Q1-The Bacterial cells doubles during log phase due to the presence of substrate in excess?

-False
Q2-In the textile industry enzymes are used for sizing and closizing procosses?
-False
Q3-Textile desizing is an enzymatic process to dissolve proteins from textiles?
-Fulse
Q4-Activity B. amyloliquefaciens Subtilisins BPN isreduced to 10% if phenylalanine replaces
tyrosine 104?
-False
Q5-Rennin (Chyrosin) is lipolytic enzyme produced by bacteria through recombinant DNA
Technology?
-False
Q6-Enzyme industry was the dominant biotechnology activity prior to world war ll?
-True
Q7-Whey is a by-product of cheese industry, it can be used for bacterial growth?
-True
Q8-Human growth hormones and Insulin are non bacterial products produced by bacteria?
-True
Q9-Aerobacter cloacae produces glucose isomerase without metal stabilization?
-False
Q10-Rrnnin is a group of alkalophilic proteases?
-True

Q10-The function of magnesium salt added during the isomerization step is to:
a. All the answers are correct
b. Stabilize isomerase activity
c. Competo with Ca+2 present in the fermentation medium
d. As activating metal ion
Q11-The following amino acids are located in the active reaction site of Subtilisins except?
a. Asp-32: stabilizer for the correct tautomeric form of His- 64 in the transition state.
b. Ser-221 catalytic nucleophile.
c. His-64: a general baso.
d. Ala-222 which aclivalos break down of proteins.
Q12-Success in industrial fermentation necessitates considering the following factor (s):
a. Nature and type of the microorganism.
b. The required culture conditions.
c. The design of the bioreactor.
d. All answers are correct.
Q13-Select the correct group for cultures used interchangeably in industrial fermentations:
a. Mineral salt culture, liquid culture and semisolid culture.
b. Batch culture, fed-batch culture, and continuous cultures.
c. Static culture, shake-culture and anaerobic culture.
d. Batch culture and fed-batch culture.
14-In continuous fermentation, the specific growth rate (k) equals the maximum growth rate
(kmax) if:
a. Carbon source is present in excess.
b. Carbon content is at minimum.
c. Nitrogen source is resent in excess.
d. All substrates are present in excess.
Q15-Primary metabolism:
a. Function similarly in all microorganisms.
b. Constantly inherited function.
c. Act as precursors for secondary metabolism.
d. All answers are correct.
Q16-Microbial calcite precipitation can be used to:
a. Remove bivalent contaminants.
b. Remove chloride ions from solution.
c. Remove all types of contaminants.
d. Remove chloride ions from solution.
Q17-Subtilisins are enzymes produced by:
a. Gram positive bacteria.
b. All answers are correct
c. Gram negative bacteria.
d. Aerobic spore forming Gram positive bacteria.
Q18-Bacillus subtilis a-amylase hyper-producing strain is:
a. An auxotrophic mutant produced by transduction.
b. A mutant strain of Bacillus licheniformis.
c. wild strain isolated from soil.
d. An auxotrophic mutant produced by merging NTG and transformation techniques.
Q19-Biomarkers are organisms that can perform one of the following applications:
a. Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen
b. Degradation of xenobiotics.
c. Detection of small amount of pollutants in the environment.
d. Bioremediation of hydrocarbons.

Q20-GeneBank is a historical database which means that:

