i

ii
 CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that the information in this project was obtained as a result of the
field
observations, measurements and processing made by me in accordance with survey
rules,
regulations and departmental instructions.

Signature of Student: …………………………...

Name of Student: AKEEM, ROKEEB ADEWALE

Matric No: HND/22/SGI/FT/038

Date of Completion: ……………………

iii
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that Mr.AKEEM, Rokeeb Adewale with Matriculation No:

HND/22/SGI/FT/038
had satisfactorily carried out his project under our instructions and direct
supervision.

I hereby declare that he has conducted himself with due diligence, honesty and
sobriety on this
project.

SUPERVISOR’S SIGNATURE: ……………….…………..

NAME: SURV. ABDULSALLAM AYUBA. (mnis)

DATE OF APPROVAL: ………………..…………..……..

COORDINATOR’S SIGNATURE: ……………….…………..

NAME: SURV. R.S. AWOLEYE. (mnis)

DATE OF APPROVAL: ………………..…………..……..

H.O.D’S SIGNATURE: ……………….…………..

NAME: MR. ABIMBOLA I. ISAU

DATE OF APPROVAL: ………………..…………..……..

iv
OFFICIAL STAMP

v
 DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to ALMIGHTY ALLAH, The Creator of the universe,
the great teacher who gave me His divine knowledge, grace and opportunity
throughout the execution of this project task.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My sincere appreciation goes to Almighty Allah, for giving me the grace,

knowledge and opportunity to compile this project report. I give glory, honor,
and adoration to Almighty Allah, the creator, author and the finisher of my
fate; who had made me endure the rigours of my project. So, I return all
glory to Him and say Alhamdulillah Robil-Al-Amin.

I passionately express my profound gratitude to my supervisors Surv.

Abdulsallam Ayuba for his effort in correcting my project, the time he sets
aside to painstakingly go through my work. Also, the likes of other lecturers
from the department, their unwavering support in the course of this
academic pursue I pray God will bless you all.

I sincerely acknowledge the love of my parents Mr. and Mrs. AKEEM for their
financial spiritual and moral support day and night towards the success of
my academics. I also want to use this medium to appreciate my siblings for
their concern shown towards my success. May the almighty God bless you
all?

My special thanks go to my bosses and mentors from the Office state

Surveyor General Lagos State from likes of Surv.Mutiu Akintoye, Surv.
Ibrahim Onilegbale, Mallam Farooq, Surv. Femi Fasasi, Surv. Sodeeq Tomi
who has contributed spiritually and financially to backed me up during the
school days. May Almighty Allah increase you in wealth, knowledge and
understanding (Amen)?

I will not fail to acknowledge the effort of my project group members

for their impact and unity of purpose which brought this project to a
successful completion. I says thank you all.

AKEEM, ROKEEB ADEWALE.

 MAY 2024.

ABSTRACT
The project was carried out to generate a Digital Surface Model for
Government High School ADdewole/Adeta Round about, Ilorin West Local
Government Area, Kwara State. Nigeria. The reconnaissance was first carried
out, spatial data were acquired directly from the field using DGPS (Galaxy G1
(South)), while non-spatial data were obtained through social survey by
means of oral interviews and observations. The data were processed and
analyzed using ArcGIS 10.5 software for database design, generating
contour, Hill shading, Aspect map, water flow and direction geospatial
analysis, AutoCAD2007 for graphical representation, ArcScene 10.5 for
generating the Digital Surface Model (DSM) and other relevant software.
Some queries were generated to enable spatial search on the database
created and transform such dataset into information system which will
support decision making process, as a result of this we produced
Topographic information data in softcopy to be accessible for various
applications. Finally, a comprehensive technical report was written.
TABLE OF CONTENT

