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© Jenny Dooley, 2022

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First published 2022

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Acknowledgements
Author’s Acknowledgements
I would like to thank all the staff at Express Publishing who have contributed their skills to producing this book.
Thanks for their support and patience are due in particular to: Megan Lawton (Editor in Chief ); Mary Swan and
Chris Baker (senior editors); Steve Hall (editorial assistant ); Sue Foster (senior production controller); the Express
design team; and Neill Robinson, Jane Adams and Alan Lewis as well as those institutions and teachers who pilot-
ed the manuscript, and whose comments and feedback were invaluable in the production of the book.

Photograph Acknowledgements
Special thanks to Alamy, iStock and Shutterstock for images used in this book.

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 Contents
1 Grammar: Tenses ............................................ p. 4 8 Grammar: Wishes/Unreal past ..................... p. 80
Vocabulary: People ............................................ p. 14 Vocabulary: Environment ................................ p. 84
Phrasal verbs, prepositions, Phrasal verbs, prepositions, words often
words often confused (do, make) confused (related to the environment,
English in Use: Key-word transformations, word lose/loose)
formation, open cloze text, English in Use: Key-word transformations, word
multiple choice sentences ........ p. 16 formation, multiple choice cloze
2 Grammar: The infinitive/-ing form/ text, multiple choice sentences
(grammar/vocabulary) .............. p. 86
participles ..................................... p. 18
Vocabulary: Travel & tourism .......................... p. 26 9 Grammar: Reported speech ......................... p. 88
Phrasal verbs, prepositions, Vocabulary: Sports ............................................. p. 100
words often confused (drive, ride, sail) Phrasal verbs, prepositions, words often
English in Use: Key-word transformations, word confused (win, beat, earn, gain)
formation, multiple choice cloze English in Use: Key-word transformations, word
text, word formation .................... p. 28 formation, multiple choice sentences
3 Grammar: Modals ........................................... p. 30 (word formation), multiple choice
cloze text ....................................... p. 102
Vocabulary: Food ............................................... p. 36
Phrasal verbs, prepositions, 10 Grammar: Nouns/Articles ............................. p. 104
words often confused (refuse/deny, Vocabulary: Education ...................................... p. 110
false/artificial, clean/clear) Phrasal verbs, prepositions
English in Use: Key-word transformations, word English in Use: Key-word transformations, word
formation, word formation text, formation, multiple choice cloze
open cloze text ............................. p. 38 text, multiple choice sentences
4 Grammar: Adjectives/Adverbs/
REVIEW B
(vocabulary) ................................. p. 112
.......................................................... p. 114
Comparisons ................................ p. 40
Vocabulary: Houses & homes .......................... p. 48
Phrasal verbs, prepositions, 11 Grammar: Clauses/Linking words ............... p. 116
Vocabulary: Clothes & fashion ........................ p. 128
words often confused (like, as)
Phrasal verbs, prepositions, words often
English in Use: Key-word transformations, word confused (lose/miss, wear/put, try/take/
formation, open cloze, multiple put/do/dress)
choice text ..................................... p. 50
English in Use: Key-word transformations, word
5 Grammar: The passive ................................... p. 52 formation, multiple choice sentences
Vocabulary: Health ............................................ p. 58 (vocabulary), word formation text p. 130
Phrasal verbs, prepositions, words often
confused (feel, have, cut, break, hit, twist) 12 Grammar: Emphatic structures/Inversion ... p. 132
Vocabulary: Work ............................................... p. 136
English in Use: Key-word transformations, word Phrasal verbs, prepositions,
formation, multiple choice cloze words often confused (get, pay)
text, open cloze text ................... p. 60
English in Use: Key-word transformations,
REVIEW A .......................................................... p. 62 word formation, multiple choice
6 Grammar: The causative ............................... p. 64 sentences (vocabulary), multiple
choice cloze text ...........................p. 138
Vocabulary: The arts .......................................... p. 68
Phrasal verbs, prepositions, 13 Grammar: Determiners/Pronouns .............. p. 140
words often confused (ways to see) Vocabulary: Shops & services .......................... p. 152
English in Use: Key-word transformations, word Phrasal verbs, prepositions,
formation, multiple choice cloze words often confused (match, suit, fit)
text, multiple choice sentences English in Use: Key-word transformations,
(word formation) ......................... p. 70 word formation, open cloze text,
7 Grammar: Conditionals ................................. p. 72 multiple choice sentences
(grammar & vocabulary) ............ p. 154
Vocabulary: Geographical features, weather,
animals .......................................... p. 76 14 Grammar: Questions/Answers .................... p. 156
Phrasal verbs, prepositions, words often Vocabulary: Technology ................................... p. 162
confused (related to weather) Phrasal verbs, prepositions, words often
English in Use: Key-word transformations, word confused (words related to technology)
formation, multiple choice cloze English in Use: Key-word transformations, word
text, multiple choice sentences formation, multiple choice cloze text,
(word formation) ......................... p. 78 multiple choice sentences (grammar
& vocabulary) ............................... p. 164
REVIEW C .......................................................... p. 166
Appendices .......................................................... p. 168

3
1 Grammar
PRESENT TENSES

Present simple Present perfect

• permanent situations or states • action that started in the past and continues to the
She works in a bank. present
• repeated/habitual actions (especially with frequency He has been here since May.
adverbs: often, usually, always, etc) • recently completed actions
He always goes to bed at 11 o’clock. (Here “always” She has dyed her hair black. (The action is complete –
means every day.) her hair is now dyed black – evidence in the present)
• general truths or laws of nature • complete past actions connected to the present with
The sun rises in the east. stated or unstated time reference
• reviews/sports commentaries/dramatic narrative He has bought a house. (Now he owns a house.)
Smythe serves the ball and Lanyon misses it ... He has just returned from Paris. (stated time reference)
• timetables/programmes (future reference) • personal experiences/changes which have
The train leaves at 8.00. happened
I have lost weight recently.
• in exclamatory sentences
There goes the bus! • emphasis on number
He has seen three films this week.
She has had four cups of coffee since she woke up.
Time expressions
every day/week/month/year, usually, sometimes,
always, rarely, never, often, in the morning/ Present perfect continuous
evening/afternoon, at night, on Mondays, etc • actions that started in the past and continue to the
present
She has been doing her homework for an hour. (She
Present continuous started an hour ago and she’s still doing it.)
• actions happening at or around the moment of • actions that have just finished with visible results or
speaking effects in the present
The sun is shining now. He has been running. That’s why he’s out of breath.
He is studying for the exams. • to express anger, irritation, annoyance, explanation or
• temporary situations criticism
He is spending the week with his mother. She has been using my laptop! (annoyance)
• changing or developing situations • to put emphasis on duration, usually with for, since or
She is getting better and better at playing the piano. how long
He has been feeling unwell for days.
• frequently repeated actions with always, constantly,
continually, expressing annoyance or criticism
He’s always getting into trouble. (Here “always” means Time expressions
constantly.) just, ever, never, already, yet (negations &
questions), always, how long, so far, recently, since
• fixed arrangements in the near future (= from a starting point in the past), for (= over
I’m going to the theatre this evening. a period of time), today, this week/month, etc
For and since are usually used with Present
Time expressions perfect continuous to emphasise the duration
now, at the moment, at present, nowadays, of an action.
today, tonight, always, still, etc

Adverbs of frequency (always, sometimes, usually,

often, etc) go before the main verb, but after the verb
to be.
have been to: have gone somewhere and come back
have gone to/been in: have gone somewhere,
but not back yet

4
 Grammar 1
PRESENT TENSES

Stative verbs
Stative verbs express a permanent state rather than an action and are not used in the feel and hurt can be used in
continuous forms. These are: verbs of the senses used to express involuntary actions either continuous or simple
(feel, hear, see, smell, taste, etc), verbs of feelings and emotions (adore, detest, dislike, forms.
enjoy, forgive, hate, like, etc), verbs of opinion (agree, believe, suppose, understand, etc) and She feels/is feeling better.
other verbs (belong, concern, depend, know, mean, own, possess, need, prefer, want, etc). Look, watch and listen
I see someone coming. She hates pop music. I don’t agree with you. He knows a lot about express deliberate actions
computers. and can be used in
Some stative verbs (be, love, see, smell, taste, think, etc) have continuous forms, but continuous forms.
there is a difference in meaning. He is listening to some records.
State Action
• I see them coming towards us. (= I have the ability) • She’s seeing her doctor today. (= she’s visiting)
• These flowers smell nice. (= they have a nice • Why are you smelling the food? Has it gone off?
smell) (= why are you checking the smell of )
• This soup tastes delicious. (= its flavour is good) • She’s tasting the soup. (= she’s testing the flavour)
• It feels like velvet. (= it has the texture of ) • He’s feeling the cloth. (= he’s touching the cloth)
• He has a house. (= he possesses) • We’re having a nice time. (= we’re enjoying ourselves)
• Do you like his new car? (= Is it nice?) • How are they liking the party? (= are they enjoying)
• I think he has left. (= I suppose, I believe) • I’m thinking about his suggestion. (= I’m considering)
• Ann is polite. (= her character is) • Tom is being very impolite. (= he is behaving impolitely)
• It looks as if it’s going to snow. (= it appears) • They are looking at the statue. (= they’re viewing it)

1 Put the verbs in brackets into the Present simple or 2 Choose the correct option.
the Present continuous.
1 We have been walking/have walked
1 A: I _____________ (see) there’s a great film on at the cinema since 3:00.
tonight. Would you like to go? 2 How long has she spoken/has she
B: No, I _____________ (see) the dentist about my toothache. been speaking to that customer?
2 A: _____________ (you/think) about going on a picnic this 3 Paul has bought/has been buying
afternoon? three shirts.
B: Not really. I _____________ (think) I need to study. 4 They haven’t explored/haven’t been
3 A: Is John OK? He _____________ (look) very red in the face. exploring the market all day.
B: Yes, I know. I _____________ (look) for the doctor’s telephone 5 Have you been knowing/Have you
number now. known Alex since you started school?
4 A: How _____________ (you/like) your stay in Budapest?
B: I am really _____________ (enjoy) myself. I particularly 3 Fill in has/have been to/in, has/have
_____________ (like) the Hungarian food. gone to.
5 A: Why _____________ (you/taste) the stew? 1 Bertha’s not here. She ___________
B: I think you _____________ (need) to add some spices; the library.
it _____________ (taste) a bit bland. 2 I ___________ Madrid, but I only
6 A: Why _____________ (you/feel) the radiator, Dad? spent a few days there.
B: I _____________ (not/think) it’s working; it _____________ 3 “How long _____ you ___________
(feel) very cold in here. Birmingham?”“For nearly two years.”
7 A: Tom _____________ (be) usually a very quiet boy. 4 Tom is alone because his parents
B: Yes, but he _____________ (be) very noisy today. ____________ the seaside.
8 A: _____________________ (you/have) a car? 5 Julia __________ the supermarket –
B: Yes, but I _____________ (have) some problems with it, so it’s at she’ll be back in about an hour.
the garage.
9 A: Why _____________ (you/smell) the roses?
B: They always _________ (smell) so wonderful at this time of year.
5
 1 Grammar
PRESENT TENSES

4 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present 6 Choose the correct option.
tenses. 1 James ___ to my email yet. Maybe he’s on holiday.
A doesn’t reply B isn’t replying
Hi John, C hasn’t replied
First of all, sorry I 1) _______________ (not/write) for so 2 Mike always ___ up early on weekdays.
long, but I was on holiday. 2) ______________ (you/get) A gets B is getting C has got
your exam results yet? I’m sure you 3) _______________
3 Your French ___ all the time, Sally.
(pass) them all since you always 4) _______________
A improves B is improving
(study) so hard. I 5) _______________ (wait) for mine at
C has improved
the moment, and I 6) _______________ (try) not to
worry! Well, I 7) _______________ (write) from my new 4 I ___ a cake; that’s why the kitchen is such a mess.
flat. Yes, I 8) _______________ (move) house! Now, we A make B making
9) ______________ (paint) and 10) _______________ C have been making
(clean) the place to make it look nice. When it’s finished, I 5 The plane ___ at 9:30 tomorrow morning.
want to have a party and, because I 11) _______________ A arrives B is arriving C has arrived
(not/see) you for weeks, I 12) _______________ (want)
you to come. Write soon and let me know if I’ll see you 6 Alice ___ for a job at the moment.
there. A looks B is looking C has looked
Talk soon, 7 This soup ___ delicious. What did you put in it?
Mary A smells B is smelling C has smelt
8 Their baby ___ to walk.
A just starts B has just started
C has just been starting
5 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present 9 We ___ a party next Saturday. Would you like to
tenses. come?
1 Alan ______________ (fly) to Barcelona tonight. He A have B are having C have had
________________ (already/pack) his suitcase, 10 I ___ for an hour and the bus still hasn’t come.
but he ________________ (not/call) a taxi yet. His A am waiting B have waited
plane ________________ (leave) at 8 pm. C have been waiting
2 Ann and Sally ________________ (be) flatmates. 11 I ___ this film three times already.
They sometimes ________________ (argue) A see B am seeing C have seen
because Sally ________________ (always/make) a
mess in the kitchen. 12 Melanie ___ at her father’s shop every day this week.
3 “Look over there! It’s John Cooper.” A works B is working C has worked
“Oh yes! But he ________________ (look) so 13 I can’t get in the house. I ___ my keys.
different! He ________________ (put on) at least A lose B am losing C have lost
15 kilos, and I ________________ (think) he
14 There ___ Luke on his new bicycle!
________________ (wear) a police uniform.”
A goes B is going C has gone
4 Ever since the accident, Susan ________________
(be) afraid to drive. Next week, she 15 I ___ the book you lent me. I’m really enjoying it.
________________ (see) a psychologist who A read B have read
________________ (specialise) in that sort of C have been reading
problem. 16 ___ you ever been to Lyon?
5 “What a great match! Johnson ________________ A Do B Are C Have
(pass) the ball to Green, who ________________
(shoot) and ________________ (score)!”
6 “What on earth ___________________________
(you/do)? Your clothes are all dirty!” “Well, I
____ ____________ (work) in the garden all day.
Look! I ________________ (already/plant) a lot of
flowers. I ________________ (plan) to cut the grass
now.”
6
 Grammar 1
PAST TENSES

Past simple Past continuous

• complete action or event which happened at a • action in progress at a stated past time
stated past time This time last week I was travelling across Africa.
She sold her car last week. (“When?”“Last week.” – • past action in progress interrupted by another past
stated past time) action. The longer action is in the Past continuous,
• past actions which happened one immediately after the shorter action is in the Past simple.
the other I was taking a shower when I heard the telephone ring.
She woke up, got out of bed and made a cup of tea. • two or more simultaneous past actions in progress
• past habit or state I was washing up while he was drying the dishes.
He rode his bike to school every day as a child. • background description to events in a story/narration
• complete past actions not connected to the present The sun was shining and the birds were singing.
with a stated or implied time reference
Shakespeare wrote at least 36 plays. (Shakespeare is Time expressions
dead – he won’t write any more.) while, as, the moment that, etc

Time expressions
yesterday, last week, etc, (how long) ago, then, just Past perfect continuous
now, when, in 2021, etc
• action continuing over a period up to a specific time
in the past
Past perfect She had been saving for a whole year before she
bought her ticket to Australia.
• past action which happened before another action
or before a stated past time • past action of certain duration which had visible
By his second day at camp he had made several friends. results in the past
He had been shouting so loudly that he had a sore
• complete past action which had visible results in the throat.
past
She felt much safer after she had locked all the doors.
Time expressions
for, since, before, etc
Time expressions
for, since, already, after, just, never, yet, before, by,
by the time, etc

7 Choose the correct option. 8 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past
forms.
Last year, Tom and Fiona 1) decided/were deciding to
buy a house. They 2) had saved up/had been saving up Last summer, we 1) _________ (arrange) to go camping.
for ages, and by the end of May, they 3) put by/had put We 2) _________________ (look) forward to it for weeks
by enough for the deposit on a house. They 4) lived/were when finally the date of departure 3) __________ (arrive).
living in a tiny flat at the time. They 5) had searched/ We 4) _______________ (load) the car with our luggage
had been searching for only a few days when they and 5) _______________ (set off) early in the morning.
found exactly what they 6) were looking/had looked for The sun 6) _______________ (shine) brightly. There
– a two-bedroomed house with nearly an acre of garden. 7) ___________ (not/be) a cloud in the sky! While we
Unfortunately, the owner 7) was asking/had been 8) ________________ (travel) along the motorway, we
asking much more than they could afford, and when they 9) __________ (notice) that the car 10) _____________
8) looked/had looked more closely at the interior, they (make) a strange noise. Pete 11) ____________ (stop)
9) saw/had seen that whoever 10) was living/had been the car, 12) __________ (get out) and 13) ____________
living there before 11) made/had made an absolute (go) round to the back of it. To his surprise, the boot was
mess of the walls and floors. Still, Fiona 12) liked/was wide open – whoever 14) _____________ (load) the
liking the location of the house and convinced Tom that, luggage 15) ______________ (not/close) it properly, and
despite the price, it was the perfect house for them. everything 16) ________________ (fall out)!

7
 1 Grammar
PAST TENSES

Present perfect Past simple

• He has left. (unstated time; we don’t know when he • He left a minute ago. (stated time – When? A minute
left) ago.)
• She has been in Rome for two months. (she’s still in • She was in Rome for two months. (she isn’t in Rome
Rome – action connected to the present) any more – action not connected to the present)
• He’s been to the cinema five times this month. • He went to the cinema five times last month. (action
(it’s still the same month – action connected to the not connected to the present – it’s the following
present) month now)
• I’ve seen Matt Dillon. (action connected to the • I saw Sir Lawrence Olivier. (action not connected to
present – he’s still alive) the present – he’s dead)
• The King has decided to give up the throne. • She announced her decision this morning. (giving
(announcing news) details of the news – stated time in the past)

9 Put the verbs in brackets into the Present perfect or the Past simple.
1 A: Is Paul there, please? 6 A: 1) _________________ (you/ever/taste) sushi?
B: Sorry, he 1) _________________ (leave) about B: Yes, I 2) _________________ (eat) sushi at least
10 minutes ago. I think he five times. I 3) __________________ (try) it for
2) _________________ (go) to the library. the first time on my dad’s 50th birthday. He
2 A: I 1) ______________________ (live) in Lisbon 4) _________________ (invite) the whole family
for two years now. to a Japanese restaurant.
B: Really? What a coincidence! I 2) _______________ 7 A: Hi, Carol! How are you?
(live) there for a year before moving to America. B: Great, thanks. We 1) _________________ (just/
3 A: I 1) ________________ (bump) into Peter at the come) back from Spain. We 2) _____________
supermarket last week. (stay) in Barcelona for two weeks.
B: Oh, really! I 2) _________________ (not/see) A: Oh, I 3) ________________ (never/be) to Spain,
him since last summer. How is he? but I’d love to go. 4) _________________ (you/
4 A: 1) _________________ (you/write) to Becky? have) a good time?
B: Yes, I have. I 2) ________________ (write) a long B: Yes, we did. The weather 5) _________________
letter yesterday, but I 3) _________________ (be) fantastic and we 6) _________________
(not/post) it yet. (spend) every day on the beach.
5 A: The chairman 1) _______________ (decide) to A: Lucky you!
retire.
B: Yes, actually he 2) _________________ (inform)
the managing director of his decision this morning.

used to – be/get used to – would – was going to

• used to expresses past habits and permanent states. • would expresses past repeated actions and
(Note that stative verbs are not used with “would”.) routines – not states.
When I was young, I used to go climbing once a month. When I was a child, I would go to the cinema every
(also: would go) He used to live in Paris. (NOT: would – Sunday. (also: I used to go .../I went ...)
state) • was going to expresses actions one intended to do,
• be/get used to (+ -ing form/noun/pronoun) means but didn’t do.
“be/get accustomed to”, “be/get in the habit of”. He was going to buy a house in New York,
She got used to living in London. but then he decided to move to Los Angeles.

8
 Grammar 1
PAST TENSES

10 Complete the sentences using the words in bold. 11 Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate
Use two to five words. past tenses.
1 Sally went to ballet classes three times a week. 1 Last Friday, I _______________ (walk) to work
GO Sally __________________________ when I _______________ (see) an old friend
ballet classes three times a week. I _________________ (not/see) for a long time.
2 It was my intention to phone you last night, but I I ________________ (throw) my arms around him.
forgot. He _______________ (stare) at me with an open
GOING I _____________________________ mouth. To my horror, I _______________ (realise) I
__________ you last night, but I forgot. ______________ (mistake) a stranger for my friend!
3 Lying on the beach all day is an unusual experience 2 By the time Paul and Thomas got back to their car, it
for me. _______________ (get) dark and a cold wind
USED I _____________________________ _______________ (blow) in their faces. They
______________ on the beach all day. ______________ (walk) for more than three hours
4 When I was young, I used to visit my grandmother and they felt exhausted. It had all begun when they
every day after school. _______________ (go) hiking in the forest.
WOULD When I was young, ________________ Everything _______________ (go) well until it
______________________ every day _______________ (start) to rain heavily.
after school. Unfortunately, they had lost their map as they
_______________ (cross) a river, but after a couple
5 Tom didn’t like the idea of living in a village, but soon
of hours they finally _______________ (find) their
he changed his mind.
way back. They _______________ (be) glad to get
GOT Tom ___________________________
in the car and drive home.
_____________________ in a village.

Time words
• ago: back in time from now (used with Past simple) • yet is used with perfect tenses in negative sentences
Ann left an hour ago. after a contracted auxiliary verb or at the end of the
• before: back in time from then sentence.
Tony told me that Ann had left an hour before. He hasn’t yet called. He hasn’t called yet.
before is also used with present or past forms to It can also be used at the end of questions.
show that an action preceded another. Have they arrived yet?
He’ll arrive before you leave. He had cooked dinner • already is used with perfect tenses in mid or end
before she came home. position in statements or questions.
• still is used in statements and questions after the He had already fixed the tap when the plumber arrived.
auxiliary verb or before the main verb. Have you got dressed already?
She can still dance well. • just + present/past perfect
still comes before the auxiliary verb in negations. She has just finished studying.
She still hasn’t replied to my letter. just now + past simple
She finished studying just now.

12 Choose the correct option.

1 I haven’t finished the washing-up already/yet. 8 I can’t believe I’ve been here nearly a year yet/already.
2 I don’t think I’ve ever met her yet/before. 9 I’m afraid the plumber hasn’t arrived still/yet.
3 He’s still/yet got a good memory despite his age. 10 He can still/already speak and he’s only one year old.
4 I used to live here six years before/ago. 11 He has just/still left the house.
5 He’s lived in Rome all his life and he yet/still lives there. 12 Clean up that mess already/before your father sees it.
6 I’ve before/already read this book. It’s really good. 13 We still/yet haven’t called Jasmine to see how she is.
7 The last time I fed the goldfish was two days before/ 14 He came in already/just now.
ago.
9
 1 Grammar
FUTURE TENSES

Future simple
Note: by or not ... until/till are used with the Future
• decisions taken at the moment of speaking perfect. Until/till are normally used with the Future
(on-the-spot decisions) perfect only in negative sentences.
I’m hungry. I’ll cook something to eat. He will have completed his studies by the end of the
• hopes, fears, threats, offers, promises, warnings, year. (NOT: till/until) He won’t have arrived until tonight.
predictions, requests, comments, etc with: expect,
hope, believe, I’m sure, I’m afraid, probably. Time expressions
I promise I’ll be on time. before, by, by then, by the time, until/till
• predictions based on what we think
He’ll probably pass his driving test.
Future perfect continuous
• actions which will inevitably happen
Summer will be here soon. duration of an action that started in the past and will
continue up to a certain time in the future
be going to By May, he will have been teaching for 35 years.
• planned actions or intentions
Time expressions
Now that she’s passed her exams, she’s going to train
by ... for
to be a solicitor.
• evidence that something will definitely happen in
the near future
Present simple (future meaning)
Those dark clouds mean it’s going to rain soon.
timetables/programmes
Time expressions The play begins at 7 o’clock this evening.
tomorrow, tonight, next week/month, in two/three,
etc days, the day after tomorrow, soon, in a week/ Present continuous (future meaning)
month, etc fixed arrangement in the near future
She’s meeting her aunt this weekend.
Future continuous
• We can also use these expressions to refer to the
• actions in progress at a stated future time future: be on the verge of …, be about to …, be on the
This time next year, she’ll be running her own business. point of …, be due to … .
• actions which are the result of a routine (instead of • We never use future forms after: as long as, as soon
the Present continuous) as, after, before, by the time, if (conditional), unless, in
I’ll be playing tennis on Sunday. (I play tennis every case, until/till, when (time conjunction), whenever,
Sunday – it’s part of my routine.) while, once, suppose/supposing, on condition that, etc.
• when we ask politely about people’s arrangements Let’s buy some extra food in case they call round.
to see if they can do sth for us or because we want to (NOT: in case they will call round)
offer to do sth for them • when used as a question word and if meaning
Will you be going shopping at the supermarket today? “whether” (especially after I don’t know, I doubt, I
Can you buy me some milk? wonder, etc) can be used with future forms.
When will he bring the books back? We don’t know if
Future perfect he will be appointed to the post or not. (= whether)

• actions that will be finished before a stated future

time
They will have emigrated to Canada by Christmas.
• actions which will have lasted up to a point in the
future
He will have worked for us for two years next May.

10
 Grammar 1
FUTURE TENSES

13 Choose the correct option. 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the Future continuous,
1 This time next week, we ____ to New York. Future perfect or the Future perfect continuous.
A will fly B will be flying 1 The guests are coming at 8 pm. I ________________
C will have been flying ________________ (finish) cooking by then.
2 By the time we get there, the shop ____ . 2 Don’t call after 11 o’clock because she
A will close B is closing __________________ (sleep) then.
C will have closed 3 By Christmas, I ____________________________
(live) in London for three years.
3 There’s someone at the door. I ____ see who it is. 4 He ____________________________ (not/paint)
A will go B going C will be going all the doors till Tuesday.
4 I doubt if Paul ____ by midnight. 5 I __________________________ (play) basketball
A returns B will return C is returning with my friends on Sunday, as usual.
6 By five o’clock, they ________________________
5 The train ____ at three o’clock tomorrow afternoon.
(lie) on the beach for four hours.
A leaves B will leave C will have left
7 “_________________________ (you/use) the car
6 We ____ a film later – want to join us? tonight?”“No, you can take it.”
A will watch B will have watched 8 Do you think she ___________________________
C are going to watch (see) the doctor by four o’clock?
7 Take an umbrella with you in case it ____ . 9 By next April, he ___________________________
A rains B will rain (teach) for twelve years.
C will be raining 10 _________________________ (you/wait) for her
when her plane arrives?
8 Ask Helen if you can use her laptop. I’m sure she ____ .
A won’t mind
C won’t have minded
B doesn’t mind
15 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct future
tense.
9 By September, I ____ English for five years.
6:30 AM 100%
A will be studying B will have studied A
C will have been studying
Hi, Bill. It’s 6 am and I’ve just got to the office. I
10 “Will you ____ to the concert tonight?” 1) ___________ (call) our partner in Hong Kong at
“Yes – do you want a lift?” 7 am. Then I 2) ___________ (meet) three new
A be going B gone clients. Today I 3) ___________ (finish) work at 3
C have been going and after that I 4) _____________ (play) golf with
11 We’ve just bought Emily this watch. Do you think she the boss, as usual on a Wednesday afternoon. But
____ it? first, I’m about to have a video conference with our
A will wear B is wearing Dubai office. I doubt if I 5) ___________ (have)
C will have worn time to send you those files you need today.
12 He’s playing really badly. There’s no way ____ this
match. Amy
A he’s winning B he’ll be winning B
C he’s going to win Hi Amy. I still can’t believe it! This time tomorrow,
I 1) ______________________ (shop) in Vienna!
13 Wendy and I ____ married in the summer. We’ve I 2) ______________________________________
already agreed on the date. (stay) with Hilda and her family for three days, and by
A are getting B will be getting Tuesday I 3) ________________ (visit) every museum
C will have been getting in the city. Then we 4) _________________ (probably/
14 The company is ____ closing down. spend) a week skiing in Innsbruck, and if we have time, we
A is due to B is about to 5) _________ (go) to Salzburg as well. I’m sure we
C on the verge of 6) __________ (have) a wonderful time. By the end of my
trip, I 7) ______________________ (travel) around
Austria for nine days. Well, I must go now. My plane
8) ________ (leave) in a few hours. I 9) ___________
(call) you as soon as I 10) ________ (get) back. Bye!

11
 1 Grammar
FUTURE TENSES

16 Choose the correct option. 17 Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate
1 This time next week, we ___ in Italy. future tense.
A are skiing C will have skied A
B will have been skiing D will be skiing
Kenwhite’s one-day sale 1) _____________ (start) this
2 Robert ___ to Manchester next month. Monday. The store 2) _____________ (open) at 8 am and
A will have been moving C moves early morning shoppers 3) _________________ (be able
B is moving D will have moved to) enjoy shopping in peace and quiet before the crowds
3 Sandra fears she ___ everything by the time her 4) _________ (arrive). We 5) _________________ (offer)
guests arrive. substantial discounts on ladieswear and you
A won’t have prepared C won’t prepare 6) _________________ (come across) some real bargains
B won’t be preparing D isn’t preparing in our menswear range. By the end of the day, we are
sure that all of our customers 7) ______________________
4 Peter ___ football practice on Mondays at 7 pm. (find) what they are looking for.
A is having C will have
B will be having D has
B
5 My little brother ___ six next month. Anne Mayton’s latest book The S-Plan
A is being C will be Diet 1) ____________ (be) available in
B is D will have been bookshops soon. The new S-plan diet
6 It’s hot in here. I ___ the window. 2) ____________ (help) you lose
A open C ‘ll be opening weight safely and quickly. You
B ‘ll open D ‘ll have opened 3) ____________ (not/need) to miss
7 ___ this book by the end of the week? meals and you 4) ____________ (not/
A Are you going to read have to) spend hours measuring out
B Will you have been reading portions of food. By the end of the diet,
C Will you have read the author guarantees you
D Are you reading 5) ____________ (lose) at least 7 kilos.
8 We ___ at a French restaurant tonight. We’ve already
booked the table.
A will have eaten C are eating 18 Complete the second sentence so that it means
the same as the first. Use two to five words,
B will have been eating D eat
including the word in bold.
9 By April, Mr Johnson ___ in this company for twenty
1 Jenny has arranged to meet Mark in front of the
years.
cinema.
A is working C will be working
GOING Jenny and Mark _________________
B works D will have been working
____________ in front of the cinema.
10 The band ___ at the same time next Saturday. 2 The teacher will not tolerate any disobedience in class.
A will be performing PUT The teacher ____________________
B will have been performing _________ any disobedience in class.
C will have performed 3 The play starts at 7:00, but we won’t get to the theatre
D performs before 7:15.
11 I’m not sure if the festival ___ ahead as it might rain. HAVE The play _______________________
A goes C will have been going by the time we get to the theatre.
B will go D will have gone 4 Next month, Chris will be celebrating ten years in the
12 ___ your cousin this weekend? field of psychology.
A Don’t you visit C Aren’t you visiting WORKING Next month, Chris ________________
B Won’t you be visiting D Won’t you have visited ______ as a psychologist for ten years.
5 Sarah turned down Alex and Jessica’s invitation to
their wedding.
NOT Sarah _________________________
________ Alex and Jessica’s wedding.

12
 1
REVISION

19 Choose the correct option.

1 I can’t see you tonight because I always ___ to the 12 I promise I’ll pay you back as soon as I ___ paid.
gym on Mondays. A will have got C will get
A am going C went B has got D get
B have gone D go 13 I wish they’d be quiet – they ___ for hours.
2 Simon looks happy – he ___ his maths test. A have been talking C were talking
A will pass C was passing B have talked D had talked
B has passed D had passed 14 By this time next week, we ___ in Lisbon.
3 I’m sorry, Mum can’t come to the phone because she A will arrive C are arriving
___ at the moment. B will have arrived D will be arriving
A cooks C will be cooking 15 He hasn’t finished the work ___, but he will have
B is cooking D has cooked finished by this evening.
4 I wonder where Jim is; I haven’t seen him ___ this A yet C before
morning. B still D just
A already C for 16 Before you ___ answering the questions, make sure
B since D just you read the passage carefully.
5 By the time we arrived at the restaurant, they ___ A will start C are starting
eating. B start D have started
A had been starting C will be starting 17 The president ___ Ohio in a week’s time.
B have started D had started A has visited C is visiting
6 You ___ on weight every day – you really should go B visits D would visit
on a diet. 18 She ___ on the project for two days before she
A will be putting C had been putting finished it.
B were putting D are putting A was working C used to work
7 Tim ___ while Pam was watching TV. B had been working D worked
A is sleeping C was sleeping 19 He ___ out with Sam when they were at university.
B has slept D has been sleeping A goes C was going
8 By the end of next year, he ___ in Madrid for three B had been going D used to go
years. 20 He hasn’t driven a car since he ___ that accident.
A will be C will have been A had C was having
B is going to be D had been B has had D had had
9 She ___ in Liverpool for ten years before she came to 21 Make sure you arrive on time tomorrow because the
London. bus ___ for you.
A was living C had been living A isn’t waiting C didn’t wait
B has been living D will be living B hasn’t waited D won’t wait
10 Ann locked up the house, ___ in her car and drove 22 Now that I’ve finished everything I had to do, I ___ a
away. little rest.
A get C was getting A was taking C will be taking
B got D had got B have taken D am going to take
11 She’s angry with her son because he ___ to her.
A used to lie C was lying
B has lied D had lied

13
1 Vocabulary
PEOPLE

FAMILY 3 Find the odd word out.

1 Look at the pictures and complete the text with 1 narrow – pretty – small – energetic nose
the words in the list. 2 thin – full – serious – gorgeous lips
• grandfather • brother • cousins • straight 3 bushy – tall – thin – thick eyebrows
• curly • uncle • beard • sister • aunt • serious 4 large – thin – small – friendly mouth
• thin • grandmother • easy-going 5 clear – straight – pale – tanned complexion
6 curly – plump – fair – wavy hair

PERSONALITY
4 Choose words from the list to fill in the gaps.
• impatient • optimistic • dishonest • modest
Laura & Dennis Marie & Tom, Bella & Baby Joe • talkative • hard-working • disorganised
• gentle • rude • mean • organised • patient
• quiet • arrogant • pessimistic • generous
• polite • honest • aggressive • lazy

Mike, Samantha & Paula Abby 1 ______________ people always see the bright side
of things.
2 ______________ people think they are more
My dad, Mike, is tall and well-built and he’s got thick, important or more talented than others.
wavy hair. He’s cheerful and 1) ___________. Paula is 3 ______________ people always tell the truth.
of medium height and she’s got 2) ___________ hair. 4 ______________ people like to chat a lot.
She’s quiet and 3) ___________ . I’ve got a half- 5 ______________ people don’t like sharing money
4) ___________, too. Her name is Abby and she’s 23 with others.
years old. She’s 5) ___________ with blue eyes, red 6 ______________ people have very good manners.
hair and freckles. She’s shy and introverted. 7 ______________ people don’t mind waiting for
My mum, Paula, has got a 6) ___________. His name things.
is Tom and he’s my 7) ___________. He’s in his thirties 8 ______________ people can’t keep things in order.
and he’s got a shaved head. He’s polite and very kind. 9 ______________ people don’t like to work.
His wife is Marie and she’s my 8) ___________. She’s 10 ______________ people don’t like talking about
slim with long hair. She’s friendly and extroverted. Tom their achievements.
and Marie have got two children. They are my
9) ___________. Bella is five years old and Joe is a 5 Put the adjectives in the right column.
baby. He’s very cute! Our grandparents are Laura and
Dennis. Laura is our 10) ___________ and Dennis is • easy-going • bad-tempered • enthusiastic
our 11) ___________. Laura has got 12) ___________ • caring • spoilt • friendly • loving • energetic
hair and Dennis has got a 13) ___________. • popular • selfish • helpful • calm • indifferent
• creative • outgoing • ambitious • responsible
• cheerful • chatty • immature • reserved
APPEARANCE • bossy
2 Write the words under the correct headings in
Positive Negative
your notebook. Use them to describe yourself
and your classmates.
• short • glasses • fair • mid-thirties • well-built
• ugly • green • dark • expressive • plump • slim
• late/early teens • freckles • curly • tall • bald
• of medium height • blue • wrinkles
• good-looking • middle-aged • teenager
• shoulder-length • handsome • elegant • skinny
• beard • straight • moustache • of medium build
Use the adjectives to describe your friends’
personalities.
Age Height Build Hair Eyes Special features General

14
 Vocabulary 1
PHRASAL VERBS WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED

be about to: be on the point of Expressions with “Do”

be after: go after; chase one’s best/worst, business with sb, a crossword,
be against: be opposed to damage to, one’s duty, an exercise, an experiment,
be away: be absent sb a favour, good, one’s hair, harm, homework,
be back: return; come back housework, a job, lessons, sth for a living, miracles
be in: be at home/in one’s office, etc (for), research, right/wrong, a service, the shopping,
be in for: be about to experience (usually sth bad) a good turn, a translation, the washing-up, wonders,
be on: be shown in cinemas, theatres, etc work, etc
be over: be finished
be up to: 1) be equal to, 2) depend on Expressions with “Make”
break down: 1) (of machinery) stop working, allowances for, an appointment, an acquaintance,
2) (of a person) lose control of feelings amends for, an arrangement, a bargain, the beds, the
break in: 1) (intr) enter by force, 2) interrupt, best of, a cake, certain, changes, coffee, a deal with sb,
3) (horses etc) train a decision, a difference, a discovery, an effort, an
break into: 1) (tr) enter by force, 2) burst into (song, enemy of, ends meet, an excuse, friends with, a fuss,
laughter, etc) a fortune, haste, fun of, a fool of sb, an agreement,
break off: 1) stop temporarily, 2) (tr) end a relationship an impression, improvements, a joke, a mess,
break out: 1) begin suddenly (war, disease, fire, etc), a mistake, money, a note, a nuisance, a noise, an offer,
2) escape from a place peace, preparations, a profit, progress, sure,
break up: 1) (intr) separate; split up, 2) stop for a translation, trouble, war, a will, etc
holidays (schools etc)
8 Fill in do or make in the correct form.
6 Fill in the correct particle(s). 1 Have you _______ the washing-up yet?
1 It’s _____ you to decide what to do. 2 Will you _______ me a favour?
2 I thought the match would be _____ by now. 3 She tried to _______ a soufflé, but it was a complete
3 I’m afraid we’re _____ a bumpy flight. failure.
4 Your work isn’t _____ your normal standard. 4 Don’t _______ such a fuss about unimportant things.
5 She broke _____ their engagement because she 5 She _______ a very good impression at the interview
realised she didn’t love him. yesterday.
6 School breaks _____ for the holidays on 23rd 6 They’ve already _______ all the preparations for the
December. party.
7 He broke _____ when he heard the sad news. 7 I promise I’ll _______ my best to make it work.
8 Someone broke _____ our house yesterday. 8 I don’t think this _______ any sense.
9 Their marriage broke _____ after five years. 9 Don’t take so many pills. They won’t _______ you
10 Sam broke _____ the interview to answer the phone. any good.
10 I’m not feeling well. I’d better _______ an
appointment with the doctor.
PREPOSITIONS
11 My aunt _______ a fortune selling cosmetics.
7 Fill in the correct preposition. Check in Appendix 1. 12 After eight years of war, both countries agreed to
_______ peace.
1 Catherine was absent _____ school yesterday. 13 My cousin _______ a very good job of mending my
2 He is very attached _____ his parents. roof.
3 She isn’t accustomed _____ working late. 14 I can’t believe this is my old house. You ________
4 Doctors don’t approve _____ smoking. wonders with it!
5 He argues _____ his brother _____ everything. 15 The oil-producing companies _______ an agreement
6 He was angry _____ Ann _____ being late. to keep the prices low this year.
7 We were very anxious _____ him to arrive safely.
8 The film is based _____ the life of Kobe Bryant.
9 I can see no basis _____ changing our plans now.
10 You shouldn’t bet _____ the horses.

15
1 English in Use

KEY-WORD TRANSFORMATIONS WORD FORMATION

FORMING ADJECTIVES FROM NOUNS
• I’ve never met such a charming girl.
She’s the most charming girl I’ve ever met. We use these endings to form adjectives from nouns.
• It’s been a long time since she wrote to me. -ous danger – dangerous
She hasn’t written to me for a long time. -al critic – critical
• She started learning French two years ago. -ic enthusiast – enthusiastic
She’s been learning French for two years. -ical autobiography – autobiographical
• When did he buy the flat? -ish child – childish
How long ago did he buy the flat? -ive effect – effective
How long is it since he bought the flat?
• I’ve never seen this film before.
It’s the first time I’ve ever seen this film. 2 Complete the gaps with the correct words
derived from the words in bold.
• She came to London a year ago.
She has been in London for a year.
• The last time I went out was a month ago.
I haven’t been out for a month.
• He called me as soon as she left.
He didn’t call me until she had left.
He called me when she had left.
He waited until she had left before he called me.

1 Complete the sentences using the words in bold.

Use two to five words.
1 It’s been a week since I last saw him.
SEEN I _______________________ a week. 1 It’s an __________ restaurant, but
2 When did she move to France? it’s very popular. EXPENSE
SINCE How long _______________________ 2 Jamie can play any sport because
to France? he’s very __________. ATHLETE
3 He has never met her before. 3 Laura was feeling very __________
EVER It’s the first time ______________ her. before her driving test. NERVE
4 The last time we visited her was a week ago. 4 I felt so __________ when I realised
FOR We _____________________ a week. what I had done. FOOL
5 They started eating as soon as the last guests arrived. 5 The discovery of a cure for the disease
HAD They waited until the ______________ was quite __________. ACCIDENT
_______________ they started eating. 6 He made a list of the students’ names
6 They started learning computing two months ago. in __________ order. ALPHABET
BEEN They __________________________ 7 Liam was being very __________
____________________ two months. about where he was going. MYSTERY
7 It’s the fastest car I’ve ever driven. 8 Her teacher thinks that she shows
NEVER I _______________________ fast car. real __________ talent. ARTIST
9 We only use __________ ingredients
8 The last time I went out was a week ago.
in our products. NATURE
BEEN I _______________________ a week.
10 It was __________ of Melanie to
9 How long is it since he broke his leg?
leave all the work to you. SELF
BREAK When ___________________ his leg?
10 It’s the first time he’s ever seen a skyscraper.
NEVER He ____________________________
________________________ before.

16
 English in Use 1
OPEN CLOZE
Read the text once to get
the gist of it.
3 Think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each
Read the text and pay
space.
attention to the words
before and after each gap.
TEGLA LOROUPE PEACE FOUNDATION Identify what part of speech
is missing (noun, verb,
preposition, etc.)
Tegla Loroupe was born in 1973 in western Kenya. She (0) grew up in an area
Once you have completed
where many tribes depend on raising cattle 1) _______ a living.
the text, read it again to see
At the age of seven, Loroupe started school and had to run 10 kilometres to and
if it makes sense.
from school every day. It was at school that she became aware 2) _______ her
talent for running and, with the support of her mother, she decided to pursue a
career 3) _______ a runner. Initially, the Kenyan athletics federation were not
too impressed with Loroupe, believing her to be too small and thin. This changed
after she won a prestigious cross-country race in 1988. She began to train for
international events and, in 1994, she became the first African woman
4) _______ history to win the New York City Marathon. She then went on to win
many major marathons around the world.
After retiring from professional running, Loroupe founded the Tegla Loroupe
Peace Foundation in Nairobi, Kenya, which aims to promote peace through
sport. She wanted to 5) _______ an end to the conflict between the tribes in
Kenya and across Africa. Her foundation created the Tegla Loroupe Peace Race,
an annual 10-kilometre running event that brings together runners from rival
African tribes. The race encourages them to lay down their weapons and build
stronger relations with 6) _______ other. Loroupe says that the Peace Race
had a significant impact 7) _______ reducing violence in the region within just
a few years. The foundation has also built a school 8) ______________ offers
children access to sports in addition to protection and education.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

4 Read the sentences, then the options. Decide if the sentences focus on grammar or lexis. Choose the option
that best completes each gap.
1 He ___ no effort to help us. 6 Martyn is quite a ___ person.
A did B had C made A decisive B decision C decided
2 They ___ up after ten years of marriage. 7 How long is it since she ___ to the library?
A made B were C broke A go B went C gone
3 Ann could hardly make ___ meet, so she searched for a 8 He came to our school a month ___ .
second job. A ago B before C still
A changes B ends C wonders
9 We ___ talked to Bill for a week.
4 His shop wasn’t making a ___ so he decided to close it. A didn’t B won’t C haven’t
A profit B service C progress
10 Bob is a very ___ young man.
5 It was ___ of him to behave so rudely. A enthusiasm B enthusiastically C enthusiastic
A fooling B fool C foolish

17
 Grammar
(TO-) INFINITIVE /-WG FORM - PARTICIPLES

F o r ms o f t h e i n fi n i t iv e

A ct iv e v oice Passiv e v oice A ctiv e v oice Passiv e v o ice

Presen t (to) play (to) be played playing being played
Presen t co n tin u o us (to) be playing - — -
Perf ect (to) have played (to) have been played having played having been played
Perf ect co n tin u o us (to) have been playing - - -
Passive Present continuous and Perfect continuous infinitives are rarely used.

F o r ms o f t h e i n f i ni t iv e co rresp o n d i n g t o v er b t e nses

V erb t e nses F o r ms o f t h e i n f in i t iv e
Presen t si m ple / F u t ure si m p le Presen t
she cleans/she will clean (to) clean
Presen t co n tin u o us/ F u t ure co n tin u o us Presen t co n tin u o us
she is cleaning /she will be cleaning (to) be cleaning
Past si m p le / Prese n t p erfect / Past p erf ect / Fu t ure p erfect Perf ect
she cleaned /she has cleaned /she had cleaned /she will have cleaned (to) have cleaned
Past co n tin u o us/ Prese n t p erfect co n tin u o us/ Past p erf ect Perf ect co n tin u o us
co n tinu o us/ F u t ure p erf ect co n tin u o us
she was cleaning /she has been cleaning /she had been cleaning / (to) have been cleaning
she will have been cleaning

W rit e t h e a p p r o p ria t e f or m o f t h e Ch o ose t h e correct o p t io n.

in finitiv e.
1 I've looked everywhere, but the file appears t o h a v e m isp lace d /
1 she finishe d ______________________________ t o h a v e b e en m isp lace d.
2 He is not old enough t o b e allo w e d / t o h a v e allo w e d to stay out late.
3 Since her illness, she seems t o b e f o u n d / t o b e fin din g work difficult.
2 he was drivin g __________________________
4 David seems t o w ork / t o h a v e b e e n w orkin g on this project for a
long time.
3 it has been taught 5 The little dog seems t o h a v e lost / t o h a v e b e en lost its master.
6 I don't think I'll be able to make it tomorrow. I'm supposed t o b e m e t /
4 they had co me __________________________ t o b e m e etin g Jane for lunch.
7 She was only pretending t o re a d / t o b e re ad; she was really
daydreaming.
5 she tries___________________________________
8 N o one is t o b e a d m it t e d / t o b e a d m it tin g to the concert without a
ticket.
6 it is brought______________________________ 9 The team is said t o b e w o n / t o h a v e w o n the match through sheer
luck.
7 they are studying 10 I need you t o h elp / t o h a v e h elp e d me prepare the food for the party.
11 The accident is believed t o h a v e ca use d / t o h a v e b e en ca use d by
careless driving.
8 it will be accepted
12 The newspaper received many calls from people claiming t o b e se en /
t o h a v e se en UF Os.
9 it was written ____________________________
13 He was the first British writer t o b e a w ar d e d / t o b e a w ar din g the
N obel Prize for Literature.
10 she has left ______________________________ 14 Aren't you supposed t o b e lo o kin g a f t er / t o h a v e lo o k e d a f t er your
sister at the moment?

18
 (TO-} INFINITIVE/-/ /VG FORM - PARTICIPLES

• after: dislike, enjoy, hate, like, love, prefer to express

T h e t o -in fini t iv e
general preference.
The t o-in finitive is used I like swimming, (in general)
• to express purpose. N o t e: like + t o-in finitive = it's a good idea
You should take a few days off to recover. I like to help people.

• after certain verbs ( agree, appear, decide, expect, • after: I'm busy, it's no use, it's ( no) good, it's ( not) worth,
hope, plan, promise, refuse, etc). what's the use of, can't help, there's no point (in ), can't
He agreed to meet us tonight. stand, have difficulty (in ), in addition to, as well as, have
trouble, have a hard/difficult time.
• after certain adjectives ( happy, glad, sorry, delighted,
There's no point in arguing.
etc).
I was sorry to hear about your accident. • after: spend/waste (time, money, etc).
You waste too much time watching TV.
• after / would like/would love/would prefer to express
specific preference. • for activities/sports after the verb go.
Td love to visit India. He went swimming.

• after certain nouns. • after prepositions.

It's such a pleasure to be with you. He became rich by working hard and without
borrowing from anyone.
• after too/enough constructions.
It's too early to leave the party. • after: look forward to, be/get used to, be/get
He's rich enough to afford a Porsche. accustomed to, object to, admit (to), etc.
There's enough food to go round. I object to being told what to do with my life.

• with: it + be + a d jectiv e ( + of + n o u n / p ro n o u n). • after: hear, listen, notice, see, watch to express an
It was unkind of her to say that. incomplete action.
I saw him throwing rubbish out of the window. (I saw
• with: so + a d jectiv e + as.
part of the action. I didn't wait until he had finished.)
Would you be so kind as to pass the sauce f
B U T hear, listen, see, watch + in finitiv e w it h o u t " t o "
• with only to express an unsatisfactory result.
express a complete action.
He won in the lottery only to lose at the casino.
I saw him throw all the rubbish out of the window.
• after: be + the first/second, etc/next/last/best, etc. (I saw the whole action.)
She was the first to congratulate him.
• in the expression: for + n o u n / p ro n o un + to -in finitive. T h e i n f i ni t iv e w i t h o u t to
For John to lend you his car was very unusual.
The in finitiv e w it h o u t to is used
• in expressions such as: to tell you the truth, to begin
• after most modal verbs (can, could, may, etc).
with, to be honest, etc.
He can go if he wants to.
To be honest, I didn't know how to react.
• after had better/would rather/wouid sooner.
If two infinitives are joined by " and " or " or", the " to " of
You'd better go to bed.
the second infinitive can be omitted. I'd prefer to go to
• after make/let/see/hear/feel in the active.
a disco and dance or talk to my friends.
She made the child eat all his soup.

T h e -ing f o r m But in the passive: be made/be heard/be seen +

to-infinitive.
The -ing f or m is used The child was made to eat all his soup.
• as the subject or object of a sentence.
N ote that "let " turns into " was/were allowed to " in the
S moking is harmful.
passive.
• after certain verbs ( admit, anticipate, appreciate, Her parents let her stay out till midnight.
avoid, consider, continue, delay, deny, discuss, enjoy, She was allowed to stay out till midnight.
escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, go (physical
The su b ject o f t h e in finitiv e or the -ing f orm is
activities), imagine, involve, keep ( = continue),
omitted when it is the same as the subject of the
mention, mind, miss, object to, postpone, practise,
main verb.
prevent, quit, recall, recollect, report, resent, resist, risk, i I would like to help with the preparations. / /
save, stand, suggest, tolerate, understand, etc).
: When it is different, however, it is not omitted.
They have postponed moving house till next week. i I would like her/Mary/ my assistant to help X
i with the preparations. X
/ 19
 Grammar
(TO-) INFINITIVE /-WG FORM - PARTICIPLES

W rit e w h a t e ach w ord is f ollo w e d b y: F.l. (f ull Fill in t h e b la n ks w i t h t h e co rrect f or m o f t h e

in finitive), B.l. (b are in finitiv e) or -ing f or m. in fini t ive or -ing f or m .

1 refuse +
2 finish +
3 dislike +
4 would rather +
5 would +
6 object to +
7 promise +
8 be known +
9 would like +
10 it's no use +
11 admit +
12 let +
13 hear +
14 it's no good +
15 decide +
16 deny +

Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p t io n.
No visit to China w o uld be co m ple t e wit h o u t
1 She's t o o tire d co nce n tra tin g / t o co ncen tra t e o n her 1 ) (g o) t o Beijin g, w h ere y o u ca n e x p ect
w ork t o d ay. 2 ) (fin d) a fresh, so p histica te d, n e w cit y
2 John's father let him b orro w / t o b orro w his car for the a w aitin g y o u. W hile its sig h ts m ay n o t 3)
weekend. (b e) as gra n d or hist orical as cities such as Sh a n g h ai or
3 Louise is hoping g e t / t o g e t into university to study Xi ’ a n, t h ere ’s cert ainly e n o u g h 4 ) (k e e p)
law. you e nch a n te d d urin g y o ur visit to t his rich and
4 Imagine livin g / t o liv e in a big house like that! cosm o p olit an cit y, w hich is said 5 ) (h a v e)
5 You must b e / t o b e hungry after working hard all day. a shinin g f ut ure as Asia ’s m ajor ce n tre o f eco n o m y an d
6 She'd better h a v e / t o h a v e a good excuse for being so tra d e.
late. No one a n ticip a t e d the p ace of ch a n g e in Beijin g
7 Paul spent the whole afternoon t o pla y / pla yin g 6 ) (b e) q uit e as f ast as it h as b een!
online games. In 1995, Beijin g ha d o n e sk yscra p er; n o w it h as h u n dre ds,
8 It was such a shock h e ar / t o h e ar from her after all in a d ditio n t o 7 ) (h a v e) lit erally h un dre ds
these years. o f n e w air-co n ditio n e d sh o p pin g ce n tres a n d co nv e nience
9 The doctor worked for twelve hours without t a k e / st ores.
t a kin g a break. As w ell as 8 ) (d rin k) in t h e city ’s vibra n t
10 There's no point g e t tin g / t o g e t there early as the a t m osp h ere, d o n ’ t f org e t 9) (sp e n d)
gates don't open till 10 am. so m e ti m e 10) (lo o k) aro u n d the
11 I’ would love b e lyin g / t o b e lyin g on a beach in the Forbid de n Cit y - w hich e v ery o n e ca n visit t h ese d ays!
Bahamas right now. A b ove all, e njo y y o ur trip! H o w ever, le t m e 11)
12 I'd rather not g o / t o g o out tonight if you don't mind. (giv e) y o u a w ord o f w arnin g - it is p erh a ps b est
13 You should h a v e se e n / t o h a v e se en his face when 12) (a v oid) Beijin g alt o g e t h er d urin g
she told him the news. Chin ese N e w Year, b u t if y o u d o d ecid e 13)
14 You need to eat well and exercise regularly st a yin g / t o (g o) d urin g t his ti m e, b e prep ared 14)
st a y healthy. (h a v e) a hard ti m e 1 5 ) (g e t) aro u n d in
15 Jessica soon got used to g e t / g e t tin g up early for the cro w ds. A lso, m ost sh o ps will be close d,
work. 1 6 ) (m a k e) sh o p pin g dif ficult.

20
 Grammar
{TO-} INFINITIVE/-/A/G FORM - PARTICIPLES

Pu t t h e v er bs in b rack e ts in t o t h e -ing f or m or Pu t t h e v er bs in b rack e ts in t o t h e -ing f or m or

t h e in fini t ive w it h or w i t h o u t to. t h e in finitive w i t h o u t to.

1 I watched h e r(g e t u p) and walk

slowly out of the room.
W hen Gilbert d ecid ed 1 ) (give u p) his jo b and
2 I heard the p h o n e (rin g) twice and
2 ) (sell) all his p ossessio ns, everyo ne thoug ht he
then stop.
w as m ad. But, as it turne d out, he w as just the first of m any of
3 Tim saw J i l l (st a n d) at the bus stop
m y frien ds 3 ) (d o) t his. In fact, esca ping the
as he was driving to work.
pressures of every d ay w orkin g life has b eco m e a priority for
4 Jane stopped to watch the river
m any people t hese d ays. They ca n ’ t stan d the id ea of
(flo w) down the mountainside.
4 ) (w ork) until t hey are 65, only 5)
5 Listen to the w i n d (blo w) through
(re tire) to so m e b oring su b urb and 6 ) (w ast e)
the trees.
t heir tim e 7 ) (dig) the gard en or 8)
6 We heard the w o r k m e n (drill) in
(g ossip) with the neig h b o urs. They w ould rat her 9)
the road as we were eating breakfast.
(live) life to the full no w, before t hey are too old 10)
7 The witness saw the d r i v e r(driv e)
(enjo y) it. 11) (b uy) a m o t orcycle an d
through the red traffic light.
1 2 ) (t o ur) the w orld is a p o p ular o p tion. O ther,
8 Listen to h e r(sin g) the song and
less a d vent uro us ty p es mig ht prefer 1 3 ) (b uy)
then tell us what you think of it.
a sm all farm h ouse an d live off the lan d. Perso nally, I fancy
1 4 ) (sail) aroun d the w orld in a yach t. As for
Gilbert, he b ou g ht a h o use in a little co un try villa g e an d sp ends
his time 15) (w alk) around the villa g e an d
1 6 ) (t alk) with the neig h b o urs.

V erbs t a k i n g t o -in f i n it iv e o r -ing f o r m w i t h o u t a ch a n g e in m e a n in g

• begin, continue, intend, start + t o-in finitive or -ing be advised, be allowed, be encouraged, be permitted,
f or m. We don't normally have two -ing f or ms be required + to-infinitive.
together. They aren't allowed to talk in class.
He began speaking/to speak. N OT: He is beginning
need, require, want + to-infinitive/ -ing f orm /
speaking.
p assiv e in finitiv e.
• advise, allow, encourage, permit, require + o b ject + You need to wash the car.
t o-infinitive. Your car needs washing.
She doesn't allow them to talk in class. Your car needs to be washed.
• advise, allow, encourage, permit, require + -ing
f orm.
She doesn't allow talking in class.

C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w o rds in b old. Use t w o t o fiv e w o r ds.

1 We weren't advised to book in advance.

A DVISE They book in advance.
2 They need to consider the plan more carefully.
C O NSIDERED The plan more carefully.
3 He advised us not to eat between meals.
EATIN G H e between meals.
4 You really need to renew your passport before you go on holiday.
NEEDS Your p a ss p o r t before you go on holiday.
5 They require hotel guests to vacate their rooms by twelve noon.
ARE Hotel g u e s t s their rooms by twelve noon.

21
 t o -in f ini tiv e o r -ing f o r m

• forget + t o-in finitive ( = forget to do sth) • try + t o-in finitiv e ( = do one's best; attempt)
He forgot to switch off the TV. Try to eat less high-cholesterol food.
forget + -ing form (= forget a past event) try + -ing f orm ( = do sth as an experiment)
I'll never forget meeting Jane for the first time. Try cutting down on fat. You might get thinner.
• remember + t o-in finitiv e ( = remember to do sth) • want + t o-in finitiv e ( = wish)
I hope you'll remember to tidy your room. I want to stop smoking.
remember + -ing form (= recall a past event) want + -ing f or m ( = sth needs to be done)
I don't remember him ever tidying up his room. This room wants tidying up.
• mean + t o-in finitive ( = intend to) • stop + t o-in finitive ( = pause temporarily)
She means to start a new life. He stopped at the garage to have the tank filled,
mean + -ing form (= involve) stop + -ing f or m ( = finish; cease)
I won't take the job if it means moving to Scotland. He stopped behaving foolishly.
• goon + t o-in finitive ( = finish doing sth and start • be sorry + t o-in finitive ( = feel regret about sth)
doing sth else; then; afterwards) I'm sorry to tell you your flight has been cancelled,
She finished one letter and went on to write another. be sorry for + -ing f or m ( = apologise for)
go on + -ing form ( = continue) He was sorry for hurting her feelings.
She went on writing till the early hours of the morning. • hate + t o-in finitive ( = hate what one is about to do)
• re gre t + t o-in finitiv e ( = be sorry to) I hate to cut in, but you must see the manager.
I regret to inform you that your services are no longer hate + -ing f orm ( = feel sorry for what one is doing)
required. I hate causing you so much inconvenience.
re gre t + -ing f or m ( = have second thoughts about • be afraid + t o-in finitiv e ( = be too frightened to do
sth already done) sth; hesitate)
He regrets misbehaving. She was afraid to climb the tree.
• would prefer + t o-in finitive (specific preference) be afraid of + -ing f or m ( = be afraid that what is
Td prefer to see you in private. referred to by the -ing form may happen)
prefer + -ing f or m (in general) When she goes swimming, she's always afraid of being
I prefer working on my own. stung by jellyfish.
prefer + t o-in finitiv e + rather than + in finitive
w it h o u t to (say you like one thing instead of another)
He prefers to paint the flat on his own rather than hire
a professional.

Pu t t h e v er bs in b rack e ts in t o t h e -ing f orm or t h e in finitiv e.

1 A: O h, M um, this programme's nearly finished. Can't 5 A: Why don't we stop (g e t)

I go o n (w a t c h ) TV for a while? something to eat on the way home?
B: N o, I want you to do your maths homework and B: OK, but we should really stop
then go o n ( w r i t e ) your English (sp e n d) money on junk food.
essay. 6 A: I'm sorry f o r(sp oil) your plans
2 A: Your suit is filthy. It w a n t s(w ash). last weekend.
B: I know. I w a n t e d (t a k e ) it to the B: That's OK. I was s o rr y (h e ar)
cleaner's yesterday, but they were closed. you weren't feeling very well.
3 A: Don't you h a t e (n o t / k n o w) 7 A: Jane doesn't know how to use the photocopier, but
anyone here? she's a f r a i d (ask) for help.
B: Yes, but I h a t e (w orry) my B: But isn't she afraid o f (g et)
parents, so I tell them I've made lots of friends. into trouble if she breaks it?
4 A: I'll never f o r g e t (visit) Thailand 8 A: Did you r e m e m b e r(t e ll) Tim
for the first time. about the party?
B: Yes, it was such a wonderful holiday. If only I hadn't B: I don't r e m e m b e r(t e l l) him,
f o r g o t t e n (t a k e) my camera. but I'm sure I did.