a. Il is non-redundant.
b. None of the abovo.
c. Can replace the old entry.
d. It is redundant.
Q21-Hybridoma technique is the technique related to:
a. All answers are correct.
b. Production of monoclonal antibodies
c. Production of Antibiotics
d.Production of hydrophobic molecules.
Q22-Biomarkers are organisms that can perform one of the following applications:
a. Detection of small amount of pollutants in the environment.
b. Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.
c. Bioremediation of hydrocarbons.
d. Degradation of xenobiotics.
Q23-In continuous fermentation, steady state is maintained by:
a. Keeping y= D. ‫الواي = باي‬
b. Monitoring the rate of feed of nutrient solutions.
c. Monitoring turbidity of the culture.
d. Adding cells continuously with fresh nutrient salutions.
Q24-In the following equation:
a. Generation time.
b. Number of cells per unit volume.
c. Maximum growth rate.
d. Concentration of the limiting nutrient.
Q25-In fermented dough, cavities appear due to:
a. axygen.
b. carboxy acids.
c. carbon dioxide.
d. carbon monoxide.
Q26-Recombinant DNA techniques are powerful tools for strain development via:
a. cloning a DNA fragment into a bacterium which adds in required genes.
b. none of the answers.
c. produce tRNA.
d. synthesize a new bacterium that contains powerful RNAs.
Q27-According to Monod equation, the constant Ks is identified as:
a. The specific growth rate (k) equals the maximum growth rate (mm).
b. Limiting nutrient concentration that controls the catabolite repression.
c. A variable that changes according to the limiting nutrient concentration.
d. Substrate concentration at which half the maximum growth rate is obtained.
Q28-Saccharomyces cerevisiae is being grown in a chemostat converts glucose to biomass,
ethanol, glycerol and carbon diozide. At steady state,the concentration of glucose, biomass,
ethanol and glycerol will:
a. change randomly with time.
b. be constant.
c. decrease with time.
d. increase with time.
Q29-In a Chemostat:
a. Limiting nutrients are added after 2 hours.
b. Cell growth is kept constant by using density to monitor the biomass.
c. The culture solution flows without back mixing.
d. Cell growth is controlled by adjusting one substrate.
Q30-In the isomerization step of glucose, the enzyme xylose isomerase is immobilized to
overcome the following drawbacks except:
a. The enzyme is immobilized because it is intracellular.
b. The enzyme may produce toxic effects during the isomerization step.
c. To reuse the enzyme in many production steps to substitute its high price
d. The preparation of the enzyme costs too much.
Q31-One of the following schemes represents the normal sequence of a Biotechnology
process:
a. Cells or cell products - Raw materials - Fermentation - Biotransformation - Downstream
processing
b. Raw materials - Upstream processing - Biotransformation and fermentation - Pure product
c. Raw materials - Upstream processing - Fermentation or Biotransformation - Downstream
processing - Pure product.
d. Pure product - Biotransformation - Upstream processing - Fermentation – Purification
Q32-In the bioinformatics database, PDB is considered as:
a. data.
b. GeneBank FLAT Filo.
c. Storage system.
d. Query system.
Q33-Experimental trials showed that sugar beet molasses are the cheapest and high product-
yielding compound in one of the biotechnological apolicatio
SOURCE OF:
a. Nitrogen.
b. Vitamin.
c. Carbon.
d. Mineral nutrients.
Q34-In the formation of calcite, the followings are produced:
a. 2NH4+ and CO32-
b. 2NH4+ and HCO3- ions
c. 2NH4+ and 2CO32-
d. NH4+ and CO32-
Q35-A continuous reactor initially contains 2 litre of medium. If it was fed at 1 litre per hour,
then after 10 hours, the volume of the reactor vil be?
a. 13 liter
b. 2 liter
c. 1 liter
b. 3 liter
Q36-UV is used to:
a. Cause chromosomal mutation.
b. Both induce transition and cause dimerization of thymine.
c. Induce transition.
d. Cause dimerization of thymine
Q37-In the saccharification step two enzymes are used. They are:
a. Xylose isomerase and xylanases.
b. a-1,4 glucoamylase from and Pullulanase.
c. Pullulanases and glucose isomerase.
d. a -1,4 glucan-4-glucanohydrolase and Isomerase.
Q38-Subtilisins are extracellular enzymes produced during one of the following:
a. Log phase.
b. Any phase during the onset of endospores.
c. Stationary phase.
d. Lag phase.
Q39-Optimization of upstream processing requires:
a. strain improvement.
b. optimizing growth conditions.
c. processing of the raw materials.
d. All answers are correct
Q40-The aim of strain development is to:
a. produce a new product
b. improve a product
c. produce a gene bank
d. all answers are correct
Q1- Manipulating of the genes is important in solving problems related to laundry industry.
Explain this statement giving examples.(10 point)
- enzyme-containing detergents are used in the laundry industry, such as Proteolytic enzymes
like: Subtilisins
Subtilisins are produced from aerobic, sporulating, gram +ve bacteria of Bacillus species.
problem no. 1:
A triad of residues are involved in the catalysis activity of subtilisin, which are: ser-221, hiS-
64, & Asp-32.
because Na perborate must be added to water (where it produces Na metaborate and toxic
H202), the enzyme activity decreases in perborate presence, also the enzyme is sensitive to
oxidiation byH202
when H202 is produced, it will oxidize Met-222 >>> thus, reducing the enzyme activity by 90
%!
***Solution: Met-222 is replaced by another amino acid that will resist H202. so, by GENETIC
ENGINERRING: Ala-222 subtilisin produced will retain 53% of the catalytic activity of the Met-
222 subtilisin (wild type).
problem no. 2: Alkaline stability:
The activity of BPN (type of subtilisin) decreases at pH 9.5 - 11 due to the ionization of the
amino acids (Tyr-104 & Tyr-217) located at the active site (substrate binding region) of the
BPN.
***Solution: replace amino acid as well > replace Tyr-104 by Phenylalanine via site-specific
MUTAGENESIS. So, the activity increased 1.2 times
Q2-What is "Ident."? (1 point)
- Indicates the percentage of identity between your sequence and the one found.
Q3-Bacteria are growing on glucose to produce acetic acid for 24 hours. How can you tell that
your bacteria are growing and producing the desired product (acetic acid)? (4 points)
- Acitic acid is don't reproduce without oxygen if the grow in the anaerobes condition it acetic
acid
Q4- Describe in general terms (e.g. no need for media formulations) a procedure for growing
a proteolytic bacterium and enhancing the yield of the proteolytic enzyme?
- we grow the bacteria by set it in a closed medium and put, critical element of nutrient
solution in small concentration during the fermentation to avoid the production of many
metabolites. If there's excess of all limiting nutrient y=y m and the culture become at
maximal growth rate and will produce more bacteria and will enhance the growth. The
maximum growth) depends on the Organism and the condition of the fermentation process
and the hature of the substrate. Recombinant phage will induce five hundred fold
overproduction of the enzyme and it also will enhance the yield of the bacteria.
Q5- Why should both individuals and society address ethical concerns? Explain your
reasoning?
- because both of them raise perfect point, and when scientists use biotechnology to make
sure it's perfect with everyone else.
Q6- Bioinformatics if you have a Sequence what next & how important is
bioinformatic:
1- First go to the NCBI site
2- Click on resource list (A-Z)
3- Go to the blast ( for local alignment)
4- Click on the nucleotide blast (blast n)
5- Put the sequence in the FASTA text file
6- Search for homologues alignment having similar alignment sequence of
Blast n
7- Use BLAST
8- Result shows option of the old view
9- You put the sequence in the database and check for alignment, the no. of hits shows the
matching .
Importance:
1- give info about the sequence, protein and DNA and other molecule stain.
2- give the function, source and structure to find the closely related species or having distance
relationship
3- form this info we can do the phylogenetic tree and define more info (new)
Q7- It is preferable to produce products via biological system. Give the reasons?
- Biological system are natural with less waste than factories producers, while being a
biological system depends on micro-organisms that can supply benefits to farmers, food
workstations, and food merchants.
It is convenient for public health due to the fact that it goes into the industry of drugs.
Biological system is flexible and. requires microorganisms, enzymes, the microorganisms)
need from nutrients and carbon, the toxics unrestricted from this process represents less
than the non- biological process as it also may take much more time people are looking for
less harm to environment and land.
Q8- how did biotechnology solve starch processing problem?
- Biotechnology solved the starch processing problem by using enzymes such as alpha-
amylase and glucoamylase to break down the starch into glucose. This process involves
desizing textiles, liquefaction, saccharification, and isomerization. The enzymes used are
stabilized by Cat2 ions, and the process is carried out at near-neutral pH and temperatures of
95-107°C. The resulting glucose is pure and crystalline, and the process is made more efficient
by the addition of preservatives and stabilizers such as Bisulfite and Mg+2.
Q9- you have seen aggregates of nanoparticles crystals under the microscope. A) when do
you expect this crystallization of nanoparticles will be formed? B) crystal formation process
through phases. What are those phases?
- Crystals form from solution when the solute concentration.
in a solvent exceeds its solubility (supersaturation) The formation of crystals proceeds in two
phases Nucleation:formation of nuclei Few new nuclei are formed and the growth of existing
crystals dominates
Q9- define the subtilisin's and their properties?
- Is a member of the Serine protease class, family of proteolytic enzymes produced upon the
onset of sporulation by Bacillus species.
- properties: 1- Stable at high temp: ~ 700C,
2- High activity in alkaline pH range 8 - 11,
3- No metal ion requirement for catalytic activity,
4- Resistance to oxidizing agents: hypochlorite & perborate, that are used as bleaches.