CERTIFICATE
CERTIFICATION
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE PROJECT
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
1.3.1 AIM OF THE PROJECT
1.3.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
1.6 PERSONNEL
1.7 PROJECT AREA
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER
THREE………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 DATABASE DESIGN
3.1.1 VIEW OF REALITY
3.1.2 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
3.1.3 LOGICAL DESIGN
3.2 PROJECT PLANNING
3.2.1 FIELD RECONNAISSANCE
3.2.2 OFFICE PLANNING
3.3 DATA ACQUISITION
3.3.1 PRIMARY DATA
SOURCE………………………………………………………………........................
3.3.2 SECONDARY DATA SOURCE …………………
3.2.3 EQUIPMENT USED/ SYSTEM SELECTION SOFTWARE
3.3.4 HARDWARE USED
3.3.5 SOFTWARE USED0
3.3.6 TEST OF INSTRUMENT
3.3.7 PERIMETER TRAVERSING
3.3.8 DETAILING
3.3.9 REMOTE ELEVATION MEASUREMENT
3.3.9A SPOT HEIGHTINGS
3.4 PHYSICAL DESIGN
3.5 DATABASE CREATION
3.5.1 ATTRIBUTE DATA ACQUISITION
3.6 DATA PROCESSING
3.6.1 TOTAL STATION DATA DOWNLOADING PROCEDURE
3.6.2 DRAFTING AND PLOTTING
3.7 DATABASE MANAGEMENT
3.7.1 DATA SECURITY
3.7.2 DATA INTEGRITY
3.8.3 DATABASE MAINTANANCE
CHAPTER
FOUR…………………………………………………………………………………………………
4.0 SPATIAL ANALYSIS AND INFORMATION PRESENTATION
4.1 TESTING OF DATABASE
4.2 SPATIAL QUERY
4.2.1 SINGLE CRITERIA QUERY
4.2.2 MULTIPLE CRITERIA
4.2 SPATIAL
ANALIYSIS………………………………………………………………………………………………….
.
4.2.1 OVERLAY OPERATION
4.2.2 TOPOGRAPHICAL OPERATIONS
4.3 RESULT ANALYSIS
4.4 APPLICATION OF PROJECT
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.
5.1 SUMMARY
5.2 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
5.3 CONCLUSION
5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS
APPENDIX PAGE

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure1.1: DIAGRAM OF THE PROJECT AREA `......................................................6
Figure 2.1: DSM VS DTM....................................................................................... 8
Figure 3.1: DESIGNS AND CONSTRUCTION PHASES IN DATABASE DESIGN........14
Figure 3.1: ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM OF THE PROJECT
AREA……………………….14
Figure 3.2: POINT ENTITY AND ITS ATTRIBUTE...................................................14
Figure 3.4: RECCE DIAGRAM..............................................................................21
Figure3. 5: INSTRUMENT TEST...........................................................................25
Figure3.6: OBSERVATION STRATEGY..................................................................24
Figure3.7 ABSTRACTED OF TABLE CREATED......................................................31
Figure 3.8 AUTOCAD PLOTTING..........................................................................33
Figure 4.1: SAMPLE OF ATTRIBUTE TABLE..........................................................35
Figure 4.2.1.1 RESULT OF QUERY: (BLD_FUNCTION = “ADMINISTRATIVE”).......37
Figure 4.2.1.2: RESULT OF QUERY: (BLD_FUNCTION = “ACADEMIC”)................38
Figure 4.2.1.3: RESULT OF QUERY: (BLD_CONDITION = “GOOD”)......................39
Figure 4.2.2.1 RESULT OF QUERY: BLD_CONDITION “GOOD” AND BLD_AREA < “100
SQ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………….40
Figure 4.2.2.2 RESULT OF QUERY: BLD_CONDITION “GOOD” AND BLD_FUNCTION=
“FACILITY”.......................................................................................................... 41
Figure 4.2.2.3: BLD_TYPE = “BUNGALOW” AND B_FUNCTION = “ACADEMIC”. . .42
Figure 4.6: COMPOSITE MAP OF THE PROJECT AREA..........................................43
Figure 4.7: TIN AND DETAILS OVERLAY MAP OF THE PROJECT AREA..................44
Figure 4.8: SLOPE MAP OF THE PROJECT AREA..................................................45
Figure 4.9: ASPECT MAP OF THE PROJECT AREA................................................46
Figure 4.0A: CONTOUR MAP OF THE PROJECT AREA...........................................47
Figure 4.1A: VECTOR MAP OF THE PROJECT AREA..............................................48
Figure 4.3A: 3D SURFACE MAP OF THE PROJECT ARE........................................49
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1: Point Entity and its Attributes..............................................17
Table 3.2: Line Entity and its Attributes................................................17
Table 3.3: Polygon Entity and its Attributes..........................................17
Table 3.4: Collimation test table...........................................................24
Table 3.5: Tree table.............................................................................27
Table 3.6: Road table............................................................................28
Table 3.7: Electric Pole Table................................................................32
Table 3.8: Building table.......................................................................35
Table 3.9: Street light...........................................................................37
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE PROJECT
The surface of the land is an important resource which human
activities are continually modifying. Land is the earth's surface. Land, water,
and natural resources in their original state, such as: mineral deposit,
wildlife, fish, timber, etc. Particular areas of land can be utilized by humans
in diverse ways. These can include residential, institutional, business,
industrial, agricultural, forestry, park, and other relatively natural land uses.
In order to create a sustainable and favourable living, it is essential to
protect our property or investment, in which land surveying helps in the
positioning of objects in space and time as well as the positioning and
monitoring of physical features, structures and engineering works on, above
or below the surface of the earth and the analysis, interpretation and
integration of spatial objects and phenomena in GIS, including the
visualization and communication of such data in maps, models and mobile
digital devices. (http://en.wikipedia.org/)