22
 (TO-) INFINITIVE /-/ /VG FORM-PARTICIPLES

Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 His lawyer advised him _____ the journalist to court. 12 It's hot in here. Do you mind ____ the wind ow?
A take B to take C taking A open B to open C opening

2 I wouldn't advise _____ that dog - it might bite you. 13 The bank manager agreed _____ me £5,000.
A touch B to touch C touching A lend B to lend C lending

3 You'd b etter_____ because the bank will close soon. 14 She put off____ her bags until a few hours before her
A hurry B to hurry C hurrying flig h t.
A pack B to pack C packing
4 Why do you kee p _____ me such silly questions?
A ask B to ask C asking 15 My parents always make m e ____ my homework before
I go out.
5 I would offer_____you with the housework, but I'm
A do B to d o C doing
rather busy.
A help B to help C helping 16 She wrote him a note to remind him _____his laundry at
2 o'clock.
6 Students are not allowe d _____ during the exam.
A pickup B to pick up C picking up
A talk B to talk C talking
17 Steven is exhausted because he isn't used t o _____ much
7 They don't allow_____ in this park because some boys
exercise.
used to ride around too fast.
A do B to doing C doing
A cycle B to cycle C cycling
18 They don't let p eo ple _____loudly in the library.
8 I would rather until tomorrow before I do anything.
A speak B to speak C speaking
A wait B to wait C waiting
19 You should practise _____this tune on the piano until
9 I might n o t _____to school tomorrow - I'm getting a
you perfect it.
sore throat.
A play B to play C playing
A go B to g o C going
20 We re gret ____ you that your application has not been
10 She is afraid ____ the lift, so she uses the stairs.
successful.
A take B to take C taking
A inform B to inform C informing
11 The question was so difficult that no one could _____ it.
A answer B to answer C answering

Pu t t h e v erbs in b rack e ts in t o t h e -ing f or m or t h e in finitiv e.

1 A: Do you r e g r e t (o f fer) him the job?

B: Yes, I r e g r e t (s a y) he's not a reliable employee.

2 A: I think I'd p r e f e r( g o ) on holiday to Greece this year and spend some time visiting ancient
sites.
B: Yes, I p r e f e r(d o) something interesting to j u s t (sit) on a beach
all day. And I'd p r e f e r(g o) somewhere warm rather t h a n (st ay)
in England.

3 A: Did you m e a n ( p a rk) so far away?

B: Yes. O therwise, it would m e a n( p a y) at a car park.

4 A: I've been t ry i n g (c o n t a c t) Mr Isaacs all morning.

B: Why don't you t r y (p h o ne) his secretary to find out where he is?

23
 (TO-) INFINITIVE / -^ FORM - PARTICIPLES

Pu t t h e v er bs in b rack e ts in t o t h e in finitive or -ing f or m.

Scotland was the perfect place 1) (gro w u p). My parents had spent years 2) (sa v e
u p) because they wanted 3)_____ (b u y) a small farmhouse in the Scottish Highlands. Shortly after I
was born, their dream came true and our new life in the country began. To begin with, I was probably too young
4) (a p p recia t e) the fresh air and breathtaking views, but as I grew up, I began 5)
(e nj o y) exploring the unspoilt countryside. I soon got used to 6) (h a v e) to walk miles to the
shops, and since it was too far 7) (t ra v el) to the nearest primary school, my parents did their
best 8) (e d uca t e) me at home. However, I never felt lonely and was usually too busy
9)______ (h el p) my father on the land to worry about 10)I______________________ (n o t / ha v e) any friends,
My brothers and sisters were also starting 11) (g ro w u p) fast and we had no difficulty
1 2)_____________ (a m use) ourselves for hours on end. When I reached the age of eleven, my parents decided it
was time 13) ______________ (se n d) me to secondary school as they didn ’ t feel they were capable of
1 4)____________ (p r o vi d e) me with the range of skills I would need for my future life. This would involve
IS) ____________ (t ra v el) twenty miles to the nearest town and twenty miles back. I was sorry
16) (sa y) goodbye to my old way of life, but at the same time I looked forward to
17) ____________ ( m i x) with new people. After 18) (f i n ish) school, I was forced
1 9)_____________ (m o v e) to Edinburgh to look for work and I have now made the city my home. Although I love
the cosmopolitan lifestyle, I sometimes can ’ t help 20) ( w ish) I was back in the Highlands.

Par t ici p les

Presen t p artici p les (verb + -ing) describe what Past p artici p les (verb + -ed} describe how someone
somebody or something is. feels.
It was a boring lecture. (What kind of lecture? Boring.) They were bored by the lecture. (H ow did they
feel during the lecture? Bored.)

Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 He was e nco ura gin g / e nco ura g e d towards his children. 7 She told us a very e n t ert ainin g / en t ert ain e d story.
2 They found the film very e xcit e d / e xcitin g. 8 They were all surp risin g /sur p rise d when he turned up
3 He was e x h austin g / e x h a ust e d after the marathon. at the party.
4 They were w orryin g / w orrie d that they would be late. 9 That book is really in t erest e d / in t erestin g.
5 Her behaviour is extremely a n n o yin g / a n n o y e d. 10 They were f ascina t e d / f ascin a tin g by the view.
6 We were sh ockin g /sh ock e d by his attitude.

24
 Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 Your passport might ______ in the top drawer - did you 13 You must ______ to have eaten such a big dinner last
look there? night.
A be C being A be starving C having starved
B to be D having been B being starved D have been starving

2 M elanie couldn't resist ______ another piece of cake. 14 You're wasting your tim e ______ to explain it to him.
A take C taking A try C trying
B to take D having taken B to try D be trying

3 Colin sto ppe d ______ a glass of water before he 15 We watched the bus______ over the hill.
continued his workout. A disappear C be disappearing
A drink C drinking B to disappear D to be disappeared
B to drink D to have drunk
16 The boss doesn't encourag e ______ in the office. He's a
4 It's unusual forThomas______ without saying goodbye. non-smoker.
A leave C leaving A smoke C smoking
B to leave D have left B to smoke D to be smoking

5 The house should ______ before you move in next 17 It ap peared ______ all night.
month. A be snowing C having snowed
A have painted C be painting B have snowed D to have been snowing
B being painted D be painted
18 She admitted t o ______ my favourite coffee mug.
6 I really dislike ______ people mistreat animals. A have broken C having broken
A see C to be seeing B have been broken D have been breaking
B seeing D to have seen
19 This pencil is blunt - it nee ds______ .
7 We prefer to go camping rather than ______ in a hotel. A sharpen C sharpening
A stay C staying B to sharpen D to be sharpening
B to stay D have stayed
20 Sophia pretende d ______ so that her brother would
8 Man is said ______ the wheel about ten thousand years leave her alone.
ago. A sleep C having slept
A to be invented C to be inventing B sleeping D to be sleeping
B having invented D to have invented
21 He isn't old enough______ to stay out late.
9 We arrived at the theatre o nly______ that the tickets A to allow C to be allowed
had sold out. B to allowing D allowing
A to find C finding
22 The accident is believe d by excessive speed.
B to be found D having found
A have caused C to cause
10 Your childish behaviour is beginning ______ me. B to have been caused D being caused
A annoy C annoying
23 There's no p oint ______ upset about it - let's just try to
B to annoy D to be annoying
find a solution.
11 It's no use ______ with Philip - he won't change his A to get C getting
mind. B get D to getting
A argue C arguing
24 I'd rather______ there by bus; it's too tiring.
B to argue D being argued
A not to go C not go
12 I don't really like that kind of film,______ you the truth. B to not go D not going
A tell C telling
25 Will you let m e ______ your car for the weekend?
B to tell D to be telling
A to borrow C borrow
B borrowing D to be borrowing

25
 Vocabulary
TRAVEL & TOURISM

M E A N S O F TR A N SP O RT H O LI D A YS & H O LI D A Y A C TIVITIES

a) M a tch t h e w or ds (A - H) t o t h e M a tch t h e w o rds (A -F) t o t h e p ict ures (1-6).

p ict ures (1-8).
A skiing holiday D cruise
B sightseeing holiday E walking holiday
C beach holiday F safari

C underground train
D motorbike
E van
F car
G bike
H plane

M a tch t h e t y p e o f h o lid a y (1-7) t o t h e co rrect act ivi t y (a- g),

t h e n m a k e se n t e nces, as in t h e e x a m p le.

1 safari a go for long hikes

2 activity holiday b visit museums
3. camping holiday c watch the wildlife
4 walking holiday d build a sandcastle
tllllll ■■ BtBIBBl 2 beach holiday e play in the snow
A city break f sit around a campfire
7 skiing holiday g try extreme sports
b) W hich is y o ur f a v o uri t e m ea ns On a safari, you can watch the wildlife.
o f t ra nsp o r t?
H O LI D A Y PR O BLE M S
Pu t t h e w or ds in t h e list in t h e Fill in w i t h: get, crowded, working, missed, fully-booked, poor, lost, car.
co rrect ca t e g o ries. A d d t hre e m ore
w o r ds t o e ach ca t e g o ry. 1 Maria was upset that she her flight.
2 People can sunburnt if they sit in the sun for a long
•co ach • flig h t •hi tch hik e time.
• air p ort • tracks • y ach t 3 He was badly injured in a crash.
• co uch e t t e • d ock • pilo t 4 I had to buy new clothes on holiday because the airline
• m o t orw a y • pla t f orm • p ort ______________ my luggage.
5 All the beaches on the island are in August.
Ro a d
6 The hotel staff was awful! W ed like our money back for the
Tra v el
service.
A ir 7 The air-conditioning wasn't so it was very hot
Tra v el inside the room.
Trai n 8 Make an early reservation to avoid finding only
Tra v el hotels.

Se a
H a ve y o u e v er h a d a p ro b le m w hile o n h oli d a y? Tell y o ur
Tra v el
p art n er.
26
 PHRASAL VERBS PREPOSITIONS

b rin g a b o u t: ca use t o h a p p e n Lo o k a t A p p e n d ix 1, t h e n fill in t h e co rrect p re p osit i o n.

b rin g b ack: 1) recall, 2) rein tro d uce
1 They congratulated him getting his degree.
b rin g d o w n: 1) ca use t o f all, 2) re d uce
2 The airport was crowd e d holidaymakers.
prices
3 He keeps b oasting his new sports car.
b rin g f o rw ar d: su g g est a n id e a
4 The Prime Minister refused to com ment the rumours about
b rin g o n: ca use, usu st h u n ple asa n t
his resignation.
b rin g o u t: p u b lish, rele ase st h t o t h e
5 He's very clever solving crosswords.
p u blic
6 She's capable putting up a tent all by herself.
b rin g r o u n d: 1) h elp sb re g ain
7 The cause the fire was never discovered.
co nscio usn ess; brin g t o,
8 Don't put the blame him. It's not his fault.
2) p ersua d e sb t o ch a n g e o p inio n
9 He blamed the traffic missing his flight.
b rin g u p: 1) raise a child, 2) v o mit,
10 They were astonished the beauty of the scenery.
3) in tro d uce a su bject, 4) m e n tio n
11 Which political party do you b e l o n g ?
b e / g e t carrie d a w a y: b e / g et e xcit e d 12 Concentrate what you're doing.
carry o f f: d o st h successf ully 13 The taxi driver charged me £10 the ride.
carry o n (w it h): co n tin u e esp d espit e 14 She was charg e d murder.
dif ficulties 15 The police are holding three suspects connection
carry o u t: p erf or m , co m ple t e the bombing in Brighton last week.
carry o v er: p ost p o n e 16 Is there any connection sunbathing and skin cancer?
carry t hr o u g h: 1) co m p le t e d esp it e 17 M ore money is needed to help care the homeless.
dif ficulties, 2) h elp sb surviv e 18 He cares d eeply the welfare of his students.
d urin g tro u b le d ti m es 19 Italian is frequently com pared French as they are from the
same language family.
20 The standard of the hotels in this city compares favourably

Fill in t h e correct p ar ticle(s). the standards elsewhere.

1 The corruption scandal brought ' WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED

the government.
2 The cold weather probably brought Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p t i o n.
her illness. C h eck in y o ur d ict i o n ary.
3 Stephen King's publisher is bringing
his new book next month.
4 A wet cloth helped to bring the drive T rid e T sail
unconscious m a n .
5 She's brought five children a b us
on her own.
a sailin g b o a t
6 My father didn't want to let me buy a
motorbike, but in the end, I managed a car

to bring h i m .
a h orse
7 Jane carrie d her part in the
play without difficulty. a ca m el
8 After a short break, we carried
a bik e
our journey.
9 Tom got carrie d and
wouldn't stop buying souvenirs.
10 If we don't pay the ransom, the
kidnappers will carry their
threats.

27
 English in Use

KEY-WORD TRANSFORMATIONS! WORD FORMATION

FORMING ADJECTIVES FROM NOUNS

It is exciting to watch a football match.
Watching a football match is exciting. We use these endings to form adjectives from nouns.
It's too cold for him to go swimming. -f ul care - careful
It isn't warm enough for him to go swimming. -less breath - breathless
It is so cold that he can't go swimming. -a n t dominance - dominant
They made her tell the truth. -a ble comfort - comfortable
She was made to tell the truth. -y rock - rocky
I prefer walking to riding a bike. -iy week - weekly
I prefer to walk rather than ride a bike.
Could you open the door?
W ould you mind opening the door? C o m p le t e t h e g a ps w i t h w o r ds d eriv e d fro m t h e
w o rds in b old. C h eck in y o ur d ict i o n ary.
We were bored by the film.
We found the film boring. 1 Th is i s- we have
The film bored us. to figure out another way. H O PE
2 O ur club will hold its
He had difficulty (in) hearing the music.
meeting next W ednesday. M O NTH
It was difficult for him to hear the music.
3 O nly a very_________________________________
He found it difficult to hear the music.
person can afford to live here!__________ W EALT H
He could hardly hear the music.
4 The hotel is situated within a
They allowed him to attend the meeting.
______________________________________ distance
He was allowed to attend the meeting.
of the beach. REASO N
It took her an hour to reach the station. 5 It's important to protect your skin
She took an hour to reach the station. from the ____________________________________
Reaching the station took her an hour. effects of the sun. H AR M
6 I don't think your arguments are
______________________________________ to this
C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w ords in b old. Use
discussion. RELEV A N CE
t w o t o fiv e w ords. D o n o t ch a n g e t h e w ord giv e n.
7 The painting's a fake - it's completely
1 He arrived too late to catch the 9.30 train. W ORT H
ARRIVE He ___________________________________________ 8 The book contains really
to catch the 9.30 train. ______________________________________ advice
2 He wasn't tall enough to become a policeman. on starting a new business. You should
SH ORT He ___________________________________________ buy it. V ALUE

_________________ a policeman. 9 I think it's dangerous to climb a mountain

in such __________________________________
3 She prefers taking the train to travelling by coach.
weather.____________________________________ST OR M
T A KE She prefers _____________________________
than travel by coach. 10 After a ______________________________________
night's sleep, Penelope woke up
4 The police let the suspect make one phone call.
feeling refreshed. PEA CE
W AS The susp ect _________________________________
____________ one phone call.
5 The tourists found the carnival fascinating.
W ERE The tourists_________________________________
________________ the carnival.
6 During the rush hour it takes me over an hour to get to
work.
GETTI N G During the rush hour,
________________ over an hour.
7 It was difficult for me to hear what he was saying.
H A RDLY I__________________________________________
what he was saying.
 English in Use
fe

J MULTIPLE CHOICE CLOSEJI

Read the text once to get the gist of it.

OVERTOURISM
Pe o ple trav el or g o o n h olid ay f or v ario us re aso ns, inclu din g t o 0) 5 a bre a k
fro m e v ery d a y life, t o e x p erie nce a w ar m er cli m a t e, t o learn a b o ut dif f ere n t
Read the text and pay attention to the
cult ures a n d t o t ast e n e w cuisin es. H o w ever, w h e n t h ere are t o o m a n y
words before and after each gap.
visit ors t o a p articular d estin a tio n, t his ca n 1 ) pro ble ms. T his is k n o w n
Identify what part of speech is missing as ‘ o v ert ourism ’ .
(noun, verb, preposition, etc). So m e p laces are so p o p ular with t o urists t h a t it 2 ) t h e q u alit y o f life
O nce you have completed the text, f or local resid e n ts and n e g a tiv ely a f f ects the surro u n din g n a t ural
read it again to see if it makes sense. e n viron m e nt. W h en wildlif e is scare d a w ay, a n d w h en it b eco m es dif ficult t o
vie w la n d m arks b eca use o f t h e cro w ds, t h ese are 3 ) o f o v ert ourism.
As f or w h a t is t o bla m e f or o v ert o urism, t h ere are a n u m b er o f f act ors.
Re a d t h e t e x t a n d d ecid e w hich
Ch e a p er flig hts are m a kin g travel m ore accessi b le, gia n t cruise shi ps are
w or d A , B, C or D b est fits e ach
dro p ping o f f t h o usa n ds o f p asse n g ers a t o nce a n d h o m e re n t al co m p a nies
sp ace. T h ere's a n e x a m p le
m a d e t h o usa n ds o f b e ds 4 ) in t o w ns a n d cities aro u n d t h e w orld.
a t t h e b e g in nin g (0).
Bu t w h a t ca n w e d o t o limit t h e e f f ects o f o v ert o urism? W h a t y o u ca n d o is
ch o ose t o visit d estin atio ns o utsid e o f 5 ) se aso n. T his is m ore pleasa n t
f or y o u, less 6 ) f or resid en ts, p u ts less p ressure o n t hin gs like p u blic
transp ort a n d m ay e v en sa ve y o u q uit e a bit o f m o n ey, t oo. A n ot h er t hin g
y o u ca n d o is visit less k n o w n d estina tio ns. For inst a nce, Barcelo n a 7)
m illio ns o f visit ors e ach year, a n d m a n y o f its resid e n ts are u n d erst a n d a bly
f e d u p, b u t Sp ain is a surprisin gly larg e co un try a n d m a ny o f its cities are
n o t a t all cro w d e d wit h t o urists. In 8 ) , t h ere are
m a ny p laces aro u n d t h e glo b e t h a t n e e d, a n d w a n t,
m ore t o urists.

0 A make take C do D try

1 A create B explain C focus D solve
2 A declines B worsens c expands D weakens
3 A alarms B notes c signs D symbols
4 A available B convenient c shared D vacant
5 A extreme B major c peak D top
6 A anxious B nervous c restless D stressful
7 A appeals B attracts c notices D resists
8 A comparison B fact c practice D spite
1 WORDFORMATION

Use t h e w o rds in ca p it als t o f orm a w or d t h a t fits in t h e sp ace in t h e sa m e lin e.

Is My Trip Worth Insuring?

Payin g a n 0) insurance pre m iu m m ay se e m lik e a w ast e o f m o ney, b u t o n t h e I NSURE
o t her h a n d, it ca n b e a n 1 ) w ise inv est m e nt, sa vin g y o u fro m EX TRE M E
hig hly 2) sit u atio ns w hile trav ellin g a bro a d. T h ere are STRESS
3 ) kin ds o f insura nce pla ns cov erin g such t hin gs as airline tick e ts, V ARY
p erso n al p ossessio ns a n d h e alt hcare. You m ay e v en n ee d e x tra co ver if y o u ’ re t a king
p art in d a n g erous sp orts, such as skiin g or scu b a divin g, b u t t his is 4 ) . O PTIO N
H o w ever, m a n y p e o ple h a v e a 5 ) n o t t o b o t h er wit h h olid ay a n d TE N D
trav el insura nce. T h ey f e el t h a t sp e n din g e x tra m o n ey t o co ver t h e mselves in
t h e u nlik ely e v e n t o f so m et hin g g oing wron g w hile o n h olid ay is n o t an
6 ) id ea. T h ey pref er t o risk it a n d h o p e t h a t all will A H RA CT
b e w ell w hile t h ey are a w ay. So, u n d erst a n d a bly, t h ey av oid t his kin d
o f insura nce, b u t m ore 7 ) t y p es will b e willin g t o C A UTIO N
p ay t h e pre miu m t o give t h e m 8 ) if t h eir h olid ay PR O TECT
d o esn ’ t g o as pla n ne d.
29
 Grammar
MODALS

Su m m ary o f f u nct io ns o f m o d al v er bs

Use Prese n t / F u t ure Past

ability He can speak Japanese, (has the ability) He could/was able to speak Japanese.
(repeated action - ability in the past)
She's able to make people laugh, (has the ability) We were able to go on a three-month tour of
Australia, (single action)
p ossibility John can help us move, 1 think he has a van. (90% certain)
She could be angry. (50% certain; it's possible she is We could have had an accident, (luckily we
angry) didn't)
S ally may be teaching. (50% certain; it's possible that she John may have broken that vase, (perhaps he
is teaching) did it)
You might need to come tomorrow. (40% certain; Jane might have lost our telephone number.
perhaps you need to come tomorrow) (perhaps she has lost it)
It is likely that Sue will give up working. It was likely that she had taken the last train.
Sue is likely to give up working. She was likely to have taken the last train.
pro bability They will be in Spain tomorrow. (100% certain; prediction)
We should see him there. (90% certain; future only; it's He should have finished by now.
probable) (He has probably finished.)
She ought to be in Canada by now. (90% certain; she will They ought to have started the course by now.
probably be in Canada) (They have probably started the course.)
logical He must be exhausted. (90% certain - positive; I'm sure He must have won the lottery, (positive; I'm
assum ptions he's exhausted) sure he has won the lottery)
She can't be serious, (negative; I'm sure she's not serious) She can't have married Ted. (negative; I'm sure
They couldn't be on holiday, (negative; I don't think they she didn't marry Ted)
are on holiday) They couldn't have been friends, (negative; 1
don't think they were friends)
permission You can/can't have a party. (You are /aren't allowed to; He wasn't allowed to/couldn't board the plane.
giving or refusing permission; informal)
Could 1 be excused? (W ould it be possible? more polite; He was allowed to see the patient. (N OT: eeM)
asking for permission)
You may be excused. (You have permission; formal;
giving permission)
Might 1 bring a friend to the wedding? (Could 1 have
permission? more formal; asking for permission)
I'm afraid you can't/ mustn't have visitors. (You aren't
allowed to; informal; refusing permission)
Guests may not smoke in their rooms. (They aren't allowed
to; formal; refusing permission - written notice)
necessity 1 must return these books soon. (1 need to; 1 say so) 1 had to return the books to the library. (1 was
obliged to)
She has to find a new job. (It is necessary; necessity She had to find a new job after she was
coming from outside the speaker) dismissed.
They've got to sell their caravan. (It's necessary; informal) They had to sell their caravan.
The plants need watering / The plants need to be watered. The plants needed watering / The plants
(it's necessary) needed to be watered, (it was necessary)
She doesn't have to/doesn't need to/needn't leave when She didn't have to/didn't need to work as hard as
they do. (it isn't necessary - absence of necessity) me. (it wasn't necessary for her to work as hard
as me and she didn't - absence of necessity)
We ought to reply to the invitation, (it's necessary) She needn't have got a taxi, (it wasn't
necessary for her to get a taxi, but she did)

30
 Su m m ary o f f u nct i o ns o f m o d al v er bs

Use Prese n t / F u t ure Past

a d vice You should try to make more of an effort, (general advice; You should have paid more attention, (but you
I advise you) didn't)
You ought to keep to the speed limit. (I advise you; most She ought to have reserved a table, (but she
people believe this) didn't)
You had better not keep her waiting. (It's not a good It would have been better if you hadn't kept her
idea; advice on a specific situation) waiting, (but you did)
Shall 1 apply for the job? (asking for advice)
criticism She could at least wait until 5 o'clock. She could at least have waited until 5 o'clock.
They should warn us. They should have warned us. (but they didn't)
You ought to be more polite to her. You ought to have been more polite to her. (It
was the right thing to do, but you didn't do it.)
o blig a tio n 1 must get more exercise. (1 need to; 1 say so) 1 had to get more exercise because 1 was unfit.
/ have to get more exercise. (I'm obliged to; the doctor 1 had to get more exercise because the doctor said so.
says so)
We ought to give more money to charity. (It's the right We ought to have given more money to charity.
thing to do, but we don't always do it.) (It was the right thing to do, but we didn't do it.)
re q u ests Can 1 use your phone? ( \s it OK if...? informal)
Could! use your phone? C N cM it be p ossible ...? polite)
May 1 make a phone call, please?
(Do 1 have permission ...? formal)
Might 1 borrow your pen? (very formal)
Will you give me a hand? (very friendly) —
Would you mind helping me? (polite)
o f f ers Can l/we do anything to help? (informal)
Shall l/we help you tidy up? (informal)
Would you like me to do it for you?
su g g estio ns Shall we stop for a drink? (H ow ab out ...?)
l/we can always leave early. (1 sug g est ...)
We could eat out tonight if you want. (1 sug g est ...) He could have asked for advice.
p ro hibitio n You can't wear jeans at work, (you aren't allowed to) They couldn't wear jeans at work, (they weren't
allowed to)
You mustn't walk on the grass, (it's forbidden)
You may not talk during the test, (formal)
duty All members must follow the rules. All members had to follow the rules.
People ought to live in peace. (It's the right thing to do, She ought to have treated us more fairly.
but people don't always do it.) (It was the right thing to do, but she
didn't do it.)

Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 I ca n / co ul d play the guitar when I was seven years old. 6 You h a d b e t t er / d o n't h a v e t o have a licence to cycle
2 You m ust n't / d o n't h a v e t o make any noise in the on the roads.
library. 7 The underground h as t o / w ill be very busy now.
3 Sh all / M ig h t we go to the cinema tonight? 8 M a y /Sh all I have a glass of water, please?
4 " Where's John?" "Tm not sure. He m a y / ca n be in his 9 Jeremy doesn't n ee d / ne e d n't to get a haircut yet.
office." 10 You can't / mustn't be hungry; you've just had dinner.
5 You couldn't /shouldn't have eaten so much chocolate. 11 All members n e e d / m ust attend the meeting tomorrow.
That's why you feel sick now. 12 You m a y / mig h t borrow the car tonight if you want.
13 You really o u g h t /sh o ul d to get your eyes checked.
 Grammar
MODALS

mustn't - needn't

• mustn't (it's forbidden) needn't/don't have to (it isn't necessary)

You mustn't cross the street when the light is red. You needn't worry about it. I'll do it in a minute.

Fill t h e g a ps w it h must, mustn't or needn't.

W e are h a p py t h a t y o u h a v e co m e t o w ork f or us. Be f ore y o u st art w ork,

I w a n t t o f a m iliarise y o u with so m e rules a n d re g ula tio ns.
First o f all, y o u 1 ) w e ar t h e u nif orm w hich is su p plie d, a n d
you 2) k ee p y o ur h air cov ere d at all ti m es. Yo u
Welcome to
3 ) w e ar glo v es u nless y o u ch o ose t o, e xce p t in a f e w
sp ecial are as. You 4 ) sm o k e a n y w h ere in t h e f act ory a n d
y o u 5) f org et t o w ash y o ur h a n ds a f t er brea ks. Yo u

ImJ^ * 6) st a y in t h e f act ory d urin g y o ur bre a ks,

7 ) clock in a n d o u t if y o u d o le a v e t h e p re mises. Yo u
8 ) w ork o v ertim e, b u t w e d o e ncoura g e o ur w ork ers t o d o
but you

so if t h e y w ish. Last b u t n ot le ast, if y o u h a v e a n y pro ble ms, y o u

9 ) g o t o y o ur su p ervisor w h o will h elp y o u t o sort t h e m o u t.

needn't - didn't need to - needn't have

• don't have to/don't need to/needn't + p resen t • didn't need to/didn't have to (It was not necessary in
in finitiv e (It is not necessary in the present or future) the past, and we may not know if the action
You don't have to/don't need to/needn't wear an happened or not.)
evening dress. It’s an informal party. (It is n o t n ecessary She didn't need to/didn't have to wear an evening
to wear...) dress as it was an informal party. (It wasn't necessary
• needn't + b are p erf ect in finitiv e (We know that for her to wear an evening dress, and we don't know

something happened in the past, although it was if she did or not.)

not necessary.)
You needn't have cooked as much food as you did last
night. (You did, although it was not necessary.)

C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w o r ds in b old.

Use t w o t o fiv e w o rds.

1 It wasn't necessary for him to write to his mum because 4 It wasn't necessary for Arthur to get the train because
she rang him. his brother offered to give him a lift.
NEED H e ______________________________________________ NEED Arthur_________________________________________
to his mum because she rang him. the train because his brother offered to give
2 We took more luggage than was necessary on our him a lift.
holiday. 5 She came early last night, which wasn't necessary
T A KE N We ____________________________________________ because the party didn't start till ten.
much luggage on our holiday. C O ME She ____________________________________________
3 There's no need for you to water the plants this early last night because the party didn't start
morning. till ten.
H A VE You ____________________________________________
the plants this morning.
32
 must (affirmative logical assumption) - may/might (possibility) - Can't/COUldn't (negative logical assumption)

Prese n t in finitiv e I'm sure he studies a lot. He must study a lot.

Perhaps he will study a lot. He may/ might study a lot.
Presen t co n t. in finitiv e I’ m sure he is studying. He must be studying.
Perhaps he will be studying. He may/ might be studying.
Perf ect in finitiv e I’ m sure he didn't study. He can't/couldn't have studied.
I'm sure he hasn't studied. He can't/couldn't have studied.
I'm sure he hadn't studied. He can't/couldn't have studied.
Perf ect co n t. in finitive Perhaps he was studying. He may/ might have been studying.
Perhaps he has been studying. He may/ might have been studying.

C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w o rds in b ol d.

Use t w o t o fiv e w o rds.

1 I'm sure she has given up smoking. 12 Perhaps she'll come with us.
H AVE She ____________________________________________ M AY She _______________________________________
________________________ smoking. _ us.
2 I'm sure she isn't feeling sick now. 13 I'm sure she hadn't prepared her speech.
BE She ____________________________________________ H AVE She ____________________________________________
_____ now. _______ her speech.
3 Perhaps they were working for the enemy. 14 Perhaps he was asleep when we rang.
H AVE They ___________________________________________ BEEN He ______________________________________________
____________________ for the enemy. _______ when we rang.
4 Perhaps he will be on time. 15 Perhaps he'll be waiting when we get there.
BE H e ______________________________________________ M AY H e ______________________________________________
_____ time. when we get there.
5 Perhaps he was too ill to take part in the race. 16 I'm sure she didn't know about it.
BEEN He ______________________________________________ KN O W N She _______________________________________
to take part in the race. _ about it.
6 I'm sure they informed the police about the robbery. 17 I'm certain it has stopped raining now.
H AVE They ___________________________________________ H AVE It ________________________________________________
about the robbery. _______ raining now.
7 Perhaps Harry will be sunbathing this time tomorrow. 18 Perhaps you left your keys on the table.
BE H arry___________________________________________ H AVE You ____________________________________________
________ tomorrow. your keys on the table.
8 I'm sure he had warned the soldiers about the coming
danger.
H AVE H e ______________________________________________
about the coming danger.
9 I'm sure Jenny hasn't been working there that long.
H AVE Jenny___________________________________________
_______ there that long.
10 Perhaps she was telling you the truth.
BEEN She ____________________________________________
_______ the truth.
11 Perhaps she's been working hard.
BEEN She ____________________________________________
___________________ h a rd .

33
 Grammar
i MODALS

Ex p ressio ns si m ilar t o m o d al v erbs

• Be supposed to + in finitiv e means "should ", but it Is he likely to understand my feelings?

expresses the idea that someone else expects Is it likely that he will understand my feelings?
something to be done. Could he understand my feelings?
You're supposed to wear a suit to work. (Your employer Would you mind is used to express polite, formal
expects you to.) requests.
You should wear a suit. (It is a good idea because it Would you mind holding this fora moment?
makes a better impression.)
Let's.../1-low about...?/ Why don't we...?/ What about...?
• Beto + in finitiv e means " must ", but it expresses the are used to make suggestions.
idea that someone else demands something. Let's stay in tonight. How about staying in tonight?
/ am to report for military training. (It's the law, so I Why don't we stay in tonight?
must obey.) What about staying in tonight?
I must report for military training. (If I don't, the army
Would you like to/ Wouldyou like me to...? (= Shall I...?)
will look for me.)
are used when we offer to do something.
Be supposed to and be to are used to express what
Would you like me to read you a story? (Shall I read you
someone expects about a previously arranged event.
a story?)
Recruits are supposed to/ are to have a haircut when
Be allowed to is used to express permission, to say
they arrive. (It is scheduled.)
what the rule is.
• Be likely to means " may" (possibility). To express
He was allowed to visit the prisoner.
possibility in questions we don't use " may", we use:
(N OT: He could visit.)
Is he likely to...?, Is it likely that he ...?, Can he ...?, Could
Was he allowed to visit the prisoner?
he...?, Might he...?.

H o w else ca n w e sa y t h e Fill in a m o d al or a sy n o n y m o us e x p ressi o n a n d t h e a p p r o p ria t e

f o ll o win g? f or m o f t h e v er b in b rack e ts.

1 It is likely that she has got lost. 1 There's no reply when I ring him. He
(le a v e) the office already.
2 Don't give up so easily. You ________________________________________________
(d o) it if you tried a little harder.
2 Shall I book a ticket for you as well?
3 That's no excuse! You know yo u ___________________________________________
___________________________________________ (finish) this report by today.
4 He (m e n tio n) his plans on
3 H ow about inviting Paul and Helen? the phone last night, but I really can't remember.
5 Since she crashed the car, sh e _____________________________________________
(w alk) to work every day.
6 If you find something valuable, you
4 I am to welcome the guests and show
(t a k e) it to the nearest police station.
them to their rooms. 7 P a ss e n g e rs( not /waIk)
across the lines. They should use the footbridge.
8 Y o u (know) better than to tell
5 Might he have forgotten all about it? her all your secrets.
9 Y o u (d estro y) the letter
as soon as you receive it.
10 Y o u ( e n t e r) the building if you
6 You have to wait until dark before you
have a special pass.
leave. 11 Can you help me? (fin d o u t)
what time the London train arrives.
12 He looks very annoyed. He (w ait) for ages.
13 I (t a ke) the library books
back yesterday, but I forgot and now I'll have to pay a fine.

34
 Grammar 3
A REVISION

7 Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n. 8 C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w or ds in b ol d.

Use t w o t o fiv e w o r ds.
1 Did you remember to turn off the cooker? I______
smell something burning. 1 Helen managed to get there in less than ten minutes.
A can C must GET H elen ______________________________________
B may D should there in less than ten minutes.

2 You ______ come with us if you don't want to. 2 I'm sure Peter ate all the biscuits - there are none left!

A mightn't C mustn't M UST Peter ______________________________________

B had better D don't have to all the biscuits - there are none left!
3 You are forbidden to take books out of the library
3 You ______ slow down. You're driving too fast!
without a library card.
A need C shouldn't
M UST Yo u _________________________________ books
B might D had better
out of the library without a library card.
4 I______ remember to get a present for Diana. It's her 4 So, how about trying that new Chinese restaurant
birthday next week. tonight?
A can C could SH ALL So, _________________________________________
B must D shouldn't that new Chinese restaurant tonight?
5 ______ I borrow your pen for a moment, please? 5 They didn't let us use calculators in the exam.
A May C Should ALLO WED W e _________________________________________
B M ust D N eedn't to use calculators in the exam.
6 It would have been a good idea to read the
6 I______ have slept longer, but I had to get up and take
instructions first.
the dog for a walk.
O UG HT W e _________________________________________
A can't C could
the instructions first.
B must D should
7 Mark, could you turn down the volume, please?
7 Although I was underage, I______ enter the race.
MIN D Mark, ______________________________________
A may not C am able to
down the volume?
B ought to D was allowed to
8 We didn't succeed in making it to the top of the
8 " ______ I pick you up from the airport?" " N o, that's OK. mountain.
I'll g eta taxi." M AKE W e _________________________________________
A Might C Shall ___________ to the top of the mountain.
B W ould D O ught to 9 W ould you like another cup of coffee?

9 The fire spread through the house very quickly but GET Can _______________________________________

everyone ______ get out. another cup of coffee?

A could C needed to 10 Parents are responsible for making sure their children
B had to D was able to receive a good education.
M UST Parents____________________________________
10 Don't worry. I'm sure your new passport ______ be
their children receive a good education.
ready soon.
11 We're lucky that no one got hurt in the accident.
A will C might
C O ULD Somebody _______________________________
B couldn't D hasto
in the accident.
11 I can't find that email anywhere. I think I______ have
12 It wasn't necessary for you to go to so much trouble.
deleted it. H AVE You
A should C must
gone to so much trouble.
B need to D may not
13 The shops will probably stay open late at Christmas.
12 If you don't want your old bicycle, yo u ______ always LIKELY The shops_______________________
give it away. ____________________ open late at Christmas.
A can C must 14 You ought to have told Jenny the truth.
B may D should BETTER It ___________________________________ ___

13 Peo ple ______ to do more to protect the environment. you had told Jenny the truth.
A must C ought 15 The sign says we have to leave our luggage here.
B could D should M UST The sign says our luggage _____________
______________________________________ here.
35
 Vocabulary
FOOD

PREP A RI N G D ISH ES Ch o ose t h e o d d o n e o u t.

H o w d o y o u lik e t o e a t t h e f o o d in t h e p ict ures?
1 v e g e t a b le: garlic - plum - potato - spinach
Use t h e w o rds in t h e list t o d iscuss w it h y o ur
2 fruit: kiwi - pear - strawberry - cucumber
p ar t n er.
3 m e a t: goat - beef - lamb - broccoli
• b oile d • p o ach e d • scra m b le d • frie d 4 d airy p ro d uct: cream - yoghurt - rice - cheese
• ro ast e d • st ea m e d • b a k e d 5 p o ultry: beef - chicken - turkey - duck
6 se a f o o d: cra b -nuts-co d-salm o n

M E A LS & T ASTES

Fill in w it h sour, bitter, creamy, spicy, salty, sweet,

greasy to d escrib e t ast e.

1 curry, chilli peppers, chilli powder

2 lemons, old milk, pickled onions
3 dark chocolate, black coffee, green tea
4 crisps, nuts, popcorn
5 chips, fried chicken, pizza
6 cake, chocolate, honey
7 soft cheese, yoghurt, milk

M a tch t h e w o rds t o m a k e co ll oca t i o ns.

1 I I pepper a vegetables
21 I mashed b steak
J O fried c beef
4| | poached d sauce
5 | | stale e juice
61 | traditional f meal
71 | well-done g potatoes
81 | steamed h eggs
91 | roast i bread
A: How do you like your eggs - boiled or fried?
10| | freshly squeezed j chicken
B: Actually, I prefer them scrambled.

F O O D PR O D U C TS
Ch o ose t h e correct w ord.
Fill in: bag, bottle, carton, loaf, bowl, bunch, can, jar,
1 I'd like a b ack /sid e order of salad with my burger and
bar, packet.
chips, please.
1 Jane eats a of cereal for breakfast every 2 It's important to follow a su p p ort e d / b ala nce d diet
morning. with plenty of nutrients.
2 She gave the child a of chocolate. 3 You should try to avoid eating so much f ast / q uick
3 Could you pick up a of milk on your food.
way home from work? 4 You should chew su g ar-fre e / f a t-free gum - it's much
4 We need to buy a of bread to make better for your teeth.
sandwiches. 5 W ould you like some gra t e d / gra te f ul cheese on your
5 Eric ate a of crisps during his lunch break. pasta?
6 There is a of honey on the top shelf of 6 You can serve the ice cream in a d esert / d essert glass.
the cupboard. 7 I can't drink milk, so I'll have a b lack / d ark coffee,
7 George was feeling thirsty, so he drank a please.
of cola. 8 My mum gave me a sandwich and an apple for my
8 I need a of sugar to make the cake. b o x e d / p ack e d lunch.
9 I'd like a of ketchup for my chips,
please.
10 Don't forget to buy a of bananas.
1 PHRASALVERBS PREPOSITIONS

co m e acr oss: m ee t / fin d b y ch a nce Lo o k a t A p p e n d ix 1, t h e n fill in t h e co rrect

co m e b y: o b t ain p re p osi t io n.
co m e d o w n w i t h: b eco m e ill wit h
co m e in t o: in herit 1 The taste of the soup d e p ends the
co m e o f f: 1) ha p p e n, 2) succee d ingredients.
co m e o u t: 1) b e p u blish e d, 2) bloo m 2 She had difficulty following the recipe.
co m e r o u n d: 1) visit casually, 2) re g ain co nscio usness; 3 Anne is very fond baking cakes.
co m e t o, 3) b e p ersu a de d t o ch a n g e o pinion 4 She was very disap p ointed the meal.
co m e o n: co m e alon g; h urry u p 5 He was d elighte d the invitation to dinner.
co m e t hr o u g h: survive
6 They d ecid e d a quiet wed ding reception.
co m e u p: b e m e ntio ne d
7 This restaurant is famous its fresh seafood.
co m e u p t o: e q ual
8 Have you heard Aunt Sarah?
co m e u p w i t h: find (an answ er, solu tion, etc)
9 Did you hear the new restaurant?
cu t acr oss: t a k e a sh ort er rou t e 10 Have you heard this brand of ice cream?
cu t b ack (o n): red uce (pro d uction) 11 He's an expert French cuisine.
cu t d o w n: red uce len g th o f st h
12 Paul is an expert making desserts.
cu t d o w n (o n): red uce a m o u nt consu m e d
13 He's experienced cooking vegetarian food.
cu t in / in t o: in t erru p t (co nversa tion)
14 I would never dream becoming a chef.
cu t o f f: discon n ect
b e cu t o f f: b e isola t e d
cu t o u t: 1) leave o u t; re m o ve, 2) (for) (p assive) b e suit ed f or ^ WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED
cu t u p: cu t in t o sm all pieces
Tick ( / ) t h e correct b o x es. Ch eck in y o ur d ictio nary.

7 Fill in t h e correct p ar ticle(s). re f use d e ny

a n invit a tio n
1 The meal at the restaurant failed to come
sa yin g st h
his high standards.
a n accusa tio n
2 Sue came an old recipe book while she
h elp
was clearing out the attic.
a n o f f er
3 She'll com e to the idea of buying a
k n o wle d g e
bigger fridge if we explain all the advantages.
4 Lovely yellow daffodils co me in the t o w ork

spring. resp o nsi b ilit y

5 The question ofchanging the menu came f alse artificial
during the conversation.
p assp ort
6 The chef stayed at home in bed after he had come
hand
__________ the flu.
teeth
7 He came a large fortune when his uncle
lig h ts
died.
flo w ers
8 Her latest cookbook has just c o m e .
p ro mise
9 The village was cut by the flood.
10 I don't think the new waitress is cut this alar m

kind of work. st a t e m e n t
11 O ur electricity was cut after we forgot to cle a n cle ar
pay the bill. sk y
12 If you cut the field, you'll save time.
h a n ds
13 We are advised to cut the amount of salt
v oice
in our diet.
h o use
14 You need to cut your summary - it's fifty
vie w
words longer than necessary.
clo t h es
15 She cut the conversation to remind Bob
it was time to g o. record
co nscie nce

37
 KEY-WORD TRANSFORMATIONS 7 Shall I carry your shopping for you?
ME W ould ________

Perhaps he is working now. your shopping for you?

He may be working now. 8 I'm sure Ann didn't do it on purpose.

H AVE Ann _____________________________________
I'm sure he hasn't got the letter yet.
________ on purpose.
He can't have got the letter yet.
9 Might I take some photos?
I'm sure she understood.
IF W ould ______________________________________
She must have understood.
____________ some photos?
Shall I help you do your homework?
10 Let's go and see a film tonight.
W ould you like me to help you do your homework?
WE Shall____________________________________
Was it necessary for you to help her? ____ a film tonight?
Did you need to help her?
• It's forbidden to smoke in here. WORD FORMATION
You mustn't smoke in here.
NOUNS FORMED FROM ADJECTIVES
You aren't allowed to smoke in here.
He is likely to buy a sports car.
We use these endings to form nouns from adjectives.
It is likely that he will buy a sports car.
-a nce arrogant - arrogance
He'll probably buy a sports car.
<y fluent - fluency
It isn't necessary for him to work today.
-e nce convenient - convenience
He doesn't have to / doesn't need to /needn't work
-ion direct - direction
today.
-iness happy - happiness
It wasn't necessary for them to buy so much food. -n ess conscious - consciousness
They needn't have bought so much food. -it y major - majority
It would be a good idea to avoid eating sweets. -t y cruel - cruelty
You should avoid eating sweets. -y difficult - difficulty
Let's try doing this exercise.
Shall we try doing this exercise?
W ould you mind if I used your pen? 2 C o m p le t e t h e g a ps w it h w o rds d eriv e d fro m t h e

M ay/ Might I use your pen? w o rds in b old.

1 The scientists didn't realise the

_____________________ of their discovery
C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w or ds in b old.
at the time. SIG NIFICA NT
Use t w o t o fiv e w o rds.
2 The _____________________ of cycling has
1 Perhaps the bridge collapsed because of the storm. been increasing steadily. POPULAR
H AVE The bridge _________________________________ 3 In all_____________________ , the book
because of the storm. was not as good as I expected. H O NEST
2 He'll probably come to the party. 4 She can't stand _____________________ and
LIKELY He ___________________________________________ always pushes her students to do their
__________________ the party. best. LAZY
3 You mustn't photograph any of the paintings. 5 To be good at this game, you need
ALLO WED You a reasonable level of__________________ .
_________________________________________ INTELLIGENT
any of the paintings. 6 The new computer system will reduce
4 It's forbidden to touch the statues in the museum. costs and im prove _____________________ . EFFICIENT

TO UCH You _________________________________________ 7 There is growing __________________ of the

___________ in the museum. importance of eating a healthy diet. A W ARE

8 _____________________ is the most
5 I'm sure he didn't cheat in the exam.
important thing in a friendship. LOYAL
CHEATED He ___________________________________________
9 The lake attracts an _____________________
________________ in the exam.
of wildlife. ABU N D A NT
6 Was it necessary for you to call a doctor?
10 H ow long did you train in order to
NEED Did ___________________________________________
achieve such _____________________ ? PERFECT
_________________________________ a doctor?
38
 English in Use

WORD FORMATION

Use t h e w o r ds in b ol d t o f orm a w or d t h a t fits in

t h e sp ace in t h e sa m e lin e.

Becoming 0) successful in your career is often a SUCCESS

1 )of hard work, the right background C O M BI N E
and luck. Top chef, Jamie Oliver, is a good example.
His parents were restaurant owners, so from an early age
Jamie had the chance to develop his 2) CREA TE
skills in the kitchen. He attended colleges in London and
France, and gained several years'3) PR A CTISE
experience in London restaurants. In the famous River
Cafe, in particular, Jamie made his TV debut when a
4 )about the restaurant was being D O CU M E N T
filmed there. From there, he has never looked back. His
own 5 )programme, The N aked Chef, COOK
became a 6 )favourite. He has N A TIO N
also published many highly popular cookbooks.
Two things have made Jamie stand out as a chef. The first
is his chain of restaurants that 7 )in SPECIAL
training young people from poor backgrounds in the
catering business.The second is his campaign to ban
8 )junk food from being served in British HEALT H
schools, replacing it with more nutritional meals.

Read the whole passage once to get the gist.

OPEN CLOZE
Read the text and try to decide what part of speech each gap asks for
T hin k o f t h e w or d w hich b est (noun, preposition, etc).
fits e ach sp ace. Use o nly o n e Pay attention to the words before and after each gap.
w ord in e ach sp ace.
When you complete the text read it again to see if it makes sense.

Roughly one-third of all the food produced for have enough food, 700 million people around
consumption each year is thrown 0) away. the world are currently starving or
That’s approximately 1.3 billion tonnes! Some malnourished. Clearly, we need to think
of the waste is out of date food from shops 4 ) how we can distribute food more
and supermarkets, or leftover food from evenly so nobody is hungry. The best way to
restaurants. We waste lots of food at home too. cut 5 ) on food waste is to avoid
Many of us buy more than we need, cook creating it in the first place. Planning your meals
more than we are going to eat and forget to 6 ) advance, making a shopping list
use 1 ) food in the cupboard or and sticking to it, and storing food correctly so
fridge before it is past its use-by date. that it keeps fresher for longer are just some of
This is harmful for our planet because when we the simple things you can do at home. Also,
waste food unnecessarily, we also waste the don ’ t be afraid to buy wonky fruit and
natural resources used to grow our food, and vegetables. Produce that is the wrong shape or
all the energy used to process, package and size is often discarded by supermarkets. It
transport it. Furthermore, the vast majority of might look a little different, but it tastes just
food that is thrown in the bin ends 7 ) good. Of course, some food
2 ) in landfill, where it breaks down waste is unavoidable, but that doesn ’ t mean it
in a way that creates greenhouse gases like has to go in the bin. Food scraps such as
methane, which contribute 3 ) global banana peels and egg shells can be turned
warming. There is an ethical side to food waste 8 ) compost, a nutrient-rich soil that
as well. While most people are fortunate to can be used to help plants grow.
39
 Grammar
ADJECTIVES/ADVERBS/COMPARISONS

O r d er o f a d ject iv es

• When there are two or more adjectives, they normally go in the following order:
—
F act a d jectiv es
O p ini o n
siz e age sh a p e co l o ur o rig in m a t erial type p u r p ose noun
a d jectiv es
It's a beautiful big old round brown Italian oak four-sided dining table.

Afraid, alike, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep, content, ill, B UT a gold pen ( a pen made of gold), feathery leaves
glad, etc. are never followed by a noun. (leaves which look like feathers) B U T a feather duster
The baby is asleep. (N OT: the asleep baby) ( a duster made of feathers), metallic colour (colour that
N ouns of m a t erial, p ur p ose or su bst ance can be looks like metal) B U T a meta! chair ( a chair made of
used as adjectives, a cotton skirt, a winter dress, a metal), leathery skin (skin looking/feeling like leather)
shopping bag H owever, certain adjectives derived B U T a leather wallet ( a wallet made of leather), a

from such nouns are used metaphorically, silky hair leaden feeling ( an unpleasant feeling) B UT lead pipes
( hair like silk ) B U T a silk scarf ( a scarf made of siIk ), a (pipes made of lead), a steely look ( a strong,
stony expression (cold expression) B U T a stone cottage determined look ) B U T steel framework
( a cottage made of stone), golden hair ( hair like gold) (framework made of steel).

Id e n tif y t h e a d ject iv es in t h e se n t e nces. W hich Re w rit e t h e se n t e nces p u t tin g t h e a d ject iv es in t o

are f act u al? W hich are o p ini o n? t h e co rrect p lace. Id e n tif y w h a t kin d o f a d ject iv es
t h e y are.
1 What a charming young man he is!
1 He was carrying a briefcase, (le a t h er, nice, black, n e w)
2 Did you see that orange house? Why did they paint it

such an odd colour?

2 He gave her a scarf, (silk, f a n t astic, Fre nch, re d)
3 An old wooden fishing boat sailed out of the harbour.

4 That new French film doesn't sound very interesting . 3 I bought three chairs from an antigue shop. (A m erica n,

5 I bought a pair of comfortable black leather shoes o a k, old) _______________________________________________

during the sales. 4 She is an actress. (En glish, in t ellig e n t, y o u n g,

dra m a tic) _____________________________________________
6 Isn't George a wonderful intelligent young man?

7 The meal we had at the Indian restaurant was 5 The table lamp was broken by the children, (m e t al,
w hit e, sm all)__________________________________________
absolutely delicious.

8 Sophia is a good-looking girl with long dark hair. 6 She bought a carpet, (e x p ensive, Persia n, a n tiq u e,
w o olle n)_______________________________________________
9 We had such a great trip. The people were so friendly

and the countryside was fantastic. 7 He crashed his car yesterday, (sp orts, bra n d n e w,
y e llo w )_________________________________________________
10 Jeremy was given a cute little furry puppy for his

birthday. 8 It was a dress, (h a n d m a d e, g or g e o us, w e d d in g,

l ace)____________________________________________________

9 I saw a film on TV last night. (It alia n, e xcitin g,

d e t ect iv e)_____________________________________________

10 They live in a house, (big, lo vely, co un try, old-f ashio n e d,

brick)___________________________________________________

40
 ADJECTIVES/ADVERBS

Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n. Pu t t h e a d ject iv es in t h e co rrect or d er.

1 She gave him a st o n e /st o n y look | »••

when he criticised her daughter.
2 These m e t al / m e t allic chairs are
Hi Lo uisa,
suitable for outdoor use as they are
W e've nearly finish ed f urnishing t he co tt a g e, an d I m ust say I'm very
weatherproof.
please d wit h it. Yesterd ay, t hey d elivered an 1 ) (o a k,
3 The sky was full of light f e a t h er /
a n tiq ue, Fre nch) cup b oard w hich Peter had b o ug h t as a surprise f or m e. It
f e a t h ery clouds.
lo oks lo vely in t he 2 ) (u pst airs, fro n t, big) b e dro o m.
4 She is admired for her g old / g olden
W e've p u t up 3) (plain, line n, o f f-w hit e)
hair and metal/ metallic blue eyes.
curtains an d I f o un d t w o 4)_______________________________________________________
5 The old farmer had dark le a t h er /
(w o olle n, old, b e a u tif ul, flo w er-p a t t ern e d) carp e ts f or t he sit tin g roo m.
le a t hery skin.
W e've m ade friends wit h o ur 5 ) (n e w, ch arm in g,
6 This new body lotion gives you smooth,
n e x t-d o or) neig h b o urs. H e is a 6 ) (w ell-
silk /silk y skin in a matter of days.
k n o w n, fictio n) writ er, an d she is a gard en d esig ner. I'm h o pin g she'll help
7 She had a le a d / le a d e n expression on
us wit h o ur 7 ) (old, o vergro w n, big) g ard en.
her face.
There's a 8) (t hirt y-y ear old,
8 The g old / g old e n candlesticks were
b e a u tif ul, ch erry) tree a t t he b o t t o m o f t he garden an d w e're plan nin g t o
very expensive so we bought some
b uild a 9 ) (st o n e, sm all, sq u are) p a tio, so
silv er /silv ery ones instead.
w e can sit o u tsid e in t he su m m er. You m ust co me o ver so on an d e njo y a
9 He wears wo olly/wo ollen suits and
1 0 ) (h o m e m a d e, d elicio us) m eal in o ur ne w
expensive leather/leathery shoes.
ho m e.
10 She has a steel/steely manner
Best wishes,
towards her colleagues.
N atalie

A d ject iv es/ A d v erbs

• A d v erbs n orm ally d escri b e v erbs, a d jectives, o t h er A d jectiv es a n d a d v er bs w hich h a v e t h e sa m e f or m

a d v er bs or w h ole se n t ences. are: best, better, big, *,cheap *,clean *,clear *,close
She dances well. ( How does she dance? Well.) cold, daily, dead, *,dear deep, direct, dirty, early, easy,
They say how (adverbs of manner - slowly), when extra, far, fast, *,fine free, further, hard, high, hourly,
(adverbs of time -yesterday), where (adverbs of inside, kindly, last, late, long, *,loud low, monthly, past,
place - next door), how often (adverbs of frequency *,quick *,quiet *,
right, slow straight, sure, *,thin thick,
- usually) or to what extent (adverbs of degree - tight, weekly, well, wide, wrong, yearly, etc.
absolutely) something happens. There are also Ann was our last guest. She came in last.
se n t e nce a d v er bs (possibly, etc.) and rela tive Those adverbs with an asterisk (*) can be found with
a d v er bs (where, why, when). -ly ending without a difference in meaning, but
then they are more formal.
Walk slow! (informal) ALSO Walk slowly! (formal) /

Id e n tif y t h e u n d erlin e d w or ds as a d ject iv es or a d v erbs.

1 He felt uncomfortable because his jeans 5 Tom constantly arrives la t e for work.
were too ti g h t . _____________________ 6 The la t e Prime Minister was
2 I buy Time Magazine w e e kly a collector of antiques.
whereas he subscribes to it on 7 The walls were so t hjn you could
a y e arly basis. _____________________ hear the next-door neighbours.
3 I couldn't get the book down from the 8 He worked h ard all day to finish
top shelf because it was too hig h . painting the house.
4 If you want to find the post office, 9 She bought this rug ch e a p from
go straig h t down the high street the market. _____________________
and you'll see it on your left. 10 He kicked the ball hig h into the air.

41
 A d v er bs w i t h t w o f o r ms a n d d i f f ere nces in m e a n in g

d e e p = a long way down full = exactly; very la t ely = recently w i d e = off-target

d e e p ly = greatly f ully = completely n e ar = close w i d ely = to a large extent
direct = by the shortest h ard = intently; with effort n e arly = almost w ro n g = incorrectly
route h ardly = scarcely pret t y = fairly w ro n g ly = unjustly
d irectly = immediately hig h = at / to a high level pret tily = in a pretty way (wrongly goes before
e asy = gently and slowly hig hly = very much sh ort = sud denly verbs/ past part. - wrong /
e asily = without difficulty last = after all others sh ortly = soon wrongly go after verbs)
free = without cost lastly = finally sure - certainly
freely = willingly la t e = not early surely = without a doubt

Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p t i o n.

1 La t ely /La t e there has been a rise in the price of 6 He is very high / highly thought of at the office because
vegetables; they are not n ear / ne arly as cheap as they he works so hardly/ hard; that's why he full/fully
used to be. deserves a promotion.
2 I can h ard / h ar dly believe that he has gone. Surely / 7 You w ro n g / wro n g ly accused him of stealing the pen
Sure he wouldn't have left without me! without hearing his explanation first - now he is d e e p /
3 It is w i d e / wi d ely believed among scientists that we d e e p ly offended.
will sh ort /sh ortly run out of natural resources. 8 She was p re t tily / p re t t y embarrassed when she
4 It is not w i d e / wi d ely known that students are realised that she had arrived lastly/last at the party.
admitted fre e / fre ely to all the events. 9 He h ar d / h ar dly ever studies, yet he always produces a
5 He managed to get to Lisbon e asily / e asy by flying hi g h / hi g hly standard of work.
there direct / directly. 10 I f ully / f ull understand your concern.

quite - rather - fairly - pretty

• Q uite (to a high degree) is used in f a v o ura b le R ather (to a higher degree) is used: a) in u n f a v o ura ble
co m m e n ts. co m m e n ts.
She's quite good at painting. He's rather mean with money.
Q uite meaning " completely " is used with adverbs, b) in f a v o ura b le co m m e n ts meaning " to an unusual
some verbs and adjectives such as: alone, amazing, degree ".
brilliant, certain, dead, dreadful, different, exhausted, The lecture was rather informative. (It was more
extraordinary, false, horrible, impossible, perfect, informative than we expected); and
ridiculous, right, sure, true, useless, etc. c) wit h co m p ara tiv e d e gre e.
I'm quite sure he stole the money. It's rather sunnier today than yesterday.
Q uite is used before a / an. R ather is used before or after a / an.
She's quite a good dancer. I quite enjoyed the film. He's a rather rude person. He's rather a rude person.
Fairly and pretty are used to show a lower degree.
They can be used after a.
He's a fairly/pretty well-behaved person.

Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 It's q uit e / p re t t y a nice day. Let's go for a drive in the 5 Sam's a p re t t y / q uit e good chef. He started taking
countryside. cooking classes three months ago.
2 The film was f airly / ra t h er interesting. In fact, I'm going 6 August is p re t t y / ra t h er warmer than March.
to see it again. 7 Mia did f airly / ra t h er well on the test, just well enough
3 " H ow are you feeling?" " Pre t t y / Ra t h er good, but not to pass.
great." 8 That's q uit e / f airly an expensive watch you're wearing.
4 This phone has a q uit e / f airly new design, but the
latest ones are even slimmer.

42
 W or d o r d er o f a d v er bs

• Adverbs can be used in front, mid or end position in • Time adverbs go in end position. They also go in front
a sentence. Fro n t p ositio n is at the beginning of position to emphasise the time.
a sentence. M id p ositio n is normally before the main
verb or after the auxiliary. En d p ositio n is at the end of su b ject + v er b p lace m a n n er tim e

a sentence. He goes to the park on his bike every day

Fr o n t M id En d tim e su b ject + v er b p lace m a n n er

At university 1 often saw her walking around confidently. Every day, he goes to the park on his bike.

• Adverbs of manner can go in any position. When • A d v erbs o f fre q ue ncy (sometimes, always, usually,
placed in front position, they give emphasis. never, often, seldom, rarely, etc) go after an auxiliary,
He climbed up the stairs quickly. Q uickly he climbed up but before the main verb.
the stairs, (emphasis) You are always late. He usually comes late.
• When there is more than one adverb in the sentence, They go before the auxiliary in short answers.
their usual order is manner - place - time. " Does he help you clean the house?"
"Yes, he always does."
su b ject v er b m a n n er p lace tim e
• A d v er bs o f d e g re e ( hardly, almost, nearly, etc.) go
She was studying hard in her room all night. before the words they modify.

• When there is a verb of movement, then the order is She works quite hard.
place - manner-time.

su b ject v er b p lace m a n n er tim e

He goes to school on foot every day.

8 Ch o ose t h e correct o p tio n. Re w ri t e t h e se n t e nces p u t tin g t h e a d v er bs in t h e ri g h t p lace.