Q10- Application : Remediation of cracks and fissures (treatment of heritage buildings),

Microbial plugging in porous media (rocks formation), Erosion control, Subsurface
stabilization in highways (Railway), Capturing radionucleotide contaminant.

**Q5-How do you know that the match has occurred by luck. Specifically, the value E?(1
point)
- All values greater than 0 indicate that there is some chance that the match is not real and
that it occurred by luck.
Q6-You are assigned to clone (a) a Bifidobacterium B-galactosidase (lactase) into E. coli. What
basic steps are used to produce a genetically engineered E. coli to produce this prokaryotic
enzyme? How can bacteria that make the product of a particular cloned gene be identified
after cloning? If the expression level of a cloned enzyme in prokaryotic cell is very low, how
can you improve gene expression on enzyme? (6 points)
- first, we will take the gene of lactose and cut it with restriction enzyme and cut the veclor
with the same restriction enzyme and ligate them togther.
- we will introduce the vector into e coli
-we wil have either: religateplasmid, plasmid with the gene, no plasmid
Q7-What are the disadvantage and health risk of using isomerase's from Aerobacter cloacae?
(2 points)
- Disadvantages of using xylose isomerase from A. cloacae:
1. high cost of xylose
2. low affinity for glucose and fructose (low vield > low enzyme activity)
3. the reaction takes a long time, & arsenate is toxic (but is needed as a cofactor for enzyme).