A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is a digital representation of ground

surface, topography or terrain. A DEM can be represented as a raster (a grid
of squares) or as a triangular irregular network. DEMs are commonly built
using remote sensing techniques; however, they may also be built from land
surveying. DEMs are used often in geographic information systems, and are
the most common basis for digitally-produced relief maps.
 A Digital Surface Model (DSM) is a representation of any surface by
using three dimensional (3D) coordinates, normally X, Y, Z Cartesian
coordinates. The surface might be part of a small object, for example a vase,
or it may be a very large object such as the surface of the Earth. When
related to the Earth’s surface, these coordinates are often converted into
Easting, Northing and Height (E, N and H). A Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
specifically relates to elevation and therefore height, and so will be defined
as a DSM of the Earth’s surface. It is used generically to define the ground
surface, also called a Digital Terrain Model (DTM), and the ground surface
plus the tops of features above the ground surface such as artificial
structures and vegetation. The DSM is therefore the first surface that many
airborne and space borne sensors will interact with. A DTM is normally
created by stripping off all above ground surface features from the DSM to
reveal a bald-earth Model.
Digital Elevation Model (DEM) represents a very important geospatial
data type in the analysis and modeling of different hydrological and
ecological phenomenon which are required in preserving our immediate
environment. DEMs are typically used to represent terrain relief. DEMs are
particularly relevant for many applications such as lake and water volumes
estimation, soil erosion volumes calculations, flood estimate, quantification
of earth materials to be moved for channels, roads, dams, embankment etc.
There are known methods by which DSMs can be constructed. Such
methods include but not limited to digitizing existing topographic maps or by
using stereoscopic aerial photographs, with the advance of digital
photogrammetry.
 Maune (2001) stated that Surface modeling is essential for various
applications; orthophoto productions, engineering design, floodplain
mapping, telecommunication, etc. all require surface data with different level
of detail and accuracy.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Government High School, Adeta/Adewole Round About, Ilorin west local
Governmen Area lacks an up-to-date topographical information system (TIS).
). Without accurate data about the topography project area, and height of
features above mean sea level, planning and design processes for this
project may be based on incomplete or outdated information. Without Digital
Surface Modeling, decision-making related to land development or resource
exploration may be less informed and could result in negative consequences
for the environment or existing structures. The production of Digital Surface
Model will solve the following problems.

i. Lack of current maps for the school’s management use.

ii. Lack of information about the height of details within the School.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

1.3.1 AIM OF THE PROJECT

The aim of the project is to produce topographic information, generate
and analyze a high-resolution digital surface model of the Government High
School Adeta/Adewole round about, Ilorin West, Kwara State. Nigeria. using
GIS approach as well as demonstrating my capability in executing projects of
such calibre.
1.3.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
In pursuit of the overarching aim mentioned earlier, the project
involved a series of specific operations designed to achieve comprehensive
insights into the project area. The specific objectives were as follows:

i. Reconnaissance
ii. Data Acquisition.
a) Geometric (Locational) Data Acquisition (X, Y, and Z).
b) Attribute Data Acquisition (Features description).
iii. Creation of Database for Spatial entities in the project area.
iv. Information Representation and Management.
v. Spatial Analysis.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

The significance of this project is as stated below;
i. Easy planning of any meaningful development.
ii. Provide up-to-date Digital Elevation Model for the School.
iii. Provision of useful spatial analysis of information about any object for
viable decision making.
iv. For map revision purposes i.e. easy retrieval and updating of the
database.
v. To get student acquainted with the knowledge needed for future
environmental occurrences.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The scope of the project covers the following:
i. Project Planning.
 ii. Data Acquisition with automated Survey equipment for perimeter
traversing, detailing and spot heightens.
iii. Database Design and model.
iv. Data processing
v. Visualization, information presentation, and spatial analyses.

