPWH) is the people in the pursuit of national
Philippine government's executive development objectives.
department in charge of
infrastructure planning, design, CORE VALUES
building, and maintenance. These ● Public Service
infrastructures include of national ● Integrity
roadways, bridges, flood control ● Professionalism
systems, public buildings, and ● Excellence
other public works. ● Teamwork

Mandate of DPWH ୨ৎ Manuel M. Bonoan

⤿ In Executive Order No. 124 (1987), it Office: Secretary of the Department of
Public Works and Highways (DPWH) in the
states that:
Philippines since 2022
"The Department of Public Works and
Highways shall be the State's engineering
✦ What is NIA?
and construction arm and, as such, it is
The National Irrigation Administration (NIA)
tasked to carry out the policy.”
is a government agency primarily
responsible for the management,
It defines the department's
maintenance, and development of
core responsibilities in ensuring the
irrigation systems in the Philippines. It
safety, efficiency, and sustainability of
provides irrigation infrastructure towards
the country’s infrastructure
farmers to ensure reliable water supply and
development.
enhance agricultural productivity.
Bureaus of DPWH

● Bureau of Construction
● Bureau of Design
● Bureau of Equipment
 Chairman of the Board of the National
Power and Functions of NIA Irrigation Administration (NIA), appointed in
⤿The powers and objectives of NIA September 2024
under RA 3601, as amended by PD No.
୨ৎ Engr. Eduardo Eddie G. Guillen
552 are:
Acting Administrator of the National
● Investigate, study, and develop all
Irrigation Administration (NIA), appointed in
available water resources in the
2021
country, primarily for irrigation
purpose
Relevance in Civil Engineering
● Plan, design, construct, and/or
In civil engineering, DPWH and NIA
improve all types of irrigation
contribute to building and sustaining
projects and appurtenant structures.
essential infrastructure, supporting
● Operate, maintain, and administer all
economic growth, and addressing the needs
national irrigation systems (NIS).
of both urban and rural communities. Civil
● Supervise the operation,
engineers working with these agencies are
maintenance, and repair, or
crucial in designing and implementing
administer temporarily all communal
projects that meet the demands of the
and pump irrigation systems
society while ensuring sustainability and
constructed, improved, and/or
efficiency.
repaired wholly or partially with
government funds.
K. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544
⤿ The Civil Engineering Law of the
VISION
By 2030, NIA is an advanced and innovative Philppines
irrigation agency enabling highly competitive
and sustainable Philippine farming Republic Act 544, also known as the "Civil
communities. Engineering Law," was primarily
championed and passed through the efforts
MISSION of Alberto Guevarra, who was the
An efficient and well-managed government President of the Philippine Association
corporation developing and managing ofCivil Engineers (PACE) at the time it was
modern, resilient, and multipurpose enacted in 1950.
irrigation systems to improve agricultural
productivity and increase farmers' income. ⭒ ARTICLE I – TITLE OF THE
ACT AND DEFINITION OF TERMS
CORE VALUES ● Section 1: The official name of the
● Integrity act is the "Civil Engineering Law."
● Innovation ● Section 2: The law defines the
● Commitment practice of civil engineering to
● Excellence include a wide array of activities,
● such as consultation, design,
୨ৎ Asst. Sec. Jeffrey G. Gallardo planning, supervision, and
construction of various infrastructure
 projects—ranging from streets,
bridges, railroads, and airports to
water supply and flood protection
systems.
◆ Fees and Compensation
WHAT DOES CIVIL ENGINEERING Applicants pay:
COVER? ● The Board of Examiners for Civil
Civil engineering, as defined by the law, is Engineers shall charge for each
not limited to designing or planning. It application for examination the sum
encompasses: Supervision of construction of forty pesos payable to the
Erection, installation, and maintenance collecting and disbursing officer of
Demolition of permanent structures the Bureau of Civil Service upon
Infrastructure works such as highways, filing of said application for
drainage, canals, lighthouses, and tunnels. examination, and for each certificate
of registration, twenty pesos.
WHAT IS A CIVIL ENGINEER? ● Government-employed engineers
⤿ Section 2(b): A civil engineer is defined serving on the Board earn this in
as someone who is officially registered with addition to their salary.
the Board for Civil Engineers.
MEMBERS OF THE BOARD
⭒ ARTICLE II – BOARD OF ୨ৎ PRAXEDES P. BERNARDO - CHAIRMAN
EXAMINERS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS ୨ৎ ROMEO A. ESTAÑERO - MEMBER
◆ Composition of the Board: ୨ৎ PERICLES B. DAKAY - MEMBER
The Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers
is composed of a chairman and two ⭒ ARTICLE III – EXAMINATION
members, appointed by the President of
AND
the Philippines. They serve for three years
and are responsible for regulating the REGISTRATION
profession.
◆ When Exams are Held?
◆ Qualifications of Board Members The examination is held annually in Manila,
Board members must: on days that do not fall on official holidays.
a. Be Filipino citizens and residents. If a holiday falls on the exam day, it is
b. Be at least 30 years old and of good rescheduled to the next available day.
moral character.
c. Be civil engineering graduates from ◆ Examination Subjects
a recognized institution. The subjects include:
d. Have at least 10 years of experience ● Mathematics (e.g., algebra,
in civil engineering practice. geometry, calculus)
e. Not be affiliated with any ● Hydraulics
educational institution teaching civil ● Surveying
engineering, unless they have not
taught for at least 3 years.
 ● Design and construction of various ● Certain personal projects like small
infrastructure (buildings, bridges, wooden buildings or farm
roads, dams, etc.) alterations.
● Sanitary engineering works like ● Maestros de obras engaged prior to
water supply and drainage systems. this law can continue but with
limitations on specific structures.
◆ Refusal, Suspension, and Re-issue of
◆ Qualifications for Examination Certificates
To qualify for the civil engineering exam, ● The Board can refuse, suspend, or
applicants must: revoke certificates for criminal
● Be at least 21 years old. offenses, dishonorable conduct, or
● Be a citizen of the Philippines. unsound mind.
● Have good moral character. ● Suspended engineers may apply for
● Be a graduate of a four-year civil a re-issue of their certificate after
engineering course from a one year, at the Board's discretion.
recognized institution.
◆ Transitory Provisions
◆ Oath of Civil Engineers ● All civil engineers licensed under Act
● Successful candidates are required No. 2985 are automatically
to take a professional oath before registered under this Act.
the Board or other authorized ● Graduates of civil engineering who
government officials. have passed the civil service
● This oath must be taken prior to examination and practiced for 5
practicing as a civil engineer. years in government service are
exempted from taking the board
◆ Seal of Registered Civil Engineers exam.
All registered civil engineers must obtain a
seal authorized by the Board, which ⭒ ARTICLE IV – ENFORCEMENT OF
includes the certificate's serial number. ACT AND PENAL PROVISION
Plans and specifications must be stamped ◆ Enforcement of the Act
with the engineer’s seal during the validity ● Law officers of the national,
of their registration. It is unlawful to use the provincial, city, and municipal
seal after the certificate expires or is governments are responsible for
revoked. enforcing the provisions of this Act.
● They are also tasked to prosecute
◆ Exemptions from Registration violators of the Act.
Registration not required for:
● Officers of the Armed Forces and US ◆ Penal Provisions
civilian employees while rendering Any person who violates the Act by
civil engineering services for the practicing civil engineering without proper
Philippines or US. registration may face:
● Engineers called by the government ● A fine of P500 to P2,000.
for specific consultation. ● Imprisonment of 6 months to 1 year.
 ● Both penalties at the court's ● At least once a year.
discretion. ● Roster to be filed with the PRC and
distributed to various government
entities and the public upon request.
{next was the congrats chuchu sa ppt]
⭒ ARTICLE - MISCELLANEOUS ◆ Repeal
PROVISION All conflicting laws, parts of laws, and
◆ Preparation of Plans by a Registered regulations are repealed, including parts of
Act No. 2985 related to civil engineering.
Civil Engineer
Provisions on "maestro de obras" remain
● It is unlawful to construct,
unaffected by this repeal.
reconstruct, or alter public gathering
structures (e.g., theaters, stadia)
◆ Construction of Act
without plans prepared and
supervised by a registered civil If any part of this Act is declared
engineer. unconstitutional, the remaining provisions
● Plans must be approved by local will still be valid and enforceable
authorities where the structure is to
be built. ◆ Effectivity
● This Act takes effect upon its
◆ Practice by Firms approval.
● The practice of civil engineering is ● The Act was approved on June 17,
strictly based on personal 1950, and amended by R.A. No.
qualifications; no firms or 1582 on June 16, 1956.
corporations can be licensed as civil
engineers. L. NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF
● Registered civil engineers may form THE PHILIPPINES
partnerships or firms with architects,
but each can only render services The National Structural
according to their specific Code of the Philippines
profession. (NSCP) is a referral code of
Presidential Decree No.
◆ Reciprocity Requirements 1096 (National Building
● Foreign nationals must prove that Code of the Philippines).
their home country allows Filipino
citizens to practice civil engineering • It is a Structural design code that guides
there under similar conditions. civil and structural engineers in designing
● This ensures that reciprocal practice and assessing buildings and other
rights are in place between structures since its first edition in 1972.
countries.
• This code was developed by the
Association of Structural Engineers of the
◆ Roster of Civil Engineers
Philippines (ASEP) in 1972, and now has 7
The Commissioner of PRC must prepare
editions.
and update a roster of all registered civil
• Had been updated regularly by the
engineers:
ASEP since 1972 based on revisions to ➤ Uniform Building Code (UBC 1997) -
international codes to improve building inclusion of active fault maps from
safety standards in thePhilippines. PHIVOLCS