1 The girl speaks flu e n tly En glish / 1 He eats his sandwiches, (a t bre a k ti m e / al w a ys/ q uickly)
En glish flue n tly.
2 Clare o f t en is/ is o f t en late for school 2 Birds migrate, (t o w ar m er co u n tries/ usu ally / in w in t er)
on M ondays.
3 You start off in t h e b e g in nin g slo w ly / 3 The plane crashed, (in t o t h e se a /su d d e nly / a n h o ur a g o)
slo w ly in t h e b e ginnin g.
4 W e h a v e al w a ys/ al w a ys h a v e w a n t e d 4 Politicians prepare their speeches, (t h oro u g hly / a t h o m e / g e n erally /
t o live in Fra nce. in a d v a nce)______________________________________________________________
5 I felt so sleepy that I could h ardly k e e p /
k e e p h ardly my eyes open. 5 The thiefcrept into the house, (silen tly / at m id nig h t)
6 Philip g o es fre q u e n tly / fre q u e n tly
g o es to football matches. 6 N ewspapers are delivered, (o nly / w ee kly / in re m o t e areas)
7 I waited i m p a tie n tly a t t h e b us st o p
f or a n h o ur / f or a n h o ur i m p a tien tly 7 Hundreds of people are imprisoned, (e ach y e ar /
a t t h e b us st o p. w r o n g ly)_________________________________________________________________
8 " Does Paul ever wear a tie?"
" N o, he n e ver d o es/ d o es n ever. " 8 People who sunbathe can get burnt, (b a dly / o n t h e b e ach /
9 Sh e n e arly h as finishe d / h as n e arly fre q u en tly) _______________________________________________________________
finish e d reading the novel she started
yesterday. 9 Hotplan's new washing machine has been designed to save you money,
10 I'm travelling t o d a y b y car t o (cle v erly / n o w / in t h e h o m e) __________________________________________
Lo n d o n / t o Lo n d o n b y car t o d a y.
10 Staff have been made aware of the consequences of a shrinking
market, (ra p i d ly / recen tly / f ully) _________________

43
 Grammar
COMPARISONS

Re g ular co m p ara t iv e a n d su p erla t iv e f o r ms

A d ject iv es P osi t ive C o m p ara tiv e Su p erla t iv e

of one syllable add -(e)r/ -(e)st short shorter (than) the shortest (of/in)
to form their comparative and simple simpler (than) the simplest (of/in)
superlative forms big big ger (than) the biggest (of/in)

of two syllables ending in -ly, funny funnier (than) the funniest (of/in)
-y, -w also add -er/ -est narrow narrower (than) the narrowest (of/in)
of two or more syllables take modern more modern (than) the most modern (of/in)
more/ most intelligent more intelligent (than) the most intelligent (of/in)

We normally use than with the co mparative form. Certain adjectives form their comparative and
Tim is shorter than Tony. superlative either with -er/ -est or more/ most.

We normally use th e ... of/in ("in" refers to places, These are: clever, common, cruel, friendly, gentle,

groups, etc.) with the superlative form. narrow, pleasant, polite, shallow, simple, stupid, quiet,
She's the smartest of all. quiet - quieter - the quietest
ALSO quiet - more quiet - the most quiet

A d v er bs P osi t iv e C o m p ara t iv e Su p erla t iv e

adverbs having the same forms as their adjectives add -er/ -est fast faster the fastest
early drops -y and adds -ier/ -iest early earlier the earliest
two-syllable or compound adverbs take more / most (Compound often more often the most often
adverbs are adjectives + -ly. thoughtful - thoughtfully} patiently more patiently the most patiently

Irre g ular f o r ms

P osi t ive C o m p ara tiv e Su p erla t iv e a) further/farther (adv) = longer (in distance)
good/well better best His house is further/farther away than John's.
bad / badly worse worst further (adj) = more
much more most I need no further help from you.
many/a lot of more most b) very + p ositive degree
little less least Tm very happy in my job.
far farther farthest c) even/ much/far/ a bit + co mparative degree
far further furthest The weather's even less bearable today; it's much worse than last year.
W ell is the adverb of good. d) most + adj/ adv of p ositive degree = very
She is a good dancer. She dances well. He was most helpful and answered all my questions.
e) any + co mparative (used in negatives and questions)
Can you write any quicker, please?

Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 M ount Everest is highest / the highest mountain in the 6 The most amazing / amazing est thing just happened
world. to me!
2 The damage was far worse / worst than I'd expected. 7 She is the more p olite / politest person I have ever met.
3 This suitcase is heavier/ m ore heavy than it looks. 8 This is the less/least expensive pullover in the shop.
4 If you need any farther/further information, please 9 Lucy wakes up the earliest / most early in her family.
contact me. 10 You need to check your work a bit carefully/ more
5 What's the cheapest / m ost cheap flight from Los carefully for spelling mistakes.
Angeles to Tokyo?

44
 Grammar
COMPARISONS

Pu t t h e a d ject iv es in b rack e ts in t o t h e co rrect Ch o ose t h e correct o p tio n.

f or m.
1 She drove v ery / e ve n quickly along the lane.
2 " We will give you f urt h er / f art h er news as we receive
it," the newsreader said.
3 Her parents were m ore / m ost pleased when she won
the prize.
4 Can't he speak a n y / m uch louder than that? N o one
can hear him.
5 She plays v ery / m uch more noisily than any child I've
ever met.
Co m e a n d visit o ne o f 1 ) (hist orical)
co un tries in t he w orld — Eg y p t, w here t he p eo ple are Ch o ose t h e correct o p tio n.
2 ) (h osp it a b le) t h a n a n y w h ere else.
1 Nicole is than the other girls in her class.
Yo u will see so m e o f 3 ) (old) a n d
A taller C more tall
4 ) (f a m o us) ancien t m o nu m en ts in
B tallest D the tallest
t he w orld, as w ell as m o d ern cities with 5)
(g o o d) rest auran ts in t he M id dle East. To m a ke travel 2 Children learn languages than adults.
arra n g e m e n ts 6 ) (e asy), o ur t o ur includ es A faster C more fastly
g uid e d visits t o all o f 7 ) (p o p ular) B fastest D more faster
t o urist at tractio ns in Eg y p t. You will also get t he o p p ort u nit y to 3 What's route to the stadium?
g o o n a cruise d o w n t he River N ile - t he 8) A shorter C the more short
(lo n g) river in t he w orld! Th e ex p erience is sure t o be B the shortest D the most short
9 ) (a m a zin g) t ha n a n y t hin g y o u ’ ve
4 Adam speaks Fr e n c h , but I can speak it better.
ex p erience d before, as y o u see first-han d w here o ne o f
A well C better
1 0 ) (old) civilisatio ns b e gan. O ur
B good D best
co m p a n y offers t ailor- m a d e t o urs f or 11)
(sm all) gro u ps t h a n is usu al o n a p ack a g e h olid ay. W e 5 I am about this exam than the last one.
provid e acco m m o d a tio n in in tim a t e ho tels w hich offer a A worried C more worried
1 2 ) (frie n d ly) service t ha n t he B the most worried D most worried
1 3 ) (lar g e), 14)
6 We do similar jobs, but she earns than I do.
(i m p erso n al) o nes. Even 1 5 ) (fre q u e n t)
A many C more
traveller will ex perience so m e t hin g ne w in t his u niq ue co un try.
B most D much
Boo k t o d ay!
7 His fifth novel was of them all.
A more successful C the more successful
Fill in t h e relev a n t a d v er bs in t h eir co m p ara t ive B most successful D the most successful
or su p erla t iv e f or ms. 8 Jenny's guests arrive d than she expected.
A early C earliest
Bicycles lo o k se t t o b eco m e 1)
B earlier D more early
(co m m o n) use d f or m o f t ra nsp o r t in Bri t ain. N o t
o nly are b icycles b e t t er f or t h e e n vir o n m e n t t h a n 9 What's way to get around the city?
cars, b u t t h e y allo w y o u t o t ra vel 2) A easiest C the easiest
(co n v e n ie n t). You ca n g e t fro m p oin t B more easier D the most easy
A t o p oin t B 3 ) (q u ick) t h a n
10 I got lost, and to make things worse, it began to
b y car, a n d y o u ca n fin d so m e w h ere t o le a v e y o ur
rain.
bik e m uch 4 ) (e asy). M a n y A very C most
y o u n g er p e o p le n o w rid e a bik e t o w ork b eca use B even D any
t h e y fin d i t 5 ) (g o o d) sui ts t h eir
lif est yle a n d e n a b les t h e m t o g e t aro u n d
11 This is one of restaurants in town.
A more popular C very popular
6 ) ( p r act ica l). In a d d itio n,
t h e y o f t e n arriv e 7 ) (e arly) t h a n B most popular D the most popular

t h eir colle a g u es w h o d rive t o w ork a n d w h o h a ve t o

w ai t 8 ) (l o n g) in t ra f fic ja ms t h a n
t h e y d o.
45
 Grammar
COMPARISONS

T y p es o f co m p ariso ns

• as... (positive d e gree)... as • co m p ara tiv e + and + co m p ara tive

For hair as soft as silk, try this new shampoo. Jobs are getting harder and harder to find.
notso/ as... (positive d e gree)... as • prefer + -ing f or m or n o un + t o + -ing
The service isn't as good as it used to be. f or m or n o un (general preference)
sucha ( n) /so ...as She prefers living for the moment to thinking about
It's not such a long way as we thought. the future.
• twice/three times, etc/ halfas... (positive d e gree)... as Most people prefer summer to winter.
She earns twice as much as me. • would prefer + t o-i n fi n iti v e + rather than +
She's only half as well-qualified as her sister. in finitiv e w it h o u t to (specific preference)
• the same as I would prefer to book our tickets now rather than
The ferry costs the same as a flight. wait until the last minute.
• look, sound, smell, taste + like • would rather/sooner + in finitiv e w it h o u t to + than
That sounds like a good idea. + in finitiv e w it h o u t to

• less... (positive d e gree)... than He'd sooner go alone than go with Edward.
the least ... (positive d e gree)... of/in • clause + whereas/while + clause
I have less free time than Cathy, but L aura has the (comparison by contrast)
least free time of all. Carol enjoys adventure, while/whereas her sister prefers
• the + co m p ara t iv e ..., the + co m p ara tiv e peace and quiet.
The busier the roads are, the longer it will take to get
there.
The less you sleep, the more tired you get.

C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w o rds in b ol d. Use t w o t o fiv e w o rds.

1 W ouldn't you prefer to get a takeaway rather than have 8 Last night I felt more tired than ever.
to cook tonight? AS I have ___________________________________
SO O NER W ouldn't you I did last night.
have to cook tonight? 9 Tony finds history easier than geography.
2 If we stay longer, we can spend more time sightseeing. N OT Geography _________________________________
THE The ___________________________________________ history for Tony.
time we can spend sightseeing. 10 As he gets older, he becomes less tolerant.
3 I'd rather go home than go to the cinema. THE The _____________________________________
TH A N I'd prefer____________________________________ tolerant he becomes.
go to the cinema. 11 I love going to football matches, but my sister prefers
4 In some countries, men and women are paid the same. going to tennis tournaments.
AS In some countries, women W HEREAS I love going to football matches.
_________________________________________ men.
5 Crisps are not as nutritious as nuts. to tennis tournaments.
LESS Crisps_______________________________________ 12 Helen had twice as much work as Janet.
nuts. H ALF Janet had __________________________________
6 N o other jo b is as well-paid. Helen.
BEST It ____________________________________________ 13 I like being self-employed. It's better than working for
job. someone else.
7 John and I have received the same number of job TO I prefer ______________________________________
offers. ____________ for someone else.
M A NY I have received 14 My grandfather is getting less and less patient as he
John. gets older.
IMPATIENT My grandfather is getting
_____________ as he gets older.

46
 4
REVISION

16 Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

i My dog loves playing with a ball. 14 The more he practises, the he plays the piano.
A plastic small yellow C yellow small plastic A well C best
B small yellow plastic D small plastic yellow B better D good

2 David couldn't stand the suspense a n y . 15 Linda walks every evening.

A longer C more longer A quickly home after work
B longest D as long B after work quickly home
C home quickly after work
3 We to go to the theatre these days.
D after work home quick
A g eta rarely chance C get rarely a chance
B g eta chance rarely D rarely g eta chance 16 You're lo oking now. Has your cold gone?
A best C more better
4 Burgers are than fruit and vegetables.
B better D more good
A less healthy C least healthier
B less healthier D least healthy 17 Her new job was than she thought it would be.
A far challenging C most challenging
5 I find history than geography.
B the challenging D more challenging
A much interesting
B very interesting 18 Joe could hit the ball than his competitor.
C much more interesting A powerfully C most powerfully
D more of interesting B more powerfully D the most powerfully

6 As the day went on, the weather g o t . 19 Reading a good book is way to relax.
A bad and worse C worse and worst A very leisurely C the most leisurely
B worse and worse D worse and bad B more leisurely D leisurely

7 O n the floor was a rug. 20 The he gets, the more patient he becomes.
A large Persian round C Persian round large A far older C older
B round large Persian D large round Persian B oldest D old

8 Could you talk a b i t , please? 21 This isn't the as the one before.
A less loudly C least loudly A such C like
B less louder D least loud B same D more

9 O ur team's performance was a disappointment. 22 I'd prefer to watch TV rather than out.
A fairly C quite A go C to going
B pretty D more B to g o D going

10 Can't you run faster? 23 She loves sci-fi fil ms,h er sister prefers action
A any C very films.
B more D many A while C less
B as D same
11 That yellow bicycle costs twice as as this blue
one. 24 That sounds a bad idea.
A more C much A than C as
B most D many B whereas D like

12 N owadays I buy books online. 25 The weather is getting warmer a n d .

A more often C the most often A warmest C warm
B most the often D most often B the warmer D warmer

13 She was wearing dress at the party.

A a short blue elegant cotton
B an elegant blue cotton short
C an elegant short blue cotton
D a short elegant blue cotton
 Vocabulary
HOUSES & HOMES

R O O M S & F U R N IT U RE a) M a tch t h e o p p osi t es.

Lo o k a n d w ri t e t h e correct n u m b er (1-12).
A B

!□
spacious a old-fashioned

in
modern b cramped
tidy c quiet
noisy d basic
5 ~ n bright

IO
e messy
luxurious f dark

b) C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g a d ject iv es

fro m Ex. 3a.

1 Sorry the house is s o ; I haven't had time

to clean up today.
2 The kitchen is very in the morning
because it faces the sun.
3 The living room was so that we had
• dinin g ro o m Q • a t tic Q • kitch e n D enough room to fit two sofas in it.

• ro o f • g ara g e D • child's b e d ro o m D 4 Lisa's bedsit is v e ry , so she wants to

move into a bigger flat in January.
• chim ne y D • fro nt d o or D • m ast er b e dro o m D
5 My neighbours often play loud music at night; they're
• livin g ro o m D • g ar d e n D • b a t hro o m D
very I
6 Theflat we looked at was q u i t e ; it had
PL A CES O F RESID E N CE only one bedroom and wasn't furnished.

La b el t h e p h o t os, villa, detached house, cottage,

mansion, block of flats, terraced house, cabin, semi Tracy is lo o k in g f or a fla t m a t e a n d h as a t t ach e d a
detached house, houseboat. n o tice t o t h e co lle g e n o t ice b o ard. Fill in t h e g a ps
w i t h: built-in, air-conditioning, microwave, dining,
mattress, carpet, central.

I'm lo o kin g f or a fla t m a t e t o sh are m y fla t in

Gleeson Stree t. It's a cosy fla t w it h 1)
h e a tin g f or t h e w in t er a n d 2)
f or t h e su m m er. M y kitch e n h as a larg e
3 ) t a b le a n d inclu d es a(n)
4 ) , o ve n a n d a co o k er. Yo u
will h a v e y o ur o w n b e dro o m , w hich h as a(n)
5 ) o n t h e flo or a n d a larg e
6 ) w ar d ro b e f or y o ur clo t h es.
I've also b o u g h t a n e w 7 ) f or t h e
b e d. If y o u're in t erest e d ple ase call m e o n 087-
9557983.

C o m p are t h e h o use in Ex. 1 t o y o ur h o use.

48
r PHRASALVERBS PREPOSITIONS

d o a w a y w i t h: a b olish Lo o k a t A p p e n d ix 1, t h e n fill in t h e co rrect p re p osi t io n.

d o d o w n: sp eak b a dly o f sb
d o in: kill 1 His wife insists buying a larger flat.
d o o u t: clean 2 There has been a noticeable increase house prices.
d o u p: 1) fast e n; tie, 2) re d ecora t e 3 M any local residents o bjecte d the scheme.
d o w i t h: 1) n ee d; w an t, 2) have a 4 Some people are indifferent the welfare of the homeless.
co nn ection wit h 5 There has been a slight d ecrease crime in the area.
d o w i t h o u t: m a na g e t o live or co ntin ue 6 What we lack our flat is enough storage space.
wit ho ut 7 They were very impressed the view from the balcony.
f all b ack: m o ve b ack; retreat 8 Gary prides himself his house.
f all b ack o n: use st h in t h e a bse nce o f sth 9 The hostess was pleasant each of her guests.
else; t urn t o 10 I'm really pleased my new kitchen.
f all b e hin d: 1) fail t o k ee p u p wit h,
2) b e lat e with p ay m e n t ' WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED
f all f or: 1) b e trick e d, 2) fall in love with sb
f all in w i t h: acce p t sb's plans, id eas
f all o f f: d ecrease
Like is use d
f all o n: 1) a t t ack, 2) ea t (f oo d) h u n grily • for similarities.
f all o u t (w it h): q uarrel He works like a mule. (He isn't a mule.)
f all t hr o u g h: fail t o b e co m ple t ed
• after feel, look, smell, sound + noun.
She looks like her mother.
It smells like burnt toast.
Fill in t h e co rrect p ar ticle(s).
with nouns, pronouns or the -ing form to express similarity.
1 I can't d o an airconditioner Frogs'legs are supposed to taste just like chicken.
in the summer. Is that your mum? You look like her.
2 The government should do It's like walking on air.
those old regulations.
As is use d
3 Youd better do your shoes
or you'll trip over your laces. • to say what sb or sth really is (jobs or roles).

4 He was arrested for doing He works as a dentist. (He's a dentist.)

a woman with a gun. in certain expressions: as usual, as...as, as much, such as, the same
5 This room could d o a fresh as. She was late as usual.
coat of paint. after: accept, be known, class, describe, refer to, regard, use.
6 Theatre attendance has fallen He's regarded as an expert on computers.
because of the rise in ticket prices.
in clauses of manner to mean 'in the way that'.
7 O ur holiday plans fell
We must write the essay as they have shown us.
when all the airlines went on strike.
8 After some disagreement, they finally
fell our suggestions. Fill in as or like.
9 O nce we'd spent all our money, we fell
our credit card. 1 you mentioned, they are two peas in a pod. Jack

10 John fell with the rent looks exactly his twin brother, Jim. They even have the

after losing his job. same personality each other.

11 George always falls girls 2 Ugh! This soup tastes just water. Didn't you make it

with blonde hair. I told you?

12 I fell my flatmate and 3 He treats his friends dirt. I detest people behaving

didn't speak to her for a few days. that. He should treat p eo ple he'd like to be treated himself.
4 he didn't know what his relations l o o k e d , they
sent him a photo so he would recognise them at the airport.
5 I have been working a tour guide for two years now, but
I don't really regard it a serious career. It's time to do
something different. I might even go back to colle g e my
sister has done.
49
4 English in Use

KEY-WORD TRANSFORMATIONS | WORD FORMATION

FORMING ADVERBS FROM ADJECTIVES

Jane is more beautiful than Mary.
Mary isn't as beautiful as Jane (is). Adverbs are formed from adjectives + -ly.
Mary is less beautiful than Jane. quick - quickly, calm - calmly
Can't you buy a cheaper coat than that? adjectives ending in co nso na n t + -y — -ily.
Is that the cheapest coat you can buy? sleepy - sleepily, weary - wearily, weepy - weepily
Joe's got the same number of suits as Ted. adjectives ending in -ic add -ally.
Ted has got as many suits as Joe. tragic - tragically, frantic - frantically
He's the fastest driver of all. B U T public - publicly
N o one else drives as fast as he does. adjectives ending in -Ie drop -Ie and add -ly.
He's faster than any other driver. irritable - irritably, reliable - reliably
He is a faster driver than anyone else. adjectives ending in -e add -ly.
He drives faster than anyone else. false - falsely, B UT whole - wholly, true - truly
I've never seen such a tall man. adjectives ending in -ly (elderly, fatherly, friendly,
He's the tallest man I've ever seen. lively, lonely, lovely, motherly, silly, ugly, etc) form their
He's a good tennis player. adverb with in a(n) ... w a y / m a n n er.
He plays tennis well. in a motherly manner, in a lively way
As he gets older, he becomes more sensible.
The older he gets, the more sensible he becomes.
That dress is similar to this one. C o m p le t e t h e g a ps w it h w or ds d eriv e d fro m t h e

That dress and this one are alike. w or ds in b ol d.

Tom is very fatherly to his children. 1 We heard a loud crash, so

Tom behaves in a fatherly way to his children. _____________________ we went outside
to see what had happened. N A T UR AL
2 Sitting in the garden, I could hear the
C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w or ds in b old. leaves m oving _____________________
Use t w o t o fiv e w o r ds. in the breeze. GE N TLE
3 _____________________ I had a map with me,
1 Unfortunately, we couldn't find a better solution in the
so I found the cottage easily. LUCKY
time available.
4 The house is__________________ in good
BEST U nfortu nately, it
condition. B ASIC
we could find in the
5 The estate agent smiled __________________
time available.
as he opened the door. P OLITE
2 Spanish and Portuguese are said to be alike.
6 You must spend your money
SI M ILA R Spanish is ______________________________ SE N SIBLE
___________ Portuguese.
7 They plan to announce the demolition
3 I've never seen such a small house. of the mansion _____________________
THE It's ___________________________________________ next week. PU BLIC
; I've ever seen. 8 A motorbike started u p __________________
4 She is extremely disrespectful to her tenants. outside our house. N O ISY
W AY She behaves _______________________________ 9 _____________________ , we'll be able
___________ to her tenants. to move into our new flat next week. H O PEF UL
5 Sandra is not as talented as her sister. 10 M elanie _____________________ believes
LESS Sandra is____________________________________ that they have to buy the house. TRUE
___________________ her sister.
6 She was the best prepared of all the candidates.
THA N She was ____________________________________
all the other candidates.
7 As prices increase, the cost of living becomes higher.
THE The _______________________________________
the cost of living becomes.

50
 OPEN CLOZE

T hin k o f t h e w ord w hich b est fits e ach sp ace. Use o nly o n e w or d in e ach sp ace.

Would you pack your bags and move 0) into an underwater house? Perhaps you might even
dream of living in the fictional city of Atlantis. If it makes sense to go out and set 1 )a
colony on Mars, then why not live in the ocean? It ’s just as habitable and far closer to home.
Given that around 71 % of Earth is covered by water, it wouldn ’ t be much of a surprise if we .WOBflfr
have to adapt to living away from land 2 )some point. However, living underwater
does have its fair share of challenges, like cold temperatures and immense water pressure,
3 ) to mention a lack of oxygen. Even so, the technology to build underwater houses
already exists, so you could be moving into one sooner 4 )you think.
There are already restaurants and hotels popping 5 )around the world that allow
people to experience underwater living. In fact, floating underwater houses, where part of
the structure is lying beneath the surface of the sea, are currently for sale off the coast of
Dubai. From the underwater level, residents are able to view fish and seahorses swimming
around their natural habitat in the Arabian Gulf. Architects have even drawn 6 )plans
to create whole underwater cities, complete with shops, schools and residential areas.
Certainly, living underwater would help to protect the human race 7 )the effects of
rising sea levels and overpopulation, and would mean that we won ’ t have to cut 8)
any trees to make way for houses. It would also probably be more comfortable than living on
Mars.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

Re a d t h e t e x t b elo w a n d d ecid e w hich w or d (A , B, C or D) b est fits e ach

sp ace. T h ere's a n e x a m p le a t t h e b e g in nin g (0).

Sustainable Citics?
A sustainable city is one that has been designed with bicycles as cars in the city, and nearly half the population
environmental concerns 0) B mind. More than half of the 4) ______ by bike. This has not only dramatically 5) _______
world's population lives in cities, highlighting the need for carbon emissions, but also improved the health of its
sustainable practices in 1) ______ areas. Sustainable cities citizens.
aim to change the way they function, ensuring that they do O ther examples of things a sustainable city might introduce
not 2)_____ a strain on resources which will cause them to include roof gardens, solar panels, more efficient public
disappear before future generations have an opportunity to transport, water 6) ______ , improved recycling facilities,
benefit from them. tougher pollution controls, wind energy and more green
There is no single model of a sustainable city, but rather a spaces. These changes can be expensive and may take years
wide variety of changes which are intended to reduce the to put in 7)______, but they can have a gradual effect in
environmental impact of the city as a whole. These may reversing climate change. Simply planting roof gardens on
include individual lifestyle changes made by city residents tops of buildings, for instance, can dramatically reduce the
as well as schemes 3) ______ by local governments. In amount of heat 8) ______ by cities, keeping the temperature
Copenhagen, for example, the city introduced a vast down.
network of bicycle lanes. N ow there are five times as many

0 A at ® in C on D to
1 A national B public C remote D urban
2 A feel B have c make D put
3 A delayed B implemented c involved D prohibited
4 A adjusts B commutes c shifts D transfers
5 A carved B chopped c cut D sliced
6 A conservation B motivation c observation D reservation
7 A location B place c site D spot
8 A absorbed B consumed c extended D occupied
 Grammar
PASSIVE VOICE

Passiv e v oice

The passive is formed with the appropriate tense of the verb to be + p ast p articiple. Present perfect continuous, Future
continuous and Past perfect continuous are not normally used in the passive. N ote that only transitive verbs (verbs
which take an object) can be put into the passive.

A ct iv e v oice Passiv e v oice

Presen t si m p le They restore buildings. Buildings are restored.
Prese n t co n tin u o us They are restoring the building. The building is being restored.
Past si m p le They restored the building. The building was restored.
Past co n tin u o us They were restoring the building. The building was being restored.
Fu t ure si m p le They will restore the building. The building will be restored.
Prese n t p erfect They have restored the building. The building has been restored.
Past p erf ect They had restored the building. The building had been restored.
Fu t ure p erfect They will have restored the building. The building will have been restored.
Prese n t in finitiv e They should restore the building. The building should be restored.
Perf ect in finitiv e They should have restored the building. The building should have been restored.
-ing f or m They like people restoring buildings. They like buildings being restored.
Perfect -ing f or m H aving restored the building,... The building, having been restored,...
M o d al + b e + p.p. They must restore the building. The building must be restored.

N o t e: Get is used in colloquial English instead of b e to express something happening by accident.

He'll get hurt if he plays like that.

T h e p assiv e is use d

• when the person performing the action (a g en t) is when we are interested more in the action than the
u n k n o w n, u ni m p ort a n t or o b vio us fro m t h e co n t e x t. agent, such as in n e ws re p orts, f or m al n o tices,
The rooms have been searched thoroughly, (by the police instructio ns, processes, h e a dlines, a d v ertise m e n ts, e tc.
- obvious agent) " Crocodiles have been set free..'.'
• to e m p h asise the agent. to make st a t e m e n ts more f orm al or p olit e.
The maths lesson was given by the English teacher The vase has been broken, ( more polite than saying
yesterday. "You have broken the vase." )

Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p t i o n. Pu t t h e v er bs in b rack e ts in t o t h e co rrect p assiv e

f or m .
1 This product h as n o t b e en t est e d / h as n o t t est e d o n
animals. 1 Polar b e a rs(h u n t) for their fur.
2 Those wind ows really need to cle a n / b e clea n e d soon. 2 A l e c t u r e (giv e) in the main hall at
3 Kate was made t a k e / t o t a k e piano lessons by her the moment.
parents. 3 A f t e r (a w ard)
4 Some of our old family photos g ot lost /lost when we a medal for bravery, he became a local hero.
moved house. 4 Her a n k l e (h u rt) when she fell down.
5 I don't like se ein g / b ein g se en in my pyjamas. 5 She th in ks her ca r (st e a I)
6 Who was the television inv en t e d b y / inv e n t e d? by someone she knows.
7 John was seen le a vin g / le a v e through the back door. 6 The a p ar t m e n t(s e l l) last week.
8 My car is re p aire d / is b ein g re p aire d this week, so I'm 7 I h a t e (l i e to) by my friends.
going to work by bus. 8 N urses really o u g h t (p ay) more
9 The dessert was made b y / w it h bananas and cream. than they are.
10 The prize money w ill divid e / will b e divid e d between 9 The music m u s t (t urn d o w n)
the two winners. by 12 o'clock at the latest.
10 Your free g i f t (sen d) to you in the
next few days.

52
 Grammar
PASSIVE VOICE

C h a n gi n g fr o m act iv e in t o p assiv e

• The object of the active verb becomes the subject in the passive sentence. The active verb changes into a passive
form, and the subject of the active verb becomes the agent which is either introduced with " by" or is omitted.

Su bject V erb O b ject A gent

A ctiv e Kate wrote the story.
Passiv e The story was written by Kate.

• By + a g e n t is omitted when the agent is u n k n o w n, • For verbs which take two objects, it is more common
u ni m p ort a n t, o b vio us fro m t h e co n t e x t or words to begin the sentence with the person.
such as: so m e o n e, p e o ple, I, t h e y, etc. They gave her all the details. — She was given all the details,
They will give more information soon. — More ( more common than: All the details were given to her.)
information will be given soon, ( "by them "is omitted) • In p assiv e q u estio ns with w h o, w h o m or w hich we
• By + a g e n t is used to say who or what did the action. do not omit by.
She was knocked down b y a lorry. With + instru m e n t Who offered her the job? -* Who was she offered thejob by?
or m a t erial is used to say what the agent used. • Make, hear, help, see are followed by a t o-in finitiv e in
The policeman was stabbed with a knife. the passive.
• Verbs followed by a preposition (look after, accuse of, They saw him cross the street. - He was seen to cross
etc.) take the preposition immediately after them the street. N ote that hear, see, watch can be followed
when turned into the passive. by a p resen t p artici p le in the active and passive.
She looks after her daughter well. - Her daughter is We heard him playing the guitar. — He was
looked after well. heard playing the guitar. //

C h o ose t h e correct o p tio n.

1 Her hair_____ at the moment. 9 Reservations can _____ by calling the hotel directly.
A is dyeing B is being dyed A be made B been made
C being dyed C being made

2 A cure for the disease _____ yet. 10 O ur house _____ weekly.

A hasn't discovered A be cleaned B are cleaned
B hasn't be discovered C is cleaned
C hasn't been discovered
11 H e _____ by his grandparents.
3 The Mona Lisa _____ by Leonardo da Vinci. A was bring up B was brought up
A be painted B was painted C were brought up
C painted
12 O ur new sofa _____yet.
4 M ost olives_____in the M editerranean. A hasn't delivered
A are grown B grown C being grown B been delivered
C hasn't been delivered
5 The pro blem _____ now.
A is discussed B is been discussed 13 All the arrangements_____ by the time you arrive.
C is being discussed A will have made
B will been made
6 The opening date _____ yet.
C will have been made
A hasn't been announced
B hasn't be announced 14 Breakfast_____ between 7 and 10 a.m.
C haven't been announced A will be served B will be serve
C will served
7 My car_____ into last night.
A was broke B was broken 15 The stud ents_____ about the trip last Friday.
C was breaking A are told B were told C be told

8 The first modern O lympic Games_____in 1896. 16 The dustbins____ recently.

A were held B are held C held A have emptied B have be emptied
C have been emptied

53
 PASSIVE VOICE

Fill in by or with. C h a n g e t h e se n t e nces fro m t h e p assiv e in t o t h e

active.
1 This suit was d esigned Armani.
2 This cake is fille d fresh cream. 1 Why was James asked to leave the club?
3 Who was N eptune d isc o vere d ?
4 Ford cars are mad e experts.
5 The baby was covere d a blanket. 2 They love being invited to parties.
6 " Carmen "was com posed Bizet.
7 The coat was lined fur.
8 The food will be provided caterers. 3 The best cream cakes are made by Sayers.
9 The stew was flavoured garlic.
10 The Royal Wedding was watche d millions.
4 By the end of the party, all the food had been eaten.
C h a n g e t h e se n t e nces fro m t h e act ive in t o t h e
p assiv e. O m it t h e a g e n t w h ere it ca n b e o m it t e d.
5 Gauff was beaten by wiatek in the Women's Tennis Final.
1 The British eat around 2.5 billion burgers each year.

6 My glasses must have been thrown away by mistake.

2 Who wrote " O ne Hundred Years of Solitude "?

7 The building is being examined by Health and Safety

3 The bad weather has spoiled my holiday plans.
experts this week.

4 Do they always pay their workers on time?

8 Who was the Internet invented by?

5 The children picked the strawberries.

9 She was heard complaining about the new timetable.

6 She saw them go out.

10 She was sent a telegram by the queen on her 1 0O th
birthday.

7 You should wash those walls before you paint them.

11 The English language is now spoken by over 1.5

billion people worldwide.
8 The publisher has translated all her books into English.

12 The child is being taken good care of by doctors.

9 He objects to people telling him what to do.

13 Hundreds of free gifts are being given away by Donels

10 Tesco are converting the old bank into a supermarket.
this Saturday.

11 They told him not to say anything to her.

14 Why haven't the beds been made yet?

12 Did they give you a reward for finding their cat?

15 I hate being taken for granted.

16 The tickets should have been booked weeks ago.

54
 Grammar
PASSIVE VOICE

Perso n al / l m p erso n al co nst r uct i o ns

The verbs believe, expect, feel, hope, know, report, say, think, etc are used in the following passive patterns in personal
and impersonal constructions.

• su b ject (p erso n) + p assive v er b + to -in finitiv e Doctors expect he will recover soon.
(personal construction) He is expected to recover soon.

• It + p assive v er b + t h a t -cla use It is expected that he will recover soon.

(impersonal construction)

T urn t h e f o llo w in g in t o t h e p assiv e, as in t h e C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w o r ds in b ol d.

e x a m p le. Use t w o t o fiv e w o rds.

1 They say he is a millionaire. 1 The teacher scolded Jim for not paying attention.
He is said to be a millionaire. W AS Jim _________________________________________
It is said that he is a millionaire. for not paying attention.
2 They expect the plane will be landing soon. 2 Her parents named her after her grandmother.
The plane ___________________________________________________ W AS She _______________________________________
It ___________________________________________________ ______ her grandmother.
3 They believe he was working illegally. 3 M ost people think that learning a language is difficult.
H e ___________________________________________________________ TH OUGHT It ___________________________________________
It _____________________________________________________________ a language is difficult.
4 They say he is feeling better.
4 An editor will check the article.
H e ___________________________________________________________
BE The article _________________________________
It _____________________________________________________________
_________________________________ an editor.
5 They thought he had been brave to do so.
5 The traffic warden will give you a ticket if you park
H e ___________________________________________________________
there.
It _____________________________________________________________
BE You _______________________________________
6 They think he has escaped from prison.
_______ if you park there.
H e ___________________________________________________________
6 A lot of men enjoy football.
It _____________________________________________________________
IS Football ___________________________________
7 They expect he'll pass his exams.
_____________________________ a lot of men.
H e ___________________________________________________________
7 The builders will have finished the extension by July.
It _____________________________________________________________
BEEN The _________________________________________
8 They say she lied to the police.
___________________ by July.
She ___________________________________________________________
It _____________________________________________________________ 8 The teacher has given the students their homework.
9 They say they miss too many lessons. H A VE The _________________________________________

They__________________________________________________________ _______ their homework.

It _____________________________________________________________ 9 We saw the teacher telling the boy off.

10 They know she was always late for work. T OLD We saw____________________________________
She ___________________________________________________________ ___________ by his teacher.
It _____________________________________________________________ 10 People think that scientists have made an important
discovery.
TH OUGHT Scientists _________________________________
an important discovery.

55
 Re w rit e t h e t e x t in t h e p assiv e. Re w rit e t h e n e wsp a p er h e a d lin es as co m p le t e
se n t e nces usin g t h e p assiv e.

The critics have greeted with enthusiasm Turning 1 KENYAN ATHLETE BREAKS
Point, Marvin Morton’s new play. They regard it as his MARATHON WORLD RECORD
most mature work. Morton wrote it after he had
studied people’s behaviour for a considerable time.
On the opening night, the audience called Morton
2
onto the stage and applauded him loudly. They are MAYOR WILL OPEN NEW LIBRARY NEXT WEEK
staging the play at the Apollo Theatre where they
expect thousands of people to see it. Film companies
have asked Morton to write a script for a film based
on the play. We do not know yet whether 3 LOTTERY WINNER HAS NOT
Morton will seriously consider
CLAIMED £2 MILLION PRIZE YET
the proposal.

4 Police Questioning 2 Men about Fire

5 BUS DRIVERS WILL HOLD STRIKE TOMORROW

Re w rit e t h e n e ws re p o rt in t h e act iv e. C AR F A CT ORY LA YS O FF 500 W ORKERS LAST W EEK

Yest erd ay it w as a n no unced b y t h e Bally m ore co u ncil t h a t

a n e w Leisure ce ntre w ill b e b uilt o n t h e o u tskirts o f t o w n.
7 TINY ASTEROID MAY HIT EARTH IN SEPTEMBER
A grea t d eal o f research has b een carrie d o u t b y t h e
co u ncil, an d a suit a ble loca tio n h as b een f o u n d. The
o pinions o f Local resid e n ts also ha d t o b e t a k e n in t o
acco u n t, b u t g e n erally resid en ts are in f av o ur o f t h e Leisure
8 Jewel Thief StiU Not Caught
ce ntre b ein g b uilt. W ork o n t h e ne w Leisure ce n tre w ill b e
begun b y b uild ers in M ay, an d i t is e x p ect e d t o b e
co m ple te d w ithin 18 m on t hs. A ran g e o f activities is b ein g
pla n n ed f or t h e Leisure ce ntre b y t h e co u ncil, an d d e t ails
o f t h ese w ill b e give n o nce t h e y have b ee n fin alise d.
Fin d a n d co rrect t h e m ist a k es.

1 Further information can obtain

from the local post office.
2 When will you been interviewed
for the position?
3 I hate be told lies.
4 Why has he been gave a promotion?
5 He were told not to reveal
their secret.
6 Th e cafe wa s fi 11 ed by s m o ke.
7 The film will be releasing tomorrow.
8 The book was written with
Agatha Christie.

56
 J REVISION

13 Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p t io n.

1 The house ______ before they arrived. 14 Tomato plants must______ regularly.
A had cleaned C had be cleaned A watered C been watered
B been cleaned D had been cleaned B be watered D being watered

2 The sound of footsteps was heard ______ up the stairs. 15 The novel______ by Lewis Carroll in 1865.
A came C coming A wrote C was write
B to come D becoming B was written D were written

3 The o melette ______ eggs, cheese and peppers. 16 He was mad e ______ at the station for two hours.
A made with C made by A wait C waited
B was made with D was made by B to wait D waiting

4 I had the feeling that I______ . 17 Your ap plication ______ by the end of the month.
A was being watched C am being watched A will review C will be reviewed
B was been watched D am watching B will be review D will have reviewed

5 Jamie ______ be a talented actor. 18 Linda was knocked off her bike ______ a bus.
A is said C says that he A by C with
B is said to D is said that he B on D from

6 She was mad e ______ in her resignation. 19 We should ______ about the dangers.
A handing C hand A have been warned C being warned
B to handing D to hand B have be warned D been warned

7 That wet paint should not______ . 20 The parcels,______ , were put on the boss's desk.
A touch C been touched A having delivered C have being delivered
B be touched D being touched B have been delivered D having been delivered

8 The re p ort______ by the end of next week. 21 Sandra heard her nam e ______ from across the street.
A will have finished C will have been finished A called C being called
B will been finished D have been finished B calling D having called

9 Philip ______ while playing football. 22 Around 5,000 snow leopards are b elieve d ______ in the
A got injured C been injured wild.
B has injured D were injured A to be left C to have left
B being left D be left
10 I remember the announcement______ last week.
A making C being made 23 W hat______ you told to do?
B be made D being making A had C will
B were D would
11 A new stadium______ near the station.
A is building C is being built 24 A fashion show will_______ next week.
B building D being built A have held C held
B being held D be held
12 I don't know who ______ that article, but it's very good.
A wrote C was written 25 Accommodation for new teachers______ by the
B is written D has been written college.
A provides C will provide
13 This chicken's really dry. It ______ for too long.
B is provided D would provide
A has cooked C has been cook
B has be cooked D has been cooked
5 .MH4 HEALTH

ILL N ESSES / I N JURIES SY M PT O M S & TRE A T M E N T

Fill in: twist, have (x7), cut, sprain, bruise, burn, break, M a tch t h e se n t e nces t o t h e illn esses in t h e list.
pull, hit. W hich are (IL) illn esses? W hich are (IN )
A concussion B food poisoning C a cold
injuries? A d d t hre e m ore it e ms t o e ach ca t e g o ry.
D an allergy E a fever F a throat infection

11 | | I've got a runny nose and I can't stop coughing.

1 21 | I've lost my voice. I can hardly speak.
13 | | I was eating when a rash broke out on my skin and
I couldn't breathe easily.
|4| | I hit my head and now I have a terrible headache.
15 I I After lunch, I had a terrible stomachache and then
_______ I vomited.
your han d ___ your eye ___ a muscle 1 61 | I feel really hot and my whole body is shivering.

Fill in t h e g a ps w i t h t h e v er bs in t h e list in t h e
co rrect f orm .

• h a v e • giv e • tre a t • call • fin d • m a k e

• t a k e (x2)

1 The d octor Peter's temperature to

see if he had a fever.
2 Someone needs t o an ambulance;
this woman is badly hurt!
3 The doctor decided t o his patient's
illness with antibiotics.
4 That's a deep cut so you'll need to
some stitches.
5 Jill called the doctor's surgery and
an ap pointment for next Wednesday.
6 David the injured cyclist first aid
while he waited for the paramedics to arrive.
7 O ne day, scientists will probably
a cure for this serious disease.
8 I have t o two of these pills three
times a day after meals.

W hich al t ern a t iv e w a ys ca n y o u use t o t rea t

t h ese illn esses/ injuries? M a tch a n d t al k w i t h
y o ur p ar t n er.
a cough a stomachache your leg

11 I | an upset a drink camomile tea

stomach b eat chicken soup

LzL insomnia c have a massage

LUJ hiccups d listen to relaxing music
bL a sore throat e slowly drink a glass of

1st a cold water

a backache f gargle with salt water

a cold / theflu a sore throat your wrist

58
 Vocabulary

PHRASAL VERBS ie s s d e w
g e t a b o u t: m o ve arou nd; sprea d Lo o k a t A p p e n d ix 1, t h e n fill in t h e co rrect p re p osit i o n.
g e t st h across: m a k e st h u n d erst o o d
g e t a w a y (fro m): 1) esca p e, 2) leave 1 I don't know the results my blood test yet.
g e t alo n g (w it h): have a frie ndly 2 Ryan's health problems resulted a poor diet and lack of
rela tio nship exercise.
g e t a t: 1) reach, 2) im ply, su g g est 3 All these things will eventually result you losing weight.
g e t a w a y w it h st h: av oid b eing 4 I am o blig e d you all your kind assistance.
p u nish e d f or st h 5 Was he really involved the incident?
g e t sb d o w n: d e press sb 6 Everybody needs someone to lean in times of trouble.
g e t o f f: 1) t o av oid p u nish m en t, 7 The ladder was leaning the wall.
2) t o d esce nd fro m a b us, e tc
8 David ap ologised us losing his temper.
g e t o n: 1) e nt er a b us etc, 2) m ana g e
9 I can't stand people who are cruel animals.
g e t o n w i t h: co ntin u e, o f ten af t er
10 There are big differences the two cultures.
in t erru p tio n
11 Claire is familiar the procedure.
g e t o ver: 1) re turn t o usual st a t e o f
healt h, ha p pin ess, e tc af t er st h b a d, 12 The signs of this disease are familiar most doctors.
2) o verco m e 13 There is a relationship exercise and good health.
g e t (a)ro u n d: co ax; p ersu ad e sb by 14 She has a good relationship her children.
kin d n ess 15 I find it hard to sym pathise Denise.
g e t t hr o u g h: 1) finish w ork, 2) reach sb 16 She's not very sympathetic the poor.
b y p h o ne 17 James was suspected spraying the graffiti.
18 Poor Jill suffers hay fever.
19 She spends a lot of m oney cosmetics.
Fill in t h e correct p ar ticle(s). 20 I'm sorry forgetting our anniversary.
21 She's very sorry the state of the house.
1 I couldn't g e t - the
22 The manager was not satisfied his staff.
line was engaged.
23 That's the same car mine.
2 He sometimes has trouble getting his
24 What are you so e xc i t e d ?
v i e w s.
25 South Africa is a country rich gold.
3 It took Luke a long time to get
26 Kindly refrain throwing litter in the park.
his illness.
27 I am writing reference to your letter.
4 He was lucky to get
28 She referred his book in her speech.
with a small fine.
29 It's no use trying to reason her.
5 I want to g et the city
30 There was no reason him to shout like that.
for a few days.
6 Tanya doesn't really get
[ WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED
her sister.
7 All this bad news is really getting me
C o m p le t e t h e g a ps. Use t h e v er bs in t h e list.

8 H ow are you getting

• f e el • h a ve • cu t • b re a k • hit • t w ist
without a cooker?
9 Stop talking and get
your work. 1 my finger/ myself while shaving
10 You have a lot of revision to get 2 my ankle/ my wrist
____________ tonight. 3 a high temperature /a bad cough
11 Alex has a broken ankle and finds it 4 sick/ dizzy
difficult to g e t . 5 my head /a nerve
12 I don't quite understand what you're 6 a bone / my arm
g e t t i n g.

59
 f KEY-WORD TRANSFORMATIONS 7 The manufacturers expect the device will be on the
market early next year.
They made the customers wait outside in the rain. EXPECTED The device _______________________________
The customers were made to wait outside in the rain. ___________ on the market
early next year.
The professor gave the books to the students.
The students were given the books (by the professor). 8 Anne was sent a large bouquet of flowers by Harry.

The books were given to the students (by the professor). TO A large bouquet of flowers
__________________________ Anne by Harry.
I remember them giving the tickets to Paul.
9 Do you remember them taking me to hospital?
I remember Paul being given the tickets.
BEIN G Do you remember
I saw a reporter interviewing Chris on TV.
__________ to hospital?
I saw Chris being interviewed on TV.
10 M any people claim that children are spending less
People believe that dogs are intelligent animals. time reading these days.
Dogs are believed to be intelligent animals. CLAIMED It is_________________________________________
It is believed that dogs are intelligent animals. _______ less time reading
Scientists think the ice in Antarctica is melting quite fast. these days.
The ice in Antarctica is thought to be melting quite fast.
It is thought that the ice in Antarctica is melting quite fast. WORD FORMATION
We expect the weather will be better tomorrow.
ADJECTIVES FORMED FROM VERBS AND NOUNS
The weather is expected to be better tomorrow.
M any people consider that Jane has been treated -a ble believe - believable
unfairly. -ible flex - flexible
Jane is considered to have been treated unfairly. -iv e exhaust - exhaustive
-en t depend - dependent
-in g frighten - frightening (describes what
sb or sth is)
C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w o rds in b ol d. -e d interest - interested (describes how
Use t w o t o fiv e w o r ds. someone feels)

1 The teacher made the children learn the poem by

heart.
C o m p le t e t h e g a ps w i t h w o r ds d eriv e d fro m t h e
M A DE The children
w o rds in b ol d.
the poem by heart.
2 They offered Tom the leading role in a film. 1 Jessica stared at the painting,
O FFERED Tom _______________________________________ ___________________ by its detail. FASCIN ATE
_______ in a film. 2 The ozone layer forms a ________________
3 They often say that elephants never forget anything. barrier against the sun's rays. PROTECT

SAID It ___________________________________________ 3 In warm weather, clothes made of

elephants never forget anything. natural fabrics are ___________________ . PREFER

4 The instructions on the box are very
4 I don't remember them asking Sophia for her opinion.
C O N FUSE
BEIN G I don't remember
5 They've installed a security camera
__________________________ for her opinion.
as a ___________________ to thieves. DETER
5 Journalists report that the best-selling author is
6 The Internet makes information
working on a new novel.
___________________ to great numbers
REPORTED The best-selling author
of people. ACCESS
7 She was___________________ at the
on a new novel.
thought of giving a speech in public. TERRIFY
6 He was made to clean his room by his parents.
8 Stephen's teacher said he was often
HIM His parents _______________________________
___________________ in class. DISRUPT
_________ his room.
9 It's very____________________to see how
much progress we've made so far. SATISFY
10 Stop worrying about the stain on your
shirt - it's barely___________________ . N OTICE

60
 English in Use J5 I

MT

r MULTIPLE CHOICE

Re a d t h e t e x t b elo w a n d ch o ose t h e b est a nsw er (A , B or C) t o fill in t h e g a ps. T h ere is a n e x a m p le a t t h e

b e g in nin g (0).

It still re m ains a m yst ery w h a t 0) C w h en w e sle e p, b u t accordin g

t o rece n t rese arch, sle e p is f ar 1 ) sig nifica n t t h a n scien tists
pre vio usly t h o ug h t. St u dies h a v e 2 ) t h a t g o o d-q u alit y sle e p is
closely lin k ed t o g o od h ealth, 3 ) m en t al a n d p h ysical. So m e
research also ties g o o d sle e p t o a h ealt h y i m m u n e syst e m a n d a
4 ) life e x p ect a ncy.
H o w ever, m ost t e e n a g ers t o d ay h a v e ‘ sle e p d e b t ’ - a lack o f sle e p
5 ) u p o ver d a ys, w e e ks a n d m o n t hs. O n a v era g e, t e ens n ee d
a b o ut nine h o urs o f sle e p e v ery nig h t t o f u nctio n a t t h eir b est. T his
is m ore t h a n t h e a m o u n t a child or a n a d ult n e e ds. Yet, sle e p
rese arch 6 ) t h a t m ost a d olesce n ts o nly g e t a b o ut 6.5 - 7.5
h o urs’ sle e p a nig ht, a n d so m e g e t less.
Te en a g ers d o n ot g e t e n o u g h sle e p f or a n u m b er o f re aso ns. First
o f all, t e e ns’ b o dy clocks n a t urally shif t t o m a k e t h e m 7 ) tire d
0 A passes B develops C happens
la t er in t h e e ve nin g, b u t e arly sch o ol st arts d o n ot allo w t h e m t o
1 A more B much C many
w a k e u p la t er in t h e m ornin g. Seco n dly, sm art p h o nes a n d o t her
2 A presented B examined c shown
d e vices use d aro un d b e d ti m e re d uce sle e p ti m e. Th en t h ere is
3 A also B both c either
h o m e w ork, sp orts a n d o t h er a f t er-sch o ol activities, w hich also
4 A farther B wider c longer
8 ) t o la t e b e d ti m es.
5 A built B created c formed
Bu t d o es it 9 )? Yes. Slee p d e b t ca n h a v e dra m a tic e f f ects o n
6 A points B suggests c refers
a t e e na g er ’s life, inclu din g a f f ectin g t h eir m e nt al w ell- b ein g a n d
7 A feeling B to feel c feel
re d ucin g t h eir aca d e m ic p erf or m a nce a t sch o ol. So if y o u h a v e
8 A mean B lead c result
tro u ble st ayin g a w a k e in hist ory class, 1 0 ) g e t ting so m e
9 A matter B trouble c concern
e x tra slee p.
10 A can try B will try c try

OPEN CLOZE

T hin k o f t h e w ord w hich b est fits e ach sp ace. Use o nly o n e w or d in e ach sp ace.

The level of child h o o d o b esity is increasin g likely t o b e t ease d 5 ) t heir p eers, or

0) at an alarmin g rat e w orld wid e. In to have lo w self-est ee m an d d e pression. In
Euro p e, f or e x a m ple, o ne in five children a d ditio n, o b ese children an d a d olescen ts
an d a d olesce n ts are either o verw eig h t are 6 ) hig h risk of b eco min g o b ese
1 ) o b ese. It h as b eco m e so co m m on a d ults, as w ell as d evelo pin g life
t ha t t he W orld H ealt h O rg anizatio n t hrea t ening healt h pro ble ms later in life.
co nsid ers it a glo b al healt h co ncern. Lif est yle an d die t ch a n g es ca n help
For m ost children, o besit y occurs b eca use o verw eig h t childre n to achieve an d
t hey co nsu m e fo o d t hat su p plies far m ore m ain tain a healt hy w eigh t. Cu ttin g
e n erg y t han t hey nee d. Th e ex tra e n erg y is 7) u n healthy sn acks, eatin g
t urne d 2 ) b o dy fat. This, co m bine d sm aller m eals an d ch e win g f o o d m ore
3 ) a lack of p hysical activity, m ay slo wly ca n help t he m to ea t less. W alkin g
gra d ually result in w eig h t g ain. H o w ever, a 30 minu t es a d ay ca n help childre n feel fit
larg e p art of t he proble m is t he a b u n d a nce en o u g h to m o ve on to m ore e x ercise. Bu t
of ju nk fo o d in o ur diet, w hich is hig h t hey sh o uld b e w are 8 ) w eig h t-loss
4 ) fat an d su g ar. O b esity is also die ts t hat pro mise q uick results with o ut
associa t e d with social an d e m o tio nal m uch effort. M ost are act ually harm f ul to
pro ble ms. O verw eig h t children are m ore y o ur healt h.

61
 GR A M M A R

Ch o ose t h e correct o p tio n.

1 From 14-20 June, Liverpool____ its International Garden 14 As soon as he entered the house, he realised that one of
Festival; everyone's welcome. the wind ows_____ .
A had held C has been holding A had broken C been broken
B are going to hold D will be holding B being broken D had been broken

2 She ____ for her exam all night; she looks tired. 15 The poorer in carbohydrates your diet is,____ you might
A must be studying feel.
B must have been studying A the more depressed C the depressed
C can't be studying B more depressed D as depressed
D couldn't have studied
16 By the time the police arrived, the burglars____ .
3 When I moved from Paris to London, I____ on the left. A disappeared C had disappeared
A wasn't used to driving C didn't used to driving B were disappearing D had been disappearing
B wasn't used to drive D didn't use to driving
17 The flowers in my garden should ____ at least once a
4 She'd sooner stay at home alone ____ with James. week.
A than going out C than go out A watered C will be watered
B rather going out D rather go out B water D be watered
5 There's no p oint____ the phrase. I can't speak Chinese. 18 An additional bonus payment____ to all our employees
A to repeat_____________ C repeat next month.
B repeating D to repeating A will provide C be provided
6 A lot of people ____ redundant last year due to the B will be provided D will provided
economic crisis. 19 I'm really scared of dogs. You ____ me that you've got
A made C had made one.
B be made D were made A didn't have to tell C must have told
7 I don't feel like cooking.____ we go out for dinner? B needn't have told D should have told
A Shall B Shall be C Will D Are 20 I would prefer to eat at home rather than ____ to a
8 It's Saturday, Jack. You____ your essay by Friday. Please restaurant.
do not miss the deadline next time. A to g o B going C go D to going
A must be handed in 21 Life in the countryside isn't ____ it used to be decades
B didn't need to hand in
ago.
C were supposed to hand in
A hectic as C as hectic than
D ought to hand in
B as hectic as D hectic than
9 Would you be so kind as____ my CV? I'm not experienced
22 He prefers living in the city centre ____ to work for hours
enough in writing it.
from the suburbs.
A to proofread C proofread
A to commuting C commuting
B proofreading D to proofreading
B to commute D than commuting
10 " Why are you crying?" "I____ onions."
23 I haven't finished the report yet, but I'm certain I____ it
A cut C been cutting
by tomorrow afternoon.
B was cut D have been cutting
A complete
11 He doesn't derive pleasure from his work. I think he ____ B will be completing
to resign soon. C will have completed
A is able B should C is likely D would D will have been completing

12 I bought a washing machine yesterday, but it ____ yet. 24 John's so exhausted; he's been driving a car all day
A hasn't been delivered C been delivered without _____ a break.
B hasn't delivered D be delivered A to take B taking C take D to taking

13 Amanda is looking forward ____ her sister in London. 25 What's this? You____ an umbrella with you. It's going to be
A to visit C visit sunny and hot today, according to the weather forecast.
B visiting D to visiting A needn't have taken C don't have taken
B didn't have to take D won't have taken

62
 A
REVIEW

V O C A B UL A RY

2 Ch o ose t h e correct o p tio n.

i Don't forget to buy a ____ of milk, please. 15 My grandfather____ a fortune selling recipe books.
A jar B can C carton D bar A made B did C caught D broke

2 Jim arrived at the airport too late and therefore, he ____ 16 Jenny is a tall girl with dark____ hair. She's really
his flight. outgoing and helpful.
A missed B lost C got D caught A plump B tanned C wavy D narrow

3 I'm not sure whether she's going to wait for us. She's so 17 Do you think you could d o the Internet for a week?
A without C out
A lazy C talkative B up D away with
B impatient D disorganised
18 It's a bad idea to go to London in July since all the sights
4 They'd been married for 5 years by the time they broke are ____ with tourists.
A empty B full C booked D crowded
A into B down C out D up
19 Chris had the flu and it took him a long time to g et _____
5 I've always dreamt of watching wildlife. Finally, I'm lucky it.
to be going on ____ . A through C away
A camping holiday C skiing holiday B over D in
B safari D beach holiday
20 Well, I'd like to buy a detached house or a cottage. Also,
6 You need to ____ one pill twice a day before meals. I've got a car so there must b e _____ next to the house.
A drink B give C take D make A an attic C a garage
B a chimney D a garden
7 My room is so cramped, I'm looking forward to moving
into a more____ one next year. 21 You might need to cut____ sugar to lose some weight.
A basic C old-fashioned A down with C through
B noisy D spacious B upto D down on

8 I'm not a fan of fried chicken because it's to o ____ . 22 James is so ____ . He always thinks other people aren't as
A salty B spicy C sour D greasy qualified and skilful as he is.
A arrogant C modest
9 She decided to leave when she fell ____ with her
B optimistic D disorganised
roommate.
A down B out C in D behind 23 " What's that?" " Don't worry, I____ myself while I was
shaving yesterday."
10 I used to suffer____ insomnia a lot. What helps me fall
A broke B twisted C hit D cut
asleep quickly now is listening to relaxing music.
A from B to C about D of 24 I've never____ a yacht, but I'd love to try!
A ridden B sailed C driven D gone
11 I'd like a burger with a ____ order ofchips.
A packed B back C side D balanced 25 Unfortunately, the flat isn't equipped with _____ but you
can use the air-conditioner instead.
12 Mary has taken sick leave because she has a ____ throat.
A a microwave oven C central heating
A sick B sore C ache D cold
B a built-in wardrobe D a carpet
13 I'm not accustomed ____ working in a team.
A with B for C about D to

14 I didn't recognise Matt yesterday. He must have shaved

his____ off.
A wrinkles C freckles
B beard D spots
 Grammar
THE CAUSATIVE

We use have + o b ject + p ast p artici p le to say that we arrange for someone to do something for us.
He asked the mechanic to repair his car. He had his car repaired. ( He didn't do it himself- the mechanic did it.)

Prese n t si m p le She looks after her children. She has her children looked after.
Presen t co n tin u o us She is looking after her children. She is having her children looked after.
Past si m p le She looked after her children. She had her children looked after.
Past co n tin u o us She was looking after her children. She was having her children looked after.
Fu t ure si m p le She will look after her children. She will have her children looked after.
Fu t ure co n tin u o us She will be looking after her children. She will be having her children looked after.
Presen t p erf ect She has looked after her children. She has had her children looked after.
Presen t p erf ect co n tin u o us She has been looking after her children. She has been having her children looked after.
Past p erfect She had looked after her children. She had had her children looked after.
Past p erf ect co n tin u o us She had been looking after her children. She had been having her children looked after.
In finitiv e She can look after her children. She can have her children looked after.
-ing f or m She likes looking after her children. She likes having her children looked after.

The verb to have, when used in the causative, forms Make/have + o b ject + b are in finitiv e are used to
its n e g a tio ns and q u estio ns with do/does (Present express that someone causes someone else to do
simple) and did (Past simple). something, but their meaning is slightly different.
She doesn't have the flowers arranged. Did you have He made Liz send a fax. ( He insisted that Liz should
the clothes ironed? send a fax.)
G e t can be used instead of have in the causative. He had Liz send a fax. ( He asked Liz to send a fax.)
Did you have/getyour hair cut? Get + o b ject + t o-in finitive is used to show that
The ca usa tive can be used instead of the passive to someone persuades someone else to do something.

express acci d e n ts or m isf ort u nes. She got her husband to cut the grass.
He had his cheek bruised in a fight. ( = His cheek was (She persuaded her husband to cut the grass.)
bruised in a fight.)

Ch o ose t h e o p tio n t h a t b est d escri b es e ach se n t e nce.

1 Do you ask someone to type your essays? 7 He isn't going to take his glasses to be adjusted today.
a Do you have your essays typed? a He isn't going to adjust his glasses today.
b Do you type your essays? b He isn't going to have his glasses adjusted today.
2 Her photographs haven't been printed yet. 8 Did the detective order the constable to follow the
a She hasn't printed her photographs yet. suspect?
b She hasn't had her photographs printed yet. a Did the detective follow the suspect?
3 She doesn't like asking people to do her shopping. b Did the detective have the suspect followed?
a She doesn't like having her shopping done. 9 You should ask someone to collect your mail.
b She doesn't like doing her shopping. a You should have your mail collected.
4 Have you asked them to install a burglar alarm for you? b You should collect your mail.
a Have you installed a burglar alarm? 10 Has the chauffeur been driving Mary's kids to school
b Have you had a burglar alarm installed? for years?
5 I didn't use to employ someone to do the housework a Has M ary been driving her kids to school for years?
for me. b Has M ary been having her kids driven to school for
a I didn't use to do the housework. years?
b I didn't use to have the housework done. 11 Was his arm broken in a car crash?
6 The doctor examined her wound. a Did he have his arm broken in a car crash?
a She had her wound examined. b Did he break his arm in a car crash?
b She examined her wound.

64
 i THE CAUSATIVE

Re a d t h e si t u a t i o ns, t h e n w rit e se n t e nces usin g C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g have, make or get in

t h e ca usa t iv e f or m . t h e correct f orm , as in t h e e x a m p le.

1 The optician is testing her eyes. What is she doing? 1 He insisted that Peter left immediately.
He made Peter leave immediately.
2 Janet persuaded Diane to drive her to the airport.
2 If he doesn't drive more carefully, the police will take Janet ________________________________________________________
away his licence. What will happen to him? ____________________________________________ to the airport.
3 My car radio is being fitted by Gary today.

