Muhtalifah, S. (2011).

An analysis of english-Indonesia translation shift in the

Hannah Banana Short Story by Ribut Wahyudi.

The main topic of this study is the translation shift that occurs when English texts
are translated into Indonesian, especially in the short story Hannah Banana by
Ribut Wahyudi. This thesis aims to identify and analyze the changes in
grammatical structure that occur in the translation process. This study provides an
explanation that the translation shift often appears due to differences in language
structure between the two languages used.

This study uses the rules of translation popularized by several experts such as
Catford and Newmark, which distinguish between category shift and level shift.
The author identifies that this shift can occur for several reasons, such as the
inability to match the sentence or phrase structure of the source language to the
target language. The main instrument of this study is qualitative descriptive
analysis, in which the texts of the short story Hannah Banana are analyzed to
identify various forms of word class and structure shifts that occur during the
translation process.

In the work on translation shift in the short story Hannah Banana, various forms
of transposition were found, which involve changes in word classes without
changing the main meaning. For example, there are changes from plural to
singular in several sentences, as well as changes from adjective + noun to noun +
adjective in Indonesian. The gap in this study is that although Muhtalifah (2011)
has identified and analyzed category shifts and level shifts in the translation of
Hannah Banana's short story, the focus of the study was mainly on changes in
grammatical structure between languages, using Catford and Newmark's theory.
The study showed how shifts often occur due to differences in language structure,
and the researcher examined changes in word classes and phrase structures in a
qualitative descriptive context. However, this study has not comprehensively
explored the aspect of meaning equivalence, which has an important role in
ensuring the quality and accuracy of the translation. By focusing on achieving
equivalence of meaning, this study will combine Catford's theory with Nida and
Taber's equivalence theory to offer a more comprehensive examination of all
types of translation shifts in short stories. Therefore, it is hoped that this study will
refine the findings of Muhtalifah's research and expand the scope of analysis by
delving deeper into the ways in which translation shifts occur without sacrificing
the original meaning of the text.
Bahramy, M., & Aidinlou, N. A. (2014). The Effect of Translation–Shifts
Instruction on Translation Quality. Journal of Education and Practice, 5(10),
9-15.

This study is motivated by the lack of effective translation teaching approaches. In

recent decades, translation teaching approaches such as grammar translation are
no longer considered sufficient to improve translation quality. As a result, this
study focuses on the function of translation shift as a tool to help students
understand the systematic differences between the source language and the target
language. The theory of Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS), which examines
translation phenomena with ambiguous standards, is applied in this study.
Various scholars, including Vinay & Darbelnet, support the idea of translation
shift, which was first proposed by Catford (1965). Due to the differences in
systems between the source language (SL) and target language (TL), there are
changes that occur during the translation process. The two most common
translation techniques are direct translation and oblique translation, which use a
variety of techniques such as transposition and modulation.This study investigates
the effects of teaching translation shift on students' translation quality.
This study used a comparative method with a T-test to select students who were
homogeneous in terms of English proficiency. The students took a translation
class and were taught about translation transformation in two sessions. Two
production translation tests, a pre-test and a post-test, were used to assess the
quality of their translations. The pre-test and post-test scores were compared to
determine how effective the instruction was in transforming the translation.
This can be achieved through the use of the assessment model created by
Farahzad (1992). The results of the study showed that teaching about translation
shift improved the quality of translation with significant improvements in several
translation quality variables, such as register, cohesion, and naturalness. This
suggests that knowledge about translation shift can help students translate better,
making translations more cohesive and natural.
The gap in this study is that Bahramy & Aidinlou (2014) have investigated the
impact of teaching shift on translation quality. However, the main focus of this
study lies in the pedagogical aspect, namely improving students' understanding of
the systematic differences between the target language and the source language.
This study, which uses the Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) theory and uses
a comparative method to measure translation quality outcomes, found that
teaching translation shift can improve translation quality variables such as
register, cohesion, and naturalness. However, this study did not conduct an
applied analysis of literary texts, especially short stories, because it was limited to
an educational context. It is hoped that this study, together with Nida and Taber's
equivalence theory, will expand Catford's theory and provide a more
comprehensive analysis of all types of language shifts that occur in short stories
with the aim of maintaining deeper meaning and equivalence between the source
and target languages in addition to changing the structure. As a result, this study
not only adds to Bahr's research but also expands Catford's theory.
Fitria, T. N. (2020). Translation shift in English into Indonesian subtitle of
Guzaarish movie. Journal of Language and Literature, 20(2), 307.

This study uses the Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) theoretical basis which
discusses structural changes in transiation. This topic is taken from the importance
of structural shifts when influencing how the structure of the source language is
transferred or adapted to the target language. Previous studies often address shifts
in various texts such as novels and performances, but this study focuses on film
subtitles.
In several studies, translation shifts are divided into two levels, namely level
shifts and category shifts. Level shifts occur when there are differences in
language levels, while category shifts involve changes in structure. The structure
of category shifts consists of structural shifts, shifts in units, clauses, and intra-
systems. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method with data analysis from
the Guzaarish film subtitles in the form of documents. The data used are film
subtitles which are analyzed by comparing English and Indonesian texts. The
analysis process is carried out in three steps: data condensation, data display, and
drawing conclusions.