1.6 PERSONNEL
The following are the personnel involved in executing the project:

NAMES MATRIC NUMBER

AKEEM ABDUL ROKEEB .A HND/22/SGI/TF/038 (WRITER)

AFOLABI ROFIYAT .O HND/22/SGI/TF/035

HASSAN IBRAHIM .A HND/22/SGI/TF/036

MALIK BILIKIS ABOLORE HND/22/SGI/TF/037

AWOYEMI STEPHEN TOBA HND/21/SGI/TF/039

AREGBESOLA VICTOR LOSEYI HND/22/SGI/TF/039

ALEJI BLESSING HND/22/SGI/TF/040

1.7 PROJECT AREA
The project location is situated at Government High School Adewole/Adeta
Round About, Ilorin West Area, Kwara State. Nigeria. It lies approximately
within latitude 8°29'27.87"N and longitude 4°30'53.02"E with an
approximate area of 4 hectares. The project site has some embedded
facilities such as wall fence, football pitch, basketball court,
telecommunication mast, radio station, clinic, buildings, road, electric pole,
street light, etc.
Figure1.1: DIAGRAM OF THE PROJECT AREA `

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

A digital elevation model (DEM) is one of the most important spatial datasets
in many geographical information systems (GIS). It is defined as an ordered
or unordered digital set of ground elevation (spot height) for terrain
representation. In literature, there are three commonly used terms related to
this, namely, digital elevation model (DEM), digital terrain model (DTM), and
digital surface model (DSM). The distinction among the three terms is not
clear and universally agreed, but some common tenets may apply, as
follows.
• A DEM is a “bare” land surface model, which is supposedly free of trees,
buildings or other “no ground” objects.
• A DSM is an elevation model that includes the tops of everything, including
buildings, treetops, and ground where there is nothing else on top of it.
• A DTM is a more generic term referring to a DEM with one or more types of
terrain information, such as terrain morphological features, drainage
patterns, and soil properties. When dealing with only one terrain information
type (i.e., height), this is a DEM. Obviously, DEMs is a subset of DTMs
A digital surface model represents the elevation associated with the
surface of the earth including topography and all natural or human-made
features located on the surface of the earth. There is a variety of DSM source
data available for developed areas and the suitability of this available data is
depending on the project specifications. In remote regions around the World,
were little or no source data is available, the DSM can be produced
automatically from stereo satellite scenes, from satellite sensors such as
IKONOS, SPOT-5 and Terra-ASTER l topography at various resolutions,
depending on the quality and scale of the aerial photography.

A digital terrain model is a topographic model of the bare earth –

terrain relief - that can be manipulated by computer programs. The data files
contain the spatial elevation data of the terrain in a digital format which
usually presented as a rectangular grid. Vegetation, buildings and other
man-made (artificial) features are removed digitally - leaving just the
underlying terrain ( on the other hand, Digital Surface Model (DSM) is usually
the main product produced from photogrammetry, which contain all the
features mentioned above, while a filtered DSM results in a DTM).
Digital Surface Model stands for the Earth’s surface including all the
objects on it, for instance, trees, plants, buildings, and other features
elevated above the "Bare Earth" On the other hand, the Digital Terrain Model
represents the bare ground surface without any object. An important fact
that has to be taken into account in the DTM generation is the resolution
attribute, the higher the resolution capture, more feasible the DTMs
generation which depends on the application of complex algorithms. LIDAR is
a good example of high resolution capture, the advantages of using the
LIDAR include the high density of sampling, high vertical accuracy, and the
opportunity to derive these set of surface models given that some laser
scanning systems can already provide at least two versions of the surface:
the vegetation canopy (first returns) and ground surface (last returns).