3 This time tomorrow, an artist will be painting her son's ______________________________________ my car radio today.
portrait. What will she be doing? 4 She asked her sister to translate the article.
Sh e __________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________ the article.
4 Someone has cut down the tree in our garden. What 5 I finally persuaded the landlord to change the locks.
have we done? I finally _____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________ the locks.
6 My mother insisted that I should wear a dress to the
5 They can vaccinate your children against smallpox. wedding.
What can you do? My mother ________________________________________________
__________________________________________ to the wedding.
7 I will ask John to pick me up at the station.
6 She will hire someone to build a shed for her. What I will ________________________________________________________
will she do? ____________________________________________ at the station.
8 Sue persuaded her colleagues to change their minds.
Su e ______________________________________________________
7 The dentist is polishing Tom's teeth. What is Tom ___________________________________________ their minds.
doing? 9 She is going to ask him to rewrite the assignment.
She is ______________________________________________________
__________________________________________ the assignment.
8 The police had been towing away his car. What had 10 I can't believe he asked me to return the gift.
been happening to him? I can't b elieve ______________________________________________
____________________________________________________ the gift.
11 He insisted that they should stay at home.
9 Someone dry-cleans his suits every month. What He __________________________________________________________
does he do? ___________________________________________________ at home.
12 I will try to persuade him to give you the money he
owes you.
10 He has been paying a therapist to massage his back. I will ________________________________________________________
What has he been doing? _______________________________ the money he owes you.
13 The receptionist asked her to wait outside his office.
The rece ptionist___________________________________________
11 Sally gets a hairdresser to dye her hair every month. ________________________________________ outside his office.
What does she do? 14 The doctor insisted that she should go to hospital.
The d octor_________________________________________________
_______________________________________________ to hospital.
12 Max will be cooking dinner for us tonight. What will 15 He asked the porter to carry his luggage.
we be doing? He __________________________________________________________
______________________________________________ his luggage.

65
 C o m p le t e t h e re p lies usin g t h e ca usa t ive. C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w or ds in b ol d.
Use t w o t o fiv e w o rds.
1 A: I heard you painted your room.
B: That's not true. I ______________________________________ 1 They arranged for medical supplies to be flown into
the region.
2 A: Sorry to call you now. You must be cooking dinner. HAD They_________________________________________
B: Actually, we ___________________________________________ ____________ into the region.
____________________________________________ for us. 2 A shark bit Tony's leg.
3 A: Have you booked the venues for your tour? G OT Tony_________________________________________
B: N ot really. I ____________________________________________ _________________ by a shark.
_____________________________________ for my tour. 3 A lawyer will have to sign this d ocument for you.
4 A: Will he drive his clients to the airport? H AVE You _________________________________________
B: N o, he __________________________________________________ this d ocument signed by a lawyer.
__________________________________ to the airport.
4 Why did you insist that I buy this horrible cheese?
5 A: Had they cancelled the milk delivery before they
M AKE W hy_________________________________________
went away?
this horrible cheese?
B: N o. They________________________________________________
5 She pays someone to clean the wind ows every month.
_________________________________________ for them.
CLEA NED She ___________________________________________
6 A: His eye was bruised during the match.
______________ every month.
B: That's true. H e _________________________________________
6 The labourers were forced to work seven days a week.
_____________________________ during the match.
M A DE They_________________________________________
7 A: Had she been cutting the grass when you called?
seven days a week.
B: N o, she _________________________________________________
__________________________________________ for her. 7 Someone will pick your pocket if you aren't careful

8 A: Who will look after her dog while she is away? around here.

B: N ot me. She ___________________________________________ GET You _________________________________________

_________________________________________ by Jane. if you aren't careful around here.

9 A: Are you going to paint your fence? 8 They will take away your licence if they catch you
B: N o, I_____________________________________________________ driving that way.
_________________________________________ by Peter. H AVE You _________________________________________
10 A: Does she put on her own make-up before each away if they catch you driving that way.
performance? 9 She arranged for her neighbour to walk her dog while
B: N o, she _________________________________________________ she was away.
by M egan before each performance. HAD She ___________________________________________
by her neighbour while she was away.
10 Please don't insist that I cook dinner tonight.
M AKE Please _______________________________________
____________ d i nner tonight.
11 Someone stole their car while they were asleep.
HAD They_________________________________________
while they were asleep.
12 Her nose was broken in the accident.
G OT She ___________________________________________
in the accident.
13 Did you insist they rewrite the composition?
M AKE Did ___________________________________________
_________ the composition?
14 She hired someone to make new curtains for her
house.
HAD She _________
______________ for her house.
15 He got someone at the garage to adjust the brakes.
A DJUSTED He ___________________________________________
______________ at the garage.
66
 Grammar 6
A REVISION

Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 Alice _____ her the money. 10 H e _____ before he left for work.
A got her brother lend A had had his car washed
B got her brother to lend B has had washed his car
C got to lend her brother C have had his car washed
D had her brother lent D had got washed his car

2 Jane is at the hairdresser at the moment. She _____ . 11 O ne of my teeth was hurting, so I went to the dentist
A has her hair done t o _____ .
B is having done her hair A get it look at
C is having to do her hair B get it looked at
D is having her hair done C get it to look at
D had it looked at
3 I love talking to Jessica. She always_____.
A makes me laugh 12 Sally_____ my shoes before I entered her house.
B makes meto laugh A made to take off
C makes me laughed B had me to take off
D makes laugh me C made me take off
D made me to take off
4 We should _____ before Christmas.
A get painted our flat 13 When you order the tickets, can yo u _____ to my work
B get our flat painted address?
C had our flat painted A sent them
D have our flat to paint B get sent them
C had them sent
5 Kevin _____ some time tomorrow.
D have them sent
A will get his tyres change
B will get his tyres changed 14 My cat loves_____ .
C will get changed his tyres A having its head scratched
D will have his tyres get changed B having scratched its head
C getting its head scratch
6 I don't have time to clean the house on my own, so I'd
D getting scratched its head
b etter_for me.
A get somebody do it 15 H e _____for years before he bought a new pair.
B get somebody done it A had having his old shoes repaired
C get somebody to do it B had been having his old shoes repair
D get to do it somebody C had been having his old shoes repaired
D had been having repaired his old shoes
7 Were you _____ when I called yesterday?
A got your shopping delivered 16 I'd b etter_____ before we set off on our trip.
B having your shopping delivered A have the car look over
C getting delivered your shopping B get looked over the car
D having your shopping be delivered C get the car to look over
D have the car looked over
8 M elanie _____ for hours.
A has been painted her portrait 17 They_____ all next week.
B has having her portrait painted A will be getting their new kitchen installed
C been having her portrait painted B will been having their new kitchen installed
D has been having her portrait painted C will be getting to install their new kitchen
D have been having their new kitchen installed
9 This is the second time we _____ this month.
A have the air conditioner fixed 18 I'm going t o _____ by Mike to see what is wrong.
B have get the air conditioner fixed A check my computer
C have had the air conditioner fixed B have checked my computer
D have had fixed the airconditioner C have my computer checked
D have my computer to check

67
 Vocabulary
THE ARTS

M a tch t h e d escri p t i o ns (a-f) t o t h e fil m t y p es Fill in: audience, bow, box office, stage, costumes,
(1-6). interval, play, seats.

111 comedy a a film that shows real events 1 You can pick up your theatre tickets from the
IzL romance or gives information on a before the show.
lik documentary topic 2 The lights came on just as the first actor came onto
|4| action film b a film that makes people t h e.
|s| science fiction laugh 3 We talked about the first half of the performance
horror c a film about a frightening during t h e .
story 4 An usher helped us find our near
d a film about life in space/the the front of the theatre.
future 5 The young actor looked into the to
e a film about a love story see if he could find his family.
f an adventure film 6 The cast took a ( n ) a s the audience
applauded at the end of the show.
a) List t h e a d ject iv es: gripping, moving, original, 7 Macbeth is a famous by Shakespeare
well/poorly-written, thrilling, involving, excellent, which is still performed today.
shocking, entertaining, disappointing, enjoyable, 8 The cast were wearing beautifully designed
confusing in t h e a p p r o p ria t e b o x(es). for the performance.

Plo t Scrip t Fill in: chapter, crime, characters, novel, poetry, tale,
volume, myth.

1 I love reading fiction. I'm reading a by

Steig Larsson at the moment.
2 In the fairy Sleeping Beauty, a princess
falls asleep for a hundred years.
3 The first in the Harry Potter series was
called The Philosopher's Stone.
4 I've almost finished this book - I'm on the last
____________ now.
5 The World is Czes⌅aw Milosz's most well-known
collection o f .
6 I enjoy the suspense when I read fiction
like the classic Sherlock H olmes stories.
7 I really liked the that were portrayed in
the book.
8 The class was assigned homework about the
of Hercules.

Pu t t h e w o rds b elo w in t h e co rrect ca t e g o ries.

b) Fill in t h e g a ps w i t h w o rds fro m Ex. 2a. W h a t • a u t h or • b io gra p h y • ch a p t er • ch aract er

t y p e o f fil m(s) are t h e y? • co n t e n ts • fictio n • fro n t / b ack co ver • h ero
• n arra t or • n o n-fictio n • n ov elist • pla y • p o e t
1 There were some really funny scenes, and overall I
• sh ort st ory • title
found the film v e r y .
2 It was such a story that I Ty p e o f Real or fictitio us
couldn't stop crying when the couple parted forever. Part o f a b o o k
lit era t ure p erso n
3 There were some really scary monsters, and there was
so much blood that I found it q u i t e .
4 The chase scenes were so
that I was on the edge of my seat.

68
r PHRASAL VERBS ' WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED

g iv e a w a y: 1) give st h f or free, 2) reveal Ch o ose t h e correct o p tio n. C h eck in y o ur

g iv e o f f: e mit d ict i o n ary.
g iv e b ack: re t urn
g iv e in: 1) surrend er, 2) hand in 1 N o wonder everyb ody_____ at him. He always wears
g iv e o u t: distrib u t e such strange clothes.
g iv e u p: 1) st o p (a ha bit e tc), 2) surre n d er A browses B notices C stares

2 The b oss_____ at him when he saw him come in late

for work again.
Fill in t h e co rrect p ar t icle.
A glared B glimpsed C spotted
1 You must give smoking. It's ruining your health. 3 I found the article while I was_____ through some old
2 Please give your essays by the end of the magazines.
week. A browsing B gazing C watching
3 Adam plans to sell or give all his books.
4 N atalie _____ out of the wind ow to see if the rain had
4 The milk is giving a horrible smell.
stopped.
5 There were people at the entrance giving
A stared B glanced C scanned
leaflets.
6 He stopped resisting and gave himself to the 5 She _____ at the audience from behind the curtain.
police. A browsed B spotted C peeked
7 I lent a pencil to George, but he didn't give i t .
6 Did you _____ how Pamela kept looking at her watch?
8 She gave my secret, so I'm terribly hurt.
A glare B glimpse C notice
9 The soldiers fought bravely, but finally they had to
g iv e. 7 Colin opened the letter,_____it briefly, and threw it
10 Sally gave her jo b and started writing poetry. away.
A scanned B gazed C glanced

F PREPOSITIONS 8 We all_____ at the breathtaking sunset in the distance.

A peeked B gazed C glared

Lo o k a t A p p e n d ix 1, t h e n fill in t h e co rrect 9 I'm glad you _____ the mistake before it was too late.
p re p osit i o n. A stared B scanned C spotted

1 He has absolutely no taste clothes. 10 I caught a _____ of him before he disappeared into the
2 He succeeded getting a place at art school. crowd.
3 I think I was a bit m ean Paula yesterday. A glance B glimpse C peek
4 Are you having trouble your car?
5 N ot many people have such a talent acting. Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.
6 M ost writers are sensitive criticism.
A: Royal Theatre booking line. H ow can I help you?
7 This ticket is valid two days only.
B: Hi. I'd like two 1) a d ult / g ro w n-u p tickets for Master
8 I took pity the beggar and gave him some
and Margarita, please.
food.
A: Certainly. When for? The play 2) ru ns/ h olds until the
9 The young actress is completely unaware
end of May.
the trouble she has caused.
B: This Friday night, if possible.
10 Children should be warned the dangers of
A: I'll just check ... I'm sorry, but that performance is
drugs.
3) t o t ally / f ully booked. W ould you like me to 4) t est /
11 Robert felt a bit uneasy the plan, but he
try a later performance?
agreed.
B: Yes, please. Perhaps you could check for Sunday.
12 There is no solution your problem.
A: OK ... there are two seats available near the stage
13 I try not to let my dance classes interfere
then. W ould you like to 5) k e e p / reserve them?
my schoolwork.
B: Yes, please. Will I receive the tickets by email?
14 The cinema smelle d freshly made popcorn.
A: N o. You simply 6) t a k e / collect them at the box office
15 He makes good use his talents.
on the evening of the performance.
16 She's not use d being spoken to like that.
B: I see. Thank you.
17 Don't worry Gary. He'll be OK.
18 I'm not worthy such an honour.

69
^ KEY-WORD TRANSFORMATIONS WORD FORMATION

VERBS FORMED FROM ADJECTIVES

The mechanic is repairing Paul's car this week.
We use these suffixes to form verbs from adjectives.
Paul is having / getting his car repaired this week.
Someone broke into their house recently. -en short-shorten
They had / got their house broken into recently. -ise special - specialise

The hairdresser should cut your hair - it's too long.

You should have / get your hair cut - it's too long. VERBS FORMED FROM NOUNS
I am going to ask them to send me a copy of the We use these suffixes to form verbs from nouns.
contract. -e n length - lengthen
I am going to have / get a copy of the contract sent. -ise apology - apologise

C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w o rds in b ol d.

Use t w o t o fiv e w or ds. C o m p le t e t h e g a ps w it h w or ds d eriv e d fro m t h e
w or ds in b ol d.
1 A well-known architect designed their house.
HAD They ______________________________________ 1 Anne ________________ her pencil

by a well-known architect. and started doing her homework. SH A RP

2 Simon does nothing but________________
2 Harry should ask someone to deliver the package to
and complain all the time. CRITIC
Lillian's house.
3 He became angry and ________________
H A VE Harry should
that he would go to the police. T H REA T
__________ to Lillian's
4 You'll need time to ___________________
house.
yourself with the procedures. F A M ILIA R
3 My aunt hired someone to paint her house last month.
5 The business will lose money if it
G OT My aunt ___________________________________
d oesn't ________________ its equipment. M O DER N
____________________________ last month.
6 A bunch of fresh flowers will
4 An interior decorator is redecorating our living room
__________________ up any room
at the moment.
in the house. BRIG H T
H A VI N G We _______________________________________
7 Swimming is good exercise.
living room redecorated
It ________________ all the muscles
at the moment.
of the body. STRE N GT H
5 Aren't you going to ask someone to repair the roof Your final paragraph should
8
before winter sets in? ___________________ the main points
H A VE Aren't you _______________________________ of the story. SU M M A RY
________ the roof before
9 Add the remaining ingredients
winter sets in? and keep stirring until
6 The teacher explained the grammar to the students. the sauce ___________________ . T H ICK
HAD The students 10 I would advise you to get out
__________________________ to them by their and ________________ a bit more. SO CIAL
teacher.
7 You can ask someone to collect your mail while you
are away.
C OLLECTED You _______________________________________
while you are away.
8 Dad is going to arrange for someone to cut the grass
tomorrow.
GET Dad is going to
________ tomorrow.
9 The optician is testing Stephanie's eyes on Thursday.
TESTED Stephanie ___________________________
__________________________ on Thursday.
 English in Use

[ MULTIPLE CHOICE

Re a d t h e t e x t b el o w a n d ch o ose t h e co rrect a nsw er f or e ach g a p A , B, C or D. T h ere is a n e x a m p le a t t h e

b e g in nin g (0).

ver since the first cave paintings were produced, people have been motivated to

E 0) express themselves through art. It can even be claimed it is one of the unique qualities
that make us human. 1)_____ most people would deny being an artist. We assume that to
be an artist, we need to be able to create a masterpiece, but this is simply not the 2)_____ . on the ^ą(n
The truth is that everybody has the ability to express themselves through art, and perhaps
more surprisingly, we can all benefit from doing so.
O ne way we can benefit from art is improved self-esteem. Remember how proud you felt
as a young child when your mother hung your artwork up on the fridge or wall for the
entire world to see? Well, that feeling of 3)_____ doesn ’ t go away as an adult. Seeing a
finished work of art that you have created 4)_____ the release of the hormone dopamine
into our bodies, which reduces feelings of depression and 5)_____ feelings of confidence.
In other words, creating art makes you feel better about yourself.
Research has also shown that 6)_____ in some form of artistic activity for just 45 minutes
can significantly relieve stress. It turns out that creating art is similar to meditation. It forces
the mind to slow down, focus 7)_____ the details and block out distracting thoughts,
resulting in people feeling noticeably calmer and less anxious.
Even viewing art 8)_____ shown to improve our problem-solving skills. Exposing ourselves
to paintings, sculptures and photographs can lead to a sense of well-being, so consider
adding a beautiful portrait to your home for a quick surge of dopamine at the end of a
stressful day.

0 A convey express C imagine D portray

1 A Because B Due to C Thus D Yet
2 A cause B case c event D state
3 A accomplishment B disappointment c jud gement D treatment
4 A inspires B invites c persuades D stimulates
5 A boosts B experiences c ignores D limits
6 A employing B engaging c involving D pursuing
7 A at B in c on D with
8 A had B has c has been D are having

C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces b el o w b y ch o osin g t h e co rrect a nsw er A , B or C.

1 After reading the novel, the students were asked to 6 The play caused a when it was first performed in
write a short of the plot. N ew York.
A sum B summary C summarise A sensationally B sensation C sensational

2 This painting is a fake - it's prac tic ally . 7 We were really with the movie - the ending was
A worthy B worthless C worthwhile so predictable.
A disappointing B disappointment
3 The film has received reviews so far.
C disappointed
A favourite B favoured C favourable
8 I really like the design of the new art gallery. It's
4 Despite my efforts t o Clare to enter the short
extre m ely.
story competition, she refused.
A tasty B tasteless C tasteful
A encourage B encouragement
C encouraging 9 To get into the theatre, you a ticket.
A require B requirement C requiring
5 The concert which was cancelled last night will now be
to a later date. 10 The actor was surrounded by fans, all wanting his
A rescheduled B unscheduled C scheduled autograph.
A admired B admirable C admiring
71
 Grammar
CONDITIONALS

C o n d i t i o n als

/ / cla use (hypothesis) M ain cla use (result clause) Use

Ty p e 1 lf + a n y p resen t f or m Fu t ure / Im p era tive / Prese n t si m ple true or likely to happen in
real p resen t (Present simple, Present can/ may/ might/ must/should the present or future
continuous or Present perfect) + in finitiv e w it h o u t to

If the weather is nice, we will go on an excursion.

If you have done your homework, you can watch TV.
If you have a headache, take an aspirin.
Ty p e 2 If + Past si m p le or Past would/could/might + infinitive untrue in the present; also
u nre al p rese n t co n tin u o us w it h o u t to used to give advice
Ifl were you, 1 wouldn't speak to him again, ( advice)
If he didn't eat so many sweets, he wouldn't have a problem with his teeth,
(but he eats a lot of sweets - untrue in the present)
Ty p e 3 lf + Past p erf ect or Past would/could/might + have + p ast imaginary situation contrary
u nre al p ast p erf ect co n tin u o us p articiple to facts in the past; also used
to express regrets or criticism

If she had known how to use the mixer, she wouldn't have broken it.

• When the / / -cla use precedes the result clause, we • After if we normally use were instead of was for all
separate the two clauses with a comma. persons in Conditionals Type 2 in formal English.
If he had been more careful, he wouldn't have caused If I were/wasyou, I would tell her everything.
the accident. B U T He wouldn't have caused the • We do not normally use will, would or should in
accident if he had been more careful, (no comma) / / -cla uses.
• Conditionals are usually introduced by if. O ther If you want this, you can have it. (N OT: if you will want)
expressions are: unless (= if not), providing, provided H owever, will, would or should can be used in
(that), as long as, in case, on condition (that), but for / / -cla uses to make a re q uest or express a n n o y a nce,
+ -ing f or m / n o u n, otherwise, or else, what if, d o u b t / u ncert ain t y or insist ence.
supposing, even if, only if. If he should come, show him in. (doubt/uncertainty -
Unless you work more efficiently, you'll be fired. I doubt that he will come...)
I will do it only if you promise not to tell anyone. If you will/would be more patient, I'll be with you
in a minute, (request - Will you please be more
patient?) /

Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 If you d o n't p u t u p / did n't p u t u p this shelf, you won't 10 He w o uld n't h a v e g o ne / d o esn't g o with her if he had
have anywhere to put your books. known she would behave so irresponsibly.
2 If he ch a n g es/ cha n g e d jobs, he would be a lot 11 I wouldn't have been able to do it unless she w o uld
happier. h elp / h a d h elp e d m e.
3 If I were you, I w o uld t ell / t old her how you feel. 12 Sometimes if you t a k e / t o o k a chance, it pays off.
4 If you continue to shout so loudly, you w o uld w a k e 13 If he w o k e u p / h a d w o k e n u p earlier, he wouldn't have
u p / will w a k e u p the baby. been late for work.
5 Even if he ask e d / ha d ask e d them, they wouldn't have 14 If they go on making so much noise, I w ill h a v e t o / h a d
agreed to come. to punish them.
6 Unless you f e el / f elt any better, you can take the rest of 15 If we h a d in t en d e d / in t e n d to spend the day in London,
the day off. we would have bought a day pass.
7 If she h a d n't t hre a t en e d / d o esn't t hrea t e n him, he 16 Keep your voice down in case he o v erh e ars/ o v erh e ar d
wouldn't have left. us.
8 I d o n't trust / w o uld n't trust him if I were you. 17 If she w ere / h a d b e en more experienced, she would be
9 If you're patient for a few minutes, I w ill b e a b le / w o ul d more likely to get the job.
h a v e b e e n a b le to finish this.
72
 Pu t t h e v er bs in b rack e ts in t o t h e co rrect t e nse. Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 If we take a taxi, w e (g e t)
there faster.
2 (Sa n d ra /succe e d) If I were a world leader, 1 1 ) to stop the destruction of
in getting the jo b if the interview had gone better? the Earth and I would make the world a better place for all
3 Shane will help you with your homework only if you people. If the world’s problems had been tackled sooner,
(n o t / dist urb) him while he the quality of life 2 ) long ago. First of all, I would try
does his. to bring about peace in the world. As long as there is
4 I(n o t / t o uch) that iron if I fighting between nations, millions of people 3 ) to
were you. suffer and die. If wars continue, children 4 ) without
5 There would be fewer accidents if every museum parents and grow up in a world of misery and fear. As long
v isi t o r( b e ) more careful. as people disagree over land and possessions, the fighting
6 You can borrow my phone, provided you 5 ) . Therefore, I would ensure that all people were
(giv e) it back in 20 minutes. treated equally and given the same opportunities in life. It
7 W e (n o t / fin d) ourselves lost would also help if all countries 6 ) producing arms, so
in the middle of nowhere if you had taken the map! weapons to fight with would no longer exist. In addition, I
8 Bring a scarf with you in case it would introduce laws to reduce pollution. If pollution levels
_________________________ (g e t) cold. had been controlled earlier, life 7 ) have become so
9 The team could have won the match if their best unbearable. If I 8 ) the power, I would ban all cars
p l a y e r(n o t / injure) from city centres and increase public transport. If there
himself in training. 9 ) more trees, the air we breathe would be cleaner.
10 If anyone should call while I'm in the shower, there Unless measures 1 0 ) soon, it will be too late both for
(b e) no need to answer the ourselves and our children.
phone.
11 If Greg had a better racket,
(h e / w in) more tennis matches?
12 Provided the s e a (n o t / b e) 1 A had tried B would try

too rough, we'll make the crossing tonight. C tried

2 A would improve B improved
13 The outing to the national park would have been
cancelled if i t (rain). C would have improved

14 (y o u / len d) me your laptop 3 A will continue B are continuing

as long as I promise to take care of it? C would continue

15 The d o c t o r(se e) you if you 4 A will be left B leave

wait just a few minutes. C have left

5 A would go on B will go on
16 Unless Mr S a n d s(fin d) a
C goes on
garage soon, he'll run out of petrol.
6 A will stop B stopped
17 If I don't brush my teeth, what
(h a p p e n)? C would have stopped
7 A wouldn't B hadn't
18 O pen a window if y o u (f eel)
C didn't
hot.
19 Supposing that you had a million dollars, what 8 A have B had

________________________ (y o u / d o) with it? C would have

9 A were B are
20 If we had finished the work in time, the teacher
________________________ (le t) us play a game. C would be
10 A had been taken B were taken
C are taken

73
 Grammar
CONDITIONALS

O m issi o n of if

If can be omitted in / /-clauses. In this case, should, were and hod (Past perfect) come before the subject.
If he should win the race, he'll be very happy. — Should he win the race, he'll be very happy
If I were you, I wouldn't tell him. — Were I you, I wouldn't tell him.
If I had known the truth, I'd have called the police. — H ad I known the truth, I'd have called the police.

Re w rit e t h e f o ll o w in g se n t e nces o m it tin g " if " , as in t h e e x a m p le.

1 If I were you, I would think twice before accepting his 4 If you get through to the theatre, could you reserve
offer. four tickets for tonight's performance?
Were I you, I would think twice before accepting his offer.
2 If you had saved enough money, we could have gone
on holiday._____________________________________________ 5 If you had paid the telephone bill on time, your phone
wouldn't have been cut off.
3 If I were you, I'd leave an hour earlier to be sure of
getting there on tim e.________________________________

M ix e d co n d i t io n als

All types of conditionals can be mixed. Any tense combination is possible if the context permits it.

/ f - d a use M ain cla use

Ty p e 2 If they were working all day, they will be tired now. Ty p e 1
(They were working all day, sothey are tired now.)
Ty p e 2 If 1 were you, 1 would have accepted the job. Ty p e 3
(You are not me, so you didn't accept the job.)
If he were a better driver, he wouldn't have crashed the car.
( He is not a good driver, so he crashed the car.)
Ty p e 3 If she had finished earlier, she would be going to the party tonight, Ty p e 2
(She didn't finish earlier, so she isn't going to the party.)

C h o ose t h e co rrect o p t io n.

1 If I were you, I to Jane like that yesterday. 5 You wouldn't be feeling so cold now if you some
A wouldn't speak B didn't speak warmer clothes for the trip.
C wouldn't have spoken A had packed B pack
C packed
2 You would be feeling better now if you the
medicine the doctor gave you last week. 6 If you were m e, t h e place at university I turned
A would take B had taken down?
C take A will you accept B would you have accepted
C would you accept
3 If they didn't take a phone with them, they able
to call us. 7 H ow far if they had been walking since 7 in the
A won't be B aren't morning?
C wouldn't have been A will they have gone B did they gone
C would they go
4 He would have been picked for the team if he
a better player. 8 You the race if you had a better bike.
A were B is A would have won B had won
C would be C will win

74
 REVISION

6 Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p t i o n.

i If you've finished tidying your room, you ______ on your 13 ______ my aunt, I'd never have found this house!
computer. A Unless C Incase
A play C can play B But for D If
B played D could play
14 I______ longer if I had known for sure that you were
2 ______ here ten minutes ago, we would have seen the coming.
Prime Minister! A would wait C would have waited
A Had we been C Were we B had waited D waited
B If we were D Should we be
15 ______ you had three wishes, what would you wish
3 Supposing you ______ Einstein, what would you have for?
asked him? A What if C Incase
A meet C met B Even if D O n condition that
B will meet D had met
16 ______ you, I wouldn't try to pet that strange dog.
4 If I______ you, I wouldn't eat that chilli - it's very hot! A If I C Should I be
A am C will be B Had I D Were I
B were D had been
17 ______ turned up for work yesterday, you wouldn't
5 If your room were neater, it ______ you ten minutes to have lost your jo b today.
find that book. A Had you C Did you
A won't take C doesn't take B W ould you have D Should you have
B wouldn't taken D wouldn't have taken
18 Unless you eat all your food, you ______ a dessert!
6 ______ anyone ask, I'll be in about an hour late A won't get C will get
tomorrow. B can get D wouldn't get
A Should C If
19 If the boys had left on time, they______ on the train
B Could D W ould
that's just leaving now.
7 ______ a musical instrument if you got the chance? A will be C would be
A W ould you learn C Will you learn B are D will have been
B Did you learn D W ould you have learnt
20 drop by, tell him I'm in the cafe across the street.
8 The journalist took a notepad ______ she had to write A Did Henry C If Henry
something down. B Should Henry D If Henry would
A unless C in case
21 Should anyone come into the sho p,______ me a shout.
B provided D supposing
A you gave C give
9 I'll come and watch your basketball gam e ______ you B to give D gave
come to the cinema with me afterwards.
22 The twins______ such a bad problem with acne if they
A if only C as long
ate less fried food.
B unless D only if
A didn't have C hadn't had
10 If John ______ to the museum, he wouldn't have seen B wouldn't have D don't have
his favourite actor.
23 You can go on the school trip ______ you promise to
A hadn't gone C didn't go
behave yourself.
B wouldn't go D hasn't gone
A otherwise C or else
11 If you gave me your name, I______ your file up on the B even if D as long as
computer.
24 If you ______ teasing your little brother, I'll send you to
A would look C will look
your room.
B look D looked
A hadn't stopped C don't stop
12 Make a lot of food. They'll be starving if they______ all B didn't stop D wouldn't stop
day.
A walking C are walking
B were walking D will be walking

75
 Vocabulary
GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES, WEATHER, ANIMALS

C o m p le t e t h e g a ps w i t h w or ds in t h e list. T h ere are t hre e e x tra w o rds.

• b a y • v alle y • g lacier *0011109 • clo u d y • h ar b o ur •rain f orest •m o u n t ai ns • b e ach • su n n y • h u m id

• Se a • rainy • D esert • v olcan o • co ast • frost y • riv er • f orest • free zin g • la k e • clif f • m ild • coral ree f
• O cea n • w a t erf all • isla n d

A brown bear crosses a(n) 1) A beautiful view of Stromboli, a(n)

by a(n) 2 )in the 1 3 )that is also an
3 )of Katmai National Park. active 1 4 ), on a(n)
Even in summer, the weather is 1 5 )day in spring.
4 )as it rains sometimes and Dolphins are a common sight in this
the temperature rarely rises above 1 5°C. area of the Mediterranean
1 6 ).

A small 5 )with a sandy Camels walk through the Sahara

6 )in the Zingaro Nature 1 7 )in a(n)
Reserve on a warm and 1 8 )between the
7 )day. There is a house sand dunes. It ’s 19)
on top of a(n) 8 )and hot during the day, but at night the
9 )in the distance. temperature drops.

An elephant stands in a shallow A(n) 2 0 )meets the

1 0 )in a(n) Atlantic 2 1 )on the

1 1 )in Thailand. 2 2 )of Greenland. It ’s

It ’s hot and 1 2 )all 2 3 )cold here and the

year round. weather is often snowy and
2 4 ).

2 C o m p le t e t h e t a b le. Re a d t h e coll oca t i o ns a n d use t h e m t o co m p le t e

t h e d escrip t i o ns.

N oun A d jectiv e • sh ar p b e a k / cla ws • t hick f ur • lo n g t ail

sun _ • f e a t h ery w in gs • w e b b e d f e et • h ard scales

1)___________________

2)____________________ windy An eagle has a for

eating its food and
3)___________________ rainy _____________________ for flying.

cloud 4)___________________

fog 5)____________________

6)___________________ snowy

7)___________________ misty

storm 8)___________________

thunderstorm stormy N OT: t h u n d erst or m y

76
1 PHRASALVERBS r WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED

k e e p a t st h: con tinu e w orkin g o n sth Ch o ose t h e correct o p t i o n. C h eck in y o ur

k e e p a w a y (fro m): st ay a w ay d ict i o n ary.
k e e p b ack: 1) st ay b ack, 2) co nceal
k e e p b e hin d: m a k e sb re m ain af t er o t hers have left 1 The w e a t h er / w h e t her forecast said it will snow
k e e p sb /st h d o w n: co ntrol tomorrow.
k e e p (o neself) fro m: 1) preven t fro m, 2) av oid 2 You should avoid the h ea t / hit by staying out of the
k e e p in w i t h: re m ain frie n dly wit h sun.
k e e p sb /st h o f f: (cause) t o st ay at a dist ance 3 Stro n g / H e a v y winds blew some tiles off our roof
k e e p o n: co ntin u e overnight.
k e e p u p w i t h: t o con tinu e d oing or st ay at t h e sa m e level 4 Make sure you wrap up; the temperature will be
with (sb /sth)
u n d er / b elo w zero today.
5 I enjoy flying my kite when there's a gentle breeze
and a clean /clear blue sky.
Fill in t h e co rrect p ar ticle(s). 6 M ost countries in Europe have a m e diu m / m ild climate,

1 She hired an assistant because she couldn't keep which means there isn't much extreme weather.

the work at the shelter.

2 The park ranger told us to kee p from C o m p le t e t h e g a ps w i t h drizzle, shine, blow, pour,

the animals. melt, lash in t h e co rrect f or m . C h eck in y o ur

d ict io n ary.
3 It's a good idea to kee p John as he
might be helpful to you later. 1 The wind was howling and the rain was
4 He's going to kee p taking his driving our faces.
test until he passes. 2 You'd better take an umbrella with you - it's
5 He put up a " N o Trespassing "sign to keep hikers already and could get heavier later.
his land. 3 The wind was so hard on the beach
6 Tell me the whole story; don't keep anything that it took our umbrella!
4 It was a beautiful d ay-the sun was
and the birds were singing.
' PREPOSITIONS 5 Let's go for a walk in the snow now because by
midday it will all h a v e .
Fill in t h e correct p re p ositio n. Ch eck in A p p e n d ix 2. 6 Toby was watching the rain down
outside.
1 There was a long queue the bus stop.
2 We have to protect wildlife all costs.
3 His habit left him seriously debt.
4 She left the oven on all day accident.
5 M any Asian countries, India instance, use
English as a second language.
6 My pen pal and I have a lot common.
7 The officer was charge of 20 men.
8 all accounts, he's a very capable teacher.
9 the beginning of the play, the hero sees the
heroine for the first time.
10 I thought he was honest the beginning, but
I was wrong.
11 I don't like being taken granted!
12 By the end of the documentary, the viewers were
______ tears.
13 Dr Milton discovered the vaccine chance.
14 Please don't change all your plans just my
sake.
15 Read the text detail, then answer the
questions.

77
 1 KEY WORD TRANSFORMATIONS WORD FORMATION

FORMING NOUNS FROM VERBS

C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w or ds in b ol d.
We can use these suffixes to form nouns from verbs.
Use t w o t o fiv e w o rds.
-sio n conclude - conclusion
1 I would have lent you my car, but I didn't know you
-sis analyse - analysis
needed to borrow it.
-tio n recognise - recognition
HAD If ____________________________________________
-ure depart - departure
_________ needed to borrow
-y unite - unity
my car, I would have lent it to you.
2 As long as you are very careful, you can use my tablet.
PRO VIDED You can use my tablet, C o m p le t e t h e g a ps w it h w o r ds d eriv e d fro m t h e
____________ ve ry ca ref u I. w or ds in b ol d. Ch eck in y o ur d ict io n ary.
3 If there isn't an interpreter at the conference, she won't
1 Jim has announced his
be able to understand the speakers.
________________ to step down
U NLESS She won't be able to understand the
as manager. DECIDE
speakers_____________________
2 They were very lucky to escape
_________ at the conference.
the accident without
4 He didn't get the jo b because he was late for the
INJURE
interview.
3 The car broke down due
W O ULD If he hadn't been late for the interview,
to engine _____________________ . FAIL
he ___________________________
4 He put great _____________________
__________________________ job.
on how to help stray animals. EMPH ASIZE
5 I only learnt to drive because you taught me. 5 The aquarium offers free
NEVER I ______________________________________________ _____________ every M onday. ENTER
drive if you hadn't taught me. 6 His friends put___________________
6 You'd better see a doctor. on him to join the environmental
WERE If ____________________________________________ club. PRESS
________________ see a doctor. 7 The price includes
7 Tim will be able to operate the machine, but somebody ___________________ and transport. ACC O M M O DATE
must show him how. 8 I'm afraid what he says has no
O NLY Tim will be able to operate the machine _____________________________ at all. BASE
__________________________ how. 9 They agreed to join in without
8 She didn't take an umbrella, so she got completely HESITATE
soaked. 10 Beth has a _______________________
H AVE If she had taken an umbrella, she for working hard to protect
______________________ soaked. endangered species. REPUTE
9 I will buy a new car, but I must save enough money
first.
SAVE Provide d ____________________________________
first, I will buy a new car.
10 She broke her leg so she couldn't go skiing.
BROKEN If ____________________________________________
leg, she could have gone skiing.
11 Kay can't be at home, otherwise she would have
answered the phone.
W O ULD If Kay ________________________________________
have answered the phone.
12 I would be grateful to receive any information you
may have.
C O ULD I would be grateful
____________ any information
you may have.

78
 English in Use

MULTIPLE CHOICE j

F or q u est i o ns 1 -10, re a d t h e t e x t a n d ch o ose t h e correct a nsw er f or e ach g a p, A , B, C or D.

Just to the north of the island of Sicily 1 ) the tiny island of

Stromboli, which is dominated by and named after Mount Stromboli,
one of Italy’s three 2 ) volcanoes. The name is connected to
the Greek word for 'round 1, and in shape the volcano is almost a
perfect cone that rises to 926 metres above sea 3 ) . The last
serious eruption of the volcano occurred in 1921, but there have
been continuous minor volcanic 4 ) for the past 2,000-5,000
years. 5 ) the dangers, people have lived on the island more or
less continually for the same period of time. However, the population
has 6 ) in recent years, and today inhabitants number in the
hundreds. In ancient times, it was believed to be the 7 ) that
the Keeper of the Winds, Aeolus, called home. It was there that he
gave Odysseus a 8 ) wind to take him back to Ithaca. He also
appears in the Aeneid by Virgil. Whatever the legend, in those times it
also had a practical 9 ) : the smoke rising from its peak
1 0 ) be seen from so far away that sailors used it to guide their
ships, giving it its nickname "Lighthouse of the Mediterranean ’’.

1 A lies B exists C rests D sights

2 A lively B active C alive D energetic
3 A height B quantity C level D amount
4 A happenings B situations C events D moments
5 A Though B Despite C Although D N evertheless
6 A reduced B declined C disappeared D increased
7 A part B site C place D position
8 A beneficial B advantageous C positive D favourable
9 A reason B cause C purpose D aim
10 A could B can C must D had to
MULTIPLE CHOICE

F or q u est i o ns 1 -10, co m p le t e t h e se n t e nces b elo w b y ch o osin g t h e co rrect a nsw er A , B or C.

1 When you write the of your essay, try to include 6 He worked out the answer to the problem using pure
a quotation.
A conclusion B conclusive C concluding A illogical B logic C logical

2 To get into the cinema for this film, we that you 7 What is the b est to do while we're in the national
prove to us you are over 18. park?
A requirement B require C requiring A active B activity C inactive

3 The customer must pay for any that occur in 8 The in the rainforest is nearly unbearable!
handling the items on sale. A humidity B humid C humidify
A break-ups B breakdowns C breakages
9 The weather's today - can we turn on the
4 This country is responsible for nearly half of the heating?
worldwid e of sunflower seed oil. A frozen B freeze C freezing
A production B productive C producer
10 You were about my place of origin - I'm from
5 I think you've the number of people who will Japan, not Thailand!
come to the party - this is far too much food! A informed B information C misinformed
A estimated B overestimated
C underestimated
79
 Grammar
WISHES/UNREAL PAST

W ish es

Form Use
1 wish ( if only) + Past sim ple/Past continuous wish /regret about a present
(wish /regret about the present) situation we want to be different situation
1 wish we were in London now. (It's a pity we aren't.)
1 wish ( if only) + could + bare infinitive wish /regret in the present
(wish/regret about the present) concerning lack of ability
I wish 1 could sing. (BUT 1 can't.)
1 wish ( if only) + Past perfect regret that something happened
(regret about the past) or didn't happen in the past
I wish you had told us earlier. (BUT you didn't.)
1 wish ( if only) + subject + would + bare infinitive wish for a future change unlikely
(impossible wish for a. wish and would should have a different subject, to happen or wish to express
a future change) b. wish + inanimate subject + would is used to dissatisfaction; polite request
express the speaker's lack of hope or implying dissatisfaction or lack of
disappointment hope

I wish he would stop eating too much junk food. (BUT / don't think he will - wish for a future change unlikely to happen )
1 wish you would pay more attention to what I'm saying, (dissatisfaction)
1 wish the wind would stop blowing. (BUT I'm afraid it won't stop blowing - wish implying disappointment)
1 wish you would be more careful. (Please, be more careful - request implying lack of hope)

After I wish we can use were instead of was in all persons. I wish she were/was here.

Ch o ose t h e correct o p tio n. Pu t t h e v erbs in b rack e ts in t o t h e co rrect t e nse.

1 I wish I_____ the lecture, but I was out of town.

A didn't miss B wouldn't miss 0 New message
C hadn't missed
H i M u m,
2 If only I_____ why they aren't returning my calls.
A knew B had known C could know I f e el re ally u n h a p p y! I w ish I 1)
(n o t / t a k e) t his j o b . If o nly I 2)
3 O h no! I wish it _____snowing! I can't go to work.
(g iv e) i t m ore t h o u g h t b e f ore I m a d e t h e d ecisio n t o
A would stop B stops C had stopped
co m e h ere. I w ish t h e p e o p le h ere 3)
4 I wish you _____ telling me what to do. (b e) m ore frie n d ly - t h a t w o uld m a k e i t m uch b e t t er.
A could stop B stop C would stop If o nly I 4 ) (h a v e) lo n g er b re a ks. Lo o kin g
a t a co m p u t er scre e n all d a y is t irin g , a n d so m e ti m es
5 Jane wishes she _____ a house in the countryside; she
I fin d m yself w ishin g i t 5)
doesn't like city life.
(e x p l o d e)! I w ish m y b oss 6)
A had B has C had had
(g iv e) m e so m e t hin g d if f ere n t t o d o. I w ish t h ere
6 Colin wishes he _____the piano. 7 ) (b e) so m e o n e h ere I co ul d t al k
A plays B were playing C could play t o, but I h a v e n't made any frie n ds. If o nly I
7 If only we _____ a bigger flat. 8) ( m a k e) so m e, but it's v ery
A was having B had C would have d if ficul t. I w ish y o u 9 ) (li v e) n e arer
t o m e! Ple ase w rit e. I m iss y o u!
8 If only I_____ to post the invitations. I'm really sorry.
Lo v e,
A don't forget B hadn't forgotten C forgot
Je n n y
9 I wish I_____ how to cook, but I don't.
A would know B had known C knew
SEND A © 1S H «
10 I wish I_____you on holiday, but I have to look after my
sister's children.
A had joined B could join C would join
80
The Past simple can be used to talk about imaginary, unreal or improbable situations in the present, and the Past perfect
can be used to talk about imaginary, unreal or improbable situations in the past.This is called unreal past. Unreal past is
used as follows:

Past si m p le Past p er f ect

• Conditionals Type 2 (unreal in the present) • Conditionals Type 3 (unreal in the past)
Ifl were you, 1 wouldn't do that. If he had warned me, this wouldn't have happened.
• wish (present) • wish (past)
I wish she were more cooperative. If only 1 hadn't lost all my money last night.
• \'drather/sooner sb ... (present) • \'d rather/sooner sb ... (past)
I’d rather you paid me today. I'd rather you had not told everyone.
• Suppose/ Supposing • Suppose/ Supposing
Suppose your father caught you smoking, what Suppose he had left before the boss came, what would have
would you do? happened?
• as if/ as though (untrue situation in the present) • as if/ as though (untrue situation in the past)
She behaves as if she were the Q ueen. Soon after being introduced, they were talking to each other
as if they had been friends for years.
• It's ( about/high ) time ...
It's time you started work.

would rather = I'd prefer

• when the subject of would rather is also the subject of the following verb
I'd rather + ( ^ resent ^ are i ^ 0 ^ (present/future reference) I'd rather play tennis.
\ Perfect bare \ nf\ n \twe (past reference} I'd rather not have gone out with him yesterday.

• when the subject of would rather is different from the subject of the following verb
I'd rather sb + 1 ^ ast s' m P' e (P ^ sent/future reference) I'd rather you stopped smoking.
I Past p erf ect (past reference) I'd rather you had mentioned that before.

• prefer + -ing f or m / n o un + t o + g erun d / n o u n (general).

I prefer (drinking) tea to (drinking) coffee.
• pre f er + f ull in finitiv e + rather than + b are in finitiv e (general preference)
I prefer to drink coffee rather than (drink ) tea.
• would prefer + fu\ \ in finitiv e + rather than + b are in finitiv e (specific preference)
I'd prefer to live in London rather than (live in ) Swansea.
• would rather + bare in finitive + than + b are in finitiv e
I'd rather fly to Munich than go there by car.

had better = should

• I had better + p resen t b are in finitiv e (present/future reference)

He had better consult a lawyer. ( = He should consult a lawyer.)
• It would have been better if + Past p erf ect (past reference).
It would have been better if you hadn't talked to James last night. ( = You shouldn't have talked to James last night.)

81
 Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n. C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w o rds in b ol d.
Use t w o t o five w o rds.
1 She had only lived there three months, but she spoke
the language as if she h a d b e en livin g / live d there 1 Your mother's worried about you. You should phone
longer. her.
2 If they w en t / h a d g o n e out less, theyd have more BETTER You ____________________________________________
money. your mother as she's worried about you.
3 I feel a bit sick now. I wish I h a d n't e a t e n / did n't e a t 2 Will you ever think about finding a flat of your own?
so much. TI M E It's______________________________________________
4 We'd rather you t o o k o u t / t a k e o u t separate holiday about finding a flat of your own.
insurance. 3 Look at how he lives - he thinks he's a millionaire.
5 Sylvia wishes she h a d / h as long hair. IF He lives _______________________________________
6 She'd rather did n't sh o w / n o t sh o w him her passport. a millionaire.
7 You'd better h a v e g o ne / g o to bed as we have to be 4 This summer, I would rather book a holiday in M onaco
up early tomorrow. than Lyon.
8 If only I wouldn't leave / hadn't left the wind ow open! PREFER This summer, I _______________________________
9 Suppose they had cancelle d /cancelled the flight. _____________ a holiday in M onaco
H ow would you have got home? rather than Lyon.
10 Tom's mother made him go to school, although he
5 Why didn't you tell me yourself that you were leaving?
would rather st a y e d / h a ve st a y e d at home.
RA T HER I'd ______________________________________________
11 I hate it when you speak to me as if I a m / w ere a child.
me yourself that you were leaving.
12 Chris prefers t o w ork / w ork mornings rather than
6 She wants to be more like her mother.
evenings.
W ISHES She ________________________________________
13 Suppose Helen in vit e d / w o uld in vit e Mark, would you
more like her mother.
still g oto the party?
7 I should have taken that jo b in Canada last year.
14 It's high time he faced / had faced up to his
O NLY If ________________________________________________
responsibilities.
that jo b in Canada last year.
15 I'd rather Sam d o esn't pla y / did n't pla y his music so
loud. 8 You should have checked the oil before you set out.
BETTER It ________________________________________________

Fin d a n d co rrect t h e m ist a k es. you had checked the oil before you set out.

1 If I are you, I'd tell them the truth. Fill in t h e g a ps w it h t h e a p p r o p ria t e a u xiliary
2 I'd rather you leave now. v er b.
3 Suppose he met Alan last
M onday, what would he have 1 He hasn't got a yacht, but he wishes h e .
told him? _____________________ 2 She can't afford a maid, but she wishes s h e .
4 I'd rather to have a break now. 3 I didn't pay attention in class, but I wish I.
5 I'd prefer to stay in to go out. 4 He had his hair cut really short, but now he wishes he
6 He behaves as if he knows
everything. _____________________ 5 He's going to the dentist this afternoon, but he wishes
7 If only you came on time to the h e.
meeting yesterday. 6 She made a terrible mistake, but now she wishes she
8 Suppose you had accepted their
proposal, would you move 7 They probably won't change their minds, but I wish
to N ew Yo rk n ext wee k? t h e y.
9 If you had come, I would 8 He always brings his dog to my house, but I really
introduce you to James. wish h e .
10 It's about time we get started. 9 I forgot to enclose the cheque, but I wish I.
10 He won't let me leave early, but I wish h e .

82
 Grammar
REVISION

7 C h o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 I only wish I_____with you now to help you. 14 If we hadn't got home late, we _____ you.
A was being C am A could call C called
B were D had been B would have called D would call

2 It's about time you _____looking for a new job. 15 Supposing you _____the competition, how would you
A to start C would start spend the prize money?
B had started D started A won C have won
B win D had won
3 He prefers walking _____ driving.
A than C to 16 I'd rather you ____ them where I was.
B from D rather A don't tell C weren't telling
B hadn't told D haven't told
4 If only I____ failed my exams.
A wouldn't C didn't 17 I'd sooner you _____ today.
B couldn't D hadn't A to be coming C came
B to come D come
5 It's about time we _____.
A had left C have left 18 Suppose he had found the note, what _____ him?
B are leaving D left A could you tell C had you told
B would you tell D would you have told
6 I'd rather live alone than ____ a flat with a stranger.
A share C having shared 19 He orders us around as if he _____ the boss.
B to sharing D to share A has been C is
B were D would be
7 Suppose you ____ a week off, where would you go?
A had had C are having 20 I'd rather____ eaten a whole pizza.
B had D would have had A not to have C didn't
B hadn't D not have
8 If she had told them the truth, th ey____ got angry
with her. 21 I'd rather you _____the assignment yesterday.
A weren't C wouldn't have A had finished C have finished
B wouldn't D didn't have B finished D to have finished

9 I_____to talk to my friends than watch TV. 22 I____ to move to Rome rather than move to Milan.
A would rather C had better A would prefer C rather
B would prefer D rather B prefer D would rather

10 She behaves as if the cafe ____ hers. 23 You'd b etter_____to the headteacher.
A has been C were A talking C talk
B is being D had been B to talk D had talked

11 I'd rather____ before he came. 24 She went to the meeting, but she wishes she
A had left C have left A hasn't C wasn't
B would leave D left B hadn't D doesn't

12 I forgot to text her, but I wish I_____. 25 It would have been better if yo u ____ here straight
A wouldn't C hadn't after college.
B wasn't D didn't A were coming C would come
B came D had come
13 I prefer____ TV rather than go out.
A watch C watching
B have watched D to watch

83
 Vocabulary
ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS M a tch t h e w o rds t o m a k e co ll oca t i o ns.

Fill in t h e co rrect w o rds in t h e list t o m a k e
carbon a fuels
co ll oca t i o ns. W hich d escri b e: (T) t hre a ts t o t h e
global b sprays
e n vir o n m e n t? (S) so lu t i o ns?
infectious c footprint
• e n d a n g ere d • n a tio nal • g ree n h o use • oil industrial d disease
• co nserv a tio n • f orest • t hick • f act ory ozone e waste
• e nviro n m e n t al • acid fossil f warming
aerosol g layer
1 species
2 parks
3 rain ENVIRONMENTAL PHENOMENA
4 awareness M a tch t h e h e a d lin es (1-10) t o t h e p h e n o m e n a
5 waste (a-j).

kr ft
6 smog
7 spills avalanche ] famine

q
hi
8 effect ibi epidemic ] blizzard
] volcanic eruption
iI
9 programmes c typhoon
10 fires d landslide ] tsunami
|e| drought il ] earthquake
M a tch t h e act i o ns/so lu t i o ns (a- g) t o t h e
e n vir o n m e n t al p r o b le ms (1-7). T h e n m a k e
1 No rain for last 4 months
e xch a n g es w i t h y o ur p art n er.

2 Crops fail as dry weather continues

3 Locals evacuated as lava destroys village

4 Skiers lucky to survive as

snow covers resort

5 Disease threatens millions

6 Storm and high winds

leave thousands homeless

7 Families trapped in homes

En viro n m e n t al Pro ble ms A ctio ns/Solu tio ns
as snow continues
11 I I disappearing a turn off lights when
forests we don't need them
8 Enormous waves hit
2 | animals being b use taps sparingly
California coast
hunted c use public transport
13 | | polluted beaches d recycle rubbish
|4| | energy waste e clean up the coastline 9 Main transport network
15 | | air pollution f protect endangered blocked by fallen bridges
1 61 | global water species
_______ shortage g plant trees
w Falling rocks and mud
1 71 | landfills full of
caused by heavy rain
rubbish

W hich o f t h e p h e n o m e n a in Ex. 4 are co m m o n in

y o ur co u n t ry?
84
1 PHRASALVERBS ' WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED

le t st h d o w n: le ng t h e n a g ar m en t Ch o ose t h e co rrect w or d t o co m p le t e t h e
le t sb d o w n: disa p p oin t se n t e nces. C h eck in y o ur d ict io n ary.
le t sb o f f: n ot t o p u nish
le t o n: reveal a secre t 1 The government ordered locals living near the
le t o u t: m a ke (a g ar m e n t) lo oser, larg er, e tc volcano to e v acua t e / rescu e immediately.
le t u p: lesse n, st o p gra d ually 2 The police want to reduce the number of casu alties/
surviv ors in road traffic accidents.
3 It didn't rain for three months during the d ra u g h t /
Fill in t h e co rrect p ar ticle. dro u g h t.
4 They felt the ground sh a kin g / rockin g and worried
1 The jud ge let the b oys with a warning.
that it might be an earthquake.
2 When she put on weight, she had to let all
5 The e m erg e ncy / d isast er services responded to the
her clothes.
floods very quickly.
3 It was raining hard earlier, but it's letting now.
6 The authorities are warning of extreme weather
4 John didn't let that Jim had broken the
st a t es/ co n d itio ns tomorrow evening.
wind ow.
7 The environmental group are callin g / d e m a n d in g for
5 This skirt is rather short. You'd better let i t .
new laws to protect endangered species.
6 I thought I could trust Sam, but he let m e .
8 They organised a ca m p ai g n / a n e x p e d itio n to clean
up the polluted beaches.
^PREPOSITIONS 9 The tap water here isn't secure /sa f e to drink.
10 The latest research shows that raisin g / risin g sea
7 Lo o k a t A p p e n d ix 2, t h e n fill in t h e correct levels are caused by climate change.
p re p osi t io n. 11 The cli m a tic / cli m actic conditions in the area make it
an ideal place to grow olives.
1 The scandal has b een the news for weeks
12 All rubbish is dumped in a landfill sig h t /sit e outside
now.
the city.
2 We can offer you a 10% discount if you pay
cash.
Loose or lose? C o m p le t e t h e g a ps. C h eck in y o ur
3 Payment can be mad e cheque or credit card.
d ict io n ary.
4 M artha was a loss to explain why she'd been
sacked. 1 money
5 There's a beautiful cottage sale in our village. 2 break
6 You're a good mood today! Have you had 3 dog
some good news? 4 a game
7 Your order will be sent post within 3 days. 5 my keys
8 There's a restaurant the top of the Eiffel Tower. 6 an advantage
9 The books were piled one top of the other. 7 clothes
10 We regret that the lift is not use today. 8 agreement
11 I'm sorry. I took your jacket mistake this 9 contact
morning. 10 the right to
12 The jud ges announced their d ecision the
end of the competition.
13 We were worried at first, but the end,
everything went well.
14 Let's go out to dinner a change.
15 The offices are 77 Oxford Street.

85
 * KEYW0RDTRANSF0RMAT,0NS ^ WORD FORMATION

NOUNS FORMED FROM VERBS

C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w o rds in b ol d.
Use t w o t o five w o rds.
We use these suffixes to form nouns from verbs.
1 I didn't pass my exams and now I can't go to university. -a g e pack - package
W ISH I______________________________________________ -al arrive - arrival
my exams; then I could go to university. -a nce accept - acceptance
2 I was about to buy the painting when I realised it was -a tio n alter - alteration
a fake. -e nce reside - residence
IF I would have bought the painting -io n edit - edition
_______________________________ it was a fake.
3 I didn't watch the TV programme because I didn't
know it was on. Fill in t h e correct f orm o f t h e w o rds in b old
KNOWN If ____________________________________________ f o r min g n o u ns fro m v er bs.
the TV programme was on, I would have 1 To get to the beach, you have
watched it. to walk down a narrow
4 I think you should go on holiday. P ASS
WERE If ____________________________________________ 2 O ur school puts great emphasis
I would go on holiday. on and
5 You shouldn't have told Sally my secret. social skills. C O M M U N IC A TE
TOLD I'd ____________________________________________ 3 Whatever you choose is really
Sally my secret. just a matter of personal
6 The way he behaves, you'd think he was a politician. PREFER
TH OUGH He b ehaves_________________________________ 4 They have household
a politician. in case
7 You should be in bed now. It's late. they ever get burgled. I NSURE

WENT It's to bed. 5 Jim has announced his

to join the
8 It would have been better if you had passed on the
wildlife organisation. DECIDE
message.
6 The local animal shelter required
O N LY If ____________________________________________
the message. a letter of___________________
with my application form. REC O M M E N D
9 If the teacher asked you to answer that question, what
7 They provided a clear
would you say?
of how
ASKED Supp ose ____________________________________
to become a volunteer
to answer that question, what would you
firefighter. EXPLA I N
say?
8 The campaign aims to draw
10 It's a pity it's raining.
people's to
ST OP I raining.
the harmful effects of pollution
11 She couldn't tell you because she didn't know. A TTE N D
on the environment.
W O ULD Had _________________________________________
told you.
12 Why did I listen to John? He always tells lies.
LISTE N ED If ____________________________________________
to John. He always tells lies.
13 We should have left by now if we don't want to miss
the bus.
TI M E It's ___________________________________________
if we don't want to miss the bus.
14 I would have liked you to have informed my parents
about the change of plan.
R A T HER I ______________________________________________
my parents about the change of plan.

86
 English in Use
A W

MULTIPLE CHOICE

Re a d t h e t e x t b elo w a n d t hin k o f t h e w ord w hich b est fits e ach sp ace. Use o nly o n e w ord in e ach sp ace.
T h ere is a n e x a m p le a t t h e b e g in nin g (0).

SO ®D»=ffiW
O ra n g -u ta ns are a m o n g t h e 0) most e n d a n g ere d sp ecies
o n o ur pla ne t. 1 ) w e d o m ore t o pro t ect
t h e m, so m e scien tists pre dict t h e y will disa p p e ar wit hin
50 y e ars. T h ere are 2 ) a b o ut 55,000 ora n g
u t a ns lef t in t h e w orld, a n d t his n u m b er is f allin g. H u nt ers
kill t h e a d ults a n d sell t h e b a bies t o circuses a n d z o os.
N a t ural d isast ers h a v e also t a k e n a t oll o n ora n g-u t a n
n u m b ers. In d o nesia, f or e x a m ple, o ne of the
3 ) ora n g -u ta ns co m e fro m, w as d e vast a t e d
b y se v ere f orest fires in 2020. H u n dre ds o f ora n g -u t a ns
w ere kille d a n d t h o usa n ds lef t 4 ) f o o d or a
place t o live. Luckily, h o w e ver, m a n y w ere rescu e d a n d
t a k e n t o Ta nju n g N a tio nal Park w h ere t h e y receive d
m e dical care a n d f o o d.
T h e In d o n esia n g o v ern m e n t h as n o w 5)
p er m ission f or a n e w ce n tre t o b e b uilt w hich will pro tect
a n d care f or a n y ora n g -u ta ns t h a t n e e d h elp. Th e O ra n g
u t a ns Fo un d atio n in Lon d o n is h elpin g to raise
6 ) f or t h e co nstructio n o f t h e ce n tre. If y o u
w o uld like t o h elp raise f u n ds, w e w o uld lo ve t o h e ar fro m
y o u. A n org a nisa tion calle d Care For T h e W ild is ru n nin g
a n O ra n g-ut a n a d o p tion sche m e if y o u are 7)
in con trib u tin g t o t h e care a n d u p ke e p o f o ne p articular
a ni m al. T h ere are m a n y w a ys y o u ca n h elp t o m a k e sure
t h a t t h ese lo vely a ni m als d o n ’ t 8 ) e x tinct.
So, w h y d o n ’ t y o u h elp m a k e a dif f erence!

Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 I've never felt as proud I do today, helping put 6 It's time we all our part to reduce pollution.
out the fire in the forest. A did B have done C would do
A from B than C as
7 I never had the to explain to them what had
2 Everyone nee ds water for a healthy life. really happened.
A clear B clean C fine A occasion B opportunity C moment

3 You won't be allowed to enter the country unless you 8 We can all steps to protect our oceans and
a visa. marine life.
A don't have B will have C have A take B have C bring

4 O ur lives on the environment, so we need to 9 M any of our rivers and lakes with chemicals and
take good care of it. industrial waste from factories.
A depend B base C count A have polluted B polluted C are polluted

5 She must to the Andes before. 10 It turned out a really interesting lecture.
A be B to be C have been A to be B being C be
87
 REPORTED SPEECH

D irect sp e ech gives the exact words someone said. We We use say + t o-in finitive but never say about. We
use inverted commas in direct speech. use tell sb, speak/talk about, instead.
"It's quite warm," she said. Mum said to be home by 10 o'clock. She spoke/talked
Re p ort e d sp e ech gives the exact meaning of what about/told us about her adventures.
someone said but not the exact words. We do not use We use ask in reported questions and commands, or
inverted commas in reported speech. in direct questions.
She said it was quite warm. He said to me, “ Help me!" — He asked me to help him.
He asked, "Are you OK?" - > He asked me if I was OK.
Say - Tell - Ask

We use say in direct speech. We also use say in Ex p ressi o ns w i t h say, tell and ask

reported speech when say is not followed by the

Ex p ressio ns w it h say: say good morning/evening, etc,
person the words were spoken to.
say something, say one's prayers, say a few words, say
"I can't help you," he said. — He said (that) he couldn't
so, say no more, say for certain/sure, etc
help me.
Ex p ressio ns w it h tell: tell the truth, tell a lie, tell (sb)
We use tell in reported speech when it is followed by
the time, tell sb one's name, tell a story, tell sb a secret,
the person the words were spoken to.
tell sb the way, tell one from another, tell sb's fortune,
"\ can't help you," he said to me. - > He told me he
tell sb so, tell the difference, etc
couldn't help me.
Ex p ressio ns w it h ask: ask a favour, ask
the time, ask a question, ask the price, etc

Fill in say, tell or ask in t h e correct f or m .