The study's findings revealed 242 data points indicating translation shifts, along
with the most frequently used shift categories. Shifts in this category include
structure (33.06%), intra-system (25.21%), unit (2.89%), and class (0.41%).
Various tense forms, including present continuous, future tense, and present
perfect, showed level shifts in 38.43% of the data. The findings revealed that the
most common changes caused by grammatical differences between English and
Indonesian are structural and intra-system. The decline in this study is that Fitria
(2020) analyzed the translation shift in the subtitles of the Guzaarish film, but the
main focus of the study is the structural shift in the context of its translation using
the Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) approach. Fitria found that structural
changes in language are very important and found that changes that occur between
English and Indonesian most often occur at the structural and intrasystem levels.
The focus of this study is film subtitles, which have unique characteristics because
they must be adjusted to the duration of the display on the screen. Therefore, this
study does not study the aspect of meaning equivalence in literary texts such as
short stories. Therefore, by using Catford's theory which is strengthened by Nida
and Taber's equivalence theory, this study will expand its scope by analyzing all
types of translation shifts found in short stories. This study will look at structural
changes and how meaning equivalence can be maintained during the translation
process. Therefore, it is hoped that this study will provide a more in-depth literary
analysis to Fitria's study, especially by considering her translation shifts while
maintaining the same meaning.
Istiqomah, L., Seyowati, A., Maghfiroh, A., Pratiwi, D. D., & Anggraeni, L.
(2021). Translation Shift in The English-Indonesian Translation Sherif
Hetata’s “Woman at Point Zero” Novel. Metathesis: Journal of English
Language, Literature, and Teaching, 5(1), 40.

This paper discusses "translation shift", or translation shift from English to

Indonesian, specifically the translation of Sherif Hetata's book Woman at Point
Zero by Amir Sutarga. Based on Newmark's shift theory (1987), the main focus of
this study is the types of changes that occur in the process of translating the novel.
The four types of shifts identified in this study are as follows: shift from plural to
singular or adjective position; shift in grammatical structure; literal translation
that is grammatically accepted but not natural in the target language; and
replacement of lexical gaps with grammatical structures.

Shift theory is used in the translation process to achieve equivalent meaning

between the source language (SL) and target language (TL). According to Catford
(1965), shift is a change that occurs when the structure of the source language and
target language do not have a direct equivalent. Newmark (1987) strengthens this
theory by saying that shift is a process that changes grammar to maintain the
meaning and context of the text. This study investigates four types of shifts,
namely:

 adjective position and plural to singular shift.

 Grammatical structures that are not found in the intended language.
 Literal translations that are grammatical may be, but do not match the
intended language.
 Replacement of spaces between words with grammatical structures.

The descriptive-qualitative method and document analysis approach were used in

this study. Data were collected by reading novels in English and their translations
in Indonesian. Newmark's shift theory was used to analyze each shift in sentences
and phrases.
The results showed that 38 percent of the 122 data were shifts caused by literal
translations that did not match the natural use of the target language. Shifts from
plural to singular or adjective positions were the second most common type of
shift, with 30%. The next types of shifts were changes in grammatical structures,
with 17%, and replacement of lexical gaps with grammatical structures, with
15%. Overall, this study shows that, despite differences in grammatical structures
between the source and target languages, changes in translation are needed to
produce translations that are appropriate and easily understood by target language
readers.

The gap in this study is that Istiqomah et al. (2021) discuss translation changes in
the book Woman at Point Zero, using Newmark's theory of change. However, the
attention of this study is limited to more specific types of changes, such as
changes in the position of adjectives, changes from plural to singular, and literal
translation, which sometimes do not fit the target language naturally. This study
shows that shifts make the translation more comfortable for readers, but has not
fully studied the equivalence of meaning from the perspective of equivalence
theory. In addition, this study does not include the analysis of other genres, such
as short stories, which have different narratives and linguistics, but only focuses
on novels. Therefore, this study will examine all types of translation shifts in short
story texts using Catford's theory and Nida and Taber's equivalence theory. The
purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of the role of shifts in
maintaining interlanguage meaning equivalence. My research is expected to
expand the findings of Istiqomah et al. by adding aspects of the analysis of
meaning equivalence that have not been discussed thoroughly.
BRIEF

There are some similarities and differences between the results of the review of
the four studies on shifts in short stories.The analysis of shifts in the four previous
studies provides a solid theoretical basis. Catford's theory, which summarizes
various types of shifts from plural to singular or stroctor, is an example. Because
it involves semantic and grammatical changes, and focuses on equivalence as part
of Nida and Taber's theory, it is a good choice for your analysis. How these shifts
help facilitate intermediate alignment in the target language is explained by four
studies.

In addition to similarities, some studies have disadvantages, such as limitations in

comparing theory and application. For example, although Bahramy's study
focuses on shift learning techniques, its possible practical applications are
sometimes poorly understood. By incorporating Nida and Taber's equivalent
materials into the analysis.

The object and focus are different in each study. Muhtalifah and Istiqomah focus
on short stories and novels, while Bahramy prioritizes academic lessons with their
application to students, and Fitria and Istiqomah focus on film subtitles.
The same Catford theory—along with the focus on structural shift analysis—was
used as the basis for the previous four studies. This theory is used in the analysis
that will be made. This will involve analyzing grammatical and semantic shifts in
the short story and ensuring the most accurate translation.