Figure 2.1: DSM VS DTM

Three-dimensional models consisting of the geometry and texture of urban

surfaces could aid applications such as urban planning and heritage
conservation. A standard technique used to create large-scale city models
automatically or semi-automatically is to apply stereo vision on aerial or
satellite imagery. 3D city models are digital representations of the Earth's
surface and related objects belonging to urban areas (like cities, factories,
buildings, etc.). Several disciplines like urban planning, architecture,
telecommunication, tourism, environmental protection, and many others
have an increasing demand for digital 3D building, to use such complex data
for planning, analyses, visualization, and simulation in different applications
(Biljecki et al., 2015).
Additionally, the open geospatial viewers (e.g. Google Earth, Virtual Earth,
etc.) increase the demand for 3D city models. 3D building and its update
require the development of automatic methods for the acquisition of Digital
Surface Models (DSM). Digital photogrammetry, both airborne and spatial, is
an efficient modern technique for DSM acquisition as a base for 3D building
(El Garouani et al., 2014).
Surface modeling is already an established tool in the fields of land use
planning, engineering, hydrology, and meteorology. When used in the GIS
environment it becomes more than a planning tool because the real strength
of a GIS is not simply its ability to work with spatially referenced data, but
also how it permits different data sets to be integrated. Technological
advances in personal computing have made surface modeling far more
accessible to the average user, and it is no longer found only in the enclaves
of large research organizations. For this reason, it is bound to become more
commonly used both in structural planning and by many disciplines in data
analysis exercises (Öztürk et al., 2013).
 A digital terrain model is a topographic model of the bare earth –terrain
relief - that can be manipulated by computer programs. The data files
contain the spatial elevation data of the terrain in a digital format which is
usually presented as a rectangular grid. Vegetation, buildings, and other
man-made (artificial) features are removed digitally - leaving just the
underlying terrain (on the other hand, Digital Surface Model (DSM) is usually
the main product produced from photogrammetry, which contains all the
features mentioned above, while a filtered DSM result in a DTM). Digital
terrain models (DTMs) are of significant interest for applications such as
environment planning, flood risk assessment, or building detection. DTM is
considered as a continuous usually smooth surface which, in addition to
height values (as DEMs) also contains other element that describes a
topographic surface; slope, aspect, curvature, gradient, and others. A DTM
can be derived from a DSM if the distinction between ground and non-ground
pixels can be automated (Ouédraogo et al., 2014).
A digital terrain model (DTM) is a representation of surface relief encoded in
a format that can be analyzed by computer. DTMs can be created using any
data set which consists of several geographical coordinates with an elevation
or quantity attached to each position. Data that have been represented in
this way are topography, meteorological statistics (e.g. rainfall, evaporation,
and temperature), and soil analysis. Other areas where the use of DTMs in
data analysis could be useful are suggested. The process involved in creating
the DTM is discussed. The DTM can then be analyzed by interpolation of
contours at the desired scale, by interrogation at a specific point using the
computer's cursor, or by producing a perspective view three-dimensional (3-
D) drawing. Digital Terrain Model may be used with appropriate software to
perform terrain analysis and to generate a variety of products (Forkuo,
2008).
Digital Surface Models (DSMs) play a crucial role in providing topographic
models of the Earth's surface, representing terrain elevations, surface
elevations of tree canopies, and the tops of buildings. It is important for
many applications (scientific, commercial, industrial, operational, and
military) such as extraction of terrain parameters, Global Navigation Satellite
Systems applications, combining into a geographic information system (GIS),
creation of relief maps and correction of satellite images, etc. Examples of
applications of the Digital Surface Model include the following: flood risk
analysis, risk assessments, feasibility studies, line of sight analysis, noise and
wind modeling, climate impact studies, mapping purposes, and educational
programs, geomorphology and landscape analysis, geological and
hydrological modeling, telecommunication (i.e positioning or antennas),
planning and construction, geological exploration, generating and updating
geo-information for governmental issues, administering assistance in areas
inflicted by disasters, airline operation safety and security relevant activities
(risk and hazard), etc. 3D land use zoning allowed building volumes, usage,
and density. They are the main tools for defining the image of a city and
specifying, visualizing, analyzing, and storing the zoning in 3D (Hirt, 2016).
DSMs measure the height values of the first surface on the ground. This
includes terrain features, buildings, vegetation power lines, etc. DSM's
therefore provide a topographic model of the earth's surface
(Envirocheck.htm). This digital surface model represents the terrain
elevations and surface elevation of the tree canopy and the top of the