1 My parrot can a few words in English. 11 The old man always good morning to his
2 Please me what you think of my new dress. neighbours.
3 He that he couldn't reply to any more 12 "I'd love to go," she to me.
questions. 13 When I was younger I used t o my sister all
4 My mother used t o me a story before I went my secrets.
to bed. 14 " Could you help me with these bags?" she
5 He promised t o no more about the matter. me.
6 She stopped t o the time because she 15 Rachel keeps me that she's going to change
thought she was late. jobs, but she never does.
7 The little girl her prayers and then went to 16 He didn't anything to me about the job.
sleep. 17 My friend called and me if I was feeling
8 Sally couldn't for certain whether or not she better.
would be staying. 18 Can I you a question?
9 He had taken an oath, so he had t o the truth 19 Could you me your name, please?
in court. 20 Linda for directions to the museum.
10 With identical twins you can rarely the
difference between them.

88
 REPORTED SPEECH

There are three types of reported speech: statements, questions and co mmands/requests/sug gestions.

St a t e m e n ts

• Reported statements are introduced with say or tell. - the speaker is reporting something immediately
In vert e d co m m as are omitted in reported speech. after it was said (up to date).
That is optional in the reported sentence. "The hotel is awful," he said. - He said (that) the
" She is sleeping," Tom said. — Tom said (that) she was hotel is awful, (up to date)
sleeping. - the direct sentence is unreal past, conditionals
• T e nses change as follows: type 2/type 3 or wishes.
"I wish I were rich," she said. — She said she wished
D irect sp e ech Re p or t e d sp e ech she were rich.
Presen t si m p le — Past si m p le • If the speaker expresses something which is believed

" He plays well," she said. She said (that) he played well. to be true, the tenses may change or remain
unchanged.
Prese n t co n tin u o us — Past co n tin u o us
7 love the place," she said. — She said she loves/loved
" He is playing well," she She said (that) he was the place.
said. playing well.
• H owever, if the speaker expresses something which
Past si m p le — Past si m p le / Past p erf ect is believed to be untrue, the tenses change.
" He played well," she She said (that) he played/had " China is a small country," he said. - He said (that)
said. played well. China was a small country.

Past co n tin u o us — Past p erf ect co n tin u o us • The Past si m p le changes to the Past p erf ect or
remains the sa m e. When the reported sentence
" He was playing well," She said (that) he had been
contains a time clause, the tenses remain
she said. playing well.
unchanged.
Fu t ure si m ple — > would "The car broke down while I was driving to work," he
“ He will play well," she She said (that) he would play said. — He said (that) the car had broken down while
said. well. he was driving to work.
N o t e: If the reported sentence is out of date, the
Fu t ure co n tin u o us — would + be + v er b -ing
tenses change, but if it is up to date, the tenses can
" He will be playing well," She said (that) he would be remain the same.
she said. playing well. " He moved out a month ago," he said. — He said (that)
Presen t p erf ect - Past p erf ect he had moved out a month before, (speech reported
" He has played well," she She said (that) he had played after he had moved out - out of date)
said. well. "lam going to the cinema tonight,"she said. — She
said (that) she is going to the cinema tonight, (speech
Presen t p erfect co n tin u o us — Past p erfect
reported before she goes to the cinema - up to date)
co n tin u o us
• Perso n al p ro n o u ns a n d p ossessiv e a d jectives
" He has been playing She said (that) he had been
change according to context.
well," she said. playing well.
" No, I won't lend you my new car!" he said. — He said
• N ote that Past p erf ect and Past p erf ect co n tin u o us (that) he wouldn't lend me his new car.
remain the same in reported speech. • Certain words change as follows depending on the
• T e nses d o n o t ch a n g e in re p ort e d sp e ech w h e n context.
D irect sp e ech: this/these here come
- the reporting verb (said, told, etc) is in the
" He will come to my house for dinner," she said.
Present, Future or Present perfect.
Re p ort e d sp e ech: that/those there go
"The weather is hot," she says. — She says (that)
She said (that) he would go to her house for dinner.
the weather is hot.
- the speaker expresses general truths, permanent
states or conditions.
'W ater freezes at 0 ° C," he said. — He said (that)
water freezes at 0° C.
 Ti m e w or ds can change or remain the same depending on the time reference.

D irect sp e ech Re p or t e d sp e ech

• tonight, today, this week/ month /year • that night, that day, that week/ month/year
• now • then, at that time, at once, immediately
• now that • since
• yesterday, last night/week/ month/year • the day before, the previous night/week/ month/year, the week/
month /year before
• tomorrow • the following day/the day after
• next week/ month /year • the following / next week/ month /year, the week/ month/year after
• two days/ months/years, etc, ago • two days/ months/years, etc, before

"I'm sitting an exam tomorrow" he said. — He said he was sitting an exam the next/following day. (out-of-date reporting)
"I'm sitting an exam tomorrow," he said. — He said he is sitting an exam tomorrow, ( up-to-date reporting)

Ch o ose t h e correct o p tio n. Ch o ose t h e correct o p tio n.

1 "I've done my homework," Lia said to Paul. 1 " My dad ran a marathon at the age of 45."
Lia said / t old Paul l /sh e h a d d o ne / did m y / her She told me that her dad _ a marathon at the age
homework. of 45.
2 "I enjoy working in my garden," said Alex. A was running B had run C has run
Alex said / t old that h e / l h a d e njoy e d / enjo y e d
2 " We're meeting Thomas at 8 o'clock."
working in his/ m y garden.
She said that they_____Thomas at 8 o'clock.
3 " We played tennis for our school," said Alice.
A were meeting B have met
Alice said / t old me w e / t h e y pla y / h a d pla y e d tennis
C had been meeting
for o ur / t h eir school.
4 "I saw Victoria in the supermarket today," he said. 3 "I've written four pages of the report."

He said / t old that h e / l h a d se e n / h as se en Victoria in He said that he _four pages of the report.

the supermarket t his/ t h a t day. A wrote B was writing C had written

5 "This is delicious," she said to him. 4 "I've been studying a lot."

She said / t old him that t h a t / t h ese w as/ w ere delicious. He said he _____ a lot.
6 "I'll phone you tomorrow," said Jamie. A studies B have been studying
Jamie said / t old he w ill p h o ne / w o uld p h o n e me the C had been studying
day b e f ore / a f t er.
5 "I'm sitting on this chair."
7 "I told Ryan to email you three days ago," she said.
She said that she ____ on that chair.
She said / t old that l /sh e h as t old / h a d t old Ryan to
A will be sitting B was sitting
email me three days b e f ore / t h en.
C had been sitting
8 " We're having a great time here on holiday!" said his
parents. 6 "I worked as a waiter before becoming a chef."
His parents said / t old w e / t h e y h a d / w ere h a vin g a He said he _as a waiter before becoming a chef.
great time t h ere / t h e n on holiday. A is working B has worked C had worked
9 "I wasn't paying attention right now," said Vicki. 7 " We were hoping to get married in June."
Vicki said / t old that l /sh e did n't p a y / h a d n't b e en She told me that they_____to get married in June.
p a yin g a t t e ntio n a t o nce / a t t h e ti m e. A had been hoping B are hoping
10 "I really like the blue tie," he said to the sales assistant. C have been hoping
He said / t old the sales assistant that h e / l really lik e d /
8 "I commute 45 minutes to work every day."
h a d lik ed the blue tie.
He told me that he _45 minutes to work every day.
A has commuted ___________________ B commuted
C had commuted

9 "I had lived in four countries by the age of twenty."

She said that she _in four countries by the age of
twenty.
A lived B was living C had lived
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 REPORTED SPEECH

Re writ e t h e f ollo w in g se n t e nces in t o re p or t e d sp e ech

1 "I'm visiting Greece,"says Angela, (u p -t o- d a t e 8 "If I see him, I'll invite him to the party," said Mary,
re p o rt in g)_____________________________________________ (o u t-o f-d a t e re p or t i n g)_____________________________

2 "I've never been to Paris before,"said John, (o ut-o f- 9 "I was locking the car when a traffic warden turned up,"
d a t e re p or t in g)_______________________________________ she sa id . _______________________________________________

3 "I'm taking my driving test next week,"she said, 10 "I'm not going on holiday next week," he said, (u p -t o-
(u p - t o - d a t e re p ortin g) _____________________________ d a t e re p o rt in g)_____________________________________

4 "I don't speak Spanish,"said Sarah. 11 "I've written five emails this morning,"said Eddy,
(u p - t o - d a t e re p ortin g) ___________________________
5 " My house is not far from the town centre," he says.
12 "I saw a car accident last night," he said to me.
6 " Water boils at 1 00°C," he said, (g e neral tru t h)

7 " Australia is a very big country," he said, (tru e st a t e m e nt)

Re p or t e d q u est io ns - D irect q u est io ns

Re p ort e d q u estio ns are used to report someone else's question begins with a question word; b) ask + if/
questions, suggestions, offers or requests. In reported whether when the direct question begins with an
questions, we use affirmative word order and the auxiliary verb (do, have, can, etc). Tenses, personal
question mark becomes a full stop. Inverted commas are pronouns, possessive adjectives, time words, etc change
omitted. To report a question we use: a) ask + q u estio n as in statements.
w ord ( who, which, where, how, etc) when the direct

D irect q u est i o ns Re p or t e d q u est io ns

He asked her, " What is your name?" He asked her what her name was.
He asked her, " Do you like tea?" He asked her if/whether she liked tea.

Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 " Were the Smiths at the event?" he asked. 6 " Did you see the parade?" he asked us.
a He asked were the Smiths at the event. a He asked us if did we see the parade.
b He asked if the Smiths were at the event. b He asked us whether we'd seen the parade.

2 " Why are you leaving now?" she asked me. 7 " Why are you wearing sunglasses?" she asked him.
a She asked me why am I leaving now. a She asked why he was wearing sunglasses.
b She asked me why I was leaving then. b She asked why was he wearing sunglasses.

3 " Did you meet each other at university?" he asked them, 8 " H ow often do you use public transport?" she asked me.
a He asked them if they'd met at university. a She wanted to know how often I used public
b He asked them if did they meet at university. transport.
b She wanted to know how often did I use public
4 " Are you staying in tonight?" Jim asked her.
transport.
a Jim asked her if was she staying in tonight.
b Jim asked her whether she was staying in that 9 " Who else have you told?" they asked me.
night. a They asked me who else we'd told.
b They asked me who had we told else.
5 " What can we do about this?" we asked.
a We wanted to know whether we could do about it. 10 " Where will you be staying?" I asked her.
b We wanted to know what we could do about it. a I asked her if she would be staying.
b I asked her where she would be staying.
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 Grammar
REPORTED SPEECH

Re w rit e t h e f o ll o w in g se n t e nces in t o re p or t e d sp e ech.

1 " Will you be going to San Francisco next summer?" his 7 " Did you actually seethe man fall?" the reporter asked
boss asked. the bystander.

2 " Why were you in a hurry?"she asked me. 8 " Will you give me a hand lifting the piano?" the
workman asked his helper.

3 " Do you want a lift to work tomorrow?" he asked her.

9 " Can you check the brakes please?" she asked the
mechanic.
4 " What time have you arranged to meet Clare?" he
asked her.
10 " Have they finished renovating their house?" he asked me.

5 " H ow long has Jane been working here?"she asked me.

11 "Is Mary still having a party next Saturday?"she asked me.

6 " Who left the door open?" she asked them.

12 " Where does your father work?" the teacher asked him.

Re p or t e d q u est io ns - In d irect q u est i o ns

In direct q u estio ns are used to ask for information/ doubt..., the question mark is omitted. Q uestion words
advice. They are introduced with: Could you tell me...?, {what, who, where, etc) or whether can be followed by
Do you know ...?, I wonder..., I want to know ..., I doubt an infinitive in the indirect question if the subject of the
..., etc and the verb is in the affirmative. If the indirect question is the same as the speaker.
question starts with I wonder..., I want to know ... or I

D irect q u est i o ns Re p or t e d q u est i o ns

He asked me, " How old is Thomas?" Do you know how old Thomas is?
He asked me, "Is it correct?" He wondered if/whether it is/was correct.
He asked me, " Where can 1 leave it?" He wanted to know where he could leave it/where to leave it.

Re w rit e t h e f o llo w in g se n t e nces in t o in d irect q u est i o ns.

1 Where did I leave my glasses? (I w o n d er ...) 5 Did he tell the truth? (I d o u b t...)

2 Is John planning to call a meeting? (Did y o u k n o w ...) 6 Where is the nearest swimming pool? (Co uld y o u t ell
m e ...)

3 Have they ever had a hit single before? (D o y o u k n o w ...)

7 Who left this package on my desk? (Sh e w o n d ere d ...)

4 When are you arriving in London? (I w a n t t o k n o w ...)

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 Grammar
REPORTED SPEECH

1
Re p or t e d co m m a n ds/ re q u ests/su g g est i o ns

To report co m m a n ds, re q uests, su g g estio ns we use an introductory verb ( advise, ask, beg, offer, suggest, etc) followed
by a t o-in finitiv e, an -ing f or m or a t h a f-cla use depending on the introductory verb.

"Be careful," he said to me. -> He told me to be careful, (command)

"Please don't talk," he said to me. -> He asked me not to talk, (request)
" Let's watch TV," he said. - He suggested watching TV. (suggestion )
"You'd better go to the dentist," he said. — He suggested that I (should) go to the dentist, (suggestion/ advice)

Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n. Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 " Don't drink this milk-it's gone off!" 1 " What about having the party outside?"
a He warned us not drinking the milk. She sug gested _the party outside.
b He warned us not to drink the milk. A to have B about having C having

2 " OK, I won't talk about this anymore." 2 " Why don't you come and stay with us for a few days?"
a I agreed not to talk about that anymore. She invited us_and stay with them for a few days.
b I agreed not will talk about that anymore. A going B to g o C went

3 "I'm sorry, but I'm not going to get involved." 3 " Don't open the window!"
a She refused to get involved. I told him not_____ the wind ow.
b She refused getting involved. A to open B opening C open

4 " Do you want me to drive you to the station?" 4 "I'm so sorry I missed your party."
a He offered drive me to the station. She apologised for____ my party.
b He offered to drive me to the station. A to miss B missed c missing

5 "Excuse me, but there aren't any clean towels in our 5 "I won't be late again!"
room." He promised not ____ late again.
a They complained about not to have clean towels A being B will be c to be
in their room.
6 "I really must speak to the manager."
b They complained about not having clean towels
She d emand e d ____ to the manager.
in their room.
A to speak B spoke c speaking
6 "You should come with us - it's going to be a lot of fun."
7 "Please leave the building now!"
a She wanted me to go with them.
The police ordered us____ the building immediately.
b She wanted me going with them.
A leave B leaving C to leave
7 "Your order will be ready in three days."
8 " We're definitely going to the concert. We have to see
a They informed me that my order was ready in
it."
three days.
He insisted on us____ to the concert.
b They informed me that my order would be ready
A to g o B going C go
in three days.
9 "I don't think it's a good idea to invite Sophia."
8 She asked herself, "Should I buy some new furniture?"
He advised us not_____Sophia.
a She wondered whether to buy some new
A to invite B inviting C invite
furniture.
b She wondered should she buy some new 10 "I didn't close the door of the fridge properly."

furniture. He admitted not_____ the fridge door properly.

A had closed B closing C to close
9 He asked himself, " Where can I get my laptop fixed?"
a He wondered where to fix his laptop. 11 " Don't cross the road without looking both ways."

b He wondered where he could get his laptop fixed. He warned us not____ the road without looking both
ways.
10 "I didn't have anything to do with what happened."
A cross B crossing C to cross
a She denied have anything to do with what happened,
b She denied having anything to do with what
happened.

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 Grammar
REPORTED SPEECH

Re w rit e t h e f o llo w in g se n t e nces fro m d irect t o re p or t e d sp e ech.

1 " Don't run down the corridors, please," he said to us. 5 " Can you open the window?"she said to me.

2 " May 1 leave the room, please?"said the student. 6 "Shall we go ice-skating on Saturday?"said Miles.

3 "Let's turn on the television,"said Paul. 7 " Don't touch the statue!" he said to us.

4 "Soldiers! Stand to attention!"said the Major. 8 "Shall we go camping this summer?"said my brother.

M o d al v er bs in re p or t e d sp e ech

Some modal verbs change in reported speech when the reported sentence is out of date, as follows:
will/shall — would, can — could (present reference} /would be able to (future reference), may - might/could, shall - >
should (asking for advice)/wou / d (asking for information)/ offer (expressing offers), must - must/had to (obligation)
^ must remains the same when it expresses possibility or deduction), needn't — didn't need to/didn't have to (present
reference) /wouldn't have to (future reference).

D irect sp e ech Re p or t e d sp e ech

He said, "I'll phone you this evening." — He said (that) he would phone me that evening.
He said, "1 can speak French." — He said (that) he could speak French, (fact)
He said, "1 can join you soon." -- He said (that) he would be able to join us soon, ( ability)
He said, "1 may be late home/ ’ -> He said (that) he might be late home.
He said, " How shall 1 get there?" —> He asked how he should get there, ( advice)
He said, " Where shall we go?" — He asked where they should go. (information)
He said, " Shall 1 take you home?" -* He offered to take me home, (offer)
He said, "You must try harder." -» He said (that) 1 had to try harder, (obligation)
He said, "You must be joking." -* He said (that) 1 must be joking, (deduction )
He said, "You should take a holiday." -> He said (that) 1 should take a holiday.
He said, " She had better tidy her room." —> He said (that) she had better tidy her room.
He said, " She needn't know who he was." — He said (that) she didn't need to/have to know who he was.
He said, "You needn't meet me tomorrow." —> He said (that) 1 wouldn't have to meet him the next day.

would, could, might, should, ought to, had better, used to and mustn't do not change in reported speech.

Re w rit e t h e f ollo w in g se n t e nces in t o re p or t e d sp e ech.

1 He said, "Shall I carry your bags?" 5 He said, "Kevin may need your help later."

2 He said, "She needn't see the report." 6 He said, "You must control your feelings."

3 He said, " HI pick you up at 4 o'clock." 7 He said, "You need to let me know tomorrow."

4 He said, "You should get away for a while." 8 He said, "She had better not say that again."

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 REPORTED SPEECH

Sp ecial i n t ro d uct ory v er bs

In t ro d uct ory v erb D irect sp e ech Re p or t e d sp e ech

a g re e + t o-in finitiv e "Yes, I'll be happy to help you." He agreed to help me.
demand "Tell the truth!" He demanded to be told the truth.
o f f er " Would you like me to open the door?" ► He offered to open the door.
p ro m ise "I'll definitely be here early." —► He promised to be there early.
re f use " No, 1 won't lend you any money." —► He refused to lend me any money.
t hre a t e n " Hand over your money or I'll shoot He threatened to shoot me ifl didn't hand over
you." my money.
clai m "1 saw him steal the car." —► He claimed to have seen him steal the car.

a d vise + sb + t o-in finitiv e "You should see a doctor." —► He advised me to see a doctor.
allo w "You can borrow my car." He allowed me to borrow his car.
ask "Please, turn the light off." —► He asked meto turn the light off.
beg "Please, please stop shouting so loudly." He begged me to stop shouting so loudly.
co m m a n d " Leave the room!" He commanded us to leave the room.
e nco ura g e "Go ahead, drive the car." He encouraged me to drive the car.
f orbid "You must not arrive late tonight." He forbade me to arrive late that night.
instruct " Lift the receiver and wait for the —► He instructed me to lift the receiver and wait for
dialling tone" the dialling tone.
in vit e sb " Wouldyou like to come out to dinner —► He invited me to go out to dinner with him.
with me?"
ord er " Close the door immediately." He ordered me to dose the door immediately.
p er mit You may leave now." He permitted/ allowed me to leave then.
re min d " Don't forget to water the plants." —> He reminded me to water the plants.
urg e "Try to be punctual." —► He urged me to try to be punctual.
w arn " Don't go near the edge of the cliff." He warned me not to go near the edge of the cliff.
want "I’d like you to study harder." —► He wanted me to study harder.

accuse sb o f + -ing f or m "You stole my handbag!" —► She accused me of stealing her handbag.
a p olo g ise f or "I'm sorry 1 was rude to you." —► He apologised for being rude to me.
a d m it (t o) "Yes, 1 broke the window." He admitted (to) breaking/having broken the
window.
b o ast a b o u t "Tm more intelligent than you." —► He boasted about being more intelligent than me.
co m p lain t o sb a b o u t "You always leave the door open." —► He complained to me about my always leaving
the door open.
d e ny " No, 1 didn't break the window." —» He denied breaking/having broken the window.
insist o n "You must take all the medicine." —► He insisted on me/ my taking all the medicine.
su g g est " Let's go out for a walk." —► He suggested going out for a walk.

a g re e + t h o t-cla use "Yes, it's a great idea." —► He agreed that it was a great idea.
b o ast "Tm the best player of all." —► He boasted that he was the best player of all.
clai m "1 know who stole your car." He claimed that he knew who had stolen my car.
co m p lain "You never help me." She complained that he never helped her.
deny "1 never touched the vase!" —► He denied that he had ever touched the vase.
e xclai m "It's a success!" He exclaimed that it was a success.
e x plain "It's a difficult theory to follow." —► He explained that it was a difficult theory to
follow.
in f or m sb "Your application is under review." He informed me that my application was under
review.
p ro mise "1 won't forget again." —► He promised that he wouldn't forget again.
su g g est "You ought to help her out." —► He suggested that 1 help her out.

e x plain t o sb + how "That’s how 1 crashed the car." —► He explained to me how he had crashed /
the car.
 Grammar
REPORTED SPEECH

Sp ecial i n t ro d uct o ry v er bs

In t ro d uct ory v erb D irect sp e ech Re p or t e d sp e ech

w o n d er where/what He asked himself, " How can she do that?" — He wondered how she could do that.
why/how + clause He asked himself, " Where have they — He wondered where they had gone.
(when the subject of the introductory gone?"
verb is n o t t h e sa m e as the subject in He asked himself, " Why is Tom so rude?" - He wondered why Tom was so rude.
the reported question) He asked himself, " What will they do?" — He wondered what they would do.

w o n d er + w h e t h er + t o-in finitive or He asked himself, " Shall 1 take the job?" -* He wondered whether to take/he
clause should take the job.
w o n d er where/what/how + He asked himself, " What shall 1 do next?" — He wondered what to do next.
t o-in finitive (when the subject of the He asked himself, " How can 1 break the — He wondered how to break the
infinitive is the sa m e as the subject of news?" news.
the verb)

Use t h e co rrect f orm o f t h e v er bs in t h e list t o Use a p p r o p ria t e in t r o d uct ory v er bs, t o re p or t t h e

co m p le t e t h e se n t e nces. f o ll o w in g se n t e nces.

• re f use • t ell • or d er • accuse • su g g est • b e g 1 "You took my bag, didn't you?" she said to me.
• f orbid • a g ree
2 "I'll bring my homework tomorrow," he said.
1 He said /'Let's go shopping."
He going shopping.
2 "Please, please give me another chance." 3 " Get out of the room now!" he said to us.
I her to give me another chance.
3 " OK, I'll go to the cinema with you," she said. 4 "The train leaves at 6 o'clock," she said to Ann.
She to go to the cinema with him.
4 "You are not allowed to stay out past midnight."
5 " Don't forget to make a dental appointment," he said
Her father her to stay out past
to m e.__________________________________________________
midnight.
5 " Why don't we visit a museum on Sunday?" said Pat
6 "Please, please help me," she said to him.
to Joey.
Pat that they go to a museum on
Sunday. 7 "You must give us a call when you get back," she said

6 "Just wait for me outside the theatre." to us.____________________________________________________

I her to wait for me outside the
theatre. 8 "I won't help you," he said to me.
7 "You broke my mobile phone," she said to me.
She me of breaking her mobile 9 " W ould you like to go out with us?" they said to me.
phone.
8 "I won't answer any questions without a lawyer
10 "If you do that again, I'll punish you," he said to me.
present."
The criminal to answer any questions
11 "I didn't break the vase," she said.
without a lawyer present.
9 "Pay the fine within 30 days."
The jud ge the woman to pay the fine 12 " Will the rain ever stop?" she asked.
within 30 days.
10 "Yes, we'll be happy to lend you the money." 13 " First turn this knob, then flick the switch," he said to
The bank manag er to lend him the m e.____________________________________________________
money.

14 "Yes, you're right," he said to Paul.

96
 Grammar
REPORTED SPEECH

Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 He explained that that was a difficult situation, 8 Emily allowed me to call her by her first name.
a "It has been a difficult situation," he said, a "You may call me by my first name," said Emily.
b "This is a difficult situation," he said. b "You must call her by her first name," said Emily.

2 She boasted that she had met the Q ueen once. 9 She asked us to turn off all the lights before we left.
a "I met the Q ueen once," she said. a " Had you turned off all the lights before you left?"
b "I have met the Q ueen recently," she said. she said.
b "Please, turn off all the lights before you leave," she said.
3 He complained to me that I always left the bathroom
in a mess. 10 He ordered them to be there on time.
a "You always leave the bathroom in a mess!" he said, a "Be here on time," he said.
b "You always left the bathroom in a mess!" he said. b "Let's try to be there on time," he said.

4 He allowed me to use the photocopier whenever I 11 They urged me to tell them what was on my mind,
wanted. a " Go on, tell us what's on your mind," they said,
a "You could use the photocopier whenever you b " W ould you like to tell us what's on your mind?"
wanted," he said. they said.
b "You may use the photocopier whenever you
12 She wanted him to cook dinner that night.
want," he said.
a "I'd like you to cook dinner tonight," she said.
5 She insisted on my staying until 5 o'clock every day. b "I wanted you to cook dinner last night," she said.
a "You must stay until 5 o'clock every day," she said.
13 She apologised for spoiling the surprise party.
b "You would stay until 5 o'clock every day," she said.
a "I wish I hadn't spoilt the surprise party," she said,
6 She demanded to be given the money. b "I'm sorry I spoilt the surprise party," she said.
a " Can you give me the money?" she said.
14 Luke agreed to lend us a hand.
b " Give me the money!" she said.
a "Sure, I'd be glad if you lent us a hand," said Luke.
7 He boasted about crossing the Atlantic by himself, b "Sure, I'd be glad to lend a hand," said Luke.
a "I'd like to cross the Atlantic by myself," he said,
15 She promised to never let us down again.
b "I crossed the Atlantic by myself," he said.
a "I'll never let you down again," she said.
b "I've never let you down before," she said.

Re p o rt in g a d ial o g u e o r a co n v ersa t io n

In conversations or dialogues, we use a mixture of since, so, and then he/she went on to say, while, then,
statements, commands and questions. When we report etc or the introductory verb in the present participle
dialogues or conversations, we use: and, as, adding that, form. Exclamations such as: O hl, O h dear!, Weill, etc are
and he/she added that, explaining that, because, but, omitted in reported speech.

D irect sp e ech Re p or t e d sp e ech

"I was sorry to hear you haven't been well. — She said she was sorry to hear I hadn't been well and added
I hope you're feeling better now/she said. that she hoped I was feeling better.
" What a brilliant idea!" she exclaimed. — She exclaimed that it was a brilliant idea and wondered why
" Why didn't I think of that?" she hadn't thought of it.
"Can you make dinner tonigh t, Tom?" she said.
"I'm working late."
—
that she was working l a t e.
She asked Tom if he could make dinner that night, explaining
y

97
 Grammar
REPORTED SPEECH

Excla m a t i o ns - Yes/ N o sh o r t a nsw ers - Q u esti o n t a gs

• Excla m a tio ns are replaced in reported speech with OR su b ject + a p p ro p ria t e in tro d uct ory v erb.
exclaim, thank, wish, say, cry out in pain, etc, give an " Can you help me?" she said. " No," he said. — She asked
exclamation ofsurprise/horror/disgust/delight, etc. him if he could help her, but he said he couldn't. OR She
The exclamation mark becomes a full stop. asked him if he could help her, but he refused.
Exclamatory words such as O hl, Eek!, Wow!, etc are Q u estio n t a gs are omitted in reported speech. We
omitted in the reported sentence. can use an appropriate introductory verb to retain
" Wow!" she said when she saw the huge cake. - She their effect.
cried out in surprise when she saw the huge cake. "They haven't made up their minds yet, have they?"
• Yes/ No sh ort a nsw ers are expressed in reported she said. -* She wondered if/whether they had
speech with a su b ject + a p p ro p ria t e a u xiliary v er b already made up their minds. / >

Re w rit e t h e f o llo w in g co n v ersa t io n in re p or t e d sp e ech.

" Hello John. Have a seat, won't you?" Mr Williams said.

"Thank you, sir," John replied. "I'm sorry I'm a bit late, but the traffic was dreadful."
" Don't worry John, it's not important," Mr Williams said. "You see, I finally made up my mind last night to give you Alan
Tomkin's job since he's retiring."
"That's excellent news, Mr Williams, and I give you my word I'll do my best to do a good job," John replied.
" Why don't you take your new contract home tonight and study it, John?" Mr Williams said.

Su b ju nct iv e

The bare infinitive form of the subjunctive is used after si m ple f or m instead of the bare infinitive form of the
certain verbs and expressions to give emphasis. These subjunctive.
are: advise, ask, demand, insist, propose, recommend, It is essential (that) you finish this work today, ( more usual)
request, suggest, it is essential, it is imperative, it is It is essentia! that you should finish this work today,
important, it is necessary, it is vital followed by (that) + (less usual)
su b ject. In British English we normally use should +

Giv e t h e co rrect f orm o f t h e v er bs in b rack e ts.

1 It is imperative that we ___________________________________ 4 It is important that you

(f ollo w) his orders to the letter. (t a k e) these pills three times a day.
2 He insisted that h e (p ay) 5 He demanded that no one else
for the meal. (allo w) to see the contract.
3 He proposed that Mr Hallam 6 She recommended that we
(a p p oin t) president of the club. (st ay) at the other hotel.

98
 Grammar 9
REVISION

17 Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 " Caroline's arriving today." 13 " We could ask Andrew for some ideas."
She told me that Caroline was arriving ____ . He sug gested _____ Andrew for some ideas.
A next day C then A ask C asking
B that day D ago B to ask D could ask

2 "I work in a bank." 14 "The weather is warmer than usual," said Peter.
He said that _____in a bank. Peter said _____warmer than usual.
A he had worked C he worked A the weather it is C the weather was
B he has worked D I work B that the weather D the weather be

3 " lam leaving for Paris tomorrow." 15 " We enjoyed the concert very much," Helen said to
She told us she ____ for Paris the following day. Kevin.
A left C is leaving Helen told Kevin ____ the concert very much.
B was leaving D has been leaving A they can enjoy C that they enjoying
B that enjoyed D they enjoyed
4 "I've been ill for a few days."
He told me he _____ for a few days. 16 "I'm sorry I was so rude yesterday," said Jack.
A is ill C has ill Jack ____ for being so rude the previous day.
B was ill D had been ill A accused C complained
B apologised D denied
5 "I'll lend you some books to read."
He told me he _____ me some books to read. 17 " Where did you eat?"
A lent C would lend Julian asked me where ____ .
B has lent D was lending A I had eaten C did I eat
B had I eaten D I have eaten
6 "The meeting may start early."
He told us that the meeting _____ early. 18 "I didn't copy Mark's homework," Toby said.
A can start C would start Toby d enie d _____ Mark's homework.
B might start D must start A had copied C that copied
B him to copy D having copied
7 "I must leave at 2 p.m. today."
He said that he _____at 2 p.m. that day. 19 " Have you signed the contract?"
A left C might leave Sarah _____signed the contract.
B could leave D had to leave A told me if I had C suggested that I had
B asked me whether I had D said if I
8 "I was at the doctor's this morning."
She told me she ____ at the doctor's that morning. 20 " W ould you like to come over for lunch on Sunday?"
A would be C had been she asked.
B has been D was being She invite d _____ over for lunch on Sunday.
A to come C us to come
9 "You should talk to Emma about it."
B us come D us coming
She said that I_____to Emma about it.
A could talk C would talk 21 "I'm studying now."
B should talk D talked David told me that he _____.
A was studying at that time
10 "I'll have it ready by tomorrow."
B would be studying now
He said he ____ it ready by the following day.
C was studying now
A was having C will have
D is studying then
B would have D has had
22 " My car has broken down."
11 "I can't do it without your help."
Liam explaine d ____ d own.
She said she _____it without my help.
A his car to break C how his car breaks
A couldn't do C hadn't done
B us his car broke D that his car had broken
B didn't do D needn't do

12 "Be quiet!"
She told us
A be quiet C we be quiet
B to be quiet D we were quiet
99
 Vocabulary
SPORTS

a) M a tch t h e sp o rts (A -L) t o t h e p ict ures (1-12). W hich are: team La b el t h e p ict ures.
sports? individual sports? W hich t a k e p lace: indoors? outdoors?

A basketball
B karate
C hockey
D motor racing
E cycling
F baseball

b) C o m p le t e t h e t a b le w it h t h e sp o rts fro m Ex. 1 a.

play do go

M a tch t h e p ieces o f e q uip m e n t

Fill in t h e v er bs in t h eir co rrect f or m: cross, win, climb, get, score,
(A -l) fro m Ex. 3 t o t h e sp o rts (1-9)
ride, take, break.
in w hich t h e y are use d.
1 The sprinter the world record in the 100 metres final. m basketball
2 The fans celebrated when their team a goal in the final 12 | | canoeing
minute of the match. 13 I I ice hockey
3 The marathon runner had to use the last of his energy to [T O volleyball
the finishing line. 15 | | scuba diving
4 The football team will need to score twice if they want to 1 61 | tennis
____________ the match. 1 71 | fishing
5 Debra likes t o her bike in the country at weekends. 1 81 | horse-riding
6 You should make sure you have the proper equipment before you 1 91 | rock climbing
the mountain.
7 Sandra injured when she fell on her knee while playing
basketball.
8 Tara plans t o up golf after she retires.
100
r PHRASALVERBS PREPOSITIONS

lo o k a f t er: t a k e care o f Lo o k a t A p p e n d ix 2, t h e n fill in t h e co rrect p re p ositio n(s).

lo o k d o w n o n: d espise (o p p. loo k u p t o)
lo o k f or: search f or 1 The situation is g etting control; we must take action
lo o k f o r w ar d t o: an ticip a t e immediately.
lo o k in t o: in vestig a t e 2 We heard our team won the news.
lo o k o n: 1) b e a sp ect a t or, 2) re g ard; 3 He hasn't played tennis for a while, so he's practice.
consider 4 The parachutist land ed a field.
lo o k o u t (f or): w a tch o ut 5 You are arrest; you have the right to call your lawyer.
lo o k o v er: insp ect caref ully 6 The stadium is fire; vacate the area!
lo o k t hr o u g h: st u d y caref ully (sth
7 The coach agreed to speak to m e the record.
writt en)
8 I'm sure the bus will arrive long.
lo o k u p: 1) lo ok f or in f or m a tio n in a b o ok
9 This must be p oste d delay!
or list, or o n a co m p u t er, 2) visit sb af t er
10 I was the impression he failed to score a goal all season.
a p erio d o f ti m e (esp ecially sb livin g at
11 I'm writing regard to your recent application.
so m e dist ance)
12 our surprise, he won the tournament.
m a k e f or: m o ve q uickly t o wards
m a k e u p: 1) in ve n t (st ory, p o e m, etc),
f WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED
2) m a k e an a m o un t co m ple t e,
3) co m p ose, 4) reconcile, 5) pre pare (by
mixin g) Fill in t h e f ollo w in g co ll oca t i o n g ri d.
m a k e o n eself u p: p u t cosm e tics o n
m a k e u p f or: co m p e nsa t e f or
w in beat e arn g ain
m a k e o u t: 1) co m ple te; fill in,
2) distin g uish, 3) u n d erst an d co n fi d e nce
a co n t est
a livin g
Fill in t h e co rrect p ar ticle(s). an op ponent
a prize
1 I've been lo oking my
tennis racket everywhere. a salary

2 The hotel manager will look sp e e d

your complaint. a team
3 I must lo ok this essay a m e d al
before I hand it in tomorrow.
4 Robert looks his brother
for not being good at sports.
5 He lo oks his father who he
considers to be a great athlete.
6 Lo ok for sharks when you
go swimming.
7 Lo ok the word in the
dictionary if you don't know what it
means.
8 John lo oks the children
while M ary goes to the gym.
9 I'm sure he made the whole story

10 I'll make forgetting our

anniversary.
11 He mad e the cheque to
me personally.
12 Your handwriting is so bad I can
hardly make what you've
written.

101
 English in Use

F KEY-WORD TRANSFORMATIONS WORD FORMATION

NOUNS REFERRINGTO PEOPLE

C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w o rds in b ol d.
Use t w o t o fiv e w o rds.
verb + -er / -or / -ar
1 "I don't like this kind of music," he said. ( manage - manager, invent - inventor,
C O M PLA I N ED H e __________________________________ burgle - burglar)
like that kind of music. noun /verb/ adjective + -ist
2 " Where's Sally going on holiday?" asked Jane. (science - scientist, pacify - pacifist, active - activist)
W AS Jane ___________________________________ verb + -a n t / -e n t
______________________________ on holiday. ( assist - assistant, correspond - correspondent)
3 " Don't touch that saucepan because it's hot," she said noun + -a n / -ia n
to me. (republic - republican, diet - dietician)
N OT Sh e ____________________________________
verb + -ee
the saucepan because it was hot.
(train - trainee)
4 "I'm sorry I missed the appointment," he said.
A P OLO GISED H e ______________________________________
the appointment.
C o m p le t e t h e g a ps w it h w o rds d eriv e d fro m t h e
5 "You need to leave now," he said to me. w or ds in b ol d.
N ECESSA RY He told me that it was
1 Emergency help is needed for
_______________________ of the
at once.
earthquake. SURVIVE
6 "Please, please don't go Suzie," she cried.
2 There were angry complaints from
BEG GED Sh e go.
nearby_______________________ about
7 "You broke that wind ow, Tom," said Mr Smith.
the noise. RESIDE
A CCUSED Mr Smith
3 Peter is a g o o d _______________________
_______________________________ wind ow.
who gets things done quickly
8 " O h, you look so beautiful," he said to her. and efficiently. E M PLOY
RE M A RKED H e __________________________________ 4 She is a writer as well as a leading
_________________________ so beautiful. art _______________________ . H IST O RY
9 "You needn't come tomorrow," said Grandma to me. 5 Julia's a better_______________________
H A VE Grandma said than I thought - they believed
every word she said. LIE
to go the next day. 6 Rio de Janeiro has nearly
10 "You shouldn't stay in the sun for longer than thirty 14 million _______________________ . I N H A BIT
minutes," the doctor told us. 7 Andrew's not a very good singer,
A D VISED The doctor but he's a talented
________ in the sun G UIT A R
for longer than thirty minutes. 8 This device may be considered
11 "You must not enter the room without permission," he too expensive for the average
said to us. C O NSU M E
TO H e ______________________________________ 9 The final game attracted a crowd
the room without permission. of over 50,000_______________________. SPECT A TE
12 " Do try and practise a bit more," she said to us. 10 He began his career as a
URGED She ______________________________ _______________________ for
a bit more. a French newspaper. JO UR N AL

13 "I would like you to be there by 6 o'clock," she said to

them.
W A N TED Sh e ____________________________________
there by 6 o'clock.
14 " OK, I'll wait a little longer," she said.
TO She ____________________________________
a little longer.

102
r MULTIPLE CHOICE |

C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces b el o w b y ch o osin g t h e co rrect a nsw er A , B or C.

1 That style of dress is very at the moment. 5 The situation has improved over the past few
A fashion B fashionably C fashionable years.
A considerate B inconsiderate C considerably
2 You can the soup by adding flour or potatoes.
A thicken B thickness C thickener 6 He studied the map, trying t o the way to Jessica's
street.
3 H er paid off when she was offered the job of
A memorise B memory C memorable
manager.
A persisting B persistent C persistence 7 Over 30,000 will run in the N ew York M arathon.
A competitors B competitions C competitively
4 I tend to b e when I have to make an important
decision. 8 His speech was so that I couldn't help laughing.
A hesitated B hesitant C hesitation A humour B humorous C humourless

_ MULTIPLE CHOICE J

Ch o ose t h e b est a nsw er (A , B or C) t o fill in t h e g a ps.

0 A outfield ® outdoor C outside

1 A actually B although C besides
2 A was writing I B had written c was written

4
3 A
A
many
at
B
B
more
on
c
c
most
over
ERICHEM
5 A consists B conforms c contains Cricket is an 0) B team sport played with bats and a ball. It
6 A have B make c take developed in England as early as the 1 200s, 1)it wasn't
7 A across B forth c forward until the 1 700s that a set of rules for the sport 2). It is
also very popular in places that England once ruled as
8 A from B for c to
colonies, such as Australia, India, Pakistan, South Africa and
9 A vary B various c variety
the West Indies. It is now played in 3) than 100
10 A had B held c happened countries.
Cricket is played 4)a large oval field. In the centre of the
field is a long rectangular area called the pitch, which is about
20 metres long and 3 meters wide. At each end of the pitch is
a wicket, which 5 )of three short wooden posts placed
closely together.
Two teams of 11 players compete in a cricket match, and
6 )turns to bat. The team with the most runs (or points)
at the end of the match wins. Runs are scored by the two
batting players running back and 7 ) between the two
wickets after one of them has hit the ball. Runs can also be
scored by hitting the ball to the boundary of the field. The
fielding team tries to prevent them 8 )scoring runs, and
can dismiss the batsmen in a number of ways.
Cricket matches 9 )in length, with some lasting an
afternoon, and others taking up to five days to complete. An
international cricket competition called the W orld Cup was
first 1 0)in 1975. It takes place every four years between
the top cricket nations around the world.

103
10 JH NOUNS/ARTICLES

• Some nouns of Greek or Latin origin form their plural

N o u ns
by adding Greek or Latin suffixes.
• N ouns are: a bstract (invasion, visit, etc), co ncre t e (basis - bases, crisis - crises, terminus - termini,
(invader, visitor, etc), p ro p er ( David, Madrid, Japan, criterion - criteria, medium - media, etc)
etc), collectiv e ( audience, family, government, etc) a n d
co m m o n (book, sofa, etc). C o m p o u n d n o u ns

Compound nouns form their plural by adding -s/-es:

T h e p l u ral o f n o u ns
• to the second noun if the compound consists of two
N ouns are made plural by adding: nouns.
• -s to the noun. (corkscrew - corkscrews)
(book - books, etc) • to the noun if the compound consists of an adjective
• -es to nouns ending in -s, -ss, -x, -ch, -sh. and a noun.
(bus - buses, class - classes, (steering wheel - steering wheels)
fox - foxes, church - churches, rash - rashes, etc) • to the first noun if the compound consists of two
• -ies to nouns ending in co nso n an t + y. nouns connected with a preposition or to the noun if
(body - bodies, party - parties, etc) the compound has only one noun.
(doctor of philosophy - doctors of philosophy,
• -s to nouns ending in v o w el + y.
hanger-on - hangers-on)
(boy - boys, play - plays, etc)
• at the end of the compound if this is not made up of
• -es to nouns ending in -o
any nouns.
(potato - potatoes)
(runaway - runaways)
• -s to nouns ending in: v o w el + o (video - videos),
d o u b le o (taboo - taboos), a b b re via tio ns
Irre g u lar p l u rals
(photograph/photo - photos), m usical instru m e n ts
(cello - cellos) a n d p ro p er n o u ns ( N avajo - N avajos). man - m e n, woman - w o m e n, foot - f e e t,
Some nouns ending in -o can take either -es or -s. tooth - t e e t h, louse - lice, mouse - m ice,
T h ese are: buffaloes/buffalos, mosquitoes/ mosquitos, child - child re n, goose - g e ese, sheep - sh e e p,
volcanoes/volcanos, zeroes/zeros, tornadoes/tornados, deer - d e er, fish - fish, trout - tro u t, ox - o x e n,
etc salmon - sal m o n, spacecraft - sp acecra f t,
• -v es to some nouns ending in -f / -f e. aircraft - aircra f t, means - m ea ns,
(scarf- scarves) (B U T chiefs, roofs, cliffs, safes, etc) species - sp ecies, hovercraft - h o vercra f t

W rit e t h e p lural o f t h e f o ll o w in g w o rds.

1 potato 16 ship
2 calf 17 story
3 boyfriend 18 type
4 louse 19 fishing rod
5 mosquito 20 workman
6 child 21 stereo
7 video 22 fox
8 superstar 23 toy
9 trout 24 teacher
10 photo 25 house
11 flyover 26 stepmother
12 bunch 27 lorry
13 mother-in-law 28 wolf
14 zoo 29 baby
15 dessert spoon _______________________ 30 fish
 Grammar
NOUNS/ARTICLES

C o u n t a ble - U nco u n t a b le n o u ns

N ouns can be co u n t a b le (those that can be counted) • So m e n o u ns: accommodation, advice, anger,
1 egg, 2 eggs, etc or u nco u n t a b le (those that can't be applause, assistance, behaviour, business, chaos,
counted) bread, wood, etc. Uncountable nouns take a countryside, courage, dirt, education, evidence,
singular verb and are not used with a / a n. Some, any, no, homework, housework, information, intelligence,
much, etc can be used with them. knowledge, luck, music, news, peace, progress, seaside,
L uggage is obtained from the L uggage Reclaim Area. shopping, traffic, trouble, truth, wealth, work, etc
Can I have some bread, please? B UT a relief, a pity, • Collective n o u ns: baggage, crockery, cutlery, furniture,
a shame, a wonder, a knowled ge (of sth), a help. jewellery, luggage, machinery, money, rubbish, stationery,
What a relief! What a pity! What a shame! etc
U nco u n t a b le n o u ns are: N o t e: With expressions of duration, distance or money
• M ass n o u ns (fluids, solids, gases, particles): meaning "a whole amount " we use a singular verb.
beer, blood, bread, butter, air, oxygen, corn, flour, etc Two months was too long to spend in hospital.

• Su b jects o f st u d y: history, literature, maths, physics, M a n y u nco un t a b le n o u ns ca n b e m a d e co u n t a b le:

accountancy, chemistry, economics, etc a piece ofpaper/cake/information/ advice/furniture; a
• La n g ua g es: Spanish, French, Japanese, Portuguese, glass/bottle ofwater/beer/wine; a jar of ja m; a pint of
Italian, Chinese, etc beer; a box/sheet of paper; a packet of tea; a slice/loafof
• G a m es: baseball, billiards, football, golf, darts, rugby, bread; a pot of yoghurt; a pot/cup of tea; a kilo/pound of
cricket, cycling, etc meat; a tube of toothpaste; a bar ofchocolate/soap; a bit/
piece of chalk; an ice cube; a lump of sugar; a bag of flour;
• D ise ases: flu, pneumonia, measles, mumps,
a pair of trousers; a game of soccer; a ( n) item/piece of
chickenpox, tuberculosis, etc
news; a drop/can of oil; a can of Coke; a carton of milk; a
• N a t ural p h e n o m e n a: darkness, fog, gravity, hail, snow,
block of wood; a flash/bolt of lightning; a clap/peal of
sunlight, shade, etc thunder, etc

Plural n o u ns

• objects consisting of two parts: g ar m e n ts (trousers, headquarters, family, government, jury, press, public,
pyjamas, etc), instru m e n ts (binoculars, compasses, staff, team, etc) can take either a singular or a plural
etc), t o ols (scissors, pliers, etc) verb depending on whether we see the group as a

• t h ese n o uns: arms, ashes, barracks, clothes, whole or as individuals, (the staff as a group)

congratulations, earnings, (good) looks, outskirts, The staff were given a bonus at Christmas, (each
people, police, premises, riches, stairs, surroundings, member of the staff separately as individuals)
wages, etc. The police are looking for the bank robbers. The staff is required to fill out a medical form.

• Gro u p n o u ns (army, audience, class, club, N ote how certain nouns can be used in the singular

committee, company, council, crew, crowd, and plural with a different meaning.

Si n g u lar Plural

Give me a glass of water, please. I've been wearing glasses since 1 was 8 years old.
Has she always had short hair? There are so many hairs in the sink!
How would you rate this on a scale of 1 to 10? Can you put that fish on the scales for me, please?
In Japan it is not a custom to kiss your friends. O ur bags were thoroughly searched at customs.
H ave you got any lined paper 1 could use? He showed his papers to the customs officer.
She's wearing a ring made of wood. John loves his Sunday afternoon walk in the woods.
1 can't talk now; 1 have a lot of work to do. A lot of Dali's works are on display in this museum.
We had at least 200 people at our wedding. The peoples of Europe are hoping for change.
The rain is falling really heavily now. The villagers are hoping for the rains to come soon.
You need experience for this job. 1 had a lot of interesting experiences visiting Asia.
We used a compass to find our direction. Use your compasses to draw some circles.

105
 2 Ch o ose t h e co rrect v er b f orm . Pu t t h e v er bs in b rack e ts in t o t h e co rrect f orm .

1 M athematics is/ are my favourite subject. 1 Hard w o rk( b e) the key to success.
2 This company has/ have six branches. 2 G r a v i t y( p u l l) things towards the
3 Water is/ are necessary for survival. centre of the Earth.
4 The scissors cut /cuts really well. 3 Decorating a h o us e( b e) a lot of trouble.
5 Your scales is/ are not very accurate. 4 The c o m m it t e e(m e e t) every
6 Butter contain/contains a lot of fat. W ednesday in the boardroom.
7 This machinery is/ are very noisy. 5 Your t r o use rs( g o ) nicely with that
8 M ost people is/ are worried about the future. blue top.
9 My luggage was/ were lost by the airline. 6 Good l o o ks( b e ) all you need to be a
10 £300 is/ are too much to spend on that dress. model.
11 The news was/ were interesting this evening. 7 It is said that lightning n e v e r(st ri k e )
12 Your furniture is/ are so tasteful. in the same place twice.
13 W ood come /comes from trees. 8 The st a irc as e ( b e ) too steep for my
14 Tennis is/ are a game played by 2 or 4 people. grandmother to climb.
15 Her advice was/ were useful. 9 My favourite p y j a m as( b e ) the ones
16 Japanese is/ are difficult to learn. with red and white stripes.
17 Children usually like /likes sweet things. 10 A loaf of b r e a d (c ost) more now
18 That jewellery really suit /suits you. than it did ten years ago.
19 Your hair is/ are so shiny. 11 Ph ysics(i n vo lve) a lot of theoretical study.
20 M easles is/ are infectious. 12 O live o i l( a d d ) a lot of flavour to cooking.

In d e f i n i t e ar t icle (A/An)

• A /An is used with singular countable nouns to talk • The is used with singular and plural nouns, countable
about indefinite things. and uncountable ones, to talk about sth specific or
There's a man standing at the door, (indefinite) when the noun is mentioned for a second time.
We can use some in the affirmative with plural countable Can I try on the blue dress, please? ( Which dress? The
nouns or uncountable nouns and any in questions and blue one; specific)
negations. There was a rat in the kitchen. I killed the rat with my
There are some people at the bus stop. Give me some boot.
milk, please. Are there any cups in the cupboard? There • A / An or the is used before singular countable nouns
isn't any sugar left. to refer to a group of people, animals or things.
• A /An can also be used meaning " per" (He goes to the A /The dolphin lives in the sea. ( We mean all dolphins).
gym twice a /per week.) or with money ( a /one pound), A / An or the is never used before a noun in the plural
fractions ( a /one quarter), weight/ measures ( a /one when it represents a group.
metre), whole numbers ( a /one thousand), price/weight Dolphins are intelligent animals.
(£2 a kilo), frequency/time (three times a week), distance / (N OT: The dolphins are intelligent animals.}
fuel (60 miles a gallon), distance /speed (60 km an hour),
and illnesses ( a fever, a cold, ( a ) toothache, ( a ) backache).

Fill in a, an, the, any or some w h ere n ecessary.

1 I nee d car and I know kind of car I want. 4 man came t o door this morning and
It must do 160 kilometres hour and also do 17 asked to see the water meter. I asked him if
kilometres litre. price of water was going up, and he said it
2 " H ow much is dress material in would increase by 10p cubic metre.
wind ow?" " £5 metre, madam." " Do you have 5__ everyone knows lion is king of
any in blue?" "Yes, there's blue material jungle, but is shark king of
in stockroom." ____ sea?
3 If you nee d help with work I've 6 " Have you g ot money?" "I had this
given you, go t o person who runs your morning, but I did shopping and fruit
department. was so expensive! £2 kilo for apples!"
106
 10
NOUNS/ARTICLES

D e f in it e ar t icle

The is used before: The is omitted before:

• nouns which are unique, the Earth, the Colosseum • proper nouns.
• names of cinemas (The Plaza ), hotels (The S avoy), I'll see Ann tomorrow.
theatres (The Palladium ), museums (The Prado), • names of sports, games, activities, days, months,
newspapers/magazines (The Independent) holidays, colours, drinks, meals and languages (not
BUT (Times), ships (The Cutty S ark ), institutions (The followed by the word " language ").
British Council), galleries (The Tate Gallery). He plays football well. He likes red. We speak German.
• names of rivers ( the Nile), seas (the Black Sea ), groups BUT The ancient Greek language is hardly used now.

of islands/states (the Shetland Isles, the U S A), • names of countries (England) (B U T the Argentine, the
mountain ranges (the Himalayas), deserts (the S ahara Netherlands, (the) Sudan, the Hague, the Vatican City),
Desert), oceans (the Atlantic), canals (the Manchester cities (London ), streets ( Carnaby Street) (B U T the High
Canal) and names or nouns with “of" (the Valley of the Street, the Strand, the Mall, the A 11, the M4 motorway),
Kings, the Garden ofGethsemane). squares (TrafalgarSquare ), bridges (Tower Bridge)
N o t e: the Equator, the Arctic/ Antarctic, the South of (B U T the Bridge of Sighs, the Forth Bridge, the Severn
France, the South/ West/ North/East Bridge, the Golden Gate Bridge), parks ( Central Park ),
• musical instruments, dances, the piano, the samba stations (Euston Station ), individual mountains
(Kilimanjaro), islands (Sicily), lakes (L ake Victoria ),
• names of families (the Hunters), nationalities ending in
continents ( Africa ).
-sh, -ch or -ese [(the ) English, (the ) Dutch, the Japanese,
etc]. O ther plural nationalities are used with or without • possessive adjectives.

"the", [(the ) North Americans, (the) Austrians, etc] That isn't your pen.

• titles (the Patriarch, the Duchess of Windsor, the King). • two-word names whose first word is the name of a

BUT"The "is omitted before titles with proper names. person or place.
King Carlos John F. Kennedy Airport, Windsor Castle B U T The White
House (because the first word “ White" is not the name
• adjectives used as plural nouns ( the young,
of a person or place.)
the unemployed, the homeless, the blind, etc) a n d t h e
superlative degree of adjectives/adverbs. • pubs, restaurants, shops, banks and hotels which

He's the most friendly boy in the group. have the name of their founder and end in -s or - zs.
Woolworth's, Lloyds Bank, Tom's Bar B U T the Red Lion
• N o t e: " most " used as a determiner followed by a
(pub) (because " Red Lion" is not the name of a person or
noun does not take " the ".
place)
Most people like swimming. B U T O f all European
countries, Greece has the most ancient monuments. • bed, church, college, court, hospital, prison, school,
university, when we refer to the purpose for which
• the words: beach, cinema, city, coast, country(side),
they exist.
earth, ground, jungle, radio, pub, sea(side), sky,
John went to hospital. ( He is a patient.) BUT His mother
station, shop, theatre, village, weather, world, etc but
went to the hospital to see him last week. (She went to
not before " man ".
the hospital as a visitor.)
She went to the library to return some books.
W ork ( = place of work) never takes "the ".
N o t e: " the " is optional with seasons, (the) summer
She is at work.
• morning, afternoon, evening, night.
• the words home, father/mother when we talk about
I'll be home late in the evening. B U T at night, at noon,
our own home/ parents.
at midnight, by day/night, at 4 o'clock, etc
Father is at home.
• historical references/ events.
• means of transport: by bus/ by car/ by train / by plane,
the Russian Revolution, the Renaissance, the Cold War
etc BUT in the car, on the bus/train, etc.
(BUT World War II)
She travelled by bus. BUT She caught the 5 o'clock bus.
• only, last, first (used as adjectives).
• We say: flu /the flu, measles/the measles,
He was the first person to arrive.
mumps/the mumps BUT He's got malaria.

107
 Grammar
NOUNS/ARTICLES

Fill in the w h ere n ecessary. Fill in a / an or the w h ere n ecessary.

1 Shall we have lunch at home, or go to 1 Tower of London is o n north side of

Royal O ak and Castle? Thames.
2 W hen Berlin Wall was pulled d own, it was a 2 When I visit N etherlands, I always stay at
great moment in history. Park Hotel in Amsterdam.
3 Tarz a n,Lord of Jungle, had a friend 3 She caught cold because she didn't come in
calle d Cheetah. fro m rain.
4 M any of England's young men died in 4 millionaire purchased mansion as
First W orld War. gift for his wife's birthday.
5 Pete's Bar is situated in Terminal 1 at 5 After six months in hospital, my grandmother is
Heathrow Airport. co ming home.
6 Vatican City is one of most beautiful 6 Nile flows from near Lake Victoria to
places in Rome. M editerranean.
7 We landed at Charles de Gaulle airport in 7 Of Seven W onders of the W orld, I've only visited
Paris and were met by ambassador in person. Pyramids.
8 You'll find my house if you walk along Green 8 She goes t o church every Sunday, and also goes
Street and turn right into Orchard Street. to church every Friday to help with the cleaning.
9 We decided to go t o island of Sicily last summer, 9 After Prime Minister visited prison, he
and we've decided to go to an island again this year; promised to improve conditions in prisons.
either t o Rhodes or Canary Islands. 10 month I spent in France was one of
10 Tim's gone t o hospital to pick u p results of best times in my life.
tests M um had last week. 11 N ew Year celebrations are held in Trafalgar
11 In Jerusalem we visite d Dome of the Rock Square in London and in Times Square in
and Church of the H oly Sepulchre and saw the N ew York.
site of Solomon's Temple. 12 We heard lovely sermon at church on
12 most world maps are out of date now due to Lord Street last night.
political events which have taken place recently. 13 He has visited a number of places including
13 M any people go trekking in mountains like USA , M id d l e East and Asia.
Alps or Himalayas. 14 University of Cambrid ge is one of most
14 people from Brazil dance samba famous in United Kingdom if not in
really well. Europe.
15 Lots of people go for exotic holidays in 15 Sunset Boulevard is most famous street in
Asia, but you must take care not to catch H ollywood.
malaria.

A couple of, several, a few, many, a (large/great/good) number of, both are followed by a countable noun.
(Too) much, a little, a great/good deal of, a large/small amount/quantity of are followed by an uncountable noun.
A lot of, lots of, hardly any, some, no, plenty of are followed by a countable or uncountable noun.

Ch o ose t h e e x p ressi o ns w hich ca n b e use d w it h t h e

n o u ns, as in t h e e x a m p le.

1 The teacher gave us several, a lot of, many, too much, 6 Everyone can do with some, a little, both, a good
a few homework to do. deal of, several peace and quiet at times.
2 You've got some, a lot of, both, plenty of, many 7 There are a little, a num ber of, several, a small
beautiful furniture. am ount of, no Asian people living in our street.
3 Can you lend me a few, some, a lot of, a couple of, 8 There are much, no, a small am ount of, hardly any,
a little money? lots of people in the shop.
4 Jane likes b oth, a couple of, too much, a little, some 9 He spent a couple of, much, lots of, a good deal of,
your paintings. a few time reorganising his files.
5 Have you had a lot of, plenty of, both, a little, too 10 The children ate a good deal of, too much, a few,
much letters from Suzie? a good number of, a little food at the party.

108
 Grammar LU
T
REVISION

Ch o ose t h e correct o p tio n.

1 Physics______ . my favourite subject. 14 The news at the hospital______ that good.

A are C be A weren't C aren't
B is D have been B isn't D haven't been

2 W here ______ Mark's pyjamas? 15 We are afraid of

A is C was A mouses C mouse
B has been D are B mices D mice

3 ______ £30enough, ord oyou need more? 16 There were twelve ______ in the symphony orchestra.
A Were C Are A celloes C cello
B Has D Is B cellies D cellos

4 Please buy me a ______ of yoghurt. 17 The three ______ carried a crew often each.
A carton C pot A aircrafts C aircraft
B pint D packet B aircraves D aircraftes

5 Chinese _____ _ a very difficult language to learn. 18 She has g ot ____ _ flu, so she isn't coming to college
A are C have been today.
B be D was A the C a
B some D any
6 Your lug gag e ______ at the hotel reception.
A is C were 19 Can I have ______ . more cake, please?
B are D have been A the C an
B a D some
7 Suddenly, a .______ of lightning struck the roof of the
house. 20 I like both skirts. Can I please try o n ______ red one?
A block C peal A an C the
B bolt D clap B a D some

8 Excuse me! There______ hairs in my soup. 21 While we were in Venice, we visite d ______ Bridge of
A has been C was Sighs.
B are D is A the C -
B an D a
9 The police _____ searching the area for the robbers.
A are C was 22 ______ Titanic's wreck was discovered by Robert Ballard
B have D is in 1985,73 years after it hit an iceberg and sunk.
A - C The
10 He can't sneak French.
B A D O ne
A the C -
23 He gets £5_____ _ hour.
B some D well
A an C the
11 Pam was____ _ first person to leave. B a D -
A a C the 24 ______ whales live in every ocean.
B one D - A The C -
12 We went to Bath by bus. B A D Any
A an C a 25 They went to _____seaside for the weekend.
B the D - A - C a
B some D the
13 I'm afraid the information______ enough.
A isn't C haven't been
B aren't D weren't

109
10 J Vocabulary EDUCATION

SCHOOL SUBJECTS EXAMS

Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n. Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 Tom went to a b oarding / grammar school, so he only 1 W ould you like to b e / d o in the school band?
came home during the holidays. 2 You could t a k e / join an after-school club.
2 I want my children to go to a co m p re h e nsiv e / 3 O ur science class g o t / w e n t on a field trip to the
single-sex school. I think it's better for boys and girls N atural History M useum.
to learn separately. 4 The school org a nise d / reco g nise d a charity event to
3 My parents couldn't afford to send me to a p u blic / raise money for new computers.
co -e d uca tio n al school. 5 Susie a t t e n ds/ a t tracts a horse riding school.
4 I go to a g ra m m ar / la n g u a g e school in the evening to 6 I pla y / h a ve a hip hop class twice a week.
learn Spanish. 7 My piano teacher told me to le arn / practise for an
5 Harry goes to a seco n d ary /sp ecialist school that only hour every night.
teaches dance. 8 H ow many students volunteered / participate d to
6 V oca tio nal / ln d e p e n d e n t schools prepare students plant trees in the field outside the school?
for specific jobs rather than teach them academic
subjects. Fill in w i t h: certificate, degree, diploma, qualifications,
examinations, results.
M a tch t h e t w o co lu m ns t o f or m co ll oca t i o ns.
1 We sit our final in June.
skip a late (for) 2 When I get my university in
2| turn up b in mind medicine, I'll become a doctor.
3 pay c sb's homework 3 To get a good job, you'll need the right
4| bear d school ______________________ and work experience.
5| take e part (in) 4 You need a teaching and
6| copy f attention (to) an English degree if you want to become an English
7| fail g by heart teacher.
8| learn h an exam 5 She received a ( n ) a f t e r
completing the hairdressing course at the learning
centre.
C o m p le t e t h e t e x t w it h t h e co rrect f or m o f six 6 My exam will be out tomorrow.
co ll oca t i o ns fro m Ex. 2.
Fill in t h e g a ps w it h t h e co rrect f orm o f t h e v er bs
in t h e list.