ASEP - recognized National Structural Code of

organization of Structural the Philippines, 6th Edition
Engineers of the Philippines (NSCP 2010)
established in 1961 ➤ Uniform Building Code
(UBC 1997) - inclusion of
HISTORY OF THE NSCP active fault maps from
PHIVOLCS
National Structural Code for
Buildings, 1st Edition (NSCB National Structural Code of
1972) the Philippines, 7th Edition
(NSCP 2015)
➤ Based on the Uniform
➤ Earthquake Load
Building Code (UBC 1970)
Provisions based on UBC
1997 and updated active
National Structural Code
fault maps presented by
for Buildings, 2nd Edition
region
(NSCB 1982)
➤ Based on the Uniform
On August 26, 2016, Former
Building Code (UBC 1979)
DPWH (Department of
Public Works and Highways)
National Structural Code of
Secretary Rogelio Singson
the Philippines, 3rd Edition
approved and declared the
(NSCP 1987)
NSCP 2015 to be adopted
➤ Based on the Uniform
as a Referral Code of PD
BuildingCode (UBC 1985)
1096.

National Structural Code

of the Philippines, 4th
Edition (NSCP 1992)
➤ Based on the Uniform
Building Code (UBC 1988)

National Structural Code of

the Philippines, 5th Edition
(NSCP 2001)
 procedures of the NSCP 7' edition were
retained.

INTRODUCTION This NSCP 7th edition is referenced from

ASEP recognizes the need for an up-to- the following:
date structural code addressing the design a. Uniform Building Code UBC-1997
and installation of structural systems b. International Building Code IBC-
through requirements emphasizing 2009
performance. The new National Structural c. American Society of Civil Engineers
Code of the Philippines (NSCP, Volume I, ASCE/SEI 7-10
7th Edition) is designed to meet these d. American Concrete Institute ACI3 1
needs through various model 8- 1 4M
codes/regulations, generally from the United e. American institute for Steel
States, to safeguard public health and Construction AISC-05 with
safety nationwide. Supplementary Seismic Provisions
f. American Iron and Steel Institute
This updated Structural Code establishes AIS1 S 1 00-2007
minimum requirements for structural g. Reinforced Masonry Engineering
systems using prescriptive and Handbook of America
performance-based provisions. It is founded h. Concrete Masonry Handbook, 6th
on broad-based principles that make Edition
possible the use of new materials and new i. American National Standard Institute
building designs. Also, this code reflects the ANSI E1A/TIA-222-G-I-2007
latest seismic design practice for j. American Society for Testing and
earthquake-resistant structures. Materials (ASTM) Standards

CHANGES AND DEVELOPMENTS PURPOSE OF THE NSCP

In its drive to upgrade and update the ● To provide minimum requirements
NSCP, the ASEP Codes and Standards for the design of buildings, towers,
Committee initially wanted to adopt the bridges, and other structures;
latest editions of American code ● and minimum standard and
counterparts. However, for cases where guidelines to safeguard life or limb,
available local data is limited to support the property and public welfare by
upgrade, then some provisions and regulating and controlling the design,
procedures of the NSCP 7' edition were construction, quality of materials
retained. In its drive to upgrade and update pertaining to the structural aspects
the NSCP, the ASEP Codes and Standards of all buildings, and structures.
Committee initially wanted to adopt the
latest editions of American code SCOPE
counterparts. However, for cases where The provisions of this code shall apply to
available local data is limited to support the the construction, alteration, moving,
upgrade, then some provisions and demolition, repair, maintenance, and use of
buildings, towers and other vertical WOOD
structures.
CHAPTER 7
MASONRY

IMPORTANCE M. NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF

consists of standard specifications THE PHILIPPINES
on the materials and its components
that will ensure that building or ABOUT THE CODE
structures can withstand strong
disasters like earthquakes, typhoons, Building codes, the pillar and foundation
landslides, and other calamities. guidelines of engineers, architects, builders,
and developers in terms of
IMPORTANCE TO CIVIL ENGINEERS construction and designing safe and secure
AND TO C.E. STUDENTS built environment.
The NSCP provides guidelines and
standards to Civil Engineers to ensure the • The National Building Code of the
safety and stability of structures. It helps Philippines, also known as, Presidential
engineers design buildings, bridges, Decree No. 1096, is a crucial legal
and other structures that can withstand framework that governs construction
natural disasters like earthquakes and practices in our country. It has a total of 21
typhoons. The NSCP serves as a chapters. Its objectives is
foundational text in civil engineering mainly ensuring the wellness and safety of
education, helping students understand the people with responsible building design and
principles of structural design and construction.
safety, and prepares students for
professional licensure exams. HISTORY OF THE CODE

CHAPTER 1 ⭒ 1970-1972
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Republic Act No. 6541 - an act to ordain
and institute a national building code of the
CHAPTER 2 Philippines.
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS ⭒ 1977
Presidential Decree 1096 - commonly
CHAPTER 3 known as the National Building Code of
EARTHWORKS AND FOUNDATIONS the Philippines.
⭒ 2005
CHAPTER 4 Revised Presidential Decree 1096 entitled
STRUCTURAL CONCRETE “Implementing Rules and Regulations of the
national Building Code of the Philippines.
CHAPTER 5
STRUCTURAL STEEL

CHAPTER 6
 ⭒ It applies to both public and private
buildings and structures, except traditional
indigenous family dwellings.

RESPONSIBILITIES AND
NBCP VS. NSCP COLLABORATION
⭒ The code recognizes the need for
National Structural Code of the Philippines collaboration between public and private
(NSCP) aims to establish minimum sectors.
structural design standards to prevent
building collapse under different loading BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
conditions. whereas National Building Code ⭒ All buildings and structures must adhere
of the Philippines provides comprehensive to principles of safe construction.
guidelines covering all aspects of building
construction to protect the life and welfare of SITE REQUIREMENTS
occupants and the general public. ⭒ Sites intended for human habitation
must be at a safe distance from streams,
PURPOSE OF THE CODE polluted air sources, volcanoes, and
potential fire hazards.
1. SAFETY AND HEALTH - The National
Building Code aims to ensure the safety of CHAPTER 2: RESPONSIBILITY FOR
all buildings for occupants and visitors. This ADMINISTRATION AND
is accomplished through strict requirements ENFORCEMENT
on structural integrity and health standards.
2. SUSTAINABILITY - Environmental RESPONSIBILITY FOR
sustainability is a core objective, guiding ADMINISTRATION AND ENFORCEMENT
building designs to minimize waste and ⭒ The Secretary of Public Works,
energy usage. The Code promotes green Transportation, and Communications is
building practices and resource-efficient responsible for enforcing the Code,
construction. including imposing penalties for
3. UNIFORM STANDARDS - Establishing a administrative violations.
uniform set of standards across the nation
harmonizes construction practices. This CHAPTER 3: PERMITS AND
ensures that all buildings comply with INSPECTION
essential regulations, fostering
accountability.
BUILDING PERMITS
⭒ No person or company can construct,
alter, repair, move, demolish, use, occupy,
CHAPTER 1: GENERAL PROVISIONS
or add any building or structure without first
obtaining a building permit
SCOPE
⭒ The code applies to both public and
private buildings and structures, except
traditional indigenous family dwellings.
CHAPTER 4: TYPES OF CHAPTER 6: FIRE-RESISTIVE
CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS IN CONSTRUCTION

ALL BUILDINGS PROPOSED FOR Fire-Resistive Rating - the degree to which

CONSTRUCT SHALL BE CLASSIFIED a material can withstand fire.
ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING
TYPES: Fire-Resistive Time Period Rating - length
of time a certain material can withstand
Type I - Buildings shall be of wood without getting burned.
construction
Fire-Resistive Standards - materials of
Type II - Buildings shall be of wood construction shall be classified according
construction with protective fire resistant to their flame-spread ratings.
materials.
CHAPTER 7: CLASSIFICATION AND
Type III - Buildings shall be of masonry and GENERAL REQUIREMENT OF ALL
wood construction. BUILDINGS BY USE OR OCCUPANCY