buildings. Over time, the methodologies used for DSM generation have
experienced a dramatic improvement: from coarse to high-resolution
elevation model generation with detailed building shapes if high resolution
data is used. Like Digital Terrain Models, Digital Surface Models contain the
spatial elevation data of the terrain in digital format which is usually
presented as a grid with natural and artificial features such as vegetation,
buildings, etc. (Zhou, 2017).
These elevation models are essential for creating accurate maps,
topographic surveys, and aiding in infrastructure planning and design for
projects like roads, bridges, and buildings). Elevation data is critical for a
wide range of applications, and it’s collected through techniques like aerial
data capture and LiDAR sensors, providing valuable information for urban
planning, forestry, and natural resource management. Elevation data is
critical for a wide range of applications in various fields. It also plays a key
role in helping us better understand and manage the Earth’s resources and
environment. The data is collected through various techniques, typically
aerial data capture and LiDAR sensors (Lakshmi & Yarrakula, 2019).
Elevation data plays a crucial role across various domains, starting with
mapping and surveying, where it enables the creation of precise maps and
topographic surveys essential for urban planning, forestry, and natural
resource management. In infrastructure planning and design, elevation data
informs projects such as roads, bridges, and buildings by determining
optimal routes, slopes, and elevations, ensuring their safety and structural
integrity. Hydrology benefits from elevation data for modeling water flow and
drainage, aiding in flood risk prediction, water resource management, and
habitat protection. Additionally, elevation data supports environmental
monitoring efforts by tracking changes in the Earth's surface over time,
including erosion, land use alterations, and deforestation, thereby informing
strategies to mitigate human-induced environmental impacts. Furthermore,
in disaster response, elevation data assists in assessing damage caused by
natural disasters, enabling emergency responders to plan relief efforts and
allocate resources efficiently (Lakshmi & Yarrakula, 2019).
Digital surface models, or DSMs, are used for many different reasons in
many different industries. One area in which they are especially useful is
urban planning, where they provide a detailed depiction of the Earth's
surface and its above-ground buildings, which helps with decision-making as
cities develop. These models which were frequently produced utilizing stereo
photogrammetry or LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology, offer
important insights into intricate urban environments, particularly as built-up
areas change over time due to urban expansion. DSMs are essential for
evaluating the encroachment of the runway approach zone in aviation as
well as for examining the possible effects of proposed constructions on views
in urban planning. DSMs are also used in decision-making processes,
navigation, vegetation monitoring, disaster management, and visualization.
Using LiDAR 11 technology, for example, light pulses are emitted from a
LiDAR unit, bounce off nearby objects, and then return to the sensor allowing
distance measurements as well as surface geometry and material
composition estimations. The generated DSMs provide detailed elevation
data that can be used for a variety of applications. They capture changes in
manmade buildings as well as natural features like tree canopies. Digital
Surface Model (DSM) data can be sourced from various methods, including
topographic maps storing coordinate and elevation information of terrain
features, remote sensing materials captured in stereo mode for generating
DSMs and orthophotos, as well as laser scanning data producing point
clouds. Additionally, ground-based photographs from multiple perspectives
are necessary to construct photorealistic 3D models of buildings,
complementing information derived from orthophotos and topographic maps,
particularly for delineating building contours. DSMs find diverse applications,
including urban and architectural planning, tourism, navigation systems,
intelligent transport systems, urban risk forecasting, positioning of mobile
phone transmitters for telecommunications, and flood risk mapping. A DSM
comprehensively captures both natural and human-made environmental
features, whereas a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) solely retains characteristics
of bare-earth terrain, such as rivers and ridges. Importantly, a DTM can be
derived from a DSM, but not vice.
In previous reviewed projects, a variety of methods including conventional
surveying methods were being utilized for topographic information system as
evidenced by our review. This project seeks to attain similar outcomes
through referencing to kwara state CORS stations, embraces the utilization
of differential GPS for data acquisition and uses of GIS approach for data
visualization, presentation, and spatial analysis. At its core, the project
aimed at producing topographic information, generate and analyze a high-
resolution digital surface model of the Government High School
Adeta/Adewole round about, Ilorin West, Kwara adopting GIS approach and
producing time animation fly through video which shows real time display of
features captured.
 CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 DATABASE DESIGN