I've got good news today. My brother Nick has

Helen's
• h a n d • w rit e • ch e a t • g e t • f all • ru n
won the'Student of the M onth'prize at school!

Blog He really deserves it. You know, he hasn't been 1 He worked hard and a very good

absent all year. He would never grade in physics.

1)____________________ - he doesn't even take the 2 The deadline for in our essays is next

day off when he's sick. And he never Friday.

2 )for class in the morning. 3 Tom was so tired after studying all night that he

In fact, he usually arrives fifteen minutes _______________ asleep in class.

early. In class, he 3)__________________________ 4 The teacher asked us t o a 500-word

to every word the teacher says and he essay on the conseguences of World War II.

always 4 )in class 5 He was expelled from school for in

activities with lots of enthusiasm. The lazy an exam.

students often ask Nick if they can 6 She out of time and couldn't

5 ) , but he tells complete the exam.

them that they should do their own

work. Sometimes, I'm a little jealous of In p airs, ask a n d a nsw er t h e q u est io ns b elo w .

Nick, but I should 6)

1 Do you go to a state / private school?
that I could be a top student, too ... if
2 Do you go to a co-ed school?
only I worked as hard as my brother!
3 H ow many students are in your class?
4 H ow many subjects do you study?
 PHRASAL VERBS 7 Fill in t h e co rrect p ar ticle(s).

p u t asi d e: save (usually m o ney) 1 Please put your cigarettes before entering
p u t a w a y: p u t in t h e usual place the museum.
p u t d o w n: 1) su p press b y f orce, 2) writ e d o w n; m a k e a 2 The hotel receptionist put m e to room 617.
n o t e, 3) a t trib ut e t o, 4) criticise 3 We put our wed ding for another two months.
p u t f o r w ar d: pro p ose
4 She has some money put for her old age.
p u t o f f: p ost p on e
5 She puts all her thoughts in a diary every
p u t o n: 1) switch o n, 2) increase (w eig ht), 3) pret end t o
night.
b e / have
6 I'll accept a lift if it doesn't put you too much.
p u t o u t: 1) e x tin g uish, 2) ca use incon ve nie nce
p u t t hr o u g h: co n nect b y p h o ne 7 I can't put his rude behaviour any more.
p u t u p: 1) o f fer h ospitalit y, 2) erect, 3) raise prices 8 He always puts his wife by insulting her in
p u t u p w i t h: t olera t e public.
9 Could you put the air conditioning? It's hot in
ru n across: m eet or find b y ch a nce
here.
ru n a f t er: ch ase
ru n a w a y w i t h: steal 10 They have run money for the political campaign.
ru n d o w n: 1) (o f a b a t t ery) lose p o wer, 2) (p assive) b e 11 He ran his notes before entering the
e x ha ust e d, 3) k n ock d o w n, 4) sp eak b a dly o f sb exam room.
ru n in t o: 1) m ee t u ne x pect edly, 2) collid e wit h 12 The plans for the new road ran a lot of
ru n o u t o f: co m e t o an en d local opposition.
ru n o ver: rea d t hro u g h q uickly; revie w 13 She feels run after working so hard recently.
ru n u p a g ainst: face; e nco u nt er 14 The thief ran all the money from the
ru n t hr o u g h: e x a m in e q uickly; rehearse bank.
15 He ran his ex-wife in the supermarket.

Pre p osi t io ns o f t i m e

At In On
at 9.30 in the morning / evening / afternoon / night on Thursday
at Christmas/Easter in the Easter/Christmas holiday(s) on Easter Sunday, etc
at noon / night/midnight in O ctober (months) on Christmas Day
at lunch / dinner/ breakfast (time) in (the) winter (seasons) on Friday night
at that time in 2017 (years) on 18th January
at the moment in the 20th century on a winter afternoon
at the weekend (on the weekend: Am. English) in two hours (two hours from now) on that day

Lo o k a t t h e t a b le a b o v e, t h e n fill in t h e co rrect p re p osit i o ns.

You'll arrive at the health farm 1 ) Thursday, opportunity to meet the other trainers. There'll be a
that's 2 ) 15th June. You should try to arrive rest period 1 2 ) the afternoon followed by a
3) the morning if you can. 4) the swim and sauna for those who are interested. We
first day, we won't be doing a lot, just resting, so like to have a bit of a dance 13) Friday
you can go and lie by the pool if you like. You'll be nights, so bring your party clothes! We will be
expected to get up early 5 ) Friday morning conducting a period of meditation and relaxation
6) about 7 o'clock. Your day's programme 14) the weekend, but all the trainers
will be given to you 7 ) breakfast. 8) will be around to keep you busy. Don't
the summer we have a lot more guests and so forget that we are also running a second
9) that time, you'll be assigned to your session 1 5 ) August and another one
different groups. Lunch will be served 10) 1 6 ) Christmas.
noon, and, 11) lunch, you'll be given an
^ KEY-WORD TRANSFORMATIONS WORD FORMATION

THE PREFIXES BELOW ARE USED TO EXPRESS

C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w o r ds in b old. OPPOSITE MEANINGS
Use t w o t o fiv e w o rds.
d e- deactivate, dehydration
0 I had never been to London before. dis- disability, disagree
FIRST It was the first time I had ever been to in- inactive, invisible B U T il- (before I) illegible
London. i m - (b e f ore b, m, p) imbalance, immoral,
1 The prime minister wouldn't say anything about the improbable ir- (b e f ore r) irregular B U T
new tax law. unrealistic, unreliable
M A KE The prime minister refused n o n- non-smoker, non-stop
u n- unemployed, unlucky
on the new tax law. Some prefixes are added to words to form verbs.
2 "Shall I take the kitten home?" he asked himself.
e n- circle - encircle
W HET H ER H e ___________________________________
B U T e m - (before b, m, p)
take the kitten home.
body - embody, power - empower
3 It's not worth talking to him.
P OI N T There____________________________________
to him. Fill in t h e co rrect f orm o f t h e w or ds in b old
4 I don't recommend eating at this restaurant. f o r min g t h e o p p osi t e fro m t h e w or ds g iv e n.
A D VISA BLE It's___________________________________ 1 He felt like he had been working
at this restaurant. all year and
5 Don't forget to sign the application form before you desperately needed a holiday. ST O P
post it. 2 I strongly having
H AS The application form to wait in long queues. LIKE
before you post it. 3 Visiting Malta was an
6 This particular mobile phone is very popular. experience. F O RGETT A BLE
DE M A N D There____________________________________ 4 The company's estimate of the
this particular mobile phone. cost of the project was completely
7 I promised I would find time to reply to all my emails. A CCUR A TE
W O RD I _________________________________________ 5 It is quite for her
I would find time to reply to all my to be late for work. USU AL
emails. 6 Food sta rts to

8 My parents don't want me to play outside in the cold when you leave it out of the fridge. C O M P OSE

weather. 7 It is in most

O BJECT My pa rents countries to drive under

_____________________________ outside in the age of 18. LEG AL

the cold weather. 8 It's a I m ost that

we'll finish this task by the required
9 John was sitting by himself in the cafe.
deadline. P OSSIBLE
OWN John was sitting
9 O ne of living
_______ in the cafe.
in the city is the lack of safe areas
10 Apart from Kelly, nobody liked my idea.
for children to play in. A D V A N T A GE
O NE Kelly ____________________________________
10 Tim is reading a(n)
liked my idea.
book about important events
11 O ur teacher has postponed our field trip for a week.
in history. FICTI O N
O FF O ur field trip
11 Consuming too many sweets and
our teacher for a week.
fatty foods can be seriously
12 " What did the mugger look like?" the policeman asked H EALT H Y
me. 12 The fall in house prices could
GIVE The policeman asked me _________________ the economy. ST A BILISE
__ of the mugger. 13 This information is completely
_________________ to what
we're discussing here. RELEV A N T
 English in Use 10
OPEN CLOZE

Learning an Instrument
Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p t i o n.

1 A learn B learnt C learning

2 A takes B is taking C has taken When most people start 1 )a musical instrument,
3 A manage B achieve c gain they find it difficult to imagine ever becoming a
4 A tuition B training c rehearsal professional musician. This is not surprising. It 2 )a
5 A if B whether c unless lot of years of serious instruction to 3 )the level of
6 A part B piece c portion perfection required to play in an orchestra. The truth is, if
7 A whom B which c who you do not begin with serious 4 )in childhood, you
8 A openings B opportunities c occasions are unlikely to play at a professional level 5 )you
9 A hold B open c unblock have exceptional talent.
10 A express B to express c expressing When choosing what instrument to learn, you should
consider several things. Do you like the limelight, or are
you happier being 6 ) of a team? People who play
the piano are more likely to perform solo, whereas those
who play the flute are more likely to play with an orchestra.
What kind of music do you like? If it's jazz, you may want
to learn a brass instrument. If it's classical, you might want
to choose the violin. It is always a good idea to speak to
someone 7 )plays the instrument. They will be able
to give you some idea of the difficulty involved in
mastering it, and also the 8)that will be open to you
once you are able to play it.
O f course, not everybody learns an instrument to 9)
the door to fame and fortune! M ost people do so simply
for the sheer pleasure of 1 0)the creative side of
their character through the art of music.

Re a d t h e se n t e nces b el o w a n d d ecid e w hich

a nsw er A , B, C or D b est fits e ach b la n k.

1 H eavy prevented all planes from taking off. 6 When bank went up again, many customers
A fog C vapour closed their accounts.
B steam D moisture A charges C amounts
B prices D tolls
2 She was that it had taken so long for the truth to
be revealed. 7 The police could find no between the crime and
A strong C wild the suspect they were holding.
B rough D furious A together C bond
B connection D linkage
3 There was a of surprise from the audience when
the winner was announced. 8 I don't believe a word he said. He's pro bably the
A tide C gasp whole story.
B clap D flash A discovered C invented
B explored D researched
4 The teacher was extremely when the whole class
got 100% in the exam. 9 When Carol was made captain of the school basketball
A doubting C trustful , she was thrilled.
B suspicious D worrying A team C association
B group D company
5 Each member of the group was a different task
to complete. 10 The teacher asked us to collect for our history
A determined C assigned project.
B imposed D forced A substance C fabric
B matter D material
113
 / GRAMMAR

Ch o ose t h e correct o p tio n.

1 Mary was____ her hair cut when she got a message. 13 Does Vicky ever make her son ____ the grass?
A had C making A cut C cutting
B having D made B to cut D to have cut

2 I wish James so stubborn when I offered him a job. 14 I'd rather not____ to Barcelona last week.
A weren't________________ C wouldn't A travelled C travel
B wasn't be D hadn't been B have travelled D would have travelled

3 If Alice _____ enough free time, she'll start improving her 15 In ____ , Susan called the police when she heard an
French. explosion.
A has C had A desperance C desperation
B would have D will have B desperiety D desperence

4 William asked David," Are you into football?" -William 16 ____ Sarah get the job, we will definitely celebrate it.
asked David if_into football. A Should C Unless
A had he been C was he B If D If only
B he was D he had been 17 It's high time M att____ married.
5 N ot only have I seen a lot of____ at the zoo, but there A had got C would get
are also some kangaroos. B got D gets
A oxes C oxese 18 The manager will have had the project ____ by M onday.
B ox D oxen A doing C done
6 She asked," What shall we do tomorrow?" - She asked B to do D do

what they_do the day after. 19 "You lied to me!" - Barbara ____ me of lying to her.
A shall C might A encouraged C accused
B must D should B refused D warned

7 ____ you ever had your passport stolen? 20 Sadly, Charles is still ill - he's____ hospital.
A Had C Have A at C in
B Were D Did B ata D ina

8 Can you bring me a ____ of yogurt, please? 21 People often forget that____ also need food.
A pot C tube A homeless C the homeless people
B bottle D lump B the homeless D the homelesses

9 ____ Nick lends Michael that money, he won't be able to 22 Jason ____ better sunbathe in the morning.
buy a car. A had C would have
A If C Although B would D be
B Unless D Provided
23 " Can you show me these shoes, please?" -The customer
10 I wish teachers____ never shout at me! asked me to show her_____ shoes.
A would C will A those C this
B wouldn't D won't B that D these

11 "Yes, it was me who broke your favourite cup." - Richard 24 Unfortunately, I can't ____ my mum to stop eating
_____ having broken my favourite cup. unhealthy food.
A denied C suggested A let C make
B admitted D claimed B have D get

12 ____ lyou, I would tell the truth. 25 If Sam had realised how expensive the book was, he
A Would C Should wouldn't_____ it last week.
B Was D Were A have ordered C order
B ordering D be ordering

114
 VOCABULARY
Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 Taking your partner____ granted is one of the biggest 13 A fire broke out in the town hall, but, luckily, no ____ were
mistakes one can make. reported.
A as B for C like D by A casualties C troops
B survivors D refugees
2 The thing I'm looking forward to is being with my family
____ Christmas. 14 The man who lives next door is suspected ____
A at B in C on D while corruption.
A at B in C of D for
3 Lack of rain for an extended period of time causes____ .
A avalanches C blizzards 15 ____ danger when you walk alone at night.
B famine D drought A Look down on C Lookup
B Look out for D Look at
4 Thank God I____ that awful mistake before handing the
test in. 16 Hurry up! Although it's o nly____ now, it might start
A glimpsed C glanced raining heavily in a moment.
B spotted D scanned A blowing C lashing
B pouring D drizzling
5 ____ a goal during that match was the best moment in
my life. 17 At the end of the conference, every participant will be
A Getting C Scoring provided with a ____ .
B Setting D Breaking A certificate C degree
B diploma D qualification
6 I'd say that the climate in France is rather____ - it is
neither hot nor cold throughout the year. 18 I apologise for taking your coat____ mistake.
A polar C desert A out of C through
B mild D medium B of D by

7 I do understand that my neighbours are young and they 19 There are 16____ in this novel.
want to party every night, but I simply can't_this A volumes C poetries
B contents D chapters
awful noise. N ext time I'll definitely call the police.
A put through C put aside 20 Let m e ____ forgetting to do the washing-up by cooking
B put forward D put up with dinner.
A make out for C look forward to
8 Even though Mike had been caught committing fraud, B make up for D look down on
he was_with just a fine.
A let down C let off 21 Keep ____ ! Covid-19 spreads easily, so we need to keep a
B let out D letup safe distance.
A back B on C off D up
9 Sto p ____ at them! It's rude!
A staring C noticing 22 If you've already decided that you want to be a pilot and
B scanning D watching don't want to study unnecessary subjects, you ought to
attend a ____ .
10 Hold your____ correctly while canoeing. O therwise, your
A grammar school C vocational school
back will ache.
B comprehensive school D boarding school
A saddle C paddle
B hoop D puck 23 Protecting ____ and not letting them die out ought to be
one of the most vital aims of each government.
11 ____ protect(s) polar bears from cold weather.
A endangered species C oil spills
A Thick scales C Thick fur
B fossil fuels D global warming
B Webbed scales D Webbed fur
24 Apple juice is rich ____ iron.
12 We'll have to meet____ Friday night. Sadly, I can't make it
A for B in C at D with
earlier - I've got a lot of things to do.
A at B on C in D at the 25 Ben always____ me at basketball.
A wins B scores C beats D gains

115
 Grammar
CLAUSES/LINKING WORDS
T

Rela tiv e cla uses

Relative clauses are introduced by: a) relative pronouns, i.e. who, whom, whose, which or that or b) relative adverbs,
i.e. when, where or why.

Rela tiv e p r o n o u ns

Su b ject o f t h e v er b o f t h e rela t iv e O b ject o f t h e v er b o f t h e rela t iv e P ossessio n

cla use (cannot be omitted) cla use (can be omitted) (cannot be omitted)
use d f or who/that whom /who/that whose
p e o p le That's the man who/that stole The man ( who/whom /that) you saw That's the girl whose brother is a singer.
the money. last night was my uncle.
use d f or which/that which/that whose/of which
t hin gs/ 1 read a book which/that was The cat (which/that) you saw lying on That's the coat the sleeves of which/
a ni m als written by S amuel Johnson. the sofa is my favourite one. whose sleeves are made of velvet.
• Whom, which, whose can be used in expressions of quantity with of (some of, many of, half of, etc).
She received a lot of postcards. Most of them were from her friends. She received a lot of postcards, most of which were
from her friends.
• That can be used instead of who, whom or which, but it is never used after commas or prepositions.
She's the actress who/that was awarded the prize. The man in the corner, who is sitting next to Jane, is my uncle, ('that'is
not possible)

Rela tiv e a d v erbs Pre p osi t i o ns in rela t iv e cla uses

Ti m e w h e n ( = in /on /at which) We do not normally use prepositions before relative

2012 was the year (when) I moved to Wales. pronouns.
The house in which she lives is in the suburbs, (formal
Place w h ere ( = in/at/ on/to which)
- not usual)
That's the hotel where we spent our honeymoon.
The house which she lives in is in the suburbs, (usual)
Re aso n w h y ( = for which) The house she lives in is in the suburbs, (more usual)

That's the reason (why) they were celebrating.

C h o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

Having visited a few countries 1) ___ the climate is different to yours,

you will appreciate how important it is to plan carefully before travelling.
Not planning well enough is the reason 2) ___ some holidays can go
wrong. A holiday 3) ___ involves a lot of walking, for example, means
you need to go at a time 4) ___ it is neither too hot nor too cold. It also
means you need to plan to go with someone 5) ___ enjoys walking and
6) ___ stamina is equal to yours. A travel companion 7) ____ likes the
same things as you is ideal, but it ’s very difficult to meet someone
8) ___ likes and dislikes are exactly the same as yours. In any case, you
need to decide on a holiday 9) ___ suits both of you and a country
10) ___ the climate is not uncomfortable for either of you.

1 A when B where C which 6 A whose B that C which

2 A whose B which C why 7 A which B of whom C who
3 A which B of which c whose 8 A in which B whose c that
4 A when B who c in which 9 A that B where c who
5 A which B of whom c that 10 A that B where c whom

116
 Grammar
CLAUSES

C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w o rds in b ol d. Use t hre e t o fiv e w o rds.

1 That's the zoo where they took the tiger. W H IC H 4 He's the one person on whom she can depend. WHO
That's the zo o the tiger. He's the one person _________________________________
2 The place where you went is my home town. W H IC H depend on.
The place _______________________________________________ 5 He bought two jackets; they were on sale. BOTH
is my home town. He bought two jackets,______________________________
3 That's the girl he gave the present to. WHOM on sale.
That's the girl__________________________________________ 6 That's my friend; he hasa Spanish cousin. C O M ES
the present. That's my friend from Spain.

D e f inin g / N o n- d e finin g rela t iv e cla uses

• A d e finin g relativ e cla use gives necessary N ote how the commas change the meaning of the
information and is essential to the meaning of the sentence.
main clause. It is not put between commas. The players, who were involved in the fight, were sent
People who hunt illegally should be punished. off the pitch, (all the players were sent off)
• A n o n- d e finin g relativ e cla use gives extra The players who were involved in the fight were sent off
information which is not essential to the meaning of the pitch, (only the players who were involved in
the main clause. It is put between commas. the fight were sent off)

Her mother, who is a kind woman, has helped her a lot.

Fill in t h e rela tiv e p r o n o u n a d d in g co m m as w h ere n ecessary. W rit e D f or d e finin g, N D f or n o n- d e finin g a n d

w h e t h er t h e rela tiv e p r o n o u n ca n b e o m it t e d o r n o t.

1 That's the man I was talking about.

2 The girl speaks four languages is in my class.
3 I've never met anyone before was quite so rude.
4 My team won the cup are going to tour Europe.
5 I met a really interesting d octor name I have since forgotten.
6 The necklace I bought in Egypt is very old.
7 I know few p eople are as considerate as she is.
8 Have you seen the p encil I bought yesterday?
9 She's the girl I'm sharing my flat with.
10 This b ook is about Vietnam is fascinating.
11 Ann contract expires next week is looking for another job.
12 She is the sing er latest record reached the top of the charts.
13 The wo man dog was stolen is offering a reward.
14 This jump er my grandmother knitted for me is too small.
15 They are the friends invited us to their daughter's wed ding.
16 The d ocumentary I saw last night was very informative.
17 His band is touring Europe is called Blunt.
18 This is the hospital was built in 1920.
19 That man name is Bill stole my purse.
20 She is a p erson I shall always be grateful to.
21 He's the man she's going to marry.
22 This house he inherited from his parents is worth a fortune.
23 Her scho ol is very old is closing d own.
24 King Lear is a play was written by Shakespeare.
25 Elephants are hunted for ivory are becoming extinct.

117
 Use rela tiv e p r o n o u ns/ a d v er bs t o j o in t h e C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w o r ds in b old.
f o llo w in g se n t e nces, as in t h e e x a m p le. Use t w o t o five w o rds.

1 That's the hotel. We stayed there last summer. 1 He lost his passport, which was silly of him.
That's the hotel where we stayed last summer. LOSE It was _________________________________________
2 This is the car. He drives to work in it every day. ___________________ his passport.
2 That's the hotel we are staying in.
W H ERE That's _________________________________________
3 That's the actor. He was in the film you mentioned. __________________________ stayi n g .
3 That woman complained to the manager.
WHO That's _________________________________________
4 She bought a brooch. It once belonged to a duchess. ________________ to the manager.
4 We met several people from Portsmouth, but none of
them knew Dr Irons.
5 That's the house. It was damaged in the earthquake.
WHOM We met several people from Portsmouth,

Dr Irons.
6 They met a man. His fortune is believed to be around
5 The car we rented was very unreliable.
£3 million.
W H IC H W e ________________________________________
very unreliable.
6 Clare Spender is the author; her book became a
7 That's the mansion. The Q ueen's youngest son lives
bestseller overnight.
there.
W H OSE Clare Spender is
a bestseller overnight.
7 We bought a kilo of apples; some of them were
8 They called their neighbour. She was a doctor.
bruised.
W H IC H We bought a kilo of apples,
________________________ bruised.
9 We went back to the cafe. I'd left my purse there.
8 August is the month when most people take their
holidays.
10 That's the painting. It is a Picasso masterpiece. W H IC H August _______________________________________
most people take their holidays.
9 She has a class of twenty students; half of them are
Canadian.
C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces so t h a t t h e y are t ru e WHOM She has a class of twenty students,
a b o u t y o u. Use rela tiv e p r o n o u ns a n d a d v erbs. _________________ are Canadian.
10 Sue tried on some shoes, but none of them fitted.
1 The sports p erson _________________________________________
W H IC H Sue tried on some shoes,
_________________________________________ fitted.
2 The season ________________________________________________
11 At the film festival we saw many people; some were
famous actors.
3 My friend ___________________________________________________
WHOM At the film festival we saw many people,

4 I like watching films ______________________________________

famous actors.

5 I'd like to travel to a place

6 The person ________________________________________________

118
 Cla uses o f t i m e

• Clauses of time are introduced by: after, as, as long as, She had finished reading before they came home.
as soon as, just as, once, since, when, before, by the (N OT: before-t-heycome home}
time (= before, not later than), while, until/till (= up to • When the time clause precedes the main clause, a
the time when), the moment (that), whenever, every comma is used. When the time clause follows, no
time, immediately, etc. comma is used.
He bought a villa as soon as he got the money When he finishes, he can go home. He can go home
• Time clauses follow the rule of the sequence of when he finishes.
tenses; that is, when the verb of the main clause is in • when (time conjunction) + p resen t t e nse
a present or future form, the verb of the time clause When he comes, he'll tell you.
is in a present form, and when the verb of the main when (question word) + w ill / w o uld
clause is in a past form, the verb of the time clause is When will he come?
in a past form, too. N ote that will is never used in
• If is used for things which may happen.
clauses of time.
Wait for me if I'm late.
I'll give it to you when you tell me why you want it.
When is used for things which are sure to happen.
(N OT: when you will tell me}
I'll be back when I finish shopping.

Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n. Fill in if or when a n d p u t t h e v er bs in t o t h e co rrect

t e nse.
1 They had finished packing by_____ we returned from
work. 1 Tom will phone you he
A the time B before C soon (w a k e u p).
2 do you think you
2 A door-to-door salesperson turned up just as I_____
(finish) the project?
the house.
3 t h e r e (b e) any problems,
A had left B am leaving C was leaving
I will phone you.
3 W hen_____ back from work? 4 the e x a m s(b e) over, we
A is he B will he be C were he will go to the seaside.
4 By the time the am bulance _____ , the baby had already 5 T e d (a p ply) for the
been born. job, I'm sure he will get it.
A would arrive B had arrived C arrived 6 w e (arriv e) late at
the theatre, there will be no tickets left.
5 After h e _____ for a while, he realised he was being
7 w e (h a v e) nothing
followed.
else to discuss, we can all leave now.
A is walking B had been walking
8 (y o u /st o p) interfering
C will be walking
in my life?
6 As soon as she ____ the report, he will have it typed. 9 Please let me know you
A will finish B finishes C had finished (h e ar) from them, will you?

7 Make sure you lock all the d o ors_____ you leave the 10 I have no id ea she

house. _______________________________ (re t urn) from her trip

A after B as soon C before to Paris.

8 We'll have dinner after I_____ the emails.

A send B will send
C will have sent

9 Give me a call_____ you finish work.

A when B until C since

10 She'll co me _____ her children leave for school.

A once B by the time C just
 Cla uses o f resul t Cla uses o f re aso n

Clauses of result are introduced by: • Clauses of reason are introduced by: as,
• that (after such /so...), ( and) as a result, ( and) as a consequence, since, because, for, the reason for, the
consequently, so, etc. reason (why), on the grounds that, etc.
The sea is so cold that they can't swim. As he was late for work, he got a taxi.
• such a ( n) + (a djectiv e) + sin g ular co u n t a b le n o u n • Because usually answers a why-question.
It was such a nice dress that she bought it. " Why did you lie to him?" "Because I was
• such + (a djectiv e) + u nco u n t a ble / p lural n o u n afraid of being punished."
It was such bad weather that we stayed indoors. For always comes after a comma in
written speech or a pause in oral speech.
• such + a lo t o f + n o un
I didn't tell him anything, for I don't trust
There were such a lot of people on the bus that there were no seats left.
him.
• so + a d jective / a d v erb
• O ther ways of expressing reason:
He speaks so quickly that hardly anyone can understand him.
Because of/ Due to + noun/ -ing f orm
• so + much/ many/little/few + n o u n
Paul was late because of/due to heavy
She won so much money in the lottery that she bought a mansion.
traffic.
• so + a d jectiv e + a ( n) + n o u n Because of/ Due to + the fact that ...
it was so delicious a cake that we ate it all. ( not usual) Because of the fact that/ Due to the
• as a result/therefore/consequently/so + cla use fact that it had been snowing for - /
He didn't have a visa, and as a result, he couldn't enter the country. four days, all roads were dosed. / /

Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p t io n. Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 It was_____ hard job that we were exhausted by the

Mandy was getting 1) so /such bored one afternoon that she time we had finished.
decided to go shopping. She always took 2) such a /such A such a B so C such
pleasure in buying things for herself that she would often
2 He had to go home and get the re port _____ he had
spend lots of money in just one day. She set out feeling really
forgotten to bring it with him.
excited. After two hours, she had bought 3) so /such many
A therefore B because C due
things that she could hardly carry them. The shops were
closing and there was 4) so /such a lot of traffic in the streets 3 the food was bad, we complained to the
that she couldn ’ t find a taxi. She started feeling frustrated as manager.
the parcels and bags she was carrying were getting in A The reason why B Due to
everyone ’s way. She was 5) such /so anxious to get back C Since
home that she decided to take the underground. She took
4 _____ the fact that it was a long journey, they packed
6) such a /such long time to find her purse among her things
some food to take with them.
that people waiting behind her in the queue started
A Because B Consequently C Due to
muttering. When she finally found it, there was 7) such /so
little money in it that she didn ’ t have enough to buy a ticket. 5 I hate sailing is because I get seasick.
Mandy was 8) so /such embarrassed that she just wanted to A Such B The reason C For
disappear. She left the station and was in 9) so /such a 6 Their house is too small, an d _____ , they are going to
desperate state that she didn't know what to do. " I ’ ve spent look for a larger one.
10) so /such much money, ” she thought, " that I ’ ve made a A consequently B because C for
fool of myself in front of complete strangers. ” Mandy
7 Sharon is busy this weekend, she can't come to
eventually got home with all her shopping after getting a lift
the seaside with us.
in a pizza delivery van!
A Due to B Since C Because of

120
 CLAUSES

C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w o rds in b ol d. Use t w o t o fiv e w or ds.

1 The team were so good that we couldn't beat them. 7 She had a very bad night's sleep, so she was exhausted.
SUC H Th ey we re RESULT She had a very bad night's sleep,
______________________ we couldn't
beat them. she was exhausted.
2 It was such a boring film that we left in the middle of it. 8 Do you know the reason for her leaving her job?
SO It was W HY D o ___________________________________
_____________________________ we left ______________________________her job?
in the middle of it. 9 The coffee was so strong that I couldn't drink it.
3 N o one knows why they are emigrating. SUC H It ____________________________________
FOR N o one knows ________________________ that I couldn't
________________________ emigration. drink it.
4 O ur car broke d own, so we were very late. 10 He was such a skilful player that he seldom lost a game.
C O N SE Q UE N TLY O ur car broke d own, SO He was
____________________________ he seldom
very late. lost a game.
5 She was so insistent that we couldn't ignore her. 11 He didn't get the jo b because he was inexperienced.
TOO She was TO He didn't get the jo b
______________________________ignore.
6 They couldn't go to the post office because of a experience.
snowstorm. 12 A lot of people use public transport because the traffic
AS They couldn't go to the post office is terrible.
D UE A lot of people use public transport
________________________ snowstorm. _________________________________ traffic.

Ex p ressi n g p u r p ose - Cla uses o f p u r p ose

Purp ose is expressed with: N egative purpose is normally expressed with:

• to/in order to/so as to + i nfi n itive • so as not/in order not + to-infinitive
I'll leave home early to get to work on time, (informal) She studied hard so as not/in order not to fail her test.
She's studying so as to qualify as a lawyer, (formal) (N OT: She studied hard not to fail her test.)
• so that + can/will (present/future reference) • so that + can't/won't (present/future reference)
She works hard so that she will have better career Tie up the dog so that it won't get out of the garden,
prospects. so that + couldn't/wouldn't (past reference)
• so that + could/would (past reference) She locked the door so that burglars couldn't get in.
He gave me directions so that I could find his house • for fear/lest + might/should
easily. He didn't say where he was going for fear he might be
• with a view to/with the aim of + -ing form followed.
He did a Master's degree with the aim of applying for a for fear of + noun/ - /ngform
managerial post when he had finished. He gave them all his money for fear of being shot.

• for + noun/ -ing form • prevent + noun / pronoun + (from ) + -ing form
This is a knife for cutting bread. She put on her raincoat to prevent herself (from )
getting soaked.
• in case + Present Sim ple (present/future reference)
I'll write it down in case I forget it. • avoid + -ing form
(N OT: I will forget) He took a taxi to work to avoid being late.

• in case + Past Sim ple (past reference) Clauses of purpose follow the rule of the sequence of

He took an umbrella in case it rained. tenses.

She's going to buy a dictionary so that her spelling will /
improve. /
They tied him up so that he wouldn't escape.

121
 Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n. C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w o rds in b ol d.
Use t w o t o fiv e w o r ds.
1 If you are unable to attend, please phone the
reception as soon as p ossible _we can arrange an 1 I didn't tell her the bad news. I didn't want to upset
alternative date. her.
A inorder B so that C with a view A V O ID I didn't tell her the bad news
_____________________________ her.
2 I bought her tickets to the concert with the _____ of
cheering her up. 2 M ary wrote out a shopping list. She didn't want to

A order B fear C aim forget anything.

TH AT M ary wrote out a shopping list
3 She didn't answer the phone to _____ having to talk to
_________________ forget anything.
anyone.
3 Paul trained hard every day. He wanted to be the best.
A avoid B prevent C view
AS Paul trained hard every day
4 They didn't go to the village it might snow. ____________________ the best.
A for B incase __________ C for fear 4 Lee gave up her job. She planned to continue her
5 They bought a bigger house to have more room. education.
A for fear B so that__________ C inorder VIE W Lee gave up her job
_________________ her education.
6 He always keeps a spare tyre in the boot in case he
5 She turned the oven off. She didn't want to burn the
a puncture.
cakes.
A has had B has C will have
M IG H T She turned the oven off
7 The hospital staff went on strike with a _____ to __________________ burn the cakes.
protesting about working conditions. 6 He was saving all his money. He intended to buy a
A view B fear C case house.
8 Ann didn't go to the event so that she _____ into Max. AI M He was saving all his money
A wouldn't bump B doesn't bump __________________a house.
C not bump

Cla uses o f m a n n er

• Cla uses o f m a n n er are introduced by: as if/ as as if/ as though + a n y t e nse f or m (expressing
though (after the verbs act, appear, be, behave, feel, similarity/ probability - how sb/sth seemed)
look, seem, smell, sound, taste), as, how, (in) the way, She sounds as if she is Italian. (She may be Italian.)
(in) the way that, the way in which, (in ) the same She looked as if she was tired. (She may have been
way, (in ) the same way as. tired.)
It smells as if they are frying chicken. Do as you like. as if/ as though + Past Si m p le / Past Co n tin u o us
• Were can be used instead of was in formal English in (unreal in the present)
all persons in clauses introduced with as if/ as though. She treats me as if she were my mother, (but she isn't)
She behaves as if she were/was the Q ueen. as if/ as though + Past Perf ect (unreal in the past)
She talked about Marilyn Monroe as if they had /
• The tense forms used after as if/ as though depend
been close friends, (but they hadn't been )
on whether the ideas are true or untrue.

Pu t t h e v erbs in b rack e ts in t o t h e correct t e nse.

1 Does he ever have a holiday? It seems as though he 5 He slept for ten hours last night, but today he's acting
(w orks) seven days a week! as though h e(n o t / h a v e) any sleep at all.
2 My father is so proud of his cooking - he behaves as 6 She isn't a member of the aristocracy, but she acts as
though h e ( b e ) a trained chef. though s h e( b e ).
3 The boy was staring at the motorbike as if he 7 My brother isn't rich, but he spends money as if he
(n e ver /se e) one before. (b e) a millionaire.
4 She is so skinny! She looks as though she 8 He talked about Hawaii as if h e (b e) there,
(n ev er / e a t) a proper meal in her life! but we knew he hadn't.

122
 Ex p ressi n g co ncessi o n - Cla uses o f co ncessio n whatever/no matter what + cla use
Whatever you do, you won't succeed.
C o ncessio n is e x p resse d w it h:
• although/even though/though + cla use a dj / a d v + though + su b ject + v erb /

Although it was expensive, she bought it. (m a y + b are in finitiv e)

Loudly though he knocked on the door,
• despite/in spite of + noun/-ing f or m
nobody heard.
Despite his wealth/being rich, he never lends money.
a d j / a d v + as + su b ject + v er b
• despite/in spite of the fact + f h a t -cla use
Exhausted as she was, she went to the
In spite of the fact that he's rich, he never lends money.
party.
• while/whereas/but/on the other hand/yet + cla use
She swam fast, yet she finished third. N ote that a comma is used when the clause
• nevertheless/however + cla use of concession either precedes or follows the
He is bright; however, he is rather lazy. main clause.
Whatever she says, he won't believe her.
• however/no matter how + a dj / a d v + su b ject ( + may) + v erb
He won't believe her, whatever she says.
However clever you are, you won't solve this puzzle.
However fast he runs, he won't catch the robbers.

C h o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n. C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w or ds in b ol d. Use t w o t o

fiv e w o rds.
1 H o w e ver / D esp it e the great danger,
we decided to attempt the rescue. 1 She tried hard, but she couldn't solve the problem.
2 Ev e n t h o u g h / ln spit e o f strong AS H a r d ,
opposition from the public, the she couldn't solve the problem.
company went ahead with its plans. 2 H owever much you complain, they won't give you a refund.
3 A lt h o u g h / H o w e ver he ate a lot of HOW N o _____________________________________________________________
spicy food at the reception, he didn't complain, they won't give you a refund.
suffer from indigestion. 3 He's a writer, but he often makes spelling mistakes.
4 N o m a t t er h o w / N o m a t t er w h a t BEI N G In _______________________________________________________________
measures the government takes a writer, he often makes spelling mistakes.
against hooliganism, there will still be
4 Although she exercises a lot, she's not very strong.
fans who overreact. F A CT D espite ________________________________________________________
5 In spit e o f t h e f act t h a t / D esp it e she a lot, she's not very strong.
is disabled, she plays a lot of sports.
5 In spite of his leaving home early, he was late for the appointment.
6 I arrived late at the cinema, b u t / as I
TH O UG H Even _______________________________________________________
still got a good seat.
early, he was late for the appointment.
7 He knows he is damaging his health,
6 The plot was complicated, but I enjoyed the film a lot.
d esp it e / y e t he continues to smoke.
TH O UG H Complicated ,
8 Brilliant though / although the cook
I enjoyed the film a lot.
may be, he knows nothing about
7 John works as a travel agent, but he's never been abroad.
French sauces.
OF I n a travel
9 He decided not to do the computer
agent, John has never been abroad.
course, alt h o u g h / w h ere as it would
have been useful to him. 8 H owever hard he tried, he didn't succeed.

10 I can't agree with you on this subject, M A TTER He didn't succe e d,___________________________________________

h o w e v er / w ha t e v er hard you may try __________________he tried.

to convince me. 9 In spite of having a good voice, he could never be a professional singer.
H AS Although ,
he could never be a professional singer.
10 She did her best. She failed the exam.
YET She _____________________________________________________________
failed the exam.

123
 Grammar
CLAUSES/LINKING WORDS

Excla m a t i o ns

; • Excla m a tio ns are used to express anger, fear, shock, • such ( a / an ) + (a djectiv e) + n o u n
surprise, etc. They always take an exclamation mark It's such an old car!
(I). Some exclamations are: O h d e ar!, A h!, O h!, G o o d • so + a d jectiv e / a d v er b
gracio us!, etc. He's so nice to us!
• What + a ( n ) + (a djectiv e) + sin g ular co u n t a b le • a d v erb / a d v er b ial p article + su b ject + v er b o f
n o un m o ve m en t
What a nice day! O ff he went!
• What + (a djectiv e) + u nco u n t a ble / p lural n o u n • Here/There + su b ject + v er b
What awful weather! What nice manners! There she goes! B U T There goes Mary! (when the
• How + a d jective / a d v erb subject is a noun, it follows the verb)
How clever he is! How slowly he speaks! • In t erro g a tiv e - n e g a tiv e q u estio n a t t h e
• You + (a djectiv e) + n o u n b e g in nin g o f t h e se n t e nce
You (filthy) liar! Isn't it awful!

Fill in: what ( a / an ), how, so or such ( a / an).

1 ____________________ _ wonderful opportunity! 11 _________________ ____ fantastic costume!

2 ____________________ _ funny he is! 12 _________________ _sad music!
3 This is____________ _________ healthy meal! 13 _________________ _ enthusiastic she is!
4 ____________________ _ friendly staff! 14 H e's___________ _________ imaginative artist!
5 He has___________ __________ expensive taste! 15 They're _______ _____________ helpful!
6 ____________________ _ miserable he looks! 16 _________________ ____ wonderfully she sings!
7 She works_______ ______________ hard! 17 _________________ _ tasteful decorations you've got!
8 ____________________ _ terrible liar! 18 _________________ _ amazing achievement!
9 It's________________ _____ tragedy! 19 They have ____ _________________ much money.
10 She's_____________ _______ easy to talk to! 20 _________________ ____ ridiculous hairstyle!

Positiv e and, both ... and, not only... (but also /as well), too, She is young and successful.
a d ditio n moreover, in addition to, furthermore, further, also, not
to mention the fact that, besides

N e g ative neither... nor, nor, neither, either N either Jane nor Paula has any desire to meet
a d ditio n him again. Jane has no desire to meet him
again. Nor does Paula.
Co n trast but, n ot ... but, although, while, whereas, despite, even She can speak R ussian fluently; however, she is
if, even though, on the other hand, in contrast, unable to read or write it.
however, (and) yet, at the same time

Si milarit y similarly, likewise, in the same way, equally When you move house, you must notify the post
office of your change of address. Similarly, you
must register with the local council.
Co ncessio n but, even so, however, (and) still, (and) yet, She applied for the job even though she wasn't
nevertheless, on the other hand, although, even suitably qualified.
though, despite /in spite of, regardless of, admittedly,
considering, whereas, while, nonetheless

A lt erna tiv e or, on the other hand, either... or, alternatively They could take a holiday now, or
alternatively, they could wait until
the summer. 7 x

124
Em p h asis besides, not only this b ut ... also, as well, what is / find him pushy and demanding and, what is
more, in fact, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth, more, he is self-centred.
actually, indeed, let alone

Ex e m plifica tio n as, such as, like, for example, for instance, particularly, 1 enjoyed all the books you lent me, but in
especially, in particular particular, 1 liked Wild Swans.
Clarifica tio n that is to say, specifically, in other words, to put it He needs to concentrate more on his schoolwork.
another way, I mean Specifically, he has to pay more attention in the
classroom.
Ca use / Re aso n as, because, because of, since, on the grounds that, The company has decided to take on more staff
seeing that, due to, in view of, owing to, for, now that, now that sales are increasing.
so
M a n n er as, (in) the way, how, the way in which, (in) the same The manager explained how the organisation
way (as), as if, as though could increase productivity.
Co n ditio n if, in case, assuming (that), on condition (that), Please notify us in the event that/in case you are
provided (that), providing (that), unless, in the event unable to attend the meeting.
(that), in the event of, as/so long as, granted / granting
(that), whether, whether... or (alternative condition),
only if, even if, otherwise, or (else), in case of
C o nse q u e nce consequently, then, under those circumstances, if so, 1 may take a long lunch break tomorrow.
o f a co n ditio n if not, so, therefore, in that case, otherwise, thus If so, 1 can go to the hairdresser's then.
Pur p ose so that, so as (not) to, in order (not) to, in order that, 1 took plenty of magazines with me in case 1 got
for fear (that), in case bored during the flight.
Ef fect / Result such /so ... that, consequently, for this reason, as a The room at The Ritz was double-booked, and as
consequence, thus, therefore, so a consequence, we were moved to another hotel.
Co m p ariso n as...as, than, half as...as, nothing like, the...the, twice You look nothing like your sister.
as...as, less...than
Ti m e when, whenever, as, while, now (that), before, until, As a freelance writer, she can choose to work
till, after, since whenever she wants.
Place where, wherever She makes friends wherever she goes.

Exce p tio n but (for), except (for), apart from We have sent invitations to everyone apart from
the Fords.
Rela tive who, whom, whose, which, what, that Let me introduce you to the man whose ideas
have revolutionised the workplace.
Chro n olo g ical b e g in nin g: initially, first ..., at first, to start/begin with, First of all, we need to decide what the problem
first of all is.
co n tin uin g: secondly..., after this/that, second ..., Then, we need to consider all possible solutions.
afterwards, then, next, before this
co nclu d in g: finally, at last, in the end, eventually, Finally, we must decide on the best alternative.
lastly, last but not least

Re f erence considering, concerning, regarding, with respect/ Considering the length of time he took to write
regard /reference to, in respect/regard /reference to the report, it is not up to standard.
this/to the fact that With reference to what we agreed last week,
1 would like to remind you that the deadline has
been brought forward to 1 June.
Su m m arisin g in conclusion, in summary, to sum up, as I have said, To sum up, the film was a complete waste of z
as (it) was previously stated, on the whole, in all, all in time. /
all, altogether, in short, briefly, to put it briefly

125
 Grammar
LINKING WORDS

Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n. C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w o r ds in b old.

Use t w o t o fiv e w o rds.
1 You could _____ leave now, or wait and ride with us.
A both B neither C either 1 I was born in that hospital.
W AS That's _______________________________________
2 He's not a very good tennis player_____ he practises all
________________________ born.
the time.
A considering B despite C in spite 2 He has decided to emigrate to Australia; we can't stop
him.
3 He decided to change jo bs_____that he wanted a
PREVENT We can't ____________________________________
chance to be more creative. __________________ to Australia.
A at the same time
3 I didn't tell her the news because I didn't want to upset
B as a consequence
her.
C on the grounds
SO I didn't tell her the news
4 I don't feel like going out tonight;_____ , I never enjoy ___________________________ her.
myself at pop concerts. 4 He couldn't get a credit card because he owed the
A particularly B similarly C besides bank money.

5 He's afraid of heights,_____ he wants to go rock RESULT He owed the bank money,

climbing. _________________ , he couldn't

A and yet B but also C let alone g eta credit card.

5 It was such a rude remark that we all felt insulted.
6 We're going to go on with the project _____ they say
SO It was_______________________________________
it's no longer necessary.
we all felt insulted.
A owing to B even if C thus
6 He bought a computer as he intended to work from
7 _____she hardly ever practises the cello, she plays very home.
well. VIEW He bought a computer
A A part from B Despite C Eventhough _________________ from home.
8 _____ do I enjoy her company, but she's also been a 7 She seldom left the house because she was afraid of
great help to me. being attacked.
A Besides B N ot only C Initially FEAR She seldom left the house
_______________________ attacked.
9 He isn't qualified for the job._____ , he hasn't had much
8 Whatever you say, I will never trust that man.
practical experience.
W H AT I will never trust that man
A What is more B Wherever C Eventually
_________________________________ you say.
10 She sings_____she were an opera star.
9 That's the shop where he used to work when he was
A as if B assuming C owing to
young.
11 You can play tennis for free here _____ you book in IN That's the shop
advance. __________________ when he
A except for B even so C provided was young.

12 Everyone agreed _____ from James. 10 You must phone work if you are ill.

A but B apart C only EVENT You must phone work

__________________ you are ill.
13 O n the _____, it was a great performance.
11 She was tall, but she couldn't reach the top shelf.
A all B whole C summary
TH O UG H Tall___________________________________________
14 She decided to accept the job offer even ____ she not reach the top shelf.
would have to move to N ew York. 12 There was heavy traffic on the motorway, so we
A considering B despite C though arrived late.
15 He behaves_____ he were the boss. DUE We arrived late
A in a way B with a view C as if _________ on the motorway.

126
 A REVISION^v

Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 She wore a wig ______ no one would recognise her. 14 I'll help you with the chores______ I finish my
A for fear C inorder homework.
B to avoid D so that A as soon as C just as
B by the time D while
2 James is the p erson______ decided to volunteer at the
local animal shelter. 15 He looks nothing ______ his father.
A whose C who A as C like
B which D whom B such D less

3 We were late ______ heavy rain. 16 The person ______ you met last night is a vet.
A because C for fear A whose C where
B due to D in order to B whom D why

4 It was______ good news that everyone cheered. 17 ______ he didn't have the right qualifications, he
A as C so decided to apply for the post.
B sucha D such A Despite C Even
B Although D Whereas
5 That is the actress______ husband is an Oscar nominee.
A whose C which 18 ______ Paul nor Jenny accepted the offer.
B who D whom A But C N either
B Either D Whereas
6 She moved to N ew York______ studying Art.
A in case C with the aim of 19 H e's______ patient with children!
B with a view D so that A even so C such
B likewise D so
7 ______ being late, they didn't hurry.
A While C Despite 20 Take some extra money in case you ______ it.
B In spite D Although A will need C would need
B are needing D need
8 She sounds______ she is Spanish.
A how C though 21 ______ nice presents! Thank you all!
B the way D as if A Such a C What
B H ow D So
9 Tire d ______ she was, she continued working on the
project. 22 The house in ______ he lives belongs to his
A however C as grandparents.
B although D yet A where C that
B which D whom
10 She interviewed twelve students, one of______ was
Portuguese. 23 ______ not feeling well, he went to work.
A where C which A Despite C Although
B who D whom B In spite D Even though

11 She left early______ meeting them. 24 When he ______ , we can go to the supermarket.
A in case C to avoid A comes C will come
B for fear D to prevent B had come D is coming

12 The company recruited more staff______ the summer 25 ______ hard he tries, he won't be promoted.
season is starting soon. A Despite C N o matter
A due to C on the grounds B H owever D Whatever
B seeing that D in view of

13 Steve behaves as if he ______ the owner of the cafe,

but he isn't.
A is C has been
B were D would be

127
 I Vocabulary
11 CLOTHES & FASHION

CLOTHES, ACCESSORIES AND FOOTWEAR Ch o ose t h e w ord t h a t d o es n o t m a tch.

C o m p le t e t h e d escri p t i o ns w it h w o rds fro m t h e
A ccessories: earmuffs, wallet, boots, scarf, bow tie,
list.
mittens
•T-shirt • suit •le g g i n gs • glov es •sh ir t F o o t w e ar: loafers, sneakers, trainers, necklace, sandals
• sh o es • b o o ts •t r o users • skirt • jack e t Clo t h es: raincoat, evening gown, cardigan, purse, vest
• tig h ts • scarf • train ers • su n g lasses Je w ellery: slippers, necklace, bracelet, earrings,
• dress • b elt brooch

Vintage M a tch t h e se n t e nces t o t h e accessories in t h e list.

• n ecklace • h airb a n ds • w a tch • e arrin gs

Milly is wearing a 1) on her
• b racele t • rin g
head and a pair of 2) over her
eyes. She has got black 3) _____ on 1 I wear it around my neck when I go out with my

her hands and a black 4) with friends._____________________

2 I usually wear one in each ear at the weekends.
white spots. She is also wearing high-heeled shoes.

3 I wear it every day because I need it to tell the time.

Smart casual 4 I use them to tie my hair up in my PE and Science

Sam is wearing a light blue lessons.
and a grey waistcoat.
He has got a pair of black 5 It's a present from my grandma and I wear it on my
middle fing er.____________________
______ on and some white
6 I just wear one on my wrist, but some of my friends
7 )•
have got lots!____________________

Sporty MATERIALS AND PATTERNS

La b el t h e p ict ures w i t h: floral, denim, plain, striped,
Polly is wearing a red 8) and
leather, cotton, polka dot, wool/woollen, silk, checked.
black top. She has got a pair of black
9) on her legs and trainers.

Amy is wearing a red evening dress. Chris 6

is wearing a black
10) with a bow tie
around his neck. He has got shiny black
11) on his feet.
1 ________________________ 6 ________________________
2 7 _________________________
3 ________________________ 8 ________________________

Fancy dress 4
5
________________________
________________________
9
10
________________________
________________________
Gemma is wearing a hairband on her head. She
has got a black 12)
D escri b e y o ur f a v o uri t e o u t fit.
a silver 13) _________ around her
waist and a black 14) / love wearing my denim jeans and white trainers with a
cotton T-shirt and a checked shirt. I wear my watch, too,
She has got purple 15)
and a necklace.
and black 16) on her feet.

128
r PHRASALVERBS ' WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED

se e a b o u t: d eal wit h; m a k e arra n g e m en ts f or ( = see t o) Tick ( / ) t h e correct b o x. Ch eck in y o ur d ict io n ary.

se e sb o f f: g o wit h sb t o t h eir p oint o f d e p art ure
se e sb o u t: acco m p a n y sb t o t h e d o or / e xit o f a h o use /
b uilding
se e o ver: inspect (a h o use, flat, etc) m o n ey
se e t hr o u g h sb /st h: n ot b e d eceived b y sb /st h
se e sb t hro u g h: su p p ort sb until t he e n d o f a dif ficult w eig h t
ti m e t h e b us
se e t o: 1) m a k e arra n g e m e n ts, 2) a t t e n d t o sth
a film

a t arg e t

Fill in t h e correct p ar ticle. o ne ’s mind

1 Don't do the washing up now; I'll see it later. co ntrol

2 Let's make an appointment to see the
a class
property with the surveyor.
3 He thinks he's clever, but I can se e his tricks. t h e ch a nce

4 You look after the children and I'll se e the in t erest

washing up.
m y jack e t
5 We'll all come to the station to see you after
the fashion show. a game

a n a p p oin t m e n t
1 PREPOSITIONS
a flig h t

Lo o k a t A p p e n d ix 1, t h e n fill in t h e co rrect t h e p oin t

p re p osi t io n. a d ea dline

1 She was exp elle d school when they caught

her taking some test papers.
C o m p le t e t h e g a ps. Use: try, take, put, do or dress
2 He forgave m e arriving late his
(x2). Ch eck in y o ur d ict i o n ary.
performance.
3 Don't worry - you'll be safe danger here. 1 People usually up for events like weddings.
4 I replied to the invitation the party. 2 It's really warm in the sun today. Why don't you
5 It's so typical of him to be late an appointment. off your coat?
6 M ozart was a g enius composing operas. 3 He wants to up as a superhero at Halloween.
7 The train to Liverpool d e parts platform 7 at 4 Can you help Mikey up his coat? He's only
10.30. two years old, and he can't manage the buttons yet.
8 He was ashamed the way he had treated his 5 It's freezing cold o u tsi d e . o n a hat and
friend. some gloves when you go out.
9 In this city, you have to b eware the busy 6 I think those jeans are too big for you.
roads as they're very dangerous. them on in the changing room before you buy them.
10 Kate is fond wearing scarves in the winter.
Wear or put on? C o m p le t e in t h e correct f orm .

1 Jane a uniform to work.

2 It's c o l d .y o ur jacket.
3 I can't decide what t o to the wedding.
4 your gloves before you go.
5 I sometimes my hair up.
6 Tony sometimes contact lenses.
7 He his coat and went out.
8 What are you going t o to the reception?

129
 English in Use

r KEY-WORD TRANSFORMATIONS WORD FORMATION

PREFIXES (I)
That's the town I was born in.
Pre fix es are syllables which we add before certain
That's the town where I was born. words to form new words. The meaning of the new
That's the town in which I was born. word depends on the prefix that has been used.
They let us stay, which was kind of them. a n ti- against ( antisocial)
It was kind of them to let us stay. bi- two (biannual)
co- with (co- driver)
This is Mr Foster; his son is a famous pianist.
co u n t er- in the opposite direction (counteract)
This is Mr Foster whose son is a famous pianist.
e x- previous, former (ex-wife)
Sunday is the day when she got married. in t er- between (international)
Sunday is the day on which she got married. m is- done wrongly or badly ( misjudge )

I bought a fridge which was faulty. m o n o- one ( monologue )

m ulti- many ( multicultural)
The fridge I bought was faulty.
n o n- not ( non-smoker)
That man gave my brother a job.
o u t- more, better (outgrow )
That's the man who gave my brother a job. o ver- (done) to a great extent (overconfident)
They arrested six men; two of them are Swiss.
They arrested six men, two of whom are Swiss.
Fill in t h e co rrect f orm o f t h e w or ds in b ol d usin g
t h e a p p r o p ria t e p re fix.

1 Students organised a(n)

C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w o rds in b ol d.
protest against
Use t w o t o fiv e w o rds.
conflicts around the world. W AR
1 I like all my dresses, but the red one is my favourite. 2 M ary is as
P A RTICULAR I like all my dresses, but the red one she speaks both English and
Italian fluently. LI N G U AL
favourite. 3 A i s a I ways
2 O nce they all arrived, she began the seminar. on board the aircraft to assist
HAD She waited the captain during a flight. PILO T
____________________________________ before 4 The football team launched a
she began the seminar. _________________ against their
3 Gary was the only one who didn't enjoy the meal. opponent and scored. A TT A CK
EXCEPT Everyone _______________________________ 5 After finalising their divorce,
_________________ Gary. Jane has no contact whatsoever
4 Always check the dictionary if you don't want to make with her________________________ . H USB A N D

spelling mistakes. 6 United Airlines covers

A V O ID Always check the dictionary ________________________ flights
___ spelling mistakes. in lots of countries worldwide. C O N TI N E N T AL

5 I'm not going to work today because I've got a cold. 7 Please d on't ________________________
me; I don't mean to be rude. U N DERST A N D
O WIN G I'm not going to work today
8 Jack is a ________________________ and
______ I've got a cold.
owns his own private jet and island. M ILLI O N AIRE
6 His second film is very different to his first.
9 Access to the swimming pool is
LIKE His second film
prohibited t o ________________________ . M E M BERS
_________________________________ his first.
10 Jake always tries to
7 I'm writing concerning the advertised position.
________________________ everybody
REFERE N CE I'm writing
else in the class. DO
the advertised position.
11 Make sure you d on't __________________
8 This is Mr Jones; you will be helping him tomorrow.
as you will miss the train. SLEEP
WHO This is Mr Jones
12 The USA is a ________________________
______ tomorrow.
country with people from different
nationalities living there. C ULT URAL

130
 English in Use 11
MULTIPLE CHOICE

Ch o ose t h e b est o p tio n.

1 If you don't refund my money, I'll be forced to take 7 Her sister took her coat without asking first. She was so
l e g a l. angry that she could barely her voice.
A step C move A manage C check
B action D measure B rule D control

2 Adam could not on his work because of the noise 8 She has b e en day and night for the piano recital
coming from his next door neighbour's radio. next month.
A assemble C devote A practising C exercising
B collect D concentrate B applying D learning

3 Rosa and Miriam remained silent the journey so 9 The play was a huge success. Over three thousand
as to enjoy the spectacular scenery. p eople the opening night.
A in C all A observed C attended
B at D throughout B heard D listened

4 Their dream came true when they finally set off on their 10 What did I like t h e ? The fashion show! It was
to M ount Everest. spectacular.
A expedition C travel A great C much
B sightseeing D cruise B more D most

5 John felt that his mother would disapprove of his 11 M ary was thrilled when she found out that she had
plans to work in the fashion industry. b een a place at Harvard University.
A accurate C definite A told C proposed
B guaranteed D certain B offered D said

6 You should leave early in order t o the heavy 12 Jenny was with both her teachers and classmates.
traffic. A popular C well-known
A pass C keep B famous D well-off
B avoid D prevent

r WORD FORMATION 1

Use t h e w o r ds in ca pi t als t o f or m a w ord t h a t fits in t h e sp ace in t h e sa m e lin e.

t he Sil k Wo RA
When you wear a silk shirt, scarf or tie, you might not 0) immediately th'mk IMMEDIATE
of where the material came from. The silkworm which produces it is not
1 ) a worm at all, but a kind of butterfly or moth. From its REAL
body, it spins its own 2 ) cocoon using silk which can be up PROTECT
to one mile in length.
For more than 4,000 years, these silk threads have been 3) WEAVE
into luxurious fabrics to provide clothes for the wealthy. Today, in China,
more than 10 million farmers raise silkworms, supplying more than one half
of the world ’s 4 ) . REQUIRE
When the caterpillars hatch from the eggs, they spend about a month
eating mulberry leaves before being put into 5 ) in their own ISOLATE
separate boxes. Here, they spin a cocoon around 6 ) . After THEY
about two weeks, the caterpillars change into moths, and the cocoons are
ready to receive a hot steam bath 7 ) to loosen the thread. TREAT
This is carefully unravelled and wound into skeins of silk. This simple
8 ) process gives us our pure silk thread. NATURE

131
 Grammar
EMPHATIC STRUCTURES/INVERSION

E m p h a t ic st ruct u res

We use emphatic structures to emphasise a particular part of a sentence.

• it is/was ( not) + su b ject / o b ject + that/who( m ) • that is/was + q u estio n w ord (statements)
(statements/ negations) That's what he did to save the boy.
it was Mary that/who called you. It was the manager • is/was that + q u estio n w ord or q u estio n w ord + is/
that/who( m ) I wrote to. was it + that (questions)
It was the radio that broke down, (only "that" can be Was that why they moved house? Why is it that you
used because the subject is not a person) are always late for work?
It wasn't me that/who called the police. It isn't the TV
• To express a d m ira tio n, a n g er, co ncern, etc., we use
that needs to be repaired.
question words with ever.
• q u estio n w ord + su b ject + v er b + is/was Whatever are you talking about?
What he needs is a long holiday.
• do/does/did + b are in finitiv e is used in the Present
• is/was it + su b ject / o b ject + that/who( m ) (questions) simple, Past simple or Imperative to give emphasis.
Is it Jim that/whom you are going to meet? Was it his I do promise to keep your secret. Do have some /
bicycle that got stolen last night? more coffee. He did buy the diamond ring. /

Re w rit e t h e se n t e nces as in t h e e x a m p le. C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w or ds in b old.

Use t w o t o fiv e w or ds.
1 A n n decorated the pumpkin.
It was Ann who/that decorated the pumpkin. 1 You weren't paying attention when the accident
2 The children need so m e w h ere t o play. happened.
TH AT It ___________________________________________
_______ paying attention
3 Did y o u give him that horrible pair of trousers? when the accident happened.
2 The doctor promised that I would be out of bed in a
couple of days.
4 W h a t do you mean by talking to me like that? DID The _________________________________________
would be out of bed in a couple of days.
3 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin.
5 You should co nce n tra t e m ore w hile y o u're drivin g. W AS It ___________________________________________
discovered penicillin.
4 Did you meet Dwayne Johnson in H ollywood?
6 I telephoned our cousins.
M ET Was _______________________________________
Dwayne Johnson in H ollywood?
5 The committee doesn't want to accept any new
7 W h ere are you going to be at Easter?
members into the club.
IS What the ___________________________________
_______________________ to accept any new
8 You need a nice cu p o f t e a.
members into the club.
6 He said he was coming with us.
SAY He _________________________________________
9 W h e n did you get home?
___________________ with us.
7 Did you go to the Rivera Club last night?
IT Was ________________________________________
10 W h y did you borrow money from Alan?
you went to last night?

132
 ^■9 12
EMPHATIC STRUCTURES/INVERSION

In versio n

We can invert the subject and the auxiliary verb in the • in conditionals when should, were, had (Past Perfect)
sentence to give emphasis. This happens: are placed at the beginning of the sentence. N ote
• after certain expressions placed at the beginning of a that "if" is omitted.
sentence. Should you go out, leave the key under the mat. (Ifyou
Barely, H ardly (ever)... when, In no way, In/ Underno should go out... - Type 1)
circumstances, Little, Never (before), Nor/ Neither, No Were I you, I would apologise. (If I were you ... - Type 2)
sooner... than, Noteven once, Not only... but also, Not H ad he been invited, he would have come. (If he had
since, Not till/until, Nowhere, O nly by, O nly in this way, been invited ... - Type 3)
O n no account, On no occasion, O nly then, R arely, • after so, neither/nor, as to express agreement.
Scarcely (ever)... when, Seldom. "I enjoy romance films." " So do I." ( " So" is used to agree
Little did he say about his accident. R arely does he with an affirmative statement.)
visit us. "Tim didn't come." " N either/ Nor did Ann." ( " Neither/
N ote that when only after, only by, only if, only when, Nor" are used to agree with a negative statement.)
not since, not till/until are put at the beginning of a Her students loved her, as did her colleagues.
sentence, we use inversion in the main clause.
O nly when you see him will you realise how much he In the following structures, we invert the subject and the
has suffered. main verb.
• after a d v erbs o f place. There goes the bus!
• after so, such, to such a degree (in result
(B U T There it goes!)
clauses) placed at the beginning of a sentence.
Here is your pen! (B U T Here it is!)
So hard does he work that he will soon be promoted.
• in D irect Sp e ech when the reporting verb comes
after the quote and the subject is a noun.
" What a nice dress!" said Susan.
(B U T " What a nice dress!"she said.)

Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n. C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w or ds in b ol d.

Use t w o t o fiv e w or ds.
1 O nly if you agree ca n w e g o / w e ca n g o on with the
plan. 1 I've never had such fun anywhere else.
2 Under no circumstances will Elaine leave /Elaine will ELSE N owhere__________________________________
leave the house. such fun.
3 W ere /Sh o uld the river rise any higher, the town will 2 Lynn didn't realise that her mother was so worried
be flooded. about her.
4 D id / H a d you paid on time, you wouldn't have been RE ALISE Little that
cut off. her mother was so worried about her.
5 N o so o n er / N o t o nly had he recovered from the flu 3 The army marched forward into battle.
than he caught a bad cold. M A RC HED Forward __________________________________
6 So /Such a long holiday did he take that he forgot into battle.
how to do his job.
4 Her parents and her friends warned her not to go
7 O nly if / b y shouting and waving their arms did they
alone.
manage to get our attention.
AS Her parents warned her not to go
8 O nly when he is really desperate h e asks/ d o es h e ask
a l o n e , fri e n d s.
for help.
5 She sang so well that she was offered a record deal.
9 I'll give him your message sh o uld / w ere I see him.
SI N G So _____________________________________
10 N eit h er / N e v er does Tom seem worried about his
that she was offered a record deal.
future.
6 Unemployment hasn't been at such a high level at any
11 Barely had she finished cooking t h a n / w h e n her first
time since the 1930s.
guests arrived.
BEE N N ot since the 1 930s
12 O nly when I have nothing else to do I w a tch / d o I
at such a high level.
w a tch TV.

133
 Re w ri t e t h e se n t e nces usin g so or such a t t h e C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w o r ds in b old.
b e g in nin g o f t h e se n t e nce. Use t w o t o fiv e w o rds.

1 As the exams were difficult, many students complained. 1 The door to the basement is to be left open on no
So ___________________________________________________________ account.
A CC O U N T O n _________________________________________
2 His dream was so strange that his psychiatrist wrote to the basement to be left open.
about it in a medical journal. 2 We won't tell anybody the good news until we're
So ___________________________________________________________ certain it's true.
W ILL N ot until we're certain it's true
3 The explorers took such a long time to find the tomb ____________ anybody the
that they had nearly run out of supplies. good news.
Such ________________________________________________________ 3 He felt so unwell that he had to cancel their date.
DID So _________________________________________
4 M any people think she's English because she speaks that he had to cancel their date.
the language so fluently. 4 Bob forgot his mother's birthday and his sister's too.
So ___________________________________________________________ DID Bob didn't remember his mother's
birthday,_____________
5 She is so ignorant that she has never heard of Shakespeare. his sister's.
Such ________________________________________________________ 5 He was so anxious that he kept biting his nails.
HIS Such _______________________________________
6 He was so surprised that he nearly fell off his chair. he kept biting his nails.
Such ____________________________________________________ 6 Brown bread is healthier and tastier than white bread.
O NLY N ot_____________________________________
than white bread, but it's healthier too!
Fill in so, neither/nor a n d t h e a p p r o p ria t e p ro n o u n
a n d v er b. Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 "I don't feel like staying in today." 1 see Jack, please ask him to call me.
" . Let's go to the beach instead." A You should B If should you
2 "I really like our new teacher." C Should you
" . She's really patient, isn't she?" 2 O n no should you touch that switch.
3 "I can't decide what to buy Chris for his birthday." A circumstances B account C way
" . What can you give a man 3 difficult were the questions that no one could
who has everything?" answer them.
4 "I should really start doing some kind of exercise." A Too B Such C So
" . I've put on a lot of weight." 4 John!
5 "I'd really love to go out tonight." A It comes B Here comes
" . Let's go to the new Italian C Comes there
place round the corner." 5 you, I'd accept the invitation.
6 "I can't stand this heat any more." A Should I be B Were I C Had I been
" . Let's get in the car and go for 6 Seld om his hometown.
a drive." A does he visit B he does visit C he visits
7 "I had the time of my life at the party last night." 7 come, tell her to wait for me.
" . I'll never forget you dancing A Should she B W ould she C Were she
the tango with old Mrs Marple." 8 Little she had moved to Paris.
8 "I've spent lots of money on clothes this month." A we did know B we knew
" .There's hardly any space left C did we know
in my wardrobe." 9 N o sooner had we left the village it started
9 "I won't be surprised if they don't turn up this evening." snowing.
" . They've been known to let A that B than C when
people down in the past." 10 O nly when I get a better jo b able to afford a
10 " We're thinking of going to Ibiza this summer." bigger flat.
" . We've heard it's a great A I will be B be I will C will I be
holiday destination."
134
 12
REVISION

9 Ch o ose t h e m ost a p p r o p ria t e o p tio n.

1 O n no account______ to be left open. 14 Tom didn't return my calls,______ reply to any of my

A the door is C will the door emails.
B is the door D the door be A neither he did C nor did he
B he did neither D he did either
2 ______ I you, I would accept the offer.
A Am C Should 15 N o sooner had we reached the station______ the train
B Had D Were arrived.
A that C than
3 ______ was her disappointment that she started to cry.
B but also D when
A Rarely C Such
B So D Such a degree 16 ______ who won first prize?
A Was John it C Was John
4 ______ expect that they would reject my proposal.
B John was D Was it John
A Little I C I little
B I do little D Little did I 17 ______ is to move to a bigger house.
A He wants what C What he wants
5 ______ did to help his neighbours.
B What wants he D He wants
A What he C That's what he
B It was he D Was he 18 N ot until 1 saw him ______ we had met before.
A did 1 remember C did remember
6 "They love water sports." " ______ "
B 1 did remember D will 1 remember
A I do, either. C I do so.
B N either do I. D So do I. 19 ______ have some more cake.
A You do C Do you
7 ______ that he always lies about his age?
B Do D Does he
A When is it C Is it
B Why is it D Whatever is it 20 " ______ great news!"said Kathy.
A Here C What
8 ______ did we go to Paris, but we also visited Rome.
B H ow D There
A N o sooner C N ot only
B N either D So 21 way can the prime minister win the election.
A Seldom C O n no
9 ______ did they say about the accident.
B O nly in this D N ot since
A N ot even C Little
B So D Scarcely 22 go to the supermarket, buy some cheese.
A You should C Had you
10 ______ fall below 0°C in Spain.
B Were you D Should you
A Seldom temperatures do
B Seldom do temperatures 23 ______ asked, he would have helped.
C Do seldom temperatures A Should he be C Was he
D Temperatures do seldom B Had he been D Did he

11 ______ they talking about? 24 So quickly______ that the others couldn't keep up with
A Was that why C Whatever were him.
B Why did D What did A ran he C runs he
B did he ran D did he run
12 She loved the new film,______ her brother.
A and so C seldom did 25 "Stacey hasn't replied yet." " ______ has Jennifer."
B as did D were her A N or C Should
B Either D Seldom
13 Look! There ______ !
A the train went C go the train
B goes the train D the train goes

135
12 WORK
f

JOBS & WORKPLACES C o m p le t e w it h long, low, work, high-powered, job,

La b el t h e p ict ures w it h t h e w o r ds in t h e list. working t o f or m coll oca t i o ns.
T h e n, co m p le t e t h e t a b le w it h t h e j o bs b elo w .
1 The conditions at the factory
• p lu m b er • acco u n t a n t • e n g ine er • electricia n were very bad. That's why they closed it down.
• surv ey or • m usicia n 2 My dad works hours at the
hospital. Sometimes, his shifts last 14 hours!
3 I've got a lot of experience in
retail. I was a shop assistant for five years.
4 He wants a permanent jo b because he believes
security is more important
than money.
5 She's got a job. She's the
director of a company with 700 employees.
6 He doesn't mind the wages
because he gets 60 days holiday a year.

Re a d t h e q u est io ns a n d ch o ose t h e co rrect w ord.

T h e n use t h e q u est i o ns t o t al k w it h y o ur p ar t n er.
1 ________________________ 4 ________________________
1 Are you interested in a care er / livin g in business?
2 ________________________ 5 ________________________
Why/ Why not?
3 ________________________ 6 ________________________
2 Have you ever had a p art - ti m e / p er m a n e n t job during
your summer holidays? What did you do?
U niversit y O n-t h e-jo b trainin g / 3 Which do you think is more important in a job,
A p pre n ticeship
d e gre e Le arn o n y o ur o w n m a kin g / e arnin g a high salary or enjoying your work?
4 At what age do people re tire / p ro m o t e in your
country?
5 Is there high resignation / unem ployment in your
country?

Fill in w i t h: pension, pay, expenses, salary, benefit,

bonus, wage.
C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces w i t h: beauty salon,
1 Ken earns a m onthly of £1,200.
department store, factory, farm, hospital, office,
2 The company pays for all of George's travel
restaurant, school.

1 Karen works as a salesperson in the footwear section 3 Th e e m p I oye r offered a of £400 a

of the n e w . week.
2 My cousin is a cook at an Italian 4 The unemployment that Ben
on Fleet Street. receives will help him until he finds a new job.
3 N ot all hairdressers work in a ( n ). 5 Each worker received a because
Some visit people's houses and cut their hair at home. the company had a very successful year.
4 My brother is a teacher and he works at a secondary 6 After working at the company for 5 years, Rachael
asked her boss for a rise.
5 There are over 500 workers at the t o y . 7 AfterTed retired, he began receiving a
6 My secretary arrives at the at from the government.
8:30 am and leaves at 6 pm.
7 Ben and Amy's parents are farmers, and their whole
family lives on a .
8 There aren't enough nurses at the

136
^ PHRASALVERBS
Ch o ose t h e co rrect p re p osit i o n. Ch eck in y o ur
d ict io n ary.
se t a b o u t: 1) b e gin t o d o, 2) a t t ack
se t asi d e: save f or a sp ecial p urp ose 1 David has been o u t / o v er of work for over a year.
se t b ack: 1) d elay pro gress o f st h, 2) d elay an even t till a 2 Laura works fro m / f or a company that makes sports
lat er d a t e, 3) cost (slang) equipment.
se t o u t: 1) b e gin a jo urn ey, 2) st art a course o f actio n wit h 3 The workers decided to go o n / f or strike after their
a clear aim in mind
boss refused to increase their wages.
se t in: st art an d see m lik ely t o co ntin u e
4 W hatd oesChrisd owith /for a living?
se t o n: (cause t o) a t tack
5 Paula is o n / in unemployment benefit until she can
se t u p: 1) st art a b usin ess, 2) b uild; erect, 3) est a blish
find a new job.
6 Henry hopes to start a career b y / in journalism.

6 Fill in t h e co rrect p ar ticle. 7 Mr Jones is o f f / o n sick today.

8 The customer asked to see the person in / o v er charge.
1 Jinn sets a little money every month. 9 Fred applied t o / f or a jo b as a software designer.
2 As soon as the last guest had gone, he set 10 Frank is a mechanic in / b y profession.
cleaning the flat.
3 When Anna finished university, she set her
own computer company.
WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED
4 He set to become a millionaire before the
age of thirty.
Tick t h e co rrect b o x. C h eck in y o ur d ict i o n ary.
5 We'll need warm clothes now that the cold weather
has s e t .
6 That laptop set m e £300. get p ay
7 The sound equipment has been set for the
a job
concert.
8 The storm did a lot of damage and set construction wages
by a week.
fired
9 The gang of hooligans set him with sticks.
10 She set a committee to oppose the plans permission
for the new building. a promotion

attention
PREPOSITIONS
someone a visit
Lo o k a t A p p e n d ix 1, t h e n fill in t h e correct started
p re p osit i o n.
a compliment
1 The boy was name d his grandfather.
lost
2 Joan is frightened empty spaces.
3 The barrister was very happy the jury's a pension

verdict.
4 The sales tax is includ e d the price written
on the item.
5 It's about time you stopped relying your
parentsand got a job.
6 If you persist calling me such horrible
names, I'm going to tell the manager.
7 Jimmy agreed his boss on where to hold
the event.
8 I was shocke d the price they charged.
9 Don't forget to thank Sheila her present.
10 The hijackers surrendered the police.

137
12 a English in Use

J KEY-WORD TRANSFORMATIONS ■ 7 His uncle met him at the station.

WHO It was
Mary got her degree in physics. him at the station.
It was M ary who got her degree in physics. 8 You should never park on double yellow lines.

Why did she get angry with Pam? CIRC U M ST A N CES Under

Why was it that she got angry with Pam? _________ on

double yellow lines.
We can buy this car only if he lends us the money.
O nly if he lends us the money will we buy this car.
If I were you, Id tell them the truth.
WORDFORMATION
r
PREFIXES (II)
Were I you, Id tell them the truth.
If you should need help, please let me know. p ost- after (postgraduate )
Should you need help, please let me know. pre- before (prehistoric)
If he had admitted his mistake, they would have pro- in favour of (proactive )
forgiven him. re- again (reconsider)
Had he admitted his mistake, they would have se m i- half (semi-final)
forgiven him. su b - under, less (subzero)
su p er- big, more (superstar)
He had just opened the door when the phone rang.
tra ns- (travel) from one side, group, etc., to
N o sooner had he opened the door than the phone
another (transatlantic)
rang.
tri- three (triathlon )
She managed to finish the project by working
u n d er- not enough ( undercooked)
weekends.
u ni- one ( unicycle)
O nly by working weekends did she manage to
finish the project.
She danced so gracefully that everyone applauded. C o m p le t e t h e g a ps w it h w o r ds d eriv e d fro m t h e
So gracefully did she dance that everyone applauded. w or ds in b ol d.

1 M atthew enrolled in a
course after completing his first degree. GR A D U A TE
C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w o r ds in b old.
2 By atte n d i n g a ,
Use t w o t o five w o rds.
young children learn important social
1 He broke his leg during the summer holidays. skills by interacting with other children. SC H O OL
TH AT It was during 3 I was asked to _________________________
__________________________ he broke his leg. my assignment as my professor thought

2 He didn't realise a surprise party awaited him. it was unsatisfactory. W RITE

KNOW Little _________________________________________ 4 The Smiths thought it would be better

___________ a surprise party to move into a ____________________

awaited him. house in the suburbs.____________________ DET A C H ED

5 She lives in the suburbs and takes the
3 Why did you leave work early today?
to work. W AY
TH AT Why was________________________________
6 Spider- Man is a fictional comic book
___ early today?
____________________ who has lots of
4 It was impossible for us to have a day off work.
special powers. HERO
C O ULD O n no account
7 M any police officers and firefighters
_______________________________ a day off work.
often complain that they are
5 You had to be lucky to discover gold in those days.
for the dangerous
C O ULD O nly if you _____________________________
work that they do.________________________ P AID
________ discover gold in
8 This school requires all students to
those days.
wea r a eve ry d ay. F OR M
6 Hillary and N orgay were the first climbers to reach the
summit of M ount Everest.
WHO It was_______________________________________
____________ reached the
summit of M ount Everest.
138
 English in Use 12
M U LTIPLE CHOICE *

Re a d t h e se n t e nces b el o w a n d d ecid e w hich a nsw er (A , B or C) b est fits e ach b la n k.

1 The manager had to write a(n) on every 6 Tim knew he'd had a escape when he wasn't
employee in his department. injured in the accident.
A examination B research C report A fortune B well-off C lucky

2 James was able t o that he had not been in the 7 All passengers must the ship at least one hour
office when the fire started. before departure.
A indicate B prove C imply A get in B get up C board

3 You'll have t o if you can't remember the answer. 8 Without technical skills, you may not find a good
A predict B calculate C guess job.
A advanced B progressed C increased
4 Sandy couldn't remember what her manager had told
her the week. 9 John continued the family by becoming a dentist.
A previous B early C former A culture B habit C tradition

5 The office is in a b eautiful overlooking the small 10 I've only seen her on one o t h e r; it was when she
harbour. got promoted.
A position B angle C mark A incident B occasion C celebration

Ch o ose t h e correct o p tio n.

Factory work is often dull and repetitive, 1 ) it

work
generally isn ’ t difficult. Most people work on a
production line, 2 ) individuals are responsible
for the completion of one stage of a process.
3 ) of the work doesn ’ t require 4 ) and
is unskilled. Still, it often helps if you have some
knowledge. An unpleasant aspect of the job is that it
often 5 ) shift work, including nights. Overtime
is also common; normally, workers 6 ) paid
extra for it. Strike action - when people stop work for
a 7 ) of time - is not uncommon in factories,
and it is the workers’ 8 ) of demanding a pay
increase. Some factory workers enjoy their job
because it 9) a reliable income. Others,
because they feel they are underpaid, frequently scan
the jobs section of local newspapers 1 0 ) to
find something better.

1 A even B although C despite

2 A where B when C that
3 A Lots B Many c Much
4 A teaching B practice c training
5 A involves B calls c supposes
6 A get B do c have
7 A space B period c matter
8 A move B way c manner
9 A carries B provides c serves
10 A to hope B hope c hoping

139
13 DETERMINERS/PRONOUNS J

D e t er m i n ers

D e t er m in ers are: in d e finit e article ( a / an ), d e finit e article (the), d e m o nstra tives (this - these/that - those), p ossessive
a d jectiv es ( my, your, his, etc.), q u a n tifiers (some, any, every, no, both, each, either, neither, enough, several, all, most,
etc.) and n u m b ers (one, two, etc.).

D e m o nst ra t iv es (this - these/that-those)

This/These are use d: That/Those are use d:

• for people or things near us. • for people or things not near us.
This box is yours. That boy over there is my son.
• for present/future situations. • for past situations.
Tm going out with Ted this week. That day was the worst day of his life.
• when the speaker is in or near the place they are • to refer back to something mentioned before.
referring to. " We're moving to York." "That's fantastic!"
This house was built in 1856. (The speaker is near or in • when speaking on the phone to ask who the other
the house.) person is.
• to introduce people or to identify ourselves on the Hello? This is Alan S mith. Who's that, please?
phone.
Ann, this is Jane.

N o t e: This/These - That/Those are not always followed by nouns. This is all I can do to help you.

Fill in: this, that, these or those.

1 I'll never forget my holiday in Th a il a n d.w as

the holiday of a lifetime!
2 records you threw out were my original hits
from the sixties!
3 "I've been accepted by my first choice of university."
" C o n gra t ula ti o ns.is fantastic!"
4 " What are you d oing Thursday?" " Well, I have
to go to work as usual."
5 " belonged to my grand mother,"said Tim as
he slipped the diamond ring onto Ann's finger.
6 " lamp needs repairing." " is what I
was trying to tell you."
7 Do you think trousers suit me?
8 Do you se e girl over there? She's my cousin's
friend.
9 biscuits are delicious. Did you make them
yourself?
10 I can't go out in dress. It's much too tight.
11 M m m!is the best soup I've ever tasted!
12 H e ll o ,is Mrs Cook. Can I speak to Mr Brown,
please?
13 Aren't boys over there your students?
14 Don't you think new electronic devices that
we saw in the shop are really clever?
15 were the days when we didn't have the
Internet or social media.
16 "I just love striped shoes." "They look great on
you."

140
 • All refers to more than two people or things. It has a • None refers to more than two people or things. It has
positive meaning and takes a verb in the plural. It is a negative meaning and isn't followed by a noun.
the opposite of none. 'Are there any mistakes?" " No, none."
All the students failed. All of them failed. They all failed. None ofvs used before nouns or object pronouns
All five of them failed. followed by a verb either in the singular or plural. It is
All + that-clause (= the only thing) takes a singular the opposite of all.
verb. None of the three boys/them know(s) how to do it.
AH that he said was not to worry. N o t e: no + n o u n. There's no room for them.
• Both refers to two people or things. It has a positive • Every is used with singular countable nouns. It refers
meaning and takes a verb in the plural. It is the to a group of people or things and means "all",
opposite of neither/ not either. " everyone ", " everything ", etc.
Pam and Ann are British. Both Pam and Ann are British. He goes to the library every day.
They are both British. Both of them are British. Both • Each is used with singular countable nouns. It means
girls are British. " one by one", considered individually.
• Whole (= complete) is used with countable nouns. Each member of the team was given a medal.
We always use a, the, this, my, etc. + whole + N ote that everyone and each one have of
co u n t a b le. constructions.
the whole week = all week Every one of/Each one of the players was given a
• Either (= any one of two} / N either ( = not one and not bonus.
the other) refer to two people or things and are used • O ne/ O nes are used to avoid repetition of
before singular countable nouns. a countable noun.
N either girl enjoys horror films. N either of/Either of " Which camera do you like?" /j
take a verb either in the singular or plural.
"This one." /
N either of them is/ are French.

Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 B o t h / N eit her M ozart and Beethoven were great 16 You're going to have to look through e ach / b o t h one of
composers. these files separately.
2 N eit her /Eit h er Sam or David will clean the garage. 17 There's a leak in b o t h / each the hot water tank and the
3 I finished the all / w h ole exercise in five minutes. cold water tank.
4 I've kept in touch with all / e very my old school friends. 18 N eit her /Eit h er of the books you bought sounds
5 N eit her /Eit h er of the girls passed the exam. They both interesting to me.
failed. 19 N o n e / AII of the girls were ready for the dance on time.
6 Victor goes to the same cafe e v ery / all day. They got there late.
7 N o n e / Each of the people he contacted were interested. 20 " Do you like these boots?" " N o, I prefer these o n e / o nes. "
8 We have to pay our telephone bill e ach / e v ery three 21 Each / AII one of the candidates was given a
months. questionnaire before the interview.
9 You'll get fat if you eat all / n o n e those biscuits. 22 Fiona and I went to the opera. We b o t h / all enjoyed it
10 Eit h er / B o t h Tom and Lynn had a good time. very much.
11 She spent the w h ole / all afternoon lying on the beach. 23 There's n o / n o ne space for a washing machine in my
12 Each /Ev ery of the candidates will be interviewed kitchen.
individually. 24 A ll /Ev ery that she wants is another baby. She simply
13 N o ne o f /Ev ery the students believed that the exam adores big families.
results would be released so early. 25 I go swimming nearly eit h er / ev ery day.
14 I don't like eit h er / n eit h er of these coats. I'll look for one 26 My drama group put on a play, but n o n e / all of us were
somewhere else. pleased with the performance.
15 You'd better read through the all/ whole contract
before you sign it.

141
 13 Grammar
A DETERMINERS/PRONOUNS

Fill in: all, both, whole, either, neither, none, every, each or one (s).

1 ______________ of them was paying any attention to the 6 In game, there is an element of risk.
lecturer so they all got in trouble. 7 John and Fiona had a lot of work yesterday,
2 He's studying ______________ politics and modern of them went out.
languages at university. 8 " Do you like this skirt?" "I think that is
3 I think these are the ____ __________ you like. more flattering."
4 They spent the __________ ____ afternoon packing for 9 The members of the club were given
their holiday. copies of the regulations.
5 She sp ends______________ . her time studying for her 10 Both of these dictionaries are excellent -
exams. one of them will help you in your studies.

Both ... and... + plural v erb. Both Ann and Liz are vegetarians.
N either... nor.../Either... or .../ Not only ... but also... + sin g ular or plural v er b depending on the subject which
follows nor, or, but also.
N either Bill nor John is willing to help. Not only Sue, but also her family are going to the wedding.

Re writ e t h e se n t e nces usin g both ... and, neither... C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w or ds in b ol d.

nor, either... or, not only... but also. Use t w o t o fiv e w or ds.

1 Ann is a doctor and so is Chris. 1 My aunt lives on a farm and so does my cousin.
AND Both my __________
____________ on a farm.
2 Kate will pick you up from the station or else Sam will.
2 Danny can speak Chinese and so can his brother.
B UT N ot_________________________________________
brother can speak Chinese.
3 John hasn't been to Italy and his brother hasn't either.
3 Gordon is a journalist; his wife is too.
A RE Both ___________
______________ journalists.
4 Jo and Jim speak Spanish. 4 The exhibition will be opened by the mayor or the
queen.
5 Pete doesn't like going to the cinema. Tom doesn't either. OR Either the _________________________________
open the exhibition.
5 N ot only Ann, but also her husband want to emigrate.
AND Both ___________
6 James likes going fishing; so does Mark.
________ to emigrate.
6 She doesn't enjoy sleeping in a tent and nor does her
sister.
7 This weekend Liz is going skiing; so are her friends. N OR N either____________________________________
______ sleeping in a tent.
7 Bob is about to leave; Helen is about to leave too.
ALSO N ot o nly___________
8 Tim will fix your bike or else Mike will. _____ about to leave.
8 My father didn't go to university and neither did my

9 Pete and Nicki prepared the dinner. mother.

N OR N either my _______________________________
____________ to university.
9 You can ask John orTom to help you prune the trees.
10 Jane is going on a picnic this Sunday and so are her cousins.
EITHER You can _________
to help you prune the trees.

142
 a lot of- many - much

co u n t a b le n o u ns u nco u n t a b le n o u ns
Positive a lot of/lots of/ many a lot of/lots of/ much There are a lot of animals in the zoo.
(formal) (formal) There is a lot of sugar in my coffee.
Interrogative many much Are there many books in the library?
Did you have much time to read any of them?
N egative many much There aren't many cakes left.
1 won't make any more as 1 don't have much flour left.
a few (= some)/ a little ( = some)/ A few students passed the test, (some)
very few ( = not many, very little ( = not Very few people came to the event, ( not many)
not enough) much, not enough) A little salt gives flavour to food, (some)

• A lot of/ Lots of + countable / uncountable nouns are • A few (= some, a small number) + countable noun
normally used in positive sentences. a little (= some, a small amount of) + uncountable
A lot of people attended the ceremony. She’s got lots of noun have a positive meaning.
furniture. A lot of can also be used in questions and I have a little money left, so I'll buy a few sweets.
negations in informal English. • Few ( = not many, almost none) + countable noun /
Was there a lot of disagreement over the proposal? Little ( = not much, almost none) + uncountable
• Many + countables/ muc/i + uncountables are noun have a negative meaning and are rather forma
normally used in questions or negations. English. Very few/very little, only a few/only a little
Are there many cakes? There isn't much cola. Many and are more usual.
much are often used in positive sentences after too, Few English people speak a second language. I've had
so, how or in formal English. very little success in my exams. He had only a few
She didn't realise how much money she had spent. You problems in the test, though he had done only a little
should slow down;you're doing too much. work for it.

N ote: most, all, some, any, many, a few, several, both, one, two, much, ( a ) little are followed by of when a noun follows,
preceded by possessives or words such as: this, that, these, those, the or a.
How much of the money I gave you did you spend? I liked two of her books. So many of my friends are away that / /
I've got no one to talk to. x

Fill in: a lot of, much or many.

1 It takes patience to bring up children. 9 We don't get on very well as we haven't got
2 Have new people joined the club in common.
this year? 10 She doesn't have time to herself these
3 She's eaten to o sweets, so she doesn't days.
feel well. 11 I hope we didn't make noise when
4 Will there b e guests at the wed ding? we came in late last night.
5 She must have money to afford such 12 He's very popular. He always has
expensive clothes. people at his house.
6 There are to o mistakes in your 13 There's still food left over from the
composition. party last night.
7 There can't b e people who haven't 14 You need courage to be a firefighter.
heard of Harry Potter. 15 Why haven't you washed the dishes? You didn't have
8 There's poverty in some African countries. ____________ else to do.

143
 13 J M
DETERMINERS/PRONOUNS

Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 Very______ people can guess what the future will be 9 There are ________sandwiches left on the table.
like. A a little B much C a few
A f ew B much C little ^q John's schoolwork leaves______ room for improvement.

2 There are ______ cars on the roads. A lots of B many C few

A l ’ ^ '6 $ too many C much ^ Did you sp end ______ money on this blouse?

3 There's______ light coming in through that wind ow. A many B a few C much
A a B afew C much ^ There are only______ days left before the holiday.

4 We've had ______ problems with the car. A a little B afew C a lot of
A muc h B very little C a lot of 13 I don't like ______ of that director's films.

5 Did you learn ______ English on your summer course? A many B much C little
A man y B much C afew 14 Sally ate to o ______ cake, and now she feels sick.

6 He was late because he had ______ work to do. A many B much C little
A l'ttl e B few C a lot of 15 There are ______ flowers in the garden.

7 I'm afraid 1 haven't g o t ______ information about that A little B a little C a few
matteL 16 I have only books, but I'd like to have more.
A much B many c a little A a|M e B a few C a lot of

8 O nly______ people knew it was my birthday.

A afew B a lot of C a little

some - any -no- every

A d ject iv es Pr o n o u ns A d v er bs
people things places
Positive some someone/somebody something somewhere
any anyone/ anybody anything anywhere
In t erro g a tiv e any anyone/ anybody anything anywhere
N e g ative no/ not any no one/ notanyone nothing nowhere
nobody/ not anybody not anything not anywhere
Positive / N e g a tiv e / every everybody ( a\ \ people) everything everywhere
In t erro g a tive everyone (all things) (in all places)

Some is used before countable or uncountable nouns. Any and its co m p o u n ds can be used after /fin a
I'll boy some apples. He gave me some money. positive sentence.
Some and its co m p o u n ds (somebody, something, If anything is broken, I will hold you responsible.
etc.) are normally used in positive sentences. They are • No/ Not any are used before countable and
also used in questions when we want to make an uncountable nouns. No/ Not any and t h eir
offer, a request or when we expect a positive answer. co m p o u n ds ( no one/notanyone, nothing/not
There's someone at the door. ( = p ositive) Would you anything, etc.) are used in negations.
like something to eat? ( = o ffer) Could I have I know no one at this party. I don't know anyone at this
something to drink? ( = request) Is there someone party. Any and its co m p o u n ds are used with
waiting forme? ( = I expect there is) BUT Is there negative words ( hardly, never, without, seldom, rarely
anyone waiting forme? ( = I'm asking in general) etc.). I never go anywhere alone at night. (N OT: l-never-

Any is used before countable or uncountable nouns. g&nowhere alone at night.)

Is there any sugar? Any and its co m p o u n ds ( anyone, • Every is used before singular countable nouns. Every
anything, etc.) are normally used in questions. Is there and its compounds take a verb in the singular.
anyone here?They are also used in positive sentences Every employee has been well trained. ( = all the
meaning "It doesn't matter how/what /which /when/ employees) We've bought everything we need.
who /where ". You can go anywhere you want. (= all the things)

144
8 Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 He didn't say a n y t hin g / n o t hin g to the police. 10 Are you going n o w here / a ny w h ere for your holiday?
2 Sally isn't going a n y w h ere / n o w h ere this weekend. 11 I can't find my sister a n y w h ere / n o w h ere.
3 I need a n y /so m e more milk for this cake. 12 He needs any/some time to work out the answer.
4 A n y b o d y / Ev ery b o d y congratulated us. 13 I think there's a n y t hin g /so m e t hin g wrong with my car.
5 There is n o w h ere / e very w h ere in the world I'd like to 14 A n y b o d y / N o b o d y told me you were leaving.
visit more than Egypt. 15 She goes to school e v ery /so m e day.
6 There was hardly n o o n e / an y o n e at the party. 16 Will you give them n o t hin g /so m e homework today?
7 Shall I go and buy so m e / a n y t hin g cheese? 17 John goes to sleep at 11 pm any/ every night.
8 I didn't buy so m e / a n y flour. 18 N o o n e / A n y o n e was at home when I called.
9 He doesn't want a n y t hin g / n o t hin g in particular for his 19 Is there e v ery t hin g / a ny t hin g good on at the cinema?
birthday. 20 Call round a n y /so m e time you like.

Fill in: some, any, no, every or t h eir co m p o u n ds.

1 knows that the sky is blue, but few people 9 I've never b een without finding
know why. _______________________ interesting to see.
2 If you have questions, please contact us. 10 If is going to the supermarket,
3 wanted to miss the important could they get m e milk?
match, so arrived early. 11 Don't speak to me. There is you can
4 The teacher asked if knew the say to me that will make difference
answer to her question. to how I feel.
5 W ould you like cheese or maybe 12 We never g o for our holidays. Why
_______________________ sweet? don't we g o this year?
6 Have you seen J i m ? I've been 13 Jerry is very tidy; he hates being
lo oking for him. out of place.
7 If you have spare time, there's 14 "I'll get you coffee." " Have you got
I want to talk to you about. ________________________________ cold - ________________________
8 is looking for Mike, but juice perhaps?"
has seen him since yesterday.

Ever can be added to certain question words to mean " any". These words are: whoever ( anyone who), whatever
( anything that), whichever ( any of), whenever ( any time that), wherever ( anyplace that), however (in any way that).
You canco" . whenever.: . ( = a n y ti m e t h a t y o u like)

Fill in: whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever or however.

1 I'm not sure how to advise you. I suggest you do 6 " Welcome! Come in and sit d own you
you think best. can find an empty seat."
2 You know where to find m e-com e round 7 The interview is informal, so you can dress
you want, and we'll talk over your you want.
problem. 8 My pen is m issi n g ! h as borrowed it,
3 There are two different routes from here to M anchester. kindly return it immediately.
Why not take is the shortest to save 9 Red and green both look good on you.
time? colour you choose, I'm sure it will suit you.
4 mum decides to put the washing out, it 10 wins the elections is sure to be the best
always starts raining. candidate.
5 You must get some advice about the career you wish
to follow so that one you choose, you
won't regret it.

145
 13 i Grammar
DETERMINERS/PRONOUNS

• Else ( = more; different) is followed by a singular verb It can also be used with who, what, where and how
and can be used with the in d e finit e p ro n o u ns and to refer to people, things, places, etc.
adverbs everyone, something, nobody, anywhere, What else can be done to prevent crime?
etc. Else forms its possessive case with 's.
You'd better ask Joanne. Nobody else knows better Don't use my pen. Take someone else's.
than her.
Or else means " otherwise ".
Get an umbrella or else you'll get wet.

C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g " else " st ruct ures.

1 You must study for the test 6 We always watch football; can't we watch
you won't do well. for a change?
2 Sandra and Cilla will be there, but I don't have a clue if 7 You have to speak to M ary;
_______________________________ is coming. can make such an important decision.
3 I only bought two tickets for the concert, as I wasn't 8 The waiter asked if we wanted to order
sure if would want to go.
4 She wasn't in the bank when it got robbed; you'd 9 We always go to this restaurant. Can't we go
better a s k . ?
5 canco okaswellasmy 10 When he was moving, he brought the big things in
mother. a van and in his car.

" O t h er " st r uct u res

• the other(s) = the rest. • the other day = a few days ago.
These books are Tom's; the others are mine. I bumped into George the other day; he looked well.
• others = several more apart from those already • the other one(s) = not this/these, but something else.
mentioned. No, not that shirt. I want the other one; the black one,
People have different opinions when it comes to please. These shoes are too small - can I try the other
vegetarianism; some believe it's unhealthy and ones, please?
unnatural not to eat meat, while others believe it is • another = one more apart from those already
much better for our health. mentioned.
• each other = one another. Could you do me another favour?
Good friends always help each other out. Another can also be used with expressions of
• every other = alternate. distance, money and time.
I go jogging every other day.
It'll cost another £5 to get it. //

Fill in: another, (the) other(s), each other, every other.

1 We went skiing day. It was fun. 7 Kate is very keen on playing the piano. She has lessons
2 N o, we're not close to our destination yet - we have day and, in between, she practises at
_______________ six miles to go. home.
3 Those magazines belong to Jim, 8 Some commuters believe it's economical to cycle to
belong to me. work, while prefer to carpool.
4 Even though they se e every day, they 9 In four years, Tom will have qualified
still want to spend more time together. as a doctor.
5 This shirt doesn't fit me - can I try one 10 There were only enough seats for 20 passengers on the
on, please? bus - had to stand.
6 O nly four people turned up at the party. All
invited guests had to go somewhere else.

146
 Pr o n o u ns

Perso n al p r o n o u ns P ossessiv e a d ject iv es P ossessiv e p r o n o u ns Re fle x ive -Em p h a t ic p r o n o u ns

before verbs after verbs followed by nouns not followed by nouns
as subjects as objects
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its - itself
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves

Note: We use the instead of a possessive adjective with parts of the body after prepositions. Verbs used in this pattern
include: bite, hit, kiss, pat, punch, slap, sting, touch, etc.
She slapped the boy in the face. (N OT: in-his face)
O wn + possessive adjective is used to emphasise the fact that something belongs to one person and no one else.
She's got her own car./ She's got a car of her own.

Fill in t h e co rrect p r o n o u ns or p ossessiv es. Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 He was crying because a wasp had stung him on the /

[SI New message — Z X
her/him nose.
2 A falling brick nearly hit me on mine /the /me head.
Hi Lynn, 3 The little boy kissed his/him/himself sister on the /
1) __________ 're really enjoying 2) ___________ on herself/her cheek.
holiday in York and have found something different to 4 She stroked him/his/himself hair and told him not to
do every day. 3) __________ Tl never guess what worry.
happened to 4) __________ last night. Fred and 5 She patted him lightly on the /himself/him shoulder
5)________ went to see a comedy show which stars to get him/his/the attention.
Stan the Funny Man. Have 6) ________ heard of 6 The boxer punched his opponent on the /his/himself
7) ? He is a young, up-and-coming nose.
comedian who is just starting to make a name for 7 Behave you/yourself/yours.
8) __________ . At the end of 9) ___________ act, he 8 She hugged her/hers/herself son and said, "I'm proud
asked if anyone in the audience was celebrating of you."
10) __________ birthday that night. To
11 ) ________ embarrassment, Fred shouted out
that it was 12) _________ ! I was invited onto the
stage and Stan presented 13) __________ with a
bunch of flowers. After the show, he met Fred and
14) __________ in the lobby and introduced
15 )________ to the other members of the cast and
they all signed 16) __________ names on the back of
one of 17) __________ programmes. I haven't
enjoyed 18) __________ so much in ages. We both
agreed that Stan had definitely made 19) __________
holiday. Hope 20) __________ was just as memorable.
Talk soon.
Sally

SEND A © i 0 E c -d VY 1

147
 Grammar
J PRONOUNS

Re f le x iv e - E m p h a t ic p r o n o u ns

Re fle xiv e p ro n o u ns ( myself,yourself, himself, herself, Em p ha tic p ro n o u ns have the same form as reflexive
itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves) are used after pronouns, but a different meaning. They give
certain verbs (behave, burn, cut, enjoy, hurt, kill, look emphasis to the noun, or the fact that a certain
at, etc.) when the subject and the object of the verb person performs an action. She herself organised the
are the same. Did you cut yourself TVney can also be feast. They can also mean " without help ".
used after be, feel, look, seem to describe emotions or He painted the house himself, (without help)
states. She hasn't been herself recently. Reflexive N ote these idioms: Enjoy yourselves! ( = Have a good
pronouns can be used after prepositions, but not after time!) Behave yourself! (= Be good!) He likes being by
prepositions of place. She is very pleased with herself himself. ( = He likes being alone.) He lives by himself.
B U T She looked behind her. (N OT: behind herself) (= He lives on his own.) By myself, by yourself, by
Certain verbs ( wash, shave, dress, undress, meet, rest, himself, etc. (= on my own, on your own, on his own,
relax, stand up, get up, sit down, wake up, etc.) do etc.) Help yourself to tea. ( = You're welcome to take
not normally take a reflexive pronoun. some tea if you want some.) Do it yourself. ( = Do it
She woke up and dressed. ( N O T: She woke up herself without being helped.) Make yourself at home! ( =
and dressed herself .) Wash or dress can be used with a Feel comfortable.) Make yourself heard. ( = Speak
reflexive pronoun to talk about young children or loudly enough to be heard by others.) Make yourself
animals. The little girl can dress herself. understood. ( = Make your meaning clear.)

N ote: Each other means " one another". Compare: Tom and Bill are brothers who have been brought up to look after
each other. They are capable of looking after themselves despite their age.

Fill in t h e correct p r o n o u ns, t h e n i d e n t if y t h e m: Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

reflex ive, e m p h a t ic or nei t her.
1 He left family to go and live abroad.
1 The girl decorated the p u m p k i n . A his own B of his own C own

2 I would like to have a r o o m .

2 The winner looked very proud o f .
A in my own B on my own C my own

3 She brought up her children b y . 3 She couldn't lift the t a b l e , so she asked her
husband to help her.
4 The couple texte d when they had to A on her own B on herself C her own
spend time apart. 4 Let them handle this m a t t er, will you?
5 The children enjoye d when they A on themselves B on them own
visited Disneyland. C on their own
6 Ann was afraid of spiders, so she didn't go into the
5 They had house designed by a top architect.
room b y .
A them own B their own C theirs
7 Instead of hiring a catering company for the party,
she decided to do all the c o o k i n g . 6 He's about to set u p business and has asked me
to help organise it.
8 The boy was asked to b ehave at the A himself B of his own C his own
we d ding.__________________
7 She enjoys spending t i m e .
9 He shouted loudly above the noise to make
A others B by her
________________ heard.___________________ C on her own
10 Cats are very clean animals; they are always washing
8 I'd really like a car so I don't have to rely on my

11 Doctors advise us that we have to exercise regularly in friends all the time.

order to keep healthy. A my own B by myself C of my own

12 The weather is affecting me at the moment. I don't 9 He repaired the b i k e .

fe el at all! A himself B of his own C of himself
13 He's very vain and loves looking at in
10 Behave young man.
the mirror.__________________
A on your own B by yourself C yourself
148
 KV 13 PRONOUNS

P ossessiv e case

Vs'(p e o p le or a ni m als) o f (in a ni m a t e t hin gs)

• sin g ular n o un + 's the cat's claws, the boy's hats • of + in a ni m a t e t hin g / a bstract n o u n
• re g ular plural n o un + ' the door of the house, the beauty of the view
the tourists' passports, the S miths'house • of + p ossessiv e case / pro n o u ns w h e n
• irre g ular plural n o un n o t e n d in g in s + 's there is a determiner {this, any, etc.) before
the men's room, the children's playroom the nouns
Look at this painting of Picasso's, (one of
• co m p o u n d n o u n + 's his mother-in-law's car
Picasso's paintings), a dress of hers (one of
• 's after the last of two or more names to show common possession
her dresses)
Ann and S ally's flat (They share the same flat) B U T Ann's and S ally's
of + p e o p le (in longer phrases)
flats (each one has got a flat)
That's the brother of one of my friends,
• p hrases o f place + 's at the butcher's
's/ofto talk about places or organisations
• ti m e / d ist a nce e x p ressio n + 's/' last week's news, ten minutes'drive
London's attractions/the attractions of
• sin g ular n a m es e n d in g in -s —* 's/'James's car/James'car London

Re w rit e t h e f o llo w in g usin g t h e co rrect C o m p le t e t h e f ollo w in g se n t e nces usin g t h e

p ossessive f or m. w o r ds in b old. Use t w o t o fiv e w o rds.

1 the butterflies-the wings 1 In England, Q ueen Victoria was the queen from 1837
to 1901.
2 my physics professor - the report OF Q ueen Victoria
England from 1837 to 1901.
3 the ba by-thepram ______________________________________ 2 The gallery has just bought a painting by M onet.
4 Lucy and Emily - the mother O NE The gallery has just bought
______________________ paintings.
5 drive - three hours________________________________________ 3 In France, the president is elected every five years.
6 the park - the playground OF The _________________
________________ every five years.
7 the department store - the staff
4 It takes half an hour to walk into town.
IS It _______________
8 my mother-in-law - the garden
______________________ into town.
5 This necklace belonged to my mother-in-law.
9 the presid ent-the decision
W AS This ___________________________________________
10 the Smiths - the car______________________________________
_________ necklace.
11 some friends - my brother
6 I saw a play by Shakespeare at The Globe.
PLAYS I saw___________________________________________
12 bread - the price _________________________________________
_________ at The Globe.
13 the m en-thechanging rooms

14 the sea - the waves ______________________________________

15 living - the c ost ___________________________________________
16 Athens - Acrop olis________________________________________
17 the house - my father's closest friend

18 the students - the books

19 John and Paul - the wives

149
 Grammar
PRONOUNS

• There + be: used for something mentioned for the first time or to say It is also used for distance, temperature,
that someone or something exists. time expressions, weather and in the
There are some letters for you on your desk. following expressions: It seems that, It
• Perso n al p ro n o u n + b e / o t h er v er b: used to give more details about appears that, It looks like, It is said that, It
something or someone already mentioned. doesn't matter, etc.
There's someone at the door. He wants to see you. It's freezing today, isn't it? It appears that
he's been promoted; he's just bought a new
• lt + be: used for identification.
car. It seems that there is a problem with
There's someone outside. It's your landlord.
the machine. (BUT we also say: There
• lt + be ... t o-in finitiv e / t h o t-cla use is used to begin a sentence.
seems to be a problem with the machine.
It's nice to be here. It's a pity that he didn't come.
It looks like it's going to rain.)

Fill in: thereof it. 20 C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w o rds in b ol d. Use t w o t o

fiv e w or ds.
1 's very cold today;
has been snowing all night. 1 Everyone thanked me except Paul.
2 's a policeman at the door; PERSO N The o nly________________________________________________
seems that the neighbour ______ me was Paul.
has complained about the noise. 2 She said, "I dislike French films and so does Jim."
3 's a holiday tomorrow, so NEITHER She said that _______________________________________
no one has to go to work. _ French films.
4 Let's go by taxi to the cinema; 3 If you decorate the house on your own, it will be cheaper.
's much too far to walk. YO URSELF Ifyou ,
5__ 's a letter on the doorstep; _ it will be cheaper.
_________ 's for you. 4 It takes me twenty minutes to drive to work every morning.
6 This report you've shown me is DRIVE It's ______________________________________________________
confusing - appears to be a to my work every morning.
mistake in it.
5 Try to watch your behaviour at the wed ding reception.
7 are many changes to be
YO URSELF Try______________________________________________________
made to this report, but
at the wed ding reception.
shouldn't take us too long.
6 I don't like being alone in the house at night.
8 is my privilege to
BY I don't like ______________________________________________
introduce our distinguished guest
____________________________ in the house at night.
speaker.
7 There are only a few people who can speak Welsh.
9 's nothing much on TV
N OT There ___________________________________________________
tonight - 's a pity we don't
____________________________ can speak Welsh.
have a streaming service.
10 is a shame you weren't 8 She left the shop with another person's bag by mistake.

able to come to the party. SO MEO NE She left the shop

were lots of people there. ____________________________ by mistake.

9 We spent all afternoon cleaning the living room.
W H OLE We spent ______________________________________________
______ the living room.
10 We don't know much about supernatural phenomena.
KN O WLEDGE We have ________________________________________________
______________ about supernatural
phenomena.
11 She passed the written exam and the oral exam as well.
BOTH She passed _____________________________________________
____________________________ exams.

150
 C h o ose t h e m ost a p p ro p ria t e o p t io n.

1 ______ is someone waiting for you in your office, Ms 14 ______ that he said was true.
Smith. A Any C Every
A That C It B No D All
B There D This
15 ______ N ancy but also Helen refused to participate in
2 Jane bought a tablet ______ last Saturday. the event.
A it hers C of hers A Both C N ot any
B of herself D of her own B Either D N ot only

3 ______ of the students failed the test. 16 ______ of the cake is left.
A Every C Either A Whole C Each
B N one D O nes B N one D Every

4 N either Jane ______ Kate will attend the meeting. 17 ______ easy to drive an electric car.
A nor C but A It's much C It's
B or D and B There's no D There's

5 She passed her driving test.______ great, isn't it? 18 Sam,______ is my nephew, Bob. Bob, say hi to Sam.
A This's C It's a A himself C this
B There's D That's B that D there

6 Very______ people write letters nowadays. 19 Were there ______ people on the beach?
A few C little A a lot of C some
B much D many B much D a little

7 The band's performance was praised by______ last 20 Where he goes on holiday depends on how______
night. money he can save up.
A much C a little A few C lots of
B anyone D everyone B many D much

8 Could I have ______ to eat, please? I'm hungry. 21 ______ Dennis and Laura can play the flute well.
A everything C anything A Both C N either
B something D nothing B All D Either

9 The mosquito bit her o n ______ arm. 22 If______ calls me, tell them I'll be back in an hour.
A the C own A a few C each
B its D herself B himself D anyone

10 N either student ______ basketball. 23 Danny went t o ______ meeting by himself.

A plays C are playing A yesterdays'______________ C yesterday's
B play D were playing B the yesterday D yesterday

11 W hat______ can we do to help you? 24 I've g ot ______ suggestions on where we can spend
A else C other the weekend.
B little D another A a few C a little
B lots D all
12 You can visit us______ you like.
A wherever C whoever 25 We spent the ______ afternoon in the garden.
B whenever D whatever A each C whole
B all the D every
13 She never g o es______ by herself.
A anywhere C somewhere
B nowhere D everywhere

151
13 Vocabulary
SHOPS & SERVICES

SHOPS & PRODUCTS BUYING & SELLING

La b el t h e sh o ps. Fill in w i t h: formal, go, sale, suit, medium, size, pair,
try, wear.
• b o o ksh o p • b o u ti q ue • florist's • o p ticia n's
• gre en grocer's • b a k er's • t o y sh o p •fish m o n g er's A: Good afternoon. Can I helpyou?
B: Yes, I'm looking for a 1 ) of black trousers.
A: W ould you like something 2 )or casual?
B: They should be smart. I want to 3 )them
fora jo b interview.
A: The trousers are over here. What about these ones?
They're on 4 ) but they only come in grey
and blue.
B: That could work. Do you think they'd 5)
me?
A: Yes, of course. Why don't you 6 )them
on? What 7 )are you?
B: I'm a 8 ).
A: OK. Here you go.
B: Can I try them with a blue shirt as well? I just want to
see if they 9 )well together.
A: Sure. Take this one.
B: Perfect. I'll be right back.

SHOPS & PRODUCTS

M a tch t h e n o tices (1-7) t o t h e p ict ures (A -G).
T h e n, n a m e t h e sh o ps w hich t h e y a d v er t ise.

SERVICES
M a tch t h e p laces (A - H) w it h t h e services t h ey
_ o f f er - ^r^

®*» w u Sh ®t ESTATE AGENT'S

B

C H ARn v ^ ^ SH O P ®D e l i c a t esse N

®M¥ ®WEE®GiffSH0P
11 I I You can have your suit cleaned without water.
1 21 | We raise money for sick people by selling old clothes 11 I I Sweet Savings - Valentine's Chocolates O nly £2.50
_______ and books. 1 21 | Huge Reductions - 40% off all bracelets - From as
1 3 | | We can give you a new hairstyle. little as £60
141 | You can find presents for any occasion here. 13 | | Save Your Pennies! Carrots 80p per kilo!
15 | | Come here to have your car cleaned. 1 41 | W onderful W ooden Desks and Cabinets - At
1 61 | We sell materials you can make your own furniture _______ W onderful Prices!
_______ with. 15 | | Spring Specials - Buy 6 Bagels Get 3 Free
1 71 | We can find you a new house in the city. 161 | Save on writing materials - All items £4 or less
1 81 | We've got a range of high quality cheeses, salads | 71 | Great O ffers! Digital cameras from £50 - PCs
and meats you can choose from. starting at £399
152
1 PHRASALVERBS PREPOSITIONS

st a n d b y: 1) re m ain loyal esp in a dif ficult sit ua tion, Lo o k a t A p p e n d ix 1 a n d 2, t h e n fill in t h e correct

2) w a tch p assively, 3) b e rea d y f or actio n p re p osit i o n.
st a n d f or: 1) re prese n t, 2) (usu in q u estions an d
n e g a tions) t olera t e; p u t u p wit h 1 These T-shirts are demand, so we'll sell them
st a n d in f or: replace sb t e m p orarily all within a week.
st a n d o u t: b e very n o ticea ble, pro m in en t 2 Could I try this o n a size large, please?
st a n d u p f or: su p p ort; d e f en d 3 My laptop is guaranteed two years.
st a n d u p t o: resist; st ay in g o od co ndition 4 During the sales, I'll be able to buy these sunglasses
b e t a k e n a b ack: b e stro n gly surprise d half price.
t a k e a f t er: lo o k like 5 I can't believe I found such a nice coat the
t a k e st h b ack: a d m it t ha t o n e w as wron g in w h a t o n e said sales.
t a k e d o w n: 1) le n g t he n a g ar m e nt (let d o w n), 2) se parat e 6 I'd buy the camera if I had enough money
in t o pieces in ord er t o re p air or re m o ve, 3) writ e d o w n me.
t a k e in: 1) give acco m m o d a tio n, 2) d eceive 7 They don't have the blue coat stock anymore.
t a k e f or: id entify sb or st h wron gly 8 I don't want my friends to spend too much money
t a k e o f f: 1) re m o ve clot hes, 2) t o su d d enly b eco m e
me for birthday presents.
successf ul (o f a pro d uct, b usiness, career, etc.)
9 O ur new line of laptops will b e the market
t a k e o n: 1) u n d ert a k e resp onsibilit y, 2) e m plo y
from M onday.
t a k e sb o u t: t a k e sb t o t he t h ea tre, etc.
10 Do plumbers usually charg e the hour?
t a k e o ver: t a k e co n trol or resp onsibilit y
t a k e t o: like 11 You can buy two bottles of sham po o the
t a k e u p: b e gin t o d o st h as a h o b b y price of one.
12 You can place an a d the newspaper if you
want to sell something.
Fill in t h e co rrect p ar ticle(s). 13 O ur restaurant menu caters the tastes of
young children.
1 M ore and more people are beginning to stand 14 We've got huge discounts all our winter
their rights. clothing.
2 She's so tall, she stands in any crowd.
3 The initials EU stand European Union.
WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED
4 Although he's in prison, his wife is standing
him.
Fill in: match, suit, fit. C h eck in y o ur d ict i o n ary.
5 The star of the show was ill, so someone had to stand
_______ her. 1 This green dress your green eyes.
6 We're not going to stand this injustice any 2 This jacket me well; it's the right size.
longer. 3 This shirt d oesn't with the skirt you are
7 I was taken by his offensive manner. wearing.
8 He wanted an energetic hobby, so he took 4 I can't into these trousers. I think I need a
waterskiing. bigger size.
9 I'm sorry, I take what I said. You're not lazy 5 This colour you well; you should wear it
and selfish. more often.
10 My mother takes foreign students to make 6 These jeans me like a glove.
extra money. 7 I think re d you.
11 The vice president to ok the company when 8 You'd better choose a hat that your coat.
the president retired.
12 I took you your brother from a distance. You
look so alike.
13 She takes her mother; they have the same
eyes.
14 He was talking too fast and we didn't manage to take
the whole lecture.
15 They're taking extra staff at the car factory.

153
13 J English in Use
r KEY-WORD TRANSFORMATIONS
Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 Each part of the department store o perates of

Tom, Steve and Paul don't like tennis.
the others.
N one of them like /likes tennis.
A independently B independent
Ann is a lawyer. M ary is a lawyer, too. C dependent
Both Ann and Mary are lawyers. 2 She leads quite an life travelling and designing
Sally, Sue and Pam enjoy swimming. outfits for teens.
All three of them enjoy swimming. A adventure B adventurer
C adventurous
• There isn't anything in the garden.

There is nothing in the garden. 3 Before Sarah Boone's of the ironing board,
dressmakers used a wooden plank they stretched
• N o one will make me stay.
across two chairs to iron clothes.
There isn't anyone that/who will make me stay.
A inventive B invention C inventor
Lynn doesn't like milk. Andy doesn't like milk, either.
4 Coco Chanel is one of the m ost designers of all
N either of them like(s) milk.
time.
N either Lynn nor Andy like(s) milk. A famously B famous C fame

5 We put all our clothes and camping in the boot

C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w o r ds in b old. of our car and headed off to the mountains.
Use t w o t o five w o rds. A equip B equipped C equipment

1 N o one knows the answer to my question. 6 We're still in with the management about the
A NYO NE There __________________________________ new changes within the boutique.
the answer to my question. A disagree B disagreement
2 There isn't anything I can do to help. C disagreeing
IS There ______________________________________ 7 The successful will work with the stylist.
_______________________________ do to help. A applicant B application C applied
3 Bob lives in Rome. John lives in Rome, too.
8 She launched her spring /summer during the
LIVE Both _______________________________________
winter season.
_________________ in Rome.
A collective B collector C collection
4 Pete, Robert and Bill cook delicious meals.
THEM All _________________________________________ 9 All in the clothes factory are very satisfied with

_________ delicious meals. the new management.

A working B work C workers
5 Mr Green can't drive. Mr Smythe can't drive either.
CA N N either Mr Green 10 The fashion show in Milan was one of the most
________________ drive. ones I have ever attended.
6 The boys all dislike Brussels sprouts. A fascinating B fascinated C fascinate
LIKES N one ______________________________________
_______ Brussels sprouts.
7 These machines are not difficult to operate.
OF N one ______________________________________
difficult to operate.
8 There wasn't anything he could do to avoid crashing.
N OTHIN G There ______________________________________
______ to avoid crashing.
9 Five is an odd number. Seven is an odd number, too.
ARE Both ___________________________________
______ odd numbers.
10 N o one on the jury believed the witness.
A NYO NE There ______________________________________
______ jury that believed
the witness.

154
 English in Use

F OPEN CLOZE 4

C o m p le t e t h e g a ps w i t h t h e m ost a p p r o p ria t e w ord.

Gabrielle Bonheau Chanel (1883-1971) was a poor girl. She

learned to sew 1) school, and she enjoyed making
clothes for dolls. After she finished school, Gabrielle worked
2)a shop assistant by day and a singer at music cafes
in the evenings, but she always dreamed of opening her
3)shop. In 1913, she did! Gabrielle designed clothes
that looked great. Also, unlike all 4) fashionable
women’s clothes at the time, they were comfortable! People
loved them and, by the late 1920s, Gabrielle employed 2,000
factory workers, scientists and designers. Gabrielle had a lot of
modern ideas. Before her, trousers and pyjamas were only for
men, and there were no sports clothes 5) business
suits for women. Black wasn’t a fashionable colour to wear
6)Gabrielle created the ‘little black dress’ for women
to wear at parties. She didn’t like the fashion trend for big hats,
so she designed small, beautiful 7)for women to wear
on their heads. She also designed the first shoulder bags so
women didn’t need to carry them in their hands.
By the 8)Gabrielle died at the age of 87, she was a
millionaire. She is still famous around the world, but these days
we know her by her business name, Coco Chanel.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 I can't these shoes. They are too expensive.

7 The table he ordered from M N C was delivered
A pay B afford C waste
yesterday, but it's not the one.
2 You'd b e t t e r , or the shops will close before you A exact B right C good
get there.
8 Covent Garden is a shopping area for teenage
A hurry B to hurry C hurrying
shoppers.
3 She me £20 which I gave back to her when I got A famous B best C known
paid.
9 They markets in Bermondsay Square on Tower
A borrowed B lent C saved
Bridge Road since 1855.
4 She him of breaking the TV. A are holding B have been holding
A insisted B denied C accused C had held

5 Mr Smit h,wif e works with Dad, has a gift shop 10 During 2020, online sales in the UK from 20% in
on Bryant Street. February to almost 34% in May.
A whose B who C whom A rose B raised C arisen

6 I four lists of things we need to buy and do

already.
A have written B have been writing
C will have written
155
 Grammar
QUESTIONS/ANSWERS

To form Yes/ No q u estio ns (questions ^ - q u est i o ns begin with a question word ( who, what, where, why,
which ask for Yes or A/o in the answer) we when, whose, which, how, etc.). They are asked with a falling intonation.
put the auxiliary or modal verb {be, have, How old is hefWhen there is a preposition, it usually goes at the end of
can, etc.) before the subject. the question. In formal English it can be put before the question word.
He is watching TV. - > Is he watching TV? Who was he accused by? (more usual)
With all other verbs we form Yes/ No By whom was he accused? (formal English)
q u estio ns with Do/ Does (Present simple) Q uestions are used to ask for information or permission. They are also
or Did (Past simple) used to make suggestions, requests, offers or invitations.
He likes pizza. - Does he like pizza? Did you How far is the station? (information)
go to the library? May I go out? (permission)
Yes/ No questions are asked with a rising Shall we play tennis? (suggestion)
intonation. Could you help me with the dishes? (request)
Do you enjoy cartoons? ^ Would you like some more coffee? (offer)
Would you like to come to the beach with us? (invitation)

F or m co m p le t e q u est i o ns.

1 you look after/the baby tonight? 6 What time /the next bus leave?

2 we go /the cinema this weekend? 7 I use/the phone?

3 H ow old / be M ary on her birthday? 8 we buy/Joan/a book for Christmas?

9 you/ give me a lift to the station?

4 you like /another cup of coffee?
10 you see / Mick at school yesterday?
5 you like /come to my party on Saturday?

We normally use the following question words to ask about:

p e o p le t h i n gs/ a ni m als p lace tim e q u a n t it y m a n n er re aso n

Who What Where How long How many How Why
Whose (possession) Which (of) How often How much
Which (of) What time
What When

• Which is used when there is a lim it e d ch oice. a description of physical appearance), What... for?,
Which is your favourite film star - Jennifer L awrence or What colour?, What size?, Whatkind/sort?, What
Scarlett Johansson? time?, What is he like? (asking for a description of
It can also be used with the co m p ara tiv e and character), What is it used for?, etc.
su p erla tive. What colour are his eyes? What is your new teacher
Which is more comfortable, a bicycle or a motorcycle? like? He's friendly and patient. What does Ann look
Which is the quickest route to York? like? She's slim with a fair complexion.
• What is used when there is an u nli m it e d ch oice. • What and which are sometimes both possible.
What kind of music do you like? It can also be used in Which/ What fruit does he like eating? /
the following patterns: What... look like? (asking for

156
 Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n. 3 Ask q u est io ns w h ere t h e w or d / p hrase in b ol d is
t h e a nsw er.
1 " _____starred in the film The Godfather?" " Al Pacino."
A Who B Which C What 1 Pe te works for N ational Rail.

2 " _____ calories do you consume every day?" " About

1,800." 2 Sara owns t w o cars.
A H ow B H ow much C H ow many
3 She's tall and fair.
3 " _____ of these skirts do you prefer, the blue or the
pink?" "The blue one."
A Whose B What C Which 4 It's n e arly se v en o'clock.

4 " _____ do you go to the gym?" " About once a week."

5 I have French lessons t w ice a w e e k.
A What time B H ow often C Why

5 " sugar do you take in your coffee?" " O ne spoonful."

6 I went to H a w aii on holiday.
A H ow B What C H ow much

6 " _____ are we going to the restaurant?" " At 6 o'clock." 7 There are six students in my class.
A When B H ow long C H ow often

7 " _____ did it take you to write your essay?" " About five 8 She's v ery sh y a n d q uie t.
hours."
A H ow much B H ow often C H ow long 9 I wasn't at work today b eca use I w as ill.

8 " ____ are you crying?" "I've hurt my arm."

A When B Why C H ow 10 D avid's car was stolen.

9 " ____ is your favourite colour?" "Purple."

11 We lived there f or t e n m o n t hs.
A Which B What C Which of

10 " ____ pen is this? I found it on the floor." "It's mine."

12 She's gone out sh o p p in g.
A Which B Why C Whose

Su b ject / O b ject q u est io ns

If w h o, which or what are the subject of the question, the word order is the same as in statements (su b ject q u estio ns),
if they are the object of the question, the verb is in question form (o b ject q u estio ns).

su b ject o b ject su b ject o b ject

Greg hit David. Greg hit D avid.

Who hit D avid? (N OT: Who did hit D avid?) Who did Greg hit?

W rit e q u esti o ns f or t h e se n t e nces b elo w . T h e w or ds in b ol d sh o uld b e t h e a nsw er.

1 T o m broke the wind ow. 9 Ja n e lost the keys to her car.

2 Phil borrowed you r ca r.___________________________________
3 H u g h was rude to Jill.____________________________________ 10 Kate gave the letter t o Julie.
4 Je n ny forgot to do her homework.
11 A n t h o ny arrived late. ____________________________________
5 Tracy loves ice cream.____________________________________ 12 He likes b ask e t b all. ______________________________________
6 Jo lost her purse. _________________________________________ 13 Lions live in A f rica._______________________________________
7 Pro f essor Ev a ns gave the lecture. 14 Peter opened t h e d o or.
15 Jill invited Paul to the party.
8 Sue dropped h er glasses.

157
 14 Grammar
QUESTIONS/ANSWERS

N e g a t iv e q u est i o ns

• N e g a tiv e q u estio ns are formed with not, but there is • N egative questions are used to express: surprise
a difference in word order for the short and full form, ( Didn't you know she was my Mum?), a n n o y a nce or
a u xiliary + n't + su b ject + v er b (short form) H asn't sarcasm ( Can't you be more patient?), a w ish t o
she called you yet? (everyday speech ) p ersu a d e so m e o n e ( Won't you tell me who you
a u xiliary + su b ject + n o t + v er b (full form) H as she went out with?) and e x p ect a tio n o f a Yes-a nsw er
not called you yet? ( used for emphasis) ( Don't you know she got promoted?) A

In t h e f o llo w in g d ial o g u es, m a k e n e g a tiv e q u est io ns usin g t h e w or ds g ive n a n d fill in Yes or No, as in t h e
e x a m p le.

1 A: You're still in your pyjamas. Aren't you supposed to be 5 A: She had her tenants evicted. _____________________
getting ready? (supp osed to / get ready) _________________________________ ? (a mean thing to do)
B: No, I've still got plenty of time. B: ________ . She's got a reputation for being heartless.
2 A: Your mother is shouting for you._____________________ 6 A: That was a rather tactless thing to say.___________
_____________________ ? (hear her) ____________________________________________ ? (realise she
B: ________ , but I want to play basketball a little longer. was Anne's sister)
3 A: You've been learning German for years._____________ B: ________ .You could have mentioned it earlier.
____________________________ ? (speak yet) 7 A: There was a terrible car crash._____________________
B: ________ , but I'm too shy to try in front of strangers. _____________________________ ? (see it on the news)
4 A: Why aren't you coming to the party?______________ B: ________ , I didn't get home until late last night.
_________________________________ ? (feel like g oing out) 8 A: It's past your b edtim e._______________________________
B: ________ , but I've got to babysit tonight. _____________________________ ? (be in bed by now)
B: ________ . I'm allowed to stay up late at the weekend.

Q u esti o n t a gs

Q uestion tags are short questions added to the end of a statement to ask for co n fir m a tio n of, or a g ree m e n t with,
the statement. They are formed with an auxiliary verb and the appropriate personal pronoun. They take the same
auxiliary verb as in the statement if there is one, otherwise they take do/does (Present simple) or did (Past simple).
She speaks French, doesn't she? He isn't rich, is he?
A positive statement is followed by a negative question tag, and a negative statement is followed by a positive
question tag. He plays well, doesn't he? He can't do it, can he? N ote that everyone/someone/ anyone/no one form their
question tags with an a u xiliary v er b + they. Everyone offered to help, didn't they?
Study the following question tags.
1 "I am " " aren't I?" / am older than you, aren't 1?
2 "I used to " " didn't I?" He used to go to school with you, didn't he?
3 Imperative " will you /won't you?" Phone me later, willyou?/won't you?/
"can you /could you?" can you?/could you?
4 "Let's" "shall we?" Let's go home now, shall we?
5 "Let me /him ", etc. " will you /won't you?" Let her decide for herself, willyou/won't you?
6 " Don't " (negative imperative) " will you?" Don't come round so late again, will you?
7 "I have got " (= possess) " haven't I?" She has got her own office, hasn't she?
8 "I have "(idiomatic use) " don't I?" We had a great time, didn't we?
9 "There is/are " "isn't/aren't there?" There is some mail for me, isn't there?
10 "This/That is" "isn't it?" That's your car over there, isn't it?
Q uestio ns t a gs can be said with a risin g in t o na tio n when we are not sure and expect an answer, or a f allin g
in t o na tio n when we are sure and don't really expect an answer.
They're moving house, aren't they? ^ ( not sure) He caused the accident, didn't he? ^ (sure)

158
 ■ V 14
QUESTIONS/ANSWERS

Fill in t h e a p p r o p ria t e q u est i o n t a g.

1 That film is n e w ,? 6 Let him finish his c o f f e e , ?

2 Don't forget to go to the c h e m ist's, ? 7 I'm due at your house at t e n ,?
3 Let's go out for d i n n e r, ? 8 He has got an electric c a r ,?
4 They left last n i g h t ,? 9 He used to work at a su p e r m ark e t , ?
5 There is a hotel near y o u , ? 10 Give me that b o o k , ?

• Q u estio n t a gs can also be a f fir m a tiv e-a f fir m a tiv e. If • Ech o t a gs are a response to an affirmative or negative
said with a rising intonation, we ask for more sentence. They are used in everyday speech to ask for
information. more information or to show a n g er, co ncern,
She is seeing John, is she? co n fir m a tio n, in t erest, sur p rise, e tc.
If said with a falling intonation, we express negative A f firm a tiv e: He quit his job. - He did, didn't he?
feelings such as disap pointment or disapproval. We (confirmation ) He quit his job. - He did? (surprise)
don't expectan answer. N e g ativ e: He hasn't called. - He hasn't, has he?
The team lost, did they? (confirmation) He hasn't called. - He hasn't?
(surprise)

A d d a n a p p r o p ria t e resp o nse e x p ressin g d isa p p oin t m e n t / d isa p p r o v al, co n fir m a t i o n or sur prise.

1 "Tulips grow in H olland." " " 6 "They got engaged." " "
(co n fir m atio n) (co n fir m a tio n)
2 "She's going out with him again. " " " 7 " He seems to be having a hard time. " " "
(disa p pro val) (co n fir m a tio n)
3 " He's started biting his nails again." 8 "It's ten o'clock already." " "
" " (disa p p ro v al) (surprise)
4 " He could have been killed. " " " 9 "She didn't accept the jo b offer." " "
(surprise) (surprise)
5 "I'll have to sit the exam again. " " " 10 "She's been t o Paris." " " (surprise)
(d isa p p oin t m en t)

Sh or t a nsw ers

Short answers are used to avoid repetition of the question N egative short answers are formed with No + p erso n al
asked before. Positive short answers are formed with Yes + p ro n o u n + n e g a tiv e a u xiliary v erb.
p erson al pron ou n + a u xiliary v erb (do, can, have, will, etc.). " Did he mention anything?" " No, he didn't."
" Can she do it?" "Yes, she can."

Fill in q u esti o n t a gs a n d sh o rt a nsw ers in t h e st a t e m e n ts b elo w , as in t h e e x a m p le.

1 "There's room for me in your car, isn't there?" "Yes, there 6 "This is the way to Brian's house,_______________
is'.' "Yes___________________ ."
2 " He's got a friendly face,__________________________ ?" "Yes, 7 "They had a holiday in Florida last year,
?" "Yes,
3 "Leave me more space,__________________________ ?" " N o, 8 "You won't ask for my o pinion,_________________ _r
II
" N o ___________________ ."
4 "You will help me with my suitcases, 9 " He used to have a m oustache,________________ _r
_________________ ?" "Yes,__________________ ." "Yes___________________ ."
5 "They are still in France,_____________________ ?" " N o, 10 "You went to Crete last m onth,________________ _J "
II
" N o,

159
 14 J Grammar
QUESTIONS/ANSWERS

so - neither/nor - but

• So + a u xiliary v er b + p erso n al p ro n o u n / n o u n (positive addition to a positive sentence).

She speaks Spanish. So do we. ( We speak Spanish, too.) John went to Florida. So did Kate. (Kate went to Florida, too.)
• N either/ Nor + a u xiliary v er b + p erso n al p ro n o u n / n o u n (negative addition to a negative sentence).
Stephanie can't play the drums. N either/ Nor can I. ( N O T: So can-L)
• But + p erso n al p ro n o u n / n o u n + a f firm a tiv e a u xiliary v er b (positive contrast to negative statement)
Jim has never been to a pop concert, but I have. She hasn't done her homework, but he has.
• But + p erso n al p ro n o u n / n o u n + n e g a tive a u xiliary v er b (negative contrast to positive statement)
John looks happy, but Jane doesn't. John has done his homework, but she hasn't.
• When we wish to express surprise at what somebody has said, we use so + su b ject + a u xiliary v erb.
Michael: Look, that woman's got pink hair! Alison: So she has!

9 Fill in so, but or neither/nor, as in t h e 1 0 Re p hrase t h e se n t e nces usin g so, neither/nor or but, as
e x a m p le. e x a m p le.

1 " He's extremely angry." " So he is!" 1 Both George and M ary sing really well.
2 " We can't explain his behaviour." George sings really well. So does Mary.
" can I."
2 John has passed his test. Emily hasn't passed her test.
3 "She's gone on a three-month cruise. "
" has he!"
4 Betty doesn't like working in an office, 3 Tom and Paul don't need any help.

____________ I do.
5 " He's been voted Employee of the 4 I have never been to Australia. David has been to Australia
M onth. " " he has!"
6 She wants to go to Spain,
5 Both Sarah and Marion went to Leeds University.
her sister doesn't.

Ask in g f o r p er m issio n / M a k in g re q u ests Givin g / Re f usin g Per m issi o n / A nsw eri n g re q u ests
Can l/ Could 1 close the window? I'm freezing. Yes, you can./Yes, of course (you can)./ No, you can't.
May l/Might 1 use your computer? Yes, you may./Yes, of course (you may)./ No, you may
not./l'd rather you didn't./l'm afraid not.
M a k in g su g g est io ns/ in vit a t i o ns A nsw eri n g su g g est io ns/ in vit a t i o ns
Will you/ Would you/ Would you like to join me for dinner? I'd like to./l'd love to./Yes, all right./I'm afraid 1 can't./
Shall we go out for a walk? I'd love to, but 1 can't./l'm sorry, 1 can't./Yes, okay.
M a k in g o f f ers A nsw eri n g o f f ers
Shall l/we, Can l/we, Would you like me to help you? Yes, please./ No, thank you./ No thanks. / /

Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 A: Shall we spend the afternoon by the lake? 5 A: Can you close the door before you go out, please?
B: Yes, all rig h t. / Yes, y o u ca n. The kids would love to B: Yes, o f co urse. / N o, t h a n ks. Shall I lock it, too?
feed the ducks. 6 A: Shall I water your plants for you while you're on
2 A: Dad, can we go to the amusement park? holiday?
B: N o, t h a n ks. / Yes, o f co urse. I'll give you a ride. B: I'm a fraid n o t. / Yes, ple ase. That would be very kind
3 A: W ould you like to have dinner tonight? of you!
B: Yes, y o u m ay. /l'm sorry, I can't. I'm working late tonight. 7 A: W ould you like meto give you a lift to work
4 A: Can I turn the volume down on the radio? tomorrow?
B: I'd lov e t o. / l'd ra t h er y o u did n't. I won't be able to B: N o, t h a n ks. / l'm sorry, I ca n't. I prefer to cycle.
hear it then!

160
 Grammar 14
J REVISION

12 Ch o ose t h e m ost a p p r o p ria t e o p tio n.

i you please help me cook dinner? 13 I don't know _____ his favourite sport is.
A Shall C Should A who C which
B May D Could B what D what sort

2 they come yet? 14 Let her help you,____ you?

A Haven't C Aren't A can C will
B Didn't D Weren't B are D shall

3 ____ is your favourite actor - Ryan Reynolds or Chris 15 "Paul is wearing a nice jacket. " " ____ ."
Evans? A Is he not C But he isn't
A Whose C Which B So he is D N or he is
B What D Who
16 That's their car,_____?
4 Let's have a snack,_____? A isn't there C isn't this
A will they C shall they B is that D isn't it
B won't we D shall we
17 _____ you like meto iron the clothes?
5 They play tennis well._____ A Do C Shall
A So do we. C So we play. B W ould D Will
B So can we. D So we can.
18 They had a great time in Venice,_____they?
6 _____I open the wind ow? It's a bit stuffy in here. A hadn't C didn't
A Will C W ould B did D had
B Could D Do
19 " Might I borrow your pen?" "Yes,_____."
7 Sam has got a small flat d owntown,____ he? A you may C can you
A hasn't C has B you would D may you
B doesn't D does
20 _____ does your brother look like?
8 I'd love to come to the cinema with you, but I'm afraid A What C H ow
B Who D Whose
A will come C can't
21 lam shorter than her,_____?
B not come D don't
A am I C is she
9 _____ we meet after school to go to the mall? B aren't I D isn't she
A Shall C Have
22 Bob's left,_____ Mark is still here.
B Did D Are
A neither C but
10 Paul can't drive a car.____ can his brother. B so D nor
A N ot C But
23 _____ far is it to the airport?
B So D N either
A H ow often C What
11 There are some people outside our house, aren't_____? B Is it D H ow
A they C them
24 Don't be late,_____?
B those D there
A do you C will you
12 " Has he sold his old car?" "I think_____." B don't you D won't you
A that C so
25 ____ they know Max was promoted? I thought they
B course D has
knew.
A Haven't C Did
B Didn't D Doesn't

161
14 Vocabulary
TECHNOLOGY

GADGETS & APPLIANCES COMPUTERS

M a tch t h e d e vices (A -F) t o t h e f u nct i o ns (1-6). a) La b el t h e co m p u t er p ar ts w i t h t h e w o rds:

M a k e se n t e nces. keyboard, printer, screen, modem, scanner, speakers,
tower.

b) Tick t h e w a ys y o u use a co m p u t er. Tell y o ur

p ar t n er.
sm art w a tch la p t o p prin t er
• playgames • surf the N et
11 I I send text messages & take photos
• do online • search for
|2| I playgames
shopping information
13 | | scan & print documents
• send emails • chat online
1 41 | experience virtual reality
• type/ print • store pictures
| 5 | | monitor health condition
emails
1 61 | create documents & store files

Fill in w i t h: chat, design, print, read, save, surf.

W hich o f t h e it e ms in t h e p ict ures ru n o n
elect ricit y? W hich n e e d b a t t eries t o w o rk? 1 My laptop won't the DVD, so I can't watch
the film.
2 Can yo u the d ocument in colour and
leave it on my desk, please?
3 You should your documents in different
folders to find them easily.
4 I usually the N et looking for interesting
blogs to read in the evening.
5 We use Skype t o online with our relatives
in the USA.
6 Chris and Mike are really into computer programming
- they even want t o their own websites.

A nsw er t h e q u esti o ns.

1 What three electrical devices or appliances couldn't

h airdry er v acu u m cle a ner you live without? Why?
2 What are the pros and cons of communicating by
email?
3 H ow have computers changed our everyday lives?

sm o k e alar m t h erm ost a t

162
 PHRASALVERBS * J PREPOSITIONS*

t urn a w a y: 1) refuse t o let in, 2) refuse t o help Lo o k a t A p p e n d ices 1 & 2, t h e n fill in t h e co rrect
t urn d o w n: 1) re d uce v olu m e, p o wer, e tc. (o p p: t urn u p), p re p osit i o n.
2) reject
t urn in: g o t o b e d 1 It never occurred me that you were right.
t urn in t o: co nvert in t o 2 She is a computer programmer profession.
t urn o f f: switch o f f (o p p: t urn on) 3 He was asked to leave short notice.
t urn o n: switch o n 4 You're colour. Aren't you feeling well?
t urn o u t: 1) pro ve t o b e in t h e en d, 2) f orce sb t o leave, 5 My brother is brilliant mathematics.
3) pro d uce 6 Can I pay you cheque?
t urn t o: g o t o sb f or help, a d vice, etc.
7 My name's Elizabeth; they call me Liz short.
t urn o ver: g o t o t h e n e x t p a g e
8 He faile d his attempt to break the code.
t urn u p: increase t he v olu m e, pressure, etc. (o p p: t urn d o w n)
9 Could you give me some advice this matter?
w or k o n: b e b usy wit h 10 I can't co pe this situation any longer.
w or k o u t: 1) fin d b y reasonin g, 2) t urn o u t successf ully 11 They arrive d good time for the lecture.
w o rk u p: d evelo p
12 We entere d a contract with the other party.
13 She took no notice the warning.
14 He invested all his m oney shares.
Fill in t h e co rrect p ar ticle.
15 They let me have this antique mobile phone
1 I'm so tired afrer working on my computer all day, I nothing.
think I'll turn early tonight.
2 I always turn my mother for help and advice. WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED *
3 Turn the radio a little bit - it's too loud.
4 The Internet cafe was turning p eople because 8 Ch o ose t h e correct o p tio n. Ch eck in y o ur
it was full. d ictio n ary.
5 Turn the TV. It's time for the news.
6 They turned the old warehouse a new office 1 browse /lo ok the 4 save up / back up files
block. website 5 fill in /clickon an icon
7 Don't forget to turn the TV before you leave 2 wave /surfthe 6 pass/ go online
the house. Internet 7 divide /share a video
8 I turne d the jo b because the money wasn't 3 go into / entera web 8 join/connecttothe
good enough. page Internet
9 We trusted him, but he turne d to be a liar.
10 If you turn the page, you'll find the answer. Fill in w i t h: click, connect, copied, disconnect, search,
11 After a day working on my computer, I had really turn, upload.
worke d an appetite.
12 We can't work ________ this mathematical equation.
13 I wanted to become a graphics designer, but it didn't
w o rk .
H o w t o 1) ___________________ p ict u res fr o m y o ur
14 Let's work________ the best way to solve the problem.
d i g i t al ca m era t o y o ur co m p u t er
15 He is working ________ on a new video game at the
moment. • First, 2 ) o n y o ur d i gi t al
ca m era a n d 3 ) it to the
co m p u t er.
• T h e n, 4 ) f or y o ur
ca m era's files in ' M y Co m p u t er'.
5) _____________________ o n t h e p ict ures y o u
w a n t t o u p loa d.
• Click o n 'U plo a d Select e d Pict ures'. T h e
p ict ures w ill a u t o m a t ically b e
6) _____________________ o n t o y o ur co m p u t er.
• Fin ally, 7 ) t h e ca m era
fro m y o ur co m p u t er.
14 2 English in Use
KEY-WORD TRANSFORMATIONS * WORD FORMATION

C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces usin g t h e w o rds in b ol d. Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

Use t w o t o fiv e w or ds.
1 It is a basic that you have a good knowled ge of
1 He regrets notapplying for the job. computer skills.
W ISHES H e ____________________________________ A required B require C requirement
________ the job. 2 James is a member of his local club where he
2 She wants to pursue a singing career and no one can specialises in the long jump.
stop her. A athletic B athlete C athletics
PURSUI N G N o one _________________________________
3 Although we didn't believe him, he claimed that he
_ a singing career.
was telling us nothing but t h e .
3 The moment she left, they started talking.
A truth B truly C truthful
SO O N ER N o ___________________________________
they started talking. 4 I'm working on a project to save local wildlife.
A conservator B conservation C conservative
4 If he hadn't helped us, we wouldn't have finished on time.
HIS But , 5 Danny lives in Astoria, N ew York, but is from
we wouldn't have finished on time. Sicily in Italy.
5 This tea is so strong that I can't drink it. A origin B original C originally
ME Thisteais 6 The of America was a turning point in European
drink. history.
6 They gave him a gold watch as a present. A discovery B discoverer C discovered
W AS H e ___________________________________
7 This mysterious masterpiece was painted by a(n)
a gold watch as a present.
artist of the 19th century.
7 I think that this law should be abolished.
A knowled ge B unknown C know
DO I think they
this law. 8 Your life chang es when you have children.

8 They bought very little furniture for their new flat. A drama B dramatic C dramatically

M UCH They ________________________________ 9 Unfortunately, she is a(n)ca n d id a t e for the

fortheir new flat. required position.
9 They are installing a new computer in our office today. A insuitable B nonsuitable C unsuitable
H A VI N G We are ______________________________
10 M edical experts stress the of healthy eating and
in our office today.
exercise for a person's well-being.
10 You can go to the party, but be home by midnight. A importantly B importance C important
LO N G So __________________________________
11 The World Cup final attracted more than 70,000.
by midnight, you can go to the party.
A spectators B spectacles C spectates
11 The mistake wasn't her fault.
BLA ME Sh e ______________________________________ 12 Her dreams had finally become a when she
the mistake. signed her first record deal.
12 Jill sent him three emails before getting an answer. A real B realistic C reality
U NTIL Jill didn't get an answer 13 Dishes in each region of Italy have their own
___ three emails. flavours.
13 I've missed the train, so it's not worth going to the A characterised B characteristic C character
station now.
14 Albert Einstein was a in the field of physics, and
POIN T I've missed the train so
is famous for his theory of relativity.
_____________ g o i n g to
A research B researcher C researching
the station now.
14 Please allow meto pay for the meal. 15 His behaviour at times can be q u i t e - he often
LET Why ____________________________________ has mood swings.
pay for the meal? A predictive B unpredictably
C unpredictable
15 Mario didn't want us to help him.
T UR N ED Mario __________________________________
offer of help.
164
 English in Use r 14
MULTIPLE CHOICE *

Ch o ose t h e correct o p tio n.

he W rig ht bro t h ers st art e d 0) A in 1902. T h eir first

T fli g h t w as in a glid er, 1) _ t h e y d esig ne d t o t est

t h e st a bilit y o f its w in gs. O nce t h e y w ere sa tisfie d t h a t
t h e y co uld fly 2 ) t h e air st ea d ily w it h o u t t h e f e ar
o f f allin g straig h t d o w n, t h e y b e g a n w orkin g o n t h eir
3) f or t h e first a ero pla ne, w hich w o uld be
pro p elle d b y a m o t or. Th ey w ro t e t o se veral car m a k ers,
askin g i f t h e y co uld 4) a m o t or f or t h e m, b u t
m ost eit h er did n o t re ply or said t h e y w ere t o o b usy.
Fin ally, t h e y d ecid e d t o d o i t t h e mselves. Th e m ajor
pro ble m t h e y 5) w as h o w t o m a k e t h e m o t or
p o w erful e n ou g h t o pro p el t h e a ero plan e w it h o u t b ein g
t o o h eavy. Th ey so o n realise d t h a t t h e y w o uld n ee d t o
0 flying B to flying C fly D be flying m a k e t h e a ero pla n e big ger, 6) than make the
1 A who B what C which D that m o t or sm aller. A f t er m o n t hs o f pla nnin g, t h e y w ere
2 A over B across c on D in rea d y w it h t h e first pro t o t y p e. It w as a f u n n y lo o kin g
3 A design B pattern c method D plot m achin e w it h f o ur w in gs a n d n o se a t f or t h e p ilo t. Th e
4 A form B do c assemble D build t w o bro t h ers w ere v ery 7 ) o f t h eir inv e n tio n, b u t
5 A opened B faced c looked D met co uld n o t d ecid e w h o w o uld b e t h e o n e t o fly i t. Th ey
6 A sooner B rather c better D more t osse d a coin a n d W ilb ur w o n. The w orld's first e v er
7 A good B glad c pleased D proud a ero pla ne 8) o f f a n d fle w in t o t h e air, m a kin g
8 A got B ran c took D left hist ory.

Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 H eavy prevented all planes from taking off. 9 The cost of living has risen in recent years, causing
A fog B steam C fume hardship t o families.
A little B lots C many
2 These days, factory can be controlled by the use
of filters. 10 The teacher was extremely suspicious when the
A admissions B omissions C emissions class gave the same answers in the exam.
A whole B all C every
3 She was furious that it so long for the truth to be
revealed. 11 When bank went up again, many customers
A had taken B will have taken C takes closed their accounts.
A charges B prices C amounts
4 The patient's condition began t o very quickly.
A fall B deteriorate C drop 12 The police could find n o between the crime and
the suspect they were holding.
5 The children were in a state of after their ball
A together B connection C bond
broke the wind ow.
A shock B anxious C afraid 13 I don't believe a word he said. He's probably the
whole story.
6 Scientists have to find a cure for the common
A discovered B made C invented
cold.
A not B fairly C yet 14 When Carol was made captain of the school basketball
, she was thrilled.
7 There was a gasp of surprise from the audience when
A team B group C company
the w i n n e r.
A was announced B announced 15 Inspector M arbles came to the that the bank had
C had announced been robbed by one of its clerks.
A end B conclusion C result
8 The dog began to pant after the cat around the
park.
A chase B to chase C chasing
165
 GRAMMAR
Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 Actually, Betty____ to retire earlier. 14 Lilly looked at me as if we ____ before.

A does wants C does want A had met C met
B do want D want does B have met D were met

2 There are two fascinating parks in my neighbourhood. 15 You don't need to give me a lift. I have a car
H owever,_of them are close to my house. A my own C mine
A either C all B of my own D of myself
B neither D none 16 ____ to my mum, I wouldn't have bought that pricey van.
3 ____ fast a horse runs, it will never be able to compete A Should I listen C If had I listened
with a car. B Had I listened D Were I to listen

A However C N evertheless 17 Gregory sent a complaint to the restaurant he visited

B Although D Despite how yesterday_____ receiving compensation.
4 I'm the leader of our team,____ ? A with a view of C with a view for
A isn't it C amn't I B with the aim of D with the aim to
B am I D aren't I 18 There were ____ onions left, and that was the reason
5 Ann didn't want to leave the performance early____ she why I decided not to cook pork.
might miss something interesting. A very little C little
A out of fear C in fear B not much D very few
B of fear D for fear 19 Hungry____ he was, he didn't complain at all and
6 N either D onald ____ Paul are familiar with the system continued with his work.
A either C and A than C that
B nor D or B as D like

7 A: Is it going to rain? 20 Don't touch the exhibit,____ you?

B: It ap pears____ . A will C can
A like that C such B shall D would
B that D so 21 There are ____ clothes in Patrick's wardrobe that it's
8 O nly when you travel around the world ____ your impossible to find anything in there.
homeland. A so lots of C such
A will you appreciate C you would appreciate B so much D so many
B you will appreciate D would you appreciate 22 ____ amazing was the book that I immediately decided
9 A: Frankly speaking, I don't have a hobby. to obtain the second part.
B: . A How C Such
A N either have I. C N either do I. B So D Such an
B So do I. D Really? I don't. 23 ____ you experience any problems, please contact me
10 Do not touch this microwave. It's____ . immediately.
A Donna and Carols' C Donna's and Carol's A Were C Had
B Donna and Carol's D of Donna and Carol B Should D Unless

11 Alex wrote down Clare's phone number____ forget it. 24 There is____ mustard in the fridge.
A so that not to C so as not to A none C few
B in order to not D not to B many D no

12 A: I have never been to Portugal. 25 It was M ark____ needed to consult a lawyer.

B: A that C which
A So have I. C So haven't I. B whom D whoever
B N either haven't I. D N either have I.

13 I would definitely treat animals better____ .

A were I you C was I you
B had I been you D should I be you

166
 VOCABULARY
Ch o ose t h e co rrect o p tio n.

1 Some people believe that the unemployment____ 13 Do you have to ____ a uniform at school?
should be cut. A wear C try on
A bonuses C pensions B dress D put on
B benefits D wages 14 He looks so weird. I don't think that shirt ____ the suit
2 Unfortunately, there is no ____ in the office, but you can he's wearing.
take a picture of the document instead. A suits C wears
A scanner C tower B fits D matches
B modem D printer 15 I'm looking for a ____ job; I don't need a temporary one.
3 He presented Kate with a very nice jewellery set - a pair A part-time C full-time
of earringsand ____ . B permanent D high-powered
A a hairband C a bracelet 16 Sarah can't help crying when she sees people ____ at the
B a bow tie D a watch airport.
4 I've read these examples three times, but I still can't work A through C over
____ the rule of the third conditional. B out D off
A on B up C for D out 17 She looked gorgeous at the party and certainly stood
5 What are you going to d o ____ a living after graduating ____ from the crowd.
from university? A out B by C for D up
A with B by C to D for 18 A: Have you bought a new suit?
6 I don't like shopping online because I can't____ clothes B: N o, it's my old one. I've just collected it from the ____ .
before buying them. A gift shop C dry cleaner's
A wear C try on B charity shop D car wash
B dress D put on 19 I would definitely buy this dress if it were on ____ .
7 Students aren't allowed to ____ photos to social media at A discount C boutique
B sale D match
school.
A download C surf 20 He's inclined to believe that getting a ____ salary can be
B upload D search demotivating for employees.
8 When I was younger, I didn't mind working ____ hours in A short B long C high D low

the office. 21 A: O h, no! I've broken my glasses.

A long B low C high D big B: Shall we go to the ____ to get them repaired?
9 These jeans are too tight; they d on't ____ me. A boutique C optician's
A suit C put on B bookshop D greengrocer's
B match D fit 22 A: My secretary will show you to the door.
10 The manager refused their demand for im proving ____ B: Don't worry, I'll see myself____ .
conditions. A out B off C about D through
A working C long 23 She tends to think that clothes with a ____ pattern make
B high-powered D low her look slimmer.
11 James frequently goes on business trips, and the A cotton C silk
company pays for all travel____ . B striped D woollen
A bonuses C expenses 24 He's a system administrator____ profession.
B pays D benefits A in B of C at D by
12 I can hardly hear what you're saying. Please turn the TV 25 I'm going to ____ the N et in order to find some
information for my school project.
A down B up C away D out A sail B surf C ride D swim
 VERBS, ADJECTIVES, NOUNS WITH PREPOSITIONS

A B compare with (v) (how people and

bad at (adj) (BUT He was very bad to things are alike and how they are
abide by (v)
absent from (adj) me.) different)

abstain from (v) ban sb from sth (v) compare to (v) (show the likeness

accompanied by (adj) base on (v) between sb/sth and sb/sth else)

according to (prep) basis for (n) comparison between (n)

account for (v) beg for (v) compete against/for/with (v)

accuse sb of (v) begin by/with (v) complain of (v) (= suffer from)

complain to sb about sth (v) (= be
accustomed to (adj) believe in (v)
acquainted with (adj) belong to (v) annoyed at)

addicted to (adj) benefit from (v)

compliment sb on (v)

adequate for (adj) bet on (v) comply with (v)

adjacent to (adj) beware of (v) conceal sth from sb (v)

advantage of (n) (BUT there's an (put the) blame on sb (n) concentrate on (v)

a d v a n t a g e in - (have) an blame sb for sth (v) (have) confidence in sb (n)

a d v a n t a g e o v er sb) blame sth on sb (v) confine to (v)

advice on /against (n) boast about/of (v) confused about/ by (adj)

bored with / of (adj) confusion over (n)

afraid of (adj)
agree to / on sth (v) borrow sth from sb (v) congratulate sb on sth (v)
connection between (n) (BUT in
agree with sb (v) brilliant at (adj)
ahead of (prep) bump into (v) connection with)

aim at (v) busy with (adj) conscious of (adj)

allergic to (adj) buy sth at (v) connect to /with (v)

amazed at/ by (adj) consider sb for sth (v)

amount to (v) C consist of (v)

amused at/with (adj) contact between (n) (BUT in contact

call at/ on (phrv)
angry at what sb does (adj) with)
campaign against/for (v)
angry with sb about sth (adj) content with (adj)
capable of (adj)
angry with sb for doing sth (adj) contrary to (adj)
care about (v)
annoyed with sb about sth (adj) contrast with (v)
care for sb (v) ( = like)
(in) answer to (n) contribute to (v)
care for sth (v) ( = like to do sth)
anxious about sth (adj) convert to /into (v)
(take) care of (n)
(be) anxious for sth to happen (adj) cope with (v)
careful about/ of/with (adj)
apologise to sb for sth (v) correspond to /with (v)
careless about/with (adj)
(make an) appeal to sb for sth (n) count against (v)
cater for/to (v)
appeal to /against (v) count on sb (phrv)
cause of (n)
apply in writing (v) cover in /with (v)
certain of (adj)
apply to sb for sth (v) covered in/with (adj)
change into (v)
approve of (v) crash into (v)
characteristic of (n/adj)
argue with sb about sth (v) (have) a craving for sth (n)
charge for (v)
arrange for sb to do sth (v) crazy about (adj)
charge sb with (v)
arrest sb for sth (v) crowded with (adj)
check for (v)
arrive at (a small place) (v) cruel to (adj)
choice between / of (n)
arrive in (a town) (v) cruelty towards/to (n)
clever at (adj) (B U T It was very clev er
ashamed of (adj) cure for (n)
of you to buy it.)
ask about/for (v) (B U T ask sb a curious about (adj)
close to (adj)
q u estio n) coax sb into (v)
assure (sb) of (v) D
coincide with (v)
astonished at/ by (adj) collaborate with (v) damage to (n)
attached to (adj) collide with (v) date back to (v)
attack on (n) comment on (v) date from (v)
attack sb for sth (v) communicate with (v)
deal with (v)
attend to (v) dear to (adj)
(un)aware of (adj) decide on /against (v)
168
 VERBS, ADJECTIVES, NOUNS WITH PREPOSITIONS

decrease in (n) engaged to sb/in sth (adj) free from/ of/for (adj)
dedicate to (v) engagement to sb (n) friendly with /to (adj)
deficient in (adj) enthusiastic about (adj) frightened of (adj)
definition of (n) envious of (adj) full of (adj)
delay in (n) equal to (adj) furious with sb about/at sth (adj)
delight in (v) escape from /to (v)
delighted with (adj) example of (n) G
demand for (n) excellent at (adj) generosity to /towards (n)
demand from (v) exception to (n) (m a k e a n e xce p tio n genius at (n)
depart from (v) f or / o f st h /sb = treat sth/sb as a glance at (v)
departure from (n) special case - t a k e e xce p tio n t o glare at (v)
depend on / upon (v) st h = object to sth) good at (adj) (BUT He was very good
dependent on (adj) exchange sth for sth else (v) to me.)
deputise for (v) excited about (adj) grateful to sb for sth (adj)
descended from (adj) exclaim at (v) grudge against (n)
describe as (v) excuse for (n) guess at (v)
describe sb /sth to sb else (v) excuse sb for (v) guaranteed for (adj)
description of (n) exempt from (adj) guilty of (adj) (BUT He felt guilty
die of/from (v) expel from (v) about his crime)
die in an accident (v) experienced in/at (adj)
differ from (v) experiment on /with (v) H
(have) difference between / of (n) expert at/in (sth/ doing sth) (n) ( =
happen to (v)
different from (adj) person good at)
happy about/with /for (adj)
difficulty in /with (n) expert at/in/on (sth/doing sth) (adj)
harmful to (adj)
disadvantage of (n) (BUT there's a (= done with skill or involving
have money on me (phr)
d isa d v a n t a g e in doing sth) great knowled ge)
hear about (v) (= be told)
disagree with (v) expert with sth (n) ( = good at using
hear from (v) ( = receive a letter)
disappointed with /about/ by (adj) sth)
hear of (v) ( = learn that sth or sb
disapprove of (v) expert on (n) ( = person very
exists)
discharge sb from (v) knowled geable about a subject)
heir to (n)
discount on (n)
hinder from (v)
discouraged from (adj) F
hint to sb about sth (v) (BUT hint at
discussion about/ on (n) face up to (phrv) sth)
disgusted by/at (adj) fail in an attempt (v) hope for (v)
dismiss from (v) fail to do sth (v) hope to do sth (v)
dispose of (v) failure in (an exam) (n) (no) hope of (n)
disqualified from (adj) failure to (do sth) (n) hopeless at (adj)
dissatisfied with (adj) faithful to (adj)
distinguish between (v) fall in (n) I
divide between / among (v) familiar to sb (adj) ( = known to sb)
divide into / by (v) idea of (n)
familiar with (adj) ( = have
do sth about (v) identical to (adj)
knowled ge of)
doubtful about (adj) ignorant of/about (adj)
famous for (adj)
dream about (v) ill with (adj)
fed up with (adj)
dream of (v) (= imagine) im pacton (n)
fill sth with sth else (v)
dressed in (adj) impressed by/with (adj)
find sth in (v)
(make an) impression on sb (n)
finish with (v)
E improvement in/ on (n)
fire at (v)
incapable of (adj)
eager for (adj) flee from (v)
include in (v)
economise on (v) fond of (adj)
increase in (n)
efficient at (adj) forget about (v)
independent of/from (adj)
(put) effort into sth (n) forgive sb for (v)
indifferent to (adj)
emphasis on (n) fortunate in (adj)
indulge in (v)

169
 VERBS, ADJECTIVES, NOUNS WITH PREPOSITIONS

inferior to (adj) M popular with (adj)

information about/ on (n) married to (adj) praise sb for (v)
(be) informed about (adj) marvel at (v) pray for sth/sb (v)
inject sth into sb /sth (v) mean to (adj) prefer sth to sth else (v)
inoculate against (v) mention to (v) (have a) preference for (n)
insiston (v) mistake sb for (v) prepare for (v)
instead of (prep) mix with (v) present sb with (v)
insure against (v) prevent sb/sth from (v)
intelligent at (adj) N (take) pride in (n)
intent on (adj) pride oneself on sth/ on doing (v)
name after (v)
(have no) intention of (n) profit from (v)
necessary for (adj)
interest in (n) prohibit sb from doing sth (v)
need for (n)
interested in (adj) prone to (adj)
neglect of (n)
interfere with /in (v) protect against/from (v)
nervous about (adj)
invasion of (n) protection from (n)
new to (adj)
invest in (v) protest about/at (v)
nice to (adj)
invitation to (n) proud of (adj)
nominate sb (for/as sth) (v)
invite sb to sth (v) provide sb with (v)
(take) (no) notice of (n)
involve in (v) punish sb for (v)
notorious for doing sth (adj)
irritated by (adj) puzzled about/ by (adj)

0
J Q
obedient to (adj)
jealous of (adj) quarrel about sth/with sb (v/n)
object to (v)
join in (v) qualify as/in (v)
objection to (n)
joke about (v) qualified for (adj)
obliged to sb for sth (adj)
quick at (adj)
obvious to (adj)
K quotation from (n)
occur to (v)
knock at/ on (v)
offence against (n)
know about/of (v) R
operate on (v)
keen on sth (adj) opinion of/ on (n) rave about (v)
keen to do sth (adj) opposite of/to (n) react to (v)
kind to (adj) reaction to (n)
key to (n) P ready for (adj)
knowled ge of (n) reason for (n)
part with (v)
reason with (v)
patient with (adj)
L rebel against (v)
pay by (cheque) (v)
lack in (v) receive from (v)
pay for (v) (B U T p ay a bill)
lack of (n) (keep) a record of (n)
pay in (cash) (v)
late for (adj) recover from (v)
peculiar to (adj)
laugh at (v) reduction in (n)
persist in (v) (B U T insist o n)
lead to (v) refer to (v)
(take a) photograph of (n)
lean on /against (v) (in /with) reference to (n)
picture of(n)
learn about/ by (v) refrain from (v)
pity for (n)
leave for (v) ( = head for) regard as (v)
take pity on sb (phr)
lend sth to sb (v) regardless of (prep)
pleasant to (adj)
listen to (v) related to (adj)
pleased with (adj)
live on (v) relationship between (n) (B U T a
(take) pleasure in (n)
long for (v) rela tio nshi p w it h sb)
(have the) pleasure of (n)
look at (v) relevant to (adj)
point at/to (v)
look for (v) (= search for) rely on (v)
(im)polite to (adj)

170
remind sb of/about (v) silly to do sth (adj) (BUT it was silly of terrified of (adj)
remove from (v) him) thank sb for (v)
replace sth with sth else (v) similar to (adj) thankful for (adj)
reply to (n/v) skilful/skilled at (adj) think about/of (v)
report on (n/v) slow in/about doing sth/to sth (adj) threat to sb/sth / of sth (n)
reputation for/ of (n) smell of (n/v) threaten sb with sth (v)
research on/into (n) smile at (v) throw at (v) (in order to hit)
respect for (n) solution to (n) throw to (v) (in order to catch)
respected for (adj) sorry about (adj) (= feel sorry for sb) tire of (v)
respond to (v) (B U T I'm sorry f or doing sth) tired of (adj) (= fed up with)
responsibility for (n) speak to /with sb about (v) translate fro m ... into (v)
responsible for (adj) specialise in (v) tread on (v)
result from /in (v) ( = be the specialist in (n) trip over (v)
consequence of) spend money on sth (v) trouble with (n)
result in (v) ( = cause) spend time in/ doing sth (v) try sth on (v)
result of (n) split into /in (v) typical of (adj)
resulting from (adj) spy on (v)
rhyme with (v) stare at (v) U
rich in (adj) strain on (n) unaware of (adj)
(get) rid of (phr) study for (v) understanding of (n)
rise in (n) subject to (adj/v) uneasy about (adj)
(make) room for (n) submit to (v) (B U T su b m it st h f or upset about/ over sth (adj)
rude to (adj) publication) (make) use of (n)
subscribe to (v) used to (adj)
S succeed in (v) useful for/to (adj)
safe from (adj) suffer from (v)

same as (adj) sufficient for sth/sb (adj) V

satisfied with / by (adj) suitable for (adj)
valid for (length of time) (adj)
save sb from (v) superior to (adj)
valid in (places) (adj)
save sth for sb (v) sure of/about (adj)
value sth at (v)
scared of (adj) surprised at/ by (adj)
vote against/for (v)
search for (v/n) surrender to (v)
vouch for (v)
(be in) search of (n) surrounded by (adj)
sensitive to (adj) suspect sb of sth (v)
W
sentence sb to (v) suspicious of (adj)
wait for (v)
separate from (v) sympathetic to /towards (adj)
warn sb against/ about/ of (v)
serious about (adj) sympathise with (v)
waste (time / money) on (v)
settle for/ on (v)
weak in/at (adj)
share in / of sth (n)
wink at (v)
shelter from (v) T
wonder about (v)
shocked at/ by (adj) take sth to sb /sth (v)
workas/in / at sth (v)
shoot at (v) talent for sth (n)
worry about (v)
short of/ on (adj) talk to sb about sth (v)
worthy of (adj)
shout at (v) (have) taste in (n)
write about (v)
shy of (adj) taste of(v)
write to sb (v)
sick of (adj) terrible at (adj)
wrong about (adj)

171
 Appendix
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

AGAINST at once by law in addition to ( + -ing

against the law at peace /war by marriage form)
ata place by means of in advance (of)
at present by mistake in agreement (with / on/
AT
at a profit by nature about)
at an advantage
at the prospect by now in aid of
at the age of
at random by one's watch in all ( = all in all)
at the airport
at any rate by oneself in an attempt
at an auction
at one's request by order of in answer to
at the beginning of (when
at the same time by phone in an armchair
sth started) (B UT in t h e
at school by post in bed
b e gin nin g = originally)
at sea by mail in the beginning (=
at one's best
at short notice by profession originally)
at breakfast/lunch, etc
at (high/full) speed by request in blossom
at the bottom of
at/in the station by (the /one's) side in a book
at the bus stop
at sunset by surprise in brief
at church
at the table by the time in business
at college
at (the /that) time by the hour in any case
at the corner/ on the
at times by the way in cash
corner
at the top of (BUT on top in the centre of
at all costs
of) FOR in charge (of)
at the crossroads
at the weekend in cities
at dawn for ages
at work in code
at one's desk for breakfast/lunch / dinner
at 230 Mills St. in colour
at the door for certain
in comfort
at ease fora change
BEFORE for fear (of)
in common
at the end (= when sth is
in comparison with
finished) (B U T in t h e before long for fun ( = for amusement)
in conclusion (to)
e n d = finally) for good
in (good / bad) condition
at your expense BY for granted
in confidence
at fault for hire
by accident in control (of)
at first fora holiday
by all accounts in the corner
at first hand for keeps
by appointment in the country
at first sight for instance
by the arm /hand in danger
ata glance for luck
by auction in the dark
at half price tor lite
by birth in debt
at hand for love
by bus/train / plane / in demand
at heart for nothing
helicopter/taxi/ship/ in detail
at home for once
boat/sea/air/car, etc (be) in difficulty
at/in a hotel for the price of one
(BUT on a / the bus/ in the direction of
at ... miles/kilometres per for the rest of
plane /train /ship/ boat in doubt
hour for safe keeping
- in a taxi/car/ in dollars
at large for one's sake
helicopter/ plane) in a ... dress
at last for the sake of
by chance in due course
at the latest for sale ( = to be sold)
by cheque in the end ( = finally)
at least for short
by correspondence in exchange for
at the very least for the time being
by day/ night in existence
at length fora walk
by degrees in fact
at liberty fora while
by the dozen in fashion
at a loss for two years
by the hour in favour of
at lunch by eye in flames
at the match by far FROM
in the flesh
at midnight by force from now on in focus
at the moment by hand from scratch in one's free time
at most by heart in full swing
at night by invitation IN in fun
at noon by land /sea/air
in action in the future
172
in gear in practice/theory on average on page ...
in general in principle on bail on parade
in good time in prison on balance on the pavement
in half in private/ public on the beach on the phone
in hand in all probability on behalf of on a platform
in haste in progress on one's birthday on principle
in good / bad health in question on board on purpose
in hiding in reality on the border on the radio /TV
in honour of in return on the bottom on the right
in hopes of in the right/wrong on business on the (Missouri) River
in the hospital in a row/rows on call on sale (= sold at reduced
in a hotel in ruins on a campsite (at a price) (BUT for sale =
in a hurry in safety campsite) to be sold)
in ink/ pencil/ pen in the sale on the coast on schedule
in sb's interest in season on condition on the screen
in length /width, etc in secret on the contrary on second thought(s)
in all sb's life in self-defence on credit on the side
in the limelight in the shape of on a cruise / excursion/ on sight
in a line in short trip /tour on the sofa
in the long run in sight (of) on (a ...) day on this street/ on the
in love (with) in the sky on demand street(s)
in luxury in silence on a diet on strike
in the meantime in some respects on duty on good / bad terms
in a mess in stock on earth on time
in the middle of in style on edge on top of
in a mirror in the streets on an expedition on the trail of
in moderation in succession on a farm (BUT in a field) on a trip
in a moment in the suburbs on fire on vacation
in a good / bad mood in the sun/shade on the (4th) floor (of) on the way (to) ( = as I was
in the mood in good / bad taste on the floor going)
in the morning /afternoon in tears on foot on the weekend
in mourning in theory on the ground on the whole
in name only (= not in in time on the one hand
reality) in no time on the other hand OUT OF
in need of in touch on holiday
out of breath
in the news in town on horseback
out of character
in a newspaper in tune (with) on impulse
out of condition
in the name of ( = on in turn on the Internet ni it UI f o nt
o f LUI
UUL 1 LIml
UI
behalf of) in two / half on an island (BUT in the Ai it
uui ui H^nnor
Udi iyci
in the nick of time in uniform mountains)
out of date
in the north/south in use on a journey
out of debt
in a nutshell in vain on one's knees
out of fashion
in the open in view of on leave
out of focus
in one's opinion in a loud /low voice on the left
out of hand
in orbit in a way (= in a manner) on loan
out of 1liUk-ix
kJU I irk
in order of/to in the way on the market ( = available
out of order
in other words in writing to the public)
out of the ordinary
in pain in a word on me
out of place
in pairs in the world on one's mind
out of practice
in the paper on that morning
out of print
in the park ON on the move
out of the question
in particular on N ew Year's Day
on account of out of reach
in the past on the news
on a ... afternoon / evening out of season
in person on this/that occasion
on the agenda out of sight
in pieces on order
on the air out of step
in place of on the outskirts
on approval out of stock
in politics on one's own
on arrival out of tune
173
 PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

out of turn off the point UNDER under repair

out of use off the record under the weather
under arrest
out of work off the road under one's breath
off school/work under control WITHOUT
OFF off the top of your head under the control of without fail
off the air under discussion without delay
off colour TO under the impression
off duty to some extent under orders WITH
off limits to someone's surprise under pressure
with regard to
off the map

in / inside on at near u n d er a b o ve

on top of b elo w (a)ro u n d t hro ug h b e t w ee n

b ehin d in fro n t o f up down o p p osit e b esid e / b y /

ne x t t o

in t o o ver

alo ng across fro m ... t o p ast t o w ards/ t o / in t h e direction o f

174
 SPELLING RULES

1 -(e m e n d in g 4 - / e e n din g
a words ending in -s, -ss, -ch, -x, -sh, -z, -o add -es words ending in -ie change -ie to -y before -ing
bus - buses, mass - masses, pitch - pitches, die - dying
mix - mixes, topaz - topazes, tomato - tomatoes
b nouns ending in v o w el + o, double o, short forms/ 5 d ro p pin g -e
musical instruments/ proper nouns ending in -o a words ending in -e drop -e and add -ing, -ed,
add -s -er, -est
rodeo - rodeos, igloo - igloos, N G O - N G Os, save - saving - saved (B U T be - being)
piano - pianos, Filipino - Filipinos tame - tamer - tamest
b adjectives ending in -e add -ly to form their
2 -f/-fe e n din g adverbs
nouns ending in -f/-fe drop -f/-fe and add -ves rare - rarely, nice - nicely (B U T true - truly)
wife - wives, leaf- leaves c adjectives ending in -Ie change -Ie to -ly to form
their adverbs
3 -y e n din g incredible - incredibly (B U T whole - wholly)
a words ending in co nso n an t + y drop -y and add d verbs ending in -ee add -ing
-ies, -ied, -ier, -iest, -ily see - seeing
hurry - hurries - hurried, funny - funnier - funniest,
ready - readily
b words ending in consonant + y add -ing
worry - worrying
c words ending in v o w el + y add -s, -ed, -ing,
-er, -est
employ - employs - employed - employing,
coy - coyer - coyest

Pro n u ncia tio n o f ~ (e)s e n d in g (noun plurals and the 3rd Pro n u ncia tio n o f -e d e n din g
person singular of verbs in the Present Simple)
/id / after /t/, / d /
/s/ after/ f /,/ t /,/ p /,/ k/ lifted, branded
laughs, spots, drips, racks
/t/ after / k /,/ tj /,/ f /,/s/,/ f /, / p /
/iz/ after /z/, / ds/, / tj/, /s/, l \ l baked, matched, laughed, anced, dashed, trapped
houses, dodges, ditches, passes, lashes
/ d / after / b /, / ds/, / m /, /v/, / g /, /I/, /n/, / z / vowel + /r/
/ z / after / b /, / g /, / m /, / d /, /!/, /n/, /v/ or any vowel sound snubbed, nudged, dimmed, craved, drugged, spilled, opened,
dabs, rigs, beams, leads, thrills, pains, leaves, toys cruised, cared

175
 Irregular verbs
Infinitive Past Past Participle Infinitive Past Past Participle
be \bi…\ was \wÅz\ been \bi…n\ learn \l‰…n\ learnt (learned) learnt (learned)
bear \be´\ bore \bO…\ born(e) \bO…n\ \l‰…nt “l‰…nd‘\ \l‰…nt “l‰…nd‘\
beat \bi…t\ beat \bi…t\ beaten \"bi…t´n\ leave \li…v\ left \left\ left \left\
become \bI"køm\ became \bI"keIm\ become \bI"køm\ lend \lend\ lent \lent\ lent \lent\
begin \bI"gIn\ began \bI"gœn\ begun \bI"gøn\ let \let\ let \let\ let \let\
bite \baIt\ bit \bIt\ bitten \"bIt´n\ lie (= to be in a flat lay \leI\ lain \leIn\
blow \bl´U\ blew \blu…\ blown \bl´Un\ position) \laI\
break \breIk\ broke \br´Uk\ broken \"br´Uk´n\ light \laIt\ lit \lIt\ lit \lIt\
bring \brIN\ brought \brO…t\ brought \brO…t\ lose \lu…z\ lost \lÅst\ lost \lÅst\
build \bIld\ built \bIlt\ built \bIlt\
make \meIk\ made \meId\ made \meId\
burn \b‰…n\ burnt (burned) burnt (burned)
mean \mi…n\ meant \ment\ meant \ment\
\b‰…nt “b‰…nd‘\ \b‰…nt “b‰…nd‘\
meet \mi…t\ met \met\ met \met\
burst \b‰…st\ burst \b‰…st\ burst \b‰…st\
buy \baI\ bought \bO…t\ bought \bO…t\ pay \peI\ paid \peId\ paid \peId\
put \pUt\ put \pUt\ put \pUt\
can \kœn\ could \kUd\ (been able to
\bIn "eIb´l t´\) read \ri…d\ read \red\ read \red\
catch \kœtS\ caught \kO…t\ caught \kO…t\ ride \raId\ rode \r´Ud\ ridden \"rId´n\
choose \tSu…z\ chose \tS´Uz\ chosen \"tS´Uz´n\ ring \rIN\ rang \rœN\ rung \røN\
come \køm\ came \keIm\ come \køm\ rise \raIz\ rose \r´Uz\ risen \"rIz´n\
cost \kÅst\ cost \kÅst\ cost \kÅst\ run \røn\ ran \rœn\ run \røn\
cut \køt\ cut \køt\ cut \køt\
say \seI\ said \sed\ said \sed\
deal \di…l\ dealt \delt\ dealt \delt\ see \si…\ saw \sO…\ seen \si…n\
dig \dIg\ dug \døg\ dug \døg\ sell \sel\ sold \s´Uld\ sold \s´Uld\
do \du…\ did \dId\ done \døn\ send \send\ sent \sent\ sent \sent\
draw \drO…\ drew \dru…\ drawn \drO…n\ set \set\ set \set\ set \set\
dream \dri…m\ dreamt (dreamed) dreamt (dreamed) sew \s´U\ sewed \s´Ud\ sewn \s´Un\
\dremt “dri…md‘\ \dremt “dri…md‘\ shake \SeIk\ shook \SUk\ shaken \"SeIk´n\
drink \drINk\ drank \drœNk\ drunk \drøNk\ shine \SaIn\ shone \SÅn\ shone \SÅn\
drive \draIv\ drove \dr´Uv\ driven \"drIv´n\ shoot \Su…t\ shot \SÅt\ shot \SÅt\
show \S´U\ showed \S´Ud\ shown \S´Un\
eat \i…t\ ate \eIt\ eaten \"i…t´n\
shut \Søt\ shut \Søt\ shut \Søt\
fall \fO…l\ fell \fel\ fallen \"fO…l´n\ sing \sIN\ sang \sœN\ sung \søN\
feed \fi…d\ fed \fed\ fed \fed\ sit \sIt\ sat \sœt\ sat \sœt\
feel \fi…l\ felt \felt\ felt \felt\ sleep \sli…p\ slept \slept\ slept \slept\
fight \faIt\ fought \fO…t\ fought \fO…t\ smell \smel\ smelt (smelled) smelt (smelled)
find \faInd\ found \faUnd\ found \faUnd\ \smelt “smeld‘\ \smelt “smeld‘\
fly \flaI\ flew \flu…\ flown \fl´Un\ speak \spi…k\ spoke \sp´Uk\ spoken \"sp´Uk´n\
forbid \f´"bId\ forbade \f´"beId\ forbidden \f´"bId´n\ spell \spel\ spelt (spelled) spelt (spelled)
forget \f´"get\ forgot \f´"gÅt\ forgotten \f´"gÅt´n\ \spelt “speld‘\ \spelt “speld‘\
forgive \f´"gIv\ forgave \f´"geIv\ forgiven \f´"gIv´n\ spend \spend\ spent \spent\ spent \spent\
freeze \fri…z\ froze \fr´Uz\ frozen \"fr´Uz´n\ stand \stœnd\ stood \stUd\ stood \stUd\
steal \sti…l\ stole \st´Ul\ stolen \"st´Ul´n\
get \get\ got \gÅt\ got \gÅt\
stick \stIk\ stuck \støk\ stuck \støk\
give \gIv\ gave \geIv\ given \"gIv´n\
sting \stIN\ stung \støN\ stung \støN\
go \g´U\ went \went\ gone \gÅn\
swear \swe´\ swore \swO…\ sworn \swO…n\
grow \gr´U\ grew \gru…\ grown \gr´Un\
sweep \swi…p\ swept \swept\ swept \swept\
hang (= to hung \høN\ hung \høN\ swim \swIm\ swam \swœm\ swum \swøm\
suspend)
take \teIk\ took \tUk\ taken \"teIk´n\
\hœN\
teach \ti…tS\ taught \tO…t\ taught \tO…t\
have \hœv\ had \hœd\ had \hœd\
tear \te´\ tore \tO…\ torn \tO…n\
hear \hI´\ heard \h‰…d\ heard \h‰…d\
tell \tel\ told \t´Uld\ told \t´Uld\
hide \haId\ hid \hId\ hidden \"hId´n\
think \TINk\ thought \TO…t\ thought \TO…t\
hit \hIt\ hit \hIt\ hit \hIt\
throw \Tr´U\ threw \Tru…\ thrown \Tr´Un\
hold \h´Uld\ held \held\ held \held\
hurt \h‰…t\ hurt \h‰…t\ hurt \h‰…t\ understand understood understood
\Æønd´"stœnd\ \Æønd´"stUd\ \Æønd´"stUd\
keep \ki…p\ kept \kept\ kept \kept\
know \n´U\ knew \nju…\ known \n´Un\ wake \weIk\ woke \w´Uk\ woken \"w´Uk´n\
wear \we´\ wore \wO…\ worn \wO…n\
lay \leI\ laid \leId\ laid \leId\
win \wIn\ won \wøn\ won \wøn\
lead \li…d\ led \led\ led \led\
write \raIt\ wrote \r´Ut\ written \"rIt´n\
Grammar & Vocabulary Booster B2 is intended for learners at CEFR level B2. It consists of 14
units and it aims to help learners understand and use English grammar and vocabulary at B2
level through structurally graded material, realistic texts and full-colour pictures.

Key features
Condensed presentation of grammar structures followed by a variety of exercises and a
revision section at the end of each unit
B2 vocabulary presentation and practice by topic as well as practice on phrasal verbs,
prepositions and words often confused
English in Use sections consisting of key word transformations, word formation, open cloze
texts and multiple choice cloze texts and sentences
Regular review sections that revise the grammar and vocabulary of the preceding units
Appendices on prepositions and prepositional phrases in alphabetical order

Components
Student’s Book
Teacher’s Book (overprinted)
Tests & Quizzes (downloadable)