Type IV - Buildings shall be of steel, iron, OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

concrete, or masonry construction.
Walls, ceilings, and partitions shall be of Group A - Residential Dwellings
fire-resistive construction Group B - Residentials, Hotels, and
Apartments
Type V - Buildings shall be fire-resistive and Group C - Education and Recreation
the structural elements shall be of Group D - Institutional
steel, iron, concrete, or masonry Group E - Business and Mercantile
construction. Group F - Industrial
Group G - Storage and Hazardous
CHAPTER 5: REQUIREMENTS FOR Group H - Assembly Other than Group I
FIRE ZONES Group I - Assembly Occupant Load 1000 or
More
Fire Zones - Areas within which only certain Group J - Accessory
types of buildings or structures
are permitted to be constructed based on ⭒ All buildings or structures, regardless of
their use or occupancy, type of their occupancy, must conform to safe
construction, and resistance to fire. construction principles.
⭒ They should be suited to their intended
⭒ These zones help manage fire risk and purpose and observe environmental
ensure safety. safeguards.
 ⭒ When constructing or demolishing a
building, temporary walkways for
pedestrians must be provided.
CHAPTER 8: LIGHT AND
VENTILATION
CHAPTER 11: PROTECTION OF
⭒ Every building must be designed, PEDESTRIANS DURING
constructed, and equipped to provide CONSTRUCTION OR DEMOLITION
adequate light and ventilation.
⭒ Proper design and placement of ⭒ Outlines the requirements for
windows and openings help maintain sight safeguarding pedestrians during
lines and construction or demolition activities,
prevent obstruction of light and views. including guidelines for the use of public
⭒ Basements, despite being below spaces, storage of materials, protection of
ground, require adequate ventilation utilities, construction of walkways, and
demolition procedures.
CHAPTER 9: SANITATION
CHAPTER 12: GENERAL DESIGN
⭒ All buildings intended for human AND CONSTRUCTION
habitation must be provided with adequate REQUIREMENTS
and portable water supply.
⭒ Buildings should have effective
⭒ This chapter outlines the
stormwater drainage systems to manage
essential requirements for
rainwater runoff.
building design and
⭒ Buildings must implement measures to
construction, focusing on
control pests and vermin.
structural integrity, safety, and compliance
⭒ Buildings should incorporate noise-
with relevant codes.
reducing features to protect well-being of
⭒ It covers various elements
(putol sa ppt…)
related to building safety,
materials, and construction
CHAPTER 10: BUILDING
practices to ensure
PROJECTION OVER PUBLIC
that all structures meet the necessary
STREETS standards for occupancy and use.

⭒ The extent of any projection over an

CHAPTER 13: ELECTRICAL AND
alley or street
MECHANICAL REGULATIONS
should be uniform within a block.
⭒ Awnings projecting over public streets
must provide at least 300mm of horizontal Specifies that all electrical and mechanical
clearance from the curb. systems, equipment, and installations must
⭒ Corner buildings located on streets less comply with
the relevant engineering codes and
than 3.6 meters wide require triangular
regulations to ensure safety and
truncations.
functionality.
 wood under similar conditions.
o Section 1301: Electrical Regulations

o Section 1302: Mechanical Regulations

CHAPTER 17: SHEET METAL PAINT

CHAPTER 14: PHOTOGRAPHIC AND SPRAY BOOTHS
X-RAY FILMS
⭒ Paint spray booths must be constructed
Provides guidelines for the safe storage, using steel with a minimum thickness of No.
handling, and fire protection of photographic 18 U.S. gauge.
and X-ray films, including conditions under
which automatic fire extinguishing systems ⭒ The area of a paint spray booth should
are required. not exceed 150 square meters.

o Section 1401: Storage and Handling ⭒ It should not exceed 10% of the basic
area permitted for the major use of the
o Section 1402: Classes of Film Exempted building
according to its Occupancy Group.
o Section 1403: Fire Extinguishing Systems
⭒ Paint spray booths shall be illuminated
CHAPTER 15: PRE-FABRICATED with hammered wire or heat-treated glass
CONSTRUCTION panels.

Establishes the requirements for the use of ⭒ Ventilation shall be provided direct to
prefabricated assemblies in building the exterior of the building.
construction, including structural integrity,
durability, and the adequacy of connections CHAPTER 18: GLASS AND GLAZING
between components.
⭒ Standards for glass and glazing
o Section 1501: Prefabricated Assembly materials must conform to the provisions on
Requirements glass
dimensional tolerance, breaking stress
CHAPTER 16: PLASTICS levels, and design safety factors.

⭒ The Code specifies that approved ⭒ Each light (glass panels) should bear
plastic materials used in buildings must the manufacturer’s label designating the
meet certain criteria. type
and thickness of glass.
⭒ These materials should have a flame-
spread rating of 225 or less and a CHAPTER 19: THE USE OF
smoke density not greater that that obtained COMPUTERS
from the burning of untreated
 implementations are necessary to address
⭒ Allows the use of computers for building gaps and ensure that the NBCP evolves to
design, provided that the software meet the demands of modern construction
programs are documented and approved by and environmental considerations.
the relevant authorities. Remember that the National Building Code
of the Philippines is not just a set of
regulations—it's a foundation for building a
safer, more resilient, and sustainable future
for the country.
CHAPTER 20: SIGNS
⭒ This chapter outlines the safety, design, N1. COASTAL MANAGEMENT IN
and maintenance standards for signs. CIVIL ENGINEERING

⭒ It ensures signs don't obstruct views, Coastal Management

distract drivers, or interfere with safety • Is the process of managing coastal areas
features like fire escapes. to balance environmental, economic, human
health, and human activities.
⭒ Construction materials and installation • Involves strategies and actions designed
must comply with building and electrical to protect and preserve coastal areas.
codes, especially in fire-prone areas.
Why is it important?
CHAPTER 21: TRANSITORY AND
FINAL PROVISIONS • It plays a crucial role in preventing erosion,
⭒ This chapter addresses how existing a natural process accelerated by human
buildings and regulations are treated under activities and climate change.
the new code, allows interim rules to • Effective coastal management not only
remain in effect, ensures separability of helps in maintaining the natural landscape
provisions if challenged, and repeals but also ensures sustainable development
conflicting laws. along coastlines, balancing ecological
preservation with human needs.
⭒ It also states when the decree takes
effect. Importance in Civil Engineering
• Civil engineers design and maintain
CONCLUSION essential coastal structures like seawalls,
In summary, the National Building Code of ports, and bridges to withstand
the Philippines plays a vital role in shaping environmental challenges.
the country’s built environment, • Engineers implement solutions like
safeguarding lives, and promoting revetments and breakwaters to prevent the
responsible construction practices. It loss of land due to erosion.
provides the legal framework for
construction standards, promoting public Challenges in Coastal Areas
safety and regulating urban development. • Climate change threatens coastal areas,
Continuous improvement and strict which are already stressed by
human activity, pollution, invasive species, ✦ Soft Egineering is a shoreline
and storms. management practice that use sustainable
• Coasts are sensitive to sea level rise, ecological principles to restore shoreline
changes in the frequency and intensity of stabilization and protect riparian habitats. It
storms, increases in precipitation, and uses the strategic placement of organic
warmer ocean temperatures. materials such as vegetation, stones, sand,
• Key fact: Global sea levels are rising by debris, and other structural materials to
about 3.2 mm per year. reduce erosion, enhance shoreline
aesthetic, soften the land-water interface,
and lower costs of ecological restoration.

Types of Coastal Management

EXAMPLES:
✦ Hard engineering is a coastal
management technique used to protect • Beach Nourishment: This involves
coasts,by absorbing the energy of waves, adding sand or sediment to a beach to also
preventing erosion and flooding. They are protect it from erosion and flooding.
highly visible man-made structures used to However, this method needs regular
stop or disrupt natural processes. These maintenance to keep the beach stable over
structures are expensive,short-term time.
solutions and often they can have a • Dune Stabilization: This is done by
negative impact on the environment. planting grasses or other vegetation on
sand dunes. The plant roots hold the sand
EXAMPLES: in place, which helps reduce erosion and
provides a natural barrier against flooding.
• Seawalls: Large concrete walls • Wetland restoration is the process of
built parallel to the coastline. They absorb repairing and rehabilitating degraded
the energy of waves, protecting the land wetlands to improve their function and
behind them from erosion and flooding. enhance the environment.
• Revetments: Sloping barriers made • Managed Retreat: This approach
of concrete or rocks placed on shores or allows certain coastal areas to flood by
cliffs. They absorb wave energy and reduce removing barriers and moving buildings or
erosion. infrastructure further inland. This helps
• Groynes: Barriers made of wood, reduce long-term maintenance costs and
stone, or concrete built at a right angle to restores natural ecosystems.
the beach. They trap sand moved by waves,
keeping the beach wide and strong. N2. CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
• Breakwaters: Structures built in IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
the water, away from the shore.
They break the force of waves What is a Construction Engineer?
before they reach the coast, Construction management (CM) aims to
helping to protect it from erosion. control the quality of a project's scope,
time, and cost (sometimes referred to as a
project management triangle or "triple
constraints") to maximize the project 3. Procurement Phase: This is where the
owner's satisfaction. project team acquires the necessary
resources. Key activities include ordering
materials, tools, and equipment, as well as
securing permits and licenses.
4. Construction Phase: This is where the
actual building work takes place. Key
activities include managing the construction
schedule, ensuring quality control, and
overseeing safety on the job site.

What is its importance in Civil

Engineering? 5. Post-Construction Phase: This is the
Construction management is crucial in civil final phase, where the project is completed
engineering because it ensures projects are and closed out. Key activities include
completed on time, within budget, and to the conducting final inspections, completing
desired quality standards. Effective punch lists, and archiving project
construction management helps avoid documentation.
delays, improves communication among
stakeholders, and promotes a culture of Tools and Techniques
safety on construction sites ● Project Management Software
● Estimating Software
Key Responsibilities ● Communication Platforms
● Planning and ExecutioN ● Document Management Systems
● Budget and Resource Management:
● Quality Assurance and Safety Challenges
● Communication and Collaboration 1. Budget Overruns:
Projects often exceed their initial budgets
Phases of Construction Management due to unforeseen costs, material price
1. Initiation Phase: This is where the fluctuations, or poor planning.
project idea is born. Key activities include 2. Schedule Delays:
defining project goals, conducting feasibility Construction projects frequently face delays
studies, and creating a project initiation caused by weather, supply
document. Include defining project goals, chain issues, labor shortages, or inefficient
conducting feasibility studies, and creating a planning.
project initiation document. 3. Communication Gaps:
2. Pre-Construction Phase: This phase Miscommunication between team members,
prepares the project for construction. Key subcontractors,
activities include assembling the project and clients can lead to errors, delays, and
team, preparing the construction site, and misunderstandings.
finalizing the project budget, design, and 4. Labor Shortages:
timeline. Finding and retaining skilled workers is a
major challenge, especially with an aging
workforce and competition from other Most earthquakes occur due to the
industries. movement of tectonic plates, which are
5. Safety Concerns: large pieces of the Earth's crust that fit
Construction sites are inherently dangerous, together like a jigsaw puzzle.
and managing safety risks is paramount to
protect workers and prevent accidents. What is Earthquake Engineering?
Earthquake Engineering is the discipline of
designing structures that can endure
seismic forces.

Why is it Important?
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES Ensures safety, minimizes damage,
Here are some main career paths in and allows for quick recovery after an
construction management: Earthquake.

● Construction Project Manager Goals of Earthquake Engineering

● Construction Manager • Life Safety: Protect lives during
● Superintendent seismic events.
● Site Engineer • Structural Integrity: Minimize
● Field Engineer building damage.
● General Contractor • Economic Protection: Reduce the
● Sustainability Consultant cost of rebuilding after
Earthquakes.
Conclusion
Construction management is an important Research in Earthquake Engineering
part of civil engineering. It is like the • Earthquake engineering research involves
leader of a team, making sure all parts of a both fieldwork and analytical experiments
building project work well together and are aimed at discovering new insights, revising
finished on time. Construction managers conventional ideas, and applying new
solve problems, manage the budget, and theories.
make sure everyone is safe while the • The National Science Foundation (NSF) is
project continues smoothly. the leading U.S. agency supporting
research in this field, focusing on
N3. JOURNEY INTO EARTHQUAKE experimental, analytical, and computational
ENGINEERING advancements to enhance structural system
performance. The Earthquake Engineering
What is an Earthquake? Research Institute (EERI) disseminates
An earthquake is a sudden release of research globally.
energy in the Earth's crust that creates • The NSF also supports the Network for
seismic waves. Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES),
which includes 14 labs conducting
What causes Earthquakes? geotechnical centrifuge research, shake-
table tests, large-scale structural testing, Earthquake-Resistant Structures
and tsunami wave basin experiments. Earthquake-resistant construction involves
Participating universities, including UC designing buildings to withstand seismic
Berkeley, Cornell, and others, use the forces according to building codes.
NEEShub platform to collaborate and share The design and construction process should
data globally. This infrastructure allows be simple, using quality materials and
researchers to store, analyze, and ensuring safety against both direct ground
share data, remotely monitor experiments, shaking and secondary effects like
and run simulations to improve seismic landslides or tsunamis. Construction teams
design and civil (putol again…) must be aware that earthquakes can strike
before a project is completed, and they
must be prepared accordingly.
Structure Simulation • Adobe Structures
To predict how a structure will perform Adobe, made from mud bricks, is common
during an earthquake, we need to in many earthquake-prone regions.
simulate the structure, which is based on However, it is very vulnerable during strong
the idea of similarity. Similarity earthquakes. Improving seismic
means that two objects have some level of performance can be achieved through
resemblance, either exact (putol again..) better construction practices, compact
designs, and adding seismic reinforcement.
Experimental assessment • Limestone and Sandstone Structures
Earthquake simulations were first done by Limestone and sandstone are popular in
applying horizontal forces to a mathematical older buildings but are heavy, making them
model of a building, based on scaled peak vulnerable to earthquakes. Modern seismic
ground accelerations. These early methods retrofitting, like base isolation, can help
were static. However, with advances in protect these unreinforced masonry
computing, dynamic simulations, which structures, as seen with the Salt Lake City
better reflect real conditions, became more and County Building in Utah.
(what…??) • Timber Frame Structures
Timber framing has been used for centuries
There are two main ways to test how and offers some seismic advantages due to
buildings and other structures respond to its flexibility. When properly engineered,
earthquakes: physical experiments (like timber frame buildings can survive
shake-table tests) and virtual simulations. earthquakes more effectively.
To evaluate a structure's performance • Light-Frame Structures
during an earthquake, researchers often Light-frame buildings, often made from
use time-history data, which attempts to wood, gain seismic strength from plywood
mimic the real motion of an earthquake, shear walls and wood diaphragms. Special
though it's not "real" since it's based on attention is needed for load distribution to
either building codes or specific research enhance their earthquake resistance.
requirements. Therefore, simulations aim to • Reinforced Masonry Structures
capture the key characteristics of an Reinforced masonry incorporates steel
earthquake that are (again, what???) bars in walls to increase strength. After
the 1933 Long Beach earthquake, California
made reinforced masonry mandatory, as What for?
unreinforced masonry was found to be - Ensures safe design for seismic
prone to collapse. resilience.
• Reinforced Concrete Structures
Reinforced concrete includes steel bars to Examples:
strengthen the material. For earthquake - International Building Code (IBC)
resilience, ductile joints in the frame are - Eurocode 8 (Europe)
essential to prevent collapse. Prestressed - NEHRP Guidelines (USA)
concrete, which adds tension to the
structure, allows for longer spans and better
resistance under seismic loads.

• Prestressed Structures Challenges in Earthquake

Prestressed structures are intentionally Engineering
stressed to improve performance. This
technique is widely used in buildings,
- Unpredictability: Difficulty predicting
bridges, and other infrastructure to enhance
earthquake timing and intensity.
their stability during earthquakes.
- Soil-Structure Interaction: Different
• Steel Structures
ground types respond differently to seismic
Steel is generally earthquake-resistant, but
forces.
failures have occurred, such as during the
- Retrofitting: Strengthening older buildings
1994 Northridge earthquake. Following that,
to meet modern standards.
FEMA developed new repair techniques
and design standards to improve steel
Recent Advancements
moment-resisting frames. Steel structures
- Performance-Based Design (PBD):
must be able to maintain their strength in
Designs structures based on expected
the inelastic range, a measure called
earthquake performance.
ductility, which ensures they can handle
- Innovative Materials: Use of materials
seismic forces without failing. The AISC
like Shape Memory Alloys to enhance
introduced specific pre-qualified
resilience.
connections to improve steel frame
- Seismic Monitoring: Advanced sensors
performance under seismic conditions.
for (again??)
Key Components in Earthquake-
Earthquake Engineering: Designing
Resistant Design
Safe Structures to Withstand Seismic
Forces and Protect Lives
- Base Isolation: Separates the building
from ground movement
(e.g., Tokyo Skytree). Summary:
- Damping Systems: Reduces vibrations Earthquake engineering ensures the safety
(e.g., Taipei 101). and resilience of
- Braced Frames: Enhances lateral structures in seismic zones.
strength with diagonal braces.
Future of Earthquake Engineering:
Ongoing research, innovation, and 1. Environmental Engineering
adherence to building is a professional engineering discipline that
codes are essential for improving focuses on several different scientific
earthquake safety. disciplines such as chemistry, biology,
ecology, geology, hydraulics, hydrology,
microbiology, and mathematics to develop
solutions that protect and improve the
health of living organisms as well as
environmental quality.

N4. CE DISCIPLINES:
ENVIRONMENTAL AND Key Areas in Environmental Engineering
ENERGY ENGINEERING ● Water Treatment
● Air Quality Management
● Waste Management
What is an Engineer? ● Climate Change Mitigation
- are professionals skilled in designing, ● Ecosystem Management
creating, and improving systems, structures,
devices, and materials to meet specific Other Typical Projects
needs (Michigan Technological, 2024). ● Solid waste management
● Recycling system design
What Do Engineers Do? ● Water treatment and drainage
- they tackle real-world problems by system planning
applying ● Crop irrigation solutions
principles from math, science, and ● Facility impact investigations
technology. Their role involves analyzing ● Water and wastewater treatment
problems, brainstorming potential solutions, system design
and developing practical designs that meet ● Water quality and soil cleanup
the required standards. ● Waste collection and disposal
planning
● Wastewater and sludge reuse
FIVE MAIN BRANCHES OF
ENGINEERING:
Duties of Environmental Engineers
● Civil Engineering
● Prepare, review, and present
● Mechanical Engineering
environmental reports
● Electrical Engineering
● Design systems to protect the
● Chemical Engineering
environment, such as water
● Industrial Engineering
reclamation and air pollution control
systems
TYPES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING ● Maintain plans, permits, and
SPECIALIZATION: operating procedures
 ● Support environmental remediation
projects and legal actions
● Analyze scientific data and perform
quality control
● Monitor environmental improvement
programs
● Inspect facilities to ensure WIND SOLAR HYDROELECTRIC
compliance with regulations ENERGY ENERGY ENERGY

● Advise on environmental issues and

cleanup procedures

Why is Energy Engineering Important?

Why is Environmental Engineering
● It promotes sustainable solutions to
Important?
reduce pollution and conserve
● It helps maintain clean air, water,
resources.
and land.
● contribute to energy security,
● It reduces the negative impacts of
ensuring a stable and affordable
human activity on nature.
energy supply for individuals and
● It ensures that communities have
nations.
access to essential services like
● Energy engineering is essential for
clean water and waste disposal
achieving sustainable development
systems; and
goals, ensuring a balance between
● Improve environmental-related
economic growth, social progress,
enhancement of the quality of
and environmental protection.
human life
● contributes to cleaner air quality,
improving public health and reducing
2. Energy Engineering
respiratory illnesses.
- engineering focuses on improving energy
● design energy systems that are
efficiency, power generation, and
resilient to extreme weather events,
sustainable practices. It involves the design
ensuring energy availability even
and management of energy systems that
during natural disasters and climate
provide power to homes, industries, and
change impact.
cities.
Differences and Similarities Between
Key Areas in Energy Engineering
Civil Engineering and Environmental
● Renewable Energy Systems
Engineering
● Energy Efficiency
● Energy Storage
⭒ CIVIL ENGINEER
● Energy Conversion
Deals more with infrastructure and
● Energy Policy and Economics
construction.

⭒ ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
Addresses environmental protection and to provide balance between the built and
sustainability. natural environment through sustainable
infrastructure systems. It deals with the
⭒ SIMILARITIES! study of efficient water and energy use,
- Both fields involve designing and water and wastewater quality control and
managing systems that impact daily life. management, solid and hazardous waste
management, air quality management,
- Both use engineering principles to solve sustainable resource management, green
practical problems. materials in engineered systems, geo-
environmental engineering, disaster risk
reduction and management, and design of
sustainable buildings (University of the
Philippines Institute of Civil Engineering,
Relationship Between Civil and n.d.)
Environmental Engineering N5. Forensic Engineering
Civil engineers and environmental • Forensic engineering is the application of
engineers have overlapping roles in areas engineering principles to investigate failures
such as power generation, creating clean in materials, components, structures, or
water treatment systems, waste processing, systems that do not function as intended,
and developing sustainable infrastructure often for legal purposes.
that considers climate change impacts • This includes investigation of both minor
(Wayne State University, 2023). failures and catastrophic events such as
Relationship Between Civil and bridge collapses, building failures, and
Energy Engineering accidents.
Civil engineers play a crucial role in creating
and maintaining energy infrastructure, such The Importance of Forensic
as power plants and renewable energy Engineering
systems. They are essential for designing, • The importance of forensic engineering is
building, and ensuring the efficient operation it helps in understanding failures to prevent
of these energy projects. Their work future incidents. It also provides crucial
involves everything from traditional power evidence for legal cases involving property
plants to new renewable energy sources, damage, personal injury, and fatalities.
focusing on efficient energy generation, • Findings from forensic investigations often
transmission, and distribution. This article lead to updates in safety regulations and
discusses the key role of civil engineers in construction standards.
energy projects, their challenges, and their
innovations in shaping the future of energy Methods used in Forensic
(Rana, 2024). Engineering

How do Environmental and Energy Site Inspection

Engineering work together? • Visual Examination: Initial assessment of
As specialized field in civil engineering, damage on-site.
environmental and energy engineering aims • Evidence Collection: Gathering samples
and documenting the scene.
 product malfunctions.
Structural Analysis
• Finite Element Analysis (FEA): Simulating The Role of Forensic Engineering in
structural behavior under load. Legal Processes
• Load Testing: Testing components to • Forensic engineers provide those facts
replicate failure conditions. with precision and authority, ensuring that
the truth is not just presented but is also
Material Failure Analysis. understood. Their role underscores the
• Fractography: Studying fracture and essential intersection of science and law,
understand the causes of failures and also where expert testimony often becomes the
to verify theoretical failure predictions with linchpin for justice.
real life failures.
• Their reports are also used in resolving
• Metallurgy: It applies in engineering disputes, determining liability, and setting
science to issues that relate the compensation amounts in insurance claims.
investigation of unforeseen failures,
crashes, disasters or other incidents. The Challenges in Forensic
Engineering
Nondestructive Testing (NDT)
• The investigations can be highly complex,
• Ultrasonic and Radiographic Testing:
requiring multidisciplinary expertise.
Detecting internal defects without damaging
• Ensuring objectivity and avoiding
materials.
assumptions during the investigation
process.
Common Types of Forensic • Often, the outcome of significant legal and
Investigations financial decisions depends on the accuracy
of forensic analysis.
Structural Failure.
• Investigations of building collapses, bridge Future of Forensic Engineering
failures, etc. Drones and Remote Sensing
• Drones and technologies like LiDAR
Failures of Material enable forensic engineers to gather high-
• Analysis of faulty materials that led to a resolution data from hard-to-access or
failure. dangerous areas, enhancing evidence
collection for property damage or
Environmental Disaster infrastructure failures.
• Studying the causes behind landslides,
floods, and other natural events affecting 3D Scanning and Simulation
structures. • Digital modeling tools, such as Building
Information Modelling (BIM) and Finite
Investigating Failures Element Analysis (FEA), are becoming
• The main job of forensic engineers is to integral to forensic investigations. These
find the reason behind accidents. They technologies help engineers simulate
systematically trace the steps that led to structural failures under different conditions,
incidents such as structural collapses or
improving the accuracy of failure analysis WHAT DO GEOTECHNICAL
and legal outcomes in disputes ENGINEERS DO?
- Geotechnical engineers analyze and
Climate Change and Sustainability address the interactions between soil, rock,
• Climate change is influencing forensic and structures to ensure the stability and
engineering by increasing the frequency of safety of civil engineering projects. Their
extreme weather events. Forensic tasks include conducting site investigations
engineers now need to focus on assessing to assess soil and rock properties,
damage caused by such events and designing foundations and support systems
recommending climate-resilient designs for based on these assessments, and
future infrastructure evaluating the stability of slopes and
retaining structures.

Data Driven Approaches IMPORTANCE OF GEOTECHNICAL

• Data analytics is becoming increasingly ENGINEERING
important in forensic engineering. These - it helps prevent complications before they
methods allow engineers to identify patterns happen. Without the advanced calculations
and trends in large datasets, leading to and testing provided by a geotech, buildings
more accurate failure diagnosis. could see significant damage after an
earthquake, slope stability shifting, ongoing
Conclusion settlement, or other effects.
In summary, Forensic engineering is a
critical field that not only helps in 3 BRANCHES OF GEOTECHNICAL
understanding past failures but also in ENGINEERING
preventing future ones by improving
engineering practices and contributing to 1. SOIL MECHANICS
safer, more reliable structures. - is the study of the physical and mechanical
properties of soil and how these properties
N6. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING: influence its behavior under various
A Discipline of Civil Engineering conditions. It involves analyzing soil
characteristics such as density, strength,
WHAT IS GEOTECHNICAL compressibility, and permeability to predict
ENGINEERING? how soil will respond to applied loads and
- a branch of civil engineering focused on environmental factors. This field is crucial
understanding and managing the behavior for designing and constructing stable
of soil and rock as they interact with foundations, slopes, and retaining
structures. structures, and for addressing issues
- It involves studying the physical properties related to soil settlement and stability in civil
of land, assessing their stability, and using engineering projects.
that knowledge to design foundations and
support systems for buildings, bridges, 2. ROCK MECHANICS
dams, and other infrastructure. -this examines how rocks behave under
various conditions relevant to civil
engineering, such as in the construction
of buildings, roads, bridges, dams, and the site’s subsurface conditions.
tunnels. It evaluates the rock's bearing
capacity and how applied forces affect it TECHNIQUES OF SITE INVESTIGATION
at different depths. The field assesses the • Desk study- this involves gathering and
rock's shear strength to ensure it can resist reviewing all available data
these forces and studies its response to and information related to the site and the
dynamic loads, including those from surrounding area.
earthquakes. • Site reconnaissance- this involves visiting
the site to make observations and take
measurements, such as mapping surface
features, assessing the condition of existing
structures, and identifying potential hazards.

3. FOUNDATION ENGINEERING • Geophysical surveys- these involve

- is a branch of civil engineering focused using various techniques to measure and
on the design, analysis, and construction map physical properties of the subsurface,
of foundations that support structures and such as electrical resistivity, magnetic
transfer loads to the underlying soil or rock. susceptibility, and seismic waves.
It involves selecting appropriate foundation • Drilling and sampling- this involves
types such as shallow footings, deep piles, drilling boreholes or excavating test pits to
or caissons based on the soil conditions, obtain samples of soil and rock, which can
load requirements, and structural be analyzed in the laboratory to determine
considerations. The goal is to ensure that their physical and mechanical properties.
foundations provide adequate stability, • In-site testing-tests are carried out on site
strength, and durability to prevent to determine the properties of soil and rock
settlement, tilting, or failure of the structure in their natural state.
they support. • Laboratory testing- this involves
analyzing soil and rock samples in a
KEY ROLES OF GEOTECHNICAL laboratory to determine their physical,
ENGINEERS mechanical, and chemical properties.
• Environmental testing- these tests are
1. SITE INVESTIGATION carried out to evaluate the environmental
- is the process of collecting information, conditions of the site, including the
assessment of the data and reporting presence of contaminants in soil,
potential hazards beneath a site which groundwater, and surface water.
are unknown. • Remote sensing- this involves using
- The objective of a site investigation is to satellite or aerial imagery to map and
gather the information needed to carry analyze the site and surrounding areas.
out the risk assessment, in order to be in Remote sensing can be used to identify
a position to assess the presence and land use patterns, vegetation cover,
significance of contamination of land. topography, and other features that can
- Geotechnical site investigation is vital in affect site suitability and development.
the construction process because it aims
to understand and provide information on 2. FOUNDATION DESIGN
-is about how the weight of a building is Rockfall simulators determine travel paths
transferred to the ground and how that and trajectories of unstable blocks
impacts the building and the ground. separated from a rock slope face.
• Numerical Modelling- provide an
-is the art of implementation of site approximate solution to problems
investigations, design models, codes, which otherwise cannot be solved by
and computation. This is accompanied conventional methods, e.g. complex
by making decision over prevailing geometry, material anisotropy, non-linear
conditions to have an optimum design behavior, in situ stresses. Numerical
based on the importance of the project. analysis allows for material deformation and
failure, modelling of pore pressures, creep
deformation, dynamic loading, assessing
effects of parameter variations etc.
TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS EARTHWORKS AND EXCAVATION
• Shallow Foundations- are placed closer - is the process of moving a portion of the
to the ground surface and are suitable for earth's surface from one location to another.
light to medium-weight structures. They Earth movement also includes transforming
include isolated spread footings, wall the earth's material into a new desired
footings, combined footings, cantilever or shape and physical condition. It is
strap footings and raft or mat foundations. commonly known as Earthwork excavation.
• Deep Foundations- unlike shallow - include embankments, tunnels, dikes,
foundations, which are placed closer to the levees, channels, reservoirs, deposition of
surface, deep foundations are used when hazardous waste and sanitary landfills.
the depth from the ground surface to the Geotechnical engineering is also critical in
underside of the foundation exceeds five the successful design and construction of
times the width of the foundation. They are wharves, marinas, and jetties.
suitable for heavy structures or when the
soil near the surface is not strong enough. COMMON GEOTECHNICAL
ENGINEERING CHALLENGES
SLOPE STABILITY ● Weak or unstable soils
METHODS OF SLOPE STABILITY ● Expansive soils
ANALYSIS ● Collapsible soils
• Limit Equilibrium Analysis- it is used in ● Ground water
design to determine the magnitude of the ● Slope instability
factor of safety. When a slope has failed, ● Liquefaction
however, the factor of safety is unity, and
the analysis can then be used to estimate SOLUTIONS TO COMMON
the average shearing resistance along the
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
failure surface or along part of the failure
CHALLENGES
surface if the shearing resistance is
● Ground improvement
assumed to be known along the remainder
● Deep foundations
• Rockfall Simulators- analysis may design
● Retaining structures
protective measures near or around
● Drainage
structures endangered by the falling blocks.
● Seismic design
 materials, and/or develop techniques for
processing materials.
“ENGINEERS LIKE TO SOLVE
PROBLEMS. IF THERE ARE NO WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO STUDY?
PROBLEMS HANDILY AVAILABLE, THEY All the things that engineers design and
WILL CREATE THEIR OWN PROBLEMS.” build are made up of materials.
— SCOTT ADAMS

HOW ARE MATERIALS CLASSIFIED?

N7. MATERIAL SCIENCE
⤿ Materials are substances with specific 1. METALS
physical properties that are used in the • Composed of metallic and nonmetallic
creation of products such as metals, steels, elements.
woods, concretes, and plastics. • High thermal & electrical conductivity
• Dense, stiff, strong, ductile, and resistant
MATERIAL EVOLUTION to fracture
• STONE AGE - 3300 BC • Opaque, reflective
• BRONZE AGE - 1200 BC
• IRON AGE - 600 BC
• COMPOSITE MATERIALS - PRESENT
• NANO - FUTURE

WHAT IS MATERIAL SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING?
2. CERAMICS
• It have compounds between metallic and
• STRUCTURE-PROPERTY
nonmetallic elements, such as oxides,
CORRELATIONS
nitrides, and carbides.
Materials science is about investigating
• Non-conducting (insulative to the passage
and analyzing the relationship between the
of heat & electricity)
structure of materials to their properties.
• Ionic bonding
Materials engineering, the structure of a
material is designed to produce specific
properties based on structure-property
correlations.

• FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Materials scientist is to develop or
synthesize new materials while Materials
engineer is called upon to create new
products or systems using existing
3. POLYMERS
• Covalent bonding MATERIAL’S STIFFNESS
• Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
• Thermal & electrical insulators
• Optically translucent or transparent.
• Chemically inert and unreactive
• Sensitive to temperature changes

MATERIAL’S STRENGTH

4. COMPOSITE
MATERIAL’S ELECTRICAL
• It is made from metals, ceramics, and
CONDUCTIVITY
polymers
• Fiberglass and carbon fiber-reinforced
polymer
• Light, strong, flexible
• High costs