Spatial database is the central force of GIS technology. Kufoniyi (1998)
described GIS data modelling as process by which the real world entities and
their interrelationship are analysed and modelled in such a way that
maximum benefit are derived while utilizing a minimum number of data. It’s
an essential aspect of database creation. Database creation in GIS
environment has two main stages: (i) Design Phase and (ii) Construction
Phase as shown in the figure below:

Figure 3.1: DESIGNS AND CONSTRUCTION PHASES IN DATABASE DESIGN

3.1.1 VIEW OF REALITY
Reality refers to phenomena as they actually exist, including all
aspects which may or may not be perceived by individuals. The view of
reality is the mental abstraction of reality for a particular application (user
requirements) or group of applications (Kufoniyi, 1998).

For this application, the view of reality is made of topography of the

project. Since it is not possible to represent the real world therefore, the only
option is to conceptualize and model it in a simplified manner to represent
the real world. The area of interest as regards this project includes: Terrain
models, Topography, boundaries, buildings, roads, electric poles and other
man made features.

The project site was characterised by an undulating landscape with man-

made features spread all over the landscape. Some of the manmade
features were seen to have modified the nature of the landscape. This view
appears very complex, demanding a project that will lead to solving the
various problems associated with the complexity of the reality.

3.1.2 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

Conceptual design is concerned with the representation of human
conceptualization of the reality. It involves an arrangement and the
presentation of the view of the reality by representing the view in a
simplified manner which will still satisfy the information required for the
modelling. The entities in this project refer to the boundary, buildings, road,
and spot heights, as found in the project area. The reality was
conceptualized as points, lines and polygons with X, Y and Z as coordinates
of points. The entities of interest for Digital Surface Modelling were identified
and analysed to yield a conceptual data model. The relationship among
Entities and the attributes of each entity were also identified. For conceptual
data modelling, there are three forms that can be adopted: Tessellation or
grid cell, vector data model and Objects oriented data model. In this project,
the vector data model was adopted with its entity relationship
diagrammatically illustrated in the figure below:

Ilorin west local Government Area

Government high school

Adewole/Adeta

line Point Polygon

Buildings
ID
Road
Node – Coord. X, Y, Z Condition
Area

Name
Name ID Length Good Abandoned

Use

Recreation
 Admin. Academic Commercial

Figure 3.1: ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM OF THE PROJECT AREA

Figure 3.2: POINT ENTITY AND ITS ATTRIBUTE

EASTINGS NORTHINGS

POINT OBJECTS

POINT_ID HEIGHTS

FIG. 3.3: LINE ENTITY AND ITS ATTRIBUTE

LINE _ N STATUS

LINE OBJECTS

TYPE
USE
LINE_ID
FIG. 3.4: POLYGON ENTITY AND ITS ATTRIBUTE.

A_CONDITION A_HEIGHT
AREA IDENTIFIER

POLYGON
A_USE AREA
OBJECTS

A_NAME PERIMETER
A_TYPE

3.1.3 LOGICAL DESIGN

This stage involves the translation of our conceptual design into a
logical arrangement (Data structure). It is a representation of the data model
in a format, designed to reflect the record of the data in the computer. The
data structure organizes data in a single uniform manner in tables
(relations). Each table was identified by a unique table name and was
organized in rows (turples) and columns (attribute). The table was populated
with fields. Each column has a unique name identifier. In this project,
conceptual data was developed and later translated into a data structure in a
single uniform manner in form of relation (tables). The conceptual model was
translated into schemas as stated below:
Electric pole Table (EP_ID, EP_E, EP_NAME, EP_H).
Road Table (R_ID, R_E, R_N, R_NAME, R_L).
Buildings Table (B_ID, B_USE, B_TYPE, B_CONDITION, B_NAME).

TABLE 3.1 POINT ENTITY AND ITS ATTRIBUTES

S/NO ATTRIBUTE NAME DESCRIPTION OF ATTRIBUTE

1 EP_ID POLE IDENTIRIER

2 EP_E ELECTRIC POLE EASTING

3 EP_N ELECTRIC POLE NORTHING

4 EP_ NAME ELECTRIC POLE NAME

5 EP_H ELECTRIC POLE HEIGHT

TABLE 3.2 LINE ENTITY AND ITS ATTRIBUTES

S/NO ATTRIBUTE NAME DESCRIPTION OF ATTRIBUTE

1 R_ID ROAD IDENTIFIER

2 R_N ROAD NAME

4 R_NAME ROAD NAME

5 R_LENGTH ROAD LENGTH

TABLE 3.3 POLYGON ENTITY AND ITS ATTRIBUTES
S/NO ATTRIBUTE NAME DESCRIPTION OF ATTRIBUTE
1 P_ID POLYGON OBJECT IDENTIFIER
2 BLD_USE BUILDING USE
4 BLD_CONDITION CONDITION
5 BLD_PICTURE BUILDING PICTURE
6 BLD_NAME BