Review - Units 4-6

1. Talking about future events – Future Perfect ( will have + pp) and future Perfect
Continuous ( will have been + v+ ing)
Use- Future perfect – when we predict that the action will have finished within a
particular time in the future . It is important to use time expressions like – within 50
years, within 2020 etc.
Use – Future Perfect continuous – to show the progress of the action (that has started in
the past) in the future. Use expressions of duration like – for 6 hours, for 17 years etc.
Example – You will have finished the course ( the course started in February and I ‘m
saying this sentence in April) within June.
I will have been teaching at Lincoln Center ( I started teaching in 1998) for 25years in
June 2023
2. Passive forms – Passive is mostly used when our focus is the action and not the doer
of the action.
Continuous forms - is/are/was/were + being + pp
Perfect forms – have/has/ had + been + pp
Example – People are cutting the trees – Trees are being cut.
- The government has abandoned the zoos – Zoos have been abandoned.
Adverbs that show time, attitude and quantity might be inserted before BEING/BEEN
or after them. ( Trees are constantly being cut. ; Zoos have been largely abandoned.
3. Complex prepositions –
a. Show reason ( because) –on account of, as a result of, due to, thanks to
b. Through = by means of, by virtue of ,
c. Add ideas – In addition
d. Different from – far from
e. In line with – according to
f. Show contrast – despite/ in spite of
VOCABULARY REVIEW

Brainstorm

Animal Survival Animals having young

( food /drink) – (5 words)

7 words. Mate/

Feed/

Animals- home (3
words)

Complete

1. What is the definition of BIOMIMICRY ? ________________________

2. Give another word for ENHANCE _________________________

3. Which means - BASIC and ELEMENTARY ? ________________

4. Give two words that can be used to describe a DESERT __________________

5. Find the PREFIX and SUFFIX in UNIMAGINABLE __________________

6. Give the informal words for COUNTLESS and HUMBLE ______________________

7. What is the antonym for PERSUADE? ________________

8. What is the noun for BRILLIANT and COMFORTABLE? ____________________

9. What is the Adjective form for MALICE and LEGITIMACY__________________

10. Give another word for ASTUTE. __________________________________

Replace the words in parentheses in the sentences with an adjective from the box. There is
one adjective that you do not need to use.

Compact, portable, rudimentary, functional, innovative, obsolete, Integral

1. Computers are now (necessary) __________________ to our daily lives.
2. My TV is too heavy to carry from room to room, I need one that’s (easy to carry)
__________________.
3. All I need right now is a fairly (simple and basic) __________________ microwave,
without many functions.
4. Every office used to have a fax machine, but now they’re (out of date and very rarely
used) __________________.
5. My camera is so (small) __________________ it fits in my jeans pocket.
6. People are constantly coming up with (new and creative) __________________ ways of
solving everyday problems.

Complete the sentences with the words from the box. There is one word that you do not
need to use.

Burrow, colony, ground, hatch, lay, nest, predator

1. A breeding ________ is a place where animals breed and raise their young.
2. Many bird species build a ________ in a tree for their eggs.
3. Some species of birds ________ up to 20 eggs at a time.
4. Not all eggs actually develop and ________.
5. A ________ is an animal that hunts other animals for food.
6. Some animals dig a hole, called a ________, where they can live or hibernate.

Circle the correct words to complete the paragraph.

It can be hard to (1) attract / persuade people to change their habits and save energy. The
scale of the problems facing our planet (2) intimidates / entices many people. They are (3)
tempted / discouraged by the fact that there often seems to be little that individual actions can
do to solve them. Others are (4) alienated / drawn in when they make an effort to turn over a
new leaf as far as their energy usage is concerned, only to be told they are still not doing
enough. In order to (5) scare off / woo supporters, environmentalists need to show how people
can make small but effective changes to their lifestyles. Otherwise they will simply (6) appeal
to people / put people off.

GRAMMAR REVIEW
Complete the sentences with relative clauses.
1. Humankind has achieved a multitude of scientific advances, many _________ are based on
observations in nature.
2. Medicine and construction are both areas in _________ biomimicry is providing solutions.
3. Inventors, thanks to _________ some ingenious technology has been developed, have
frequently looked to nature for inspiration.
4. The general public, some _________ benefit from inventions inspired by nature every day,
are not always familiar with the concept of biomimicry.
5. A number of useful inventions, some _________ have become part of everyday life, like
Velcro, are examples of biomimicry.

Complete the second sentence in each pair so that it has a similar meaning to the first.
Use continuous and perfect forms of the passive. Add the adverbs in parentheses to the
verb phrases.
1. China is planting thousands of trees in order to halt desertification.
(reportedly)
Thousands of trees _________________________________________ in China in order
to halt desertification.
2. Some deserts have spread because people have adopted new farming
practices. (widely)
Some deserts have spread because new farming practices
_____________________________________________________________________.
3. People had not predicted this problem. (accurately)
This problem
___________________________________________________________
Circle the best verb forms to complete the conversation.
A By the time (1) I’m / ’ll have been 40 years old, people (2) will have been forgetting /
will have forgotten how to write by hand!
B Don’t you think schools will make sure kids can write properly?
C Not necessarily, as they (3) will probably have been using / will probably be using
computers instead of exercise books for ages by then.
A Well, maybe it doesn’t matter. You could just say it’s another stage in human
development. But anyway, I’m pretty sure that (4) won’t have happened / doesn’t
happen everywhere, because not all countries (5) will have completed / will have been
completing the transition to fully computer-based learning.
B Yeah, and in any case, it might never happen anywhere, you know. Perhaps electricity
(6) will have been becoming / will have become too expensive by then for anyone to
rely on it to that extent.
A I know. We might all have to learn to write neatly by hand again!
Read the article. Then read the statements and write T for true, F for false, or NG if the
information is not given.
1. Architects are planning to build longer-lasting buildings to replace those destroyed in
storms. _________
2. Trees could be grown in a way that would help protect places from flooding.
_________
3. Architecture courses have included biomimicry as a concept for a long time.
_________
4. The office building in New York was not built because the design was unsatisfactory.
_________