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
1. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
• ELASTICITY
How well a material can bounce back to its
original shape after being stretched or
MATERIAL’S DENSITY compressed.
• PLASTICITY
How much a material can be permanently .• PERMITTIVITY
shaped or bent without breaking. Measures how easily a material can store
• WELDABILITY electrical energy field
This is how well a material can be
joined together by welding 3. THERMAL PROPERTIES
• STRENGTH .• BOILING POINT
How much force a material can withstand Temperature where a liquid becomes a gas.
before it breaks or deforms .• FLAMMABILITY
• TOUGHNESS How easily something can catch fire.
How well a material can absorb energy and .• MELTING POINT
withstand impact or shock without breaking Temperature where a solid becomes a
• HARDNESS liquid.
How resistant a material is from being TESTING METHODS
scratched or dented. • COMPRESSION TEST
• HARDENABILITY Measures how a material behaves under a
The ability of a material to increase its squeezing force.
hardness through processes like heating • CRUSH TEST
and cooling Checks how much force a material can
.• BRITTLENESS handle before it is crushed
How likely a material is to break or shatter • FATIGUE TEST
without significant deformation when Determines how long a material can endure
stressed. these repeated stresses before it fails
• IMPACT TEST
2. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Checks how much force a material can
.• CORROSION RESISTANCE absorb without breaking or cracking.
How well a material can resist being worn • SHEAR TEST
away or damaged by chemical reactions, Measures the material’s strength against
especially with moisture or air. these sliding forces
.• pH • HARDNESS TEST
Measure of how acidic or Determines how resistant a material is to
basic a solution is. being scratched, dented, or indented
- pH 7 is neutral
- pH less than 7 is acidic RECENT INNOVATIONS
- pH greater than 7 is basic • NANOTECHNOLOGY
.• REACTIVITY This technology involves with materials that
How likely a substance is to undergo are in incredibly tiny scale, at the level of
a chemical change or react with Nanometers.
other substances
.• RESISTIVITY 1 nanometer = 1 billionth meter
Measure of how strongly a material
resists the flow of electric current
.• CONDUCTIVITY
Measures how easily electricity
can flow through a material
 - Semiconductors
- Superconductors
• CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
- Polymers
- Catalysts
• AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
- Lightweight Alloys
• 3D PRINTING - Thermal Protection Systems
This is the process in which objects are • BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
constructed layer by layer from a digital - Biomaterials
design. - Drug Delivery Systems
• BIOMATERIALS
Biomaterials are substances that possesses
a strong degree of biocompatibility, allowing
it to interact with biological systems.
EX.
Heart valve, Hip joint, Knee joint, Skin N.8 Structural Engineering
• SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS What is Structural Engineering?
Created to have minimal environmental • a field of engineering dealing with the
impact. These can be renewable, can be analysis and design of structures
recycled, or biodegradable.
that support or resist loads.
• responsible for calculating the strength
and stability of load-bearing
structures to withstand earthquakes,
wind, and other natural disasters.
• it is to make sure that these structures
are able to defy the stresses
and pressures of the environment
• ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE they’re built in and that they will be
A system that can perform tasks that safe and stable for a long time.
requires human intelligence, such as
reasoning, problem- solving, and decision- What Does A Structural Engineer Do?
making. 1. Design Structure:
• they help design and build structures,
APPLICATIONS OF MATERIAL beautiful structures, useful
SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING structures and sometimes simply modern
• MECHANICAL ENGINEERING structures
- Metallurgy • design structures so that they’re strong
- Composites enough to support heavy
• CIVIL ENGINEERING loads and stable against the forces of
- Concrete Technology nature.
- Geotechnical Materials • Usually they design building that last
• ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING closet to 50 years and bridge
for 100 years. • they must understand the loads that need
to be resisted in earthquake prone areas.
2. Analyze Structural Integrity: • helps mitigate the effects of seismic
• Structural analysis is calculating and activity on building and infrastructure,
analyzing the effects of loads or involves using seismic monitoring system to
forces on physical structures and their detect and analyze and developing early
components. warning signs
• Stress-strain analysis is used to
determine and calculate the strains 3. Mechanical Structures
and stresses an object or a structure has • jobs involve the analysis of a variety of
when it’s been hit by an impact or is under mechanical, or moveable, structures.
pressure.
4. Aerospace Structures
• This type of job involves the fulsome
analysis of several structures that make up
a launch vehicle (e.g. plane, lunar lander,
3. Ensuring Safety Standards: etc.)
• To ensure safe design, engineers and Is an Architect and a Structural
designers follow the latest Engineer the Same Thing?
codes and standards in their structural
design, perform design • Architects focus more on the structure's
checks and sign off on checklists prior to design, aesthetics, and artistry while the
finalizing the design. engineer takes care of the technical side.
• Both of them use technical called blueprint
4. Inspecting Existing Structures: but engineer’s blueprint have more details.
• perform comprehensive site inspection of
existing structures Structural Elements
1. Column
5. Collaborate with other Professionals: • an element that carries out only axial force
• Project collaboration enables the teams to or compression while transmitting the
work together productively to achieve the weight of the structure above upon the
client’s project goal. structure beneath
• design must consider axial capacity of the
Types of Structural Engineering Jobs element down below as well
1. Building Structures as its buckling capacity.
• Involve designing structures to withstand • Buckling is the sudden change in shape
stresses and pressures or form of a structure or its component
• ensure buildings and other structures do under pressure or load
not deflect, rotate, vibrate excessively or
collapse and that they remain stable and 2. Beams
secure throughout their use. • a structural element that carries loads that
are perpendicular to their longitudinal
2. Earthquake Engineering Structures direction.
• usually horizontal and used to hold up the .• they are curved and assembled to create
weight of ceilings, floors a larger structure
underneath, as well as buildings’ roofs.
7. Arches
- Transfer Beams .• carries forces in compression in only one
• used for heavier loads and stacked walls direction and is a curved
• larger and heavier beams made to structure
withstand greater combined pressure and .• commonly used for design and aesthetic
loads. purposes, they can also be
- Fixed Beams used to support a horizontal load from
a beam that’s supported in all directions above.
with rotation capabilities on
each end
- Continuous Beams
a beam that’s supported in three or more
directions

3. Trusses N9. BRIDGE AND TRANSPORTATION

• commonly used to support structures in a ENGINEERING
wide span of space.
• composed of members and connection BRIDGE ENGINEERING
joints and nodes What is a Bridge?
- These are structures built to enable road
4. Catenaries extensions and connectivity across
• an element with a curve that is formed by challenging terrains such as rivers, valleys,
its own weight and is supported at two ends and other natural or foreign obstacles.

5. Plates What is Bridge Engineering?

.• structural elements characterized by
three-dimensional solid with - A fundamental branch of civil engineering
lesser thickness compared to other that focuses on designing, building, and
dimensions. maintaining bridges to ensure they are safe
.• thin plates are basically flat structural and durable for transportation.
members connected by two parallel planes
History Overview
called faces while a cylindrical surface is
called boundary or edge. .• Ancient Times 4,000 BCE/6,024yrs ago:
Early humans built the first "bridges" using
6. Shells fallen trees or stacked rocks to cross rivers
.• smaller that the others in terms of and streams. These primitive solutions were
thickness the foundation of future bridge engineering
.• usually use shell elements in modelling
.• Ancient Times 1,000 BCE/3,024 yrs ago
and are mostly lightweight in
The very first hanging bridges constructed
build
by the Mayans out of ropes and woods
 These bridges were created by Romans out
of stone and wood arches in the means of
faster access for trading.

.• Renaissance Period - 1595/429 yrs ago

Chain bridges existed in this period, aside it
is made out of better materials such as
bricks, steel, and cement, it also contains
cable for enhanced stability.

.• Early Modern Period - 1826/198 yrs ago

.Suspension bridge were constructed which
are made to withstand enormous tons of
load at once and these spans from wide
distances.

.• Contemporary Period
Using combinations of materials, the
construction of modern bridges keeps
enhancing overtime with regards to
functionality, durability, and aesthetic appeal

1955 - Evolved Cable-Stayed Bridges

1966 - Mixed Bridges

.
.• Medieval Period - 1357/667 yrs ago
 “The road to success is always under
construction.” By Lily Tomlin

It is said that the beauty of civil

2002 - Python Bridge, Amsterdam, The
engineering lies i n the efficiency,
Netherlands
simplicity, and repetition of a structure.
Primarily, a structure’s true beauty is
revealed when it serves its purpose
effectively.

BRIDGES
Some bridges are exclusively accessible
only to pedestrians and not by vehicles.
Otherwise, the other way around.
(footbridges)
2010 - Liberating Bridge

2012 - Bridge of Langkawi, Malaysia

 (EXAMINATION OF A SLAB CULVERT)

.• Pipe Culvert: Can either be circular,

elliptical or arched pipe placed beneath a
road and allow water to flow through, It
manages drainage and prevents flooding or
soil erosion

GENERAL IMPORTANT
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE

.• Culvert: It is generally small pipe-like

structure, in which it allows water to flow
below a road, railway or the bridge itself.

.• Box Culvert: Suited in handling larger

.• Abutments: An important structural
volumes of water compared to pipe culverts.
component of a bridge that can be located
It is usually located near rivers, streams,
at its end, this way, it supports the weight of
shores and lakes.
the bridge and the loads of it are transferred
into the ground.

.• Arch Culvert: It may be used as a road

or railway culvert up to span of 6 meters.

.• Wing Wall: This structure is designed to

be used as extensions for the bridge's
abutments for support, it projects outward
and situated also at the end of the bridge
.• Slab Culvert: Suitable for all kinds of ..
roads where linear waterways are small. • Piers: These are seen as structures that
Also known as bridge culverts, can be three are placed vertically to support bridge
sided, or simply a deck slab. abutments i n between.
.• Linear Water Ways: These are narrow TYPES OF BRIDGES
structures that maintain a continuous .• Arch Bridges work by transferring the
channel of natural obstacles like rivers and weight of the bridge and its loads partially
canals to ensure that the water flows in a into a horizontal thrust restrained by the
straight specific path. abutments at either side, and partially into a
vertical load on the arch supports.
.• Foundation: Literally, the base of a .• Beam Bridge The simplest structural
bridge where undergoes extreme forms for bridge spans supported by an
compaction to withstand opposite force abutment or pier at each end. No moments
acting on the entire bridge, which aims to are transferred throughout the support,
maintain support and stability on it. hence their structural type is known as
simply supported.
.• Cantilever Bridge Uses a pillar anchored
vertically into the ground to support a
horizontal deck extending out from one or
both sides. Often supported with trusses. A
bridge truss takes the load off the deck and
transfers it to the supporting piers and
abutments

.• Suspension Bridge They’re stabilized

with vertical pillars or pylons connected by
suspension cables. Attached to these main
cables are smaller, vertical suspenders that
hold up the bridge deck using tension, the
main force that sustains suspension
bridges.
.• Cable-stayed Bridge A variation on the
suspension bridge that connects the
crossbeam or bridge deck directly to pillars
or towers. There’s no main cable, just a
large number of vertical suspenders affixed
to the top of the tower.
.• Movable Bridge Navigatable channels
where permanent and sufficient clear
waterway can not be provided. They are
needed in order to provide a passage for
the masted vessels or steamers when the
bridge is to be across a navigable river or
dock.

GENERAL IMPORTANT COMPONENTS

OF A BRIDGE
.• Swing Bridge Consists of balanced ● Environmental Responsibility
girders swinging round a quadrant of a ● Economic Efficiency
circle over a pier or a pivot or on a turntable.
● Technological Advancements
.• Bascule Bridge They revolve about a
horizontal axis and in a vertical position and TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
when lifted attain an upright position.

.• Transporter Bridge Consists of a cradle History Preview

which moves under an overhead bridge The Oldest paved street dates back to 4,000
overhead bridge is spanned on high towers B.C. in Ur and Babylon’s Mesopotamian
provided on each bank. cities (Iraq). However, the Romans are the
ones who have perfected road constructions
.• Lift Bridge Consists of a cradle which and built over 120,000 km of road across its
moves under an overhead bridge The
territories.
overhead bridge is spanned on high towers
provided on each bank.
.• PREHISTORIC (BEFORE 3000 B.C.)
Transportation was primarily by foot, and
paths were formed in settlements and
hunting ground.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF
INNOVATIONS IN BRIDGE .• EARLY MODERN (1500-1800 C.E.)
ENGINEERING Europeans began rebuilding roads to
support growing trade and exploration.
● Structural Advancement Furthermore, development were to connect
● Aesthetic Appeal settlements.
● Environmental Sustainability .• INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1800-1900
● Economic Efficiency C.E.)
“Macadamization”, a method of
BEST PRACTICES IN IMPLEMENTING constructing roads with layers of small
INNOVATIONS IN BRIDGE stones.
ENGINEERING .• .AUTOMOBILE ERA AND MODERN
● Collaboration and Research ROADS (1900 C.E.PRESENT)
Modern roads incorporate advanced
● Sustainable Materials
technologies like traffic sensors, intelligent
● Safety and Risk Assessment
traffic management systems, and materials
● Maintenance Planning that are more sustainable and long-lasting.
● Public Engagement
ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION
IMPACT AND BENEFITS OF .• Provides convenient access and
INNOVATIONS IN BRIDGE costeffective production benefits.
ENGINEERING .• Residents from remote areas can easily
● Enhanced Safety commute to urban centers.
● Aesthetic Excellence
.• People from different parts of the country
can easily reach distant places, saving time
and reducing individual sources of pollution.

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
The application of fundamental engineering
principles, such as design, planning, and
analysis, is crucial for addressing various
transportation disciplines.

TRANSPORTATION WAYS

ROAD TRANSPORT
.• EXPRESSWAYS
- These are suggested in Third Road
development plan i n 1981-2001
.- It served as a connection from city to city
like CaviteLaguna Expressway, Tarlac-
Pangasinan Expressway, and NAIA
Expressway
- Expressways should have the highest
design speed, as well as four lanes.
- Expressways should have the highest
design speed, as well as four lanes.
• NATIONAL HIGHWAYS
- They run through the length and breadth of
the country.
- Connects national capital to all states -The layout of the road in either horizontal
capital. or vertical plane, including the cross-
- Have good surface finishing and excellent sections, and curves.
strength to carry heavy traffic - It is designed to accommodate vehicle
- Construction and maintenance are under speeds, sight distances, and the comfort of
the central government. drivers.
- They run through the length and breadth of - It also help with safe visibility of drivers,
the country. especially at crest, and allows smooth
• STATE HIGHWAYS changes in elevation.
- The main roads running within the states. - Alignment decision is crucial as bad
- They have modern type of bituminous or alignment will enhance the construction,
concrete surfacing. maintenance and vehicle operating cost.
- Vital for regional development, improving
access t o remote areas and enabling
economic activities
- Under the state government.
- Vital for regional development, i mproving
access to remote areas and enabling
economic activities.

• DISTRICT ROADS
• CROSS-SECTION
- Connecting rural areas to nearby cities,
- Lane Width: width of travel lanes affects
state highways, and national highways.
traffic capacity and safety.
• VILLAGE ROADS
- Shoulder: provides space for emergency
- Local roads provide easy access to
stops and helps drain water.
neighboring villages.
- Medians: separates opposing lanes of
- Serves to rural communities by
traffic and provide safety buffer.
connecting them to cities.
• CARRIAGE WAY
DEFINITION OF GEOMETRIC DESIGN - It is the pavement where vehicles used to
• Design of the physical dimensions and drive in.
layout of roadways to ensure safe and
efficient transportation for both drivers and • SUPER ELEVATION
vehicles - It is a method of infrastructure design used
• Involves the configuration of horizontal in roadway curves to prevent vehicles
and vertical alignments and other geometric skidding off the road.
features that meet the needs of the driver,
vehicle, and surrounding environment.

COMPONENTS OF GEOMETRIC
DESIGN
• ROAD ALIGNMENT
 - Transportation Ways: Railways, Road
Transport, Water Transport, and Air
Transport
- Road Ways: Expressways, National
Highway, State Highway, District Highway,
and Village Roads
- Geometric Design: design of the physical
dimension and layout of roadways
- Components of Geometric Design:
Road Alignment, Cross-section, Carriage
• GRADIENTS AND SLOPE
Way, Superelevation, Gradient and Slope,
- The slope and gradient of roads will
and Traffic Central Devices
determines the capability of vehicles t o
travel uphill and downhill.
PREHISTORIC
• TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
Transportation was primarily by foot, and
- Integration of traffic control devices is
paths were formed in settlements and
essential. Traffic signals and marking
hunting ground.
ensures the safety of road users.
EARLY MODERN
ADVANTAGES OF ROADWAYS Europeans began rebuilding roads to
- Maximum flexibility for travel. support growing trade and exploration.
- It permits to any mode of road vehicle. Furthermore, development were to connect
- Saves time for short distance. settlements.
- Maintenance and construction are low
cost. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
- Supports the trade and economy. “Macadamization”, a method of constructing
roads with layers of small stones.

DISADVANTAGES OF ROADWAYS
- Goods carrying capacity is low.
- Speed is low compared to air and HISTORY OVERVIEW
waterway. Oldest paved street dates back to 4,000
- Longer travel time, wasted fuel, and B.C. in Ur and Babylon’s Mesopotamian
stressed drivers. cities (Iraq). However, the Romans are the
- Roads in harsh climates have a shorter life ones who have perfected road constructions
span. and built over 120,000 km of road across its
- Vehicles significantly contribute to air territories.
pollution.
N10. MUNICIPAL AND URBAN
SUMMARY ENGINEERING
- Transportation Engineering: application of Involves the application of science art, and
fundamental engineering principle engineering principles in urban settings to
design, build, and maintain essential
infrastructure.
 6. MAINTAINS OFFICIAL MAPS OF THE
HISTORY OF MUNICIPAL AND MUNICIPALITY
URBAN ENGINEERING 7. ENSURES COMPLIANCE WITHIN
Modern municipal engineering finds it’s MUNICIPAL
origins in the 19th century in United 8. OVERSEES DETAILED PLANS
Kingdom, following the Industrial Revolution SYSTEM DESIGNS
and the growth of large industrial cities. The
threat to urban populations from epidemics MOST COMMON SERVICES
of waterborne diseases such as cholera and Waste and Waste Water
typhus led to the development of a ● Treatent Plants
profession devoted to “sanitary science” that ● Conveyance
later became “municipal engineering” ● Pump Stations
● Tanks
PURPOSE/BENEFITS STRUCTURAL
Municipal or urban engineering involves ● Bridges
specifying, designing, constructing, ● Buildings
maintaining streets, sidewalks, water Traffic and Transportation
networks, sewers, street lighting, ● Design
municipal solid waste management and ● Signalization
disposal, storage depots for various bulk ● Permitting
materials used for maintenance and Construction Management
public works (salt, sand, etc.), public parks ● Inspection
and cycling infrastructure. ● Scheduling

N11. WATER RESOURCES

ENGINEERING
• is a branch of Civil Engineering that
focuses on the study and management of
water resources in a natural environment.

RULES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

• Involves the planning, design and
1. PURSUES FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL management of water supply systems,
FUNDING FOR PROJECTS wastewater treatment facilities and
2. DEVELOS AND MANAGES BIDGETS storm water systems.
FOR ENGINEERING SERVICES
3. PLANS AND SUPERVISES DESIGN OF 3 CATEGORIES OF WATER
PUBLIC WORKS RESOURCES ENGINEERING
4. OVERSEES MASTER PLANS AND
MISINFORMATION ON STREETS AND 1. GROUNDWATER ENGINEERING
FLOOC CONTROL focuses on modeling and managing
5. MANAGES STAFF AND ASSIST subsurface water and designing extraction
SERVEY CREWS systems.
2. HYDROLOGY
is primarily associated with watershed and
river modeling and understanding
interactions between atmospheric, surface,
and subsurface water.
3. HYDRAULICS (or hydromechanics)
emphasizes the mechanics of water flow,
including pressurized flow, open channel
flow and flow- structure interactions.

WATER RESOURCES ENGINEER

a specialized professional who helps design
and implement new water resource
equipment and systems.

MAIN RESPONSIBILITIES OF
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERS
• Water engineers assess the
availability, quantity, and quality of
water resources, including surface
and groundwater.
• Design and develop infrastructures
that are used to store water, such
as dams and dikes.
• Understand the various structures
that manage water conveyance, like
emergency spillways, sluice gates, etc.
• The engineers ensure that the water
resource projects and structures
consider the environmental impact.