According to Manfred Steger, globalization is the expansion and intensification of social

relations and consciousness across world-time and across world-space. Expansion refers to
“both the creation of new social networks and the multiplication of existing connections that cut
across traditional political, economic, cultural, and geographic boundaries. These various
connections occur at different levels. Social media, for example, establish new global
connections between people, while international groups of non-governmental organizations
(NGOs) are networks that connect a more specific group-social workers and activists-from
different corners of the globe.

Social Globalization
●​ Description: The spread of ideas, information, and cultural norms across the world. It
influences how societies interact and adapt to each other's social practices.
Example: The global popularity of social media platforms like Facebook and Instagram
allows people from different countries to connect, share, and influence each other's
social behaviors and norms.

Technological Globalization
●​ Description: The dissemination and adoption of technological innovations across the
globe. It involves the spread of technology and technological practices.
Example: The widespread use of smartphones and the internet enables people
worldwide to access information, communicate instantly, and use various applications
regardless of their location.

Financial Globalization = International military fund

●​ Description: The integration of financial markets and institutions across national borders,
allowing for the free flow of capital and investment. Capital and investment
Example: The existence of global stock markets where companies from different
countries can raise capital and investors from around the world can buy and sell shares.

Economic Globalization
●​ Description: The process by which economies become interconnected through trade,
investment, and economic policies. It reflects the growing economic interdependence
among countries. Widest, trading and investment
Example: Multinational corporations like Apple or Toyota operate in multiple countries.
sourcing materials and selling products globally, impacting economies worldwide.

Political Globalization Law making, governance integrity

●​ Description: The spread and influence of political ideas, institutions, and policies across
national borders. It involves the increasing collaboration and interaction among
governments. Governance- government activities implemented by the
Example: International organizations like the United Nations or the World Trade
Organization play roles in addressing global issues and facilitating cooperation between
countries.

Cultural Globalization Customs that we acquire or in born

●​ Description: The worldwide exchange and blending of cultural elements, including
traditions, values, and practices. It affects how cultures influence each other and evolve.
Example: The global spread of Hollywood movies and American fast food chains has
introduced various cultural elements to different parts of the world, blending with local
customs.

Ecological Globalization
●​ Description: The interconnectedness of environmental issues and the global impact of
ecological practices and policies. It addresses how environmental changes and
challenges affect the planet as a whole.
Example: Climate change is a global issue that requires international cooperation to
address, as its effects, such as rising sea levels and extreme weather events, transcend
national boundaries.
Sociological Globalization Adopting to global changes
●​ Description: The influence of global processes on social structures and relationships,
including how societies and individuals adapt to global changes.
Example: The rise of global migration and urbanization has led to diverse, multicultural
cities where social norms and structures are influenced by a variety of cultural
backrgounds and practices.

INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEM

Silk Road
-​ Known as the oldest international Trade
-​ Started 130 B.C.E
• Global kay need pa sya mu sakay og boat
-​ Connects China, Middle East, and Europe so dili sya ma tawag og international
-​ Travelled 4,000 Miles
-​ Goal: Trading Silk, Spices, Textiles, Precious Stones
-​ International: Connects two or more countries, no ocean routes

Galleon Trade
-​ Trading that connects Acapulco in Mexico and Philippines Gi pang harangan nila
ang china way back
-​ Started 1565 • coconut ang ilang
-​ Connects Philippines, Mexico, America, Europe, and Asia trade sauna
-​ Goal: Transport and trade goods between Asia, Americas, and Europe
-​ Trade: Silk, Porcelain, Ivory, Spices, Cotton, Medicines, Jewelry, Gold
-​ Global based trading system

Gold Standard • base on the value of gold

-​ Gold is used as a store of value and as a means of payment. britain/london mas dako og
•
value ang gold based on
-​ Started 1867 timbang
-​ Started in the United States, United Kingdom, and other European Nations.
-​ Goal: Transactions are based on the value of Gold
-​ Restrictive System Obliged all people na gold ra
ang …
-​ International based trading system

INTERNATIONALIZATION

Internationalization does not equal globalization, although it is a major part of globalization. It is

the process of increasing the enterprise of a certain company in the international market.

The GILT framework is a model used to understand and analyze the dynamics of globalization,
which stands for Globalization, Internationalization, Localization, and Transnationalism. Each
component of the framework helps to examine how global interactions and local practices
influence each other.

Globalization: This refers to the broad, worldwide integration of economies, cultures, and
policies. It involves the spread of ideas, goods, services, and technologies across national
borders. Example: Many international brands like Apple and Nike are available in the
Philippines, showing how global products are easily found everywhere.

Internationalization: This focuses on how organizations or entities expand their operations and
reach beyond their national borders. It involves activities such as exporting, importing, and
forming international partnerships. Example: Jollibee, a Filipino fast-food chain, has opened
restaurants in other countries like the U.S. and the Middle East.

Localization: This involves adapting global products, services, and strategies to fit the local
context. It recognizes the need for modifications to address local preferences, regulations, and
cultural nuances. Example: Starbucks in the Philippines offers local flavors like ube (purple yam)
and leche flan (caramel custard) to cater to Filipino tastes.

Transnationalism: This concept looks at how various processes transcend national

boundaries, creating networks and interactions that span multiple countries and regions. It
emphasizes the fluid and interconnected nature of global relationships. Example: Many Filipinos
work abroad and send money back home. This creates strong connections between the
Philippines and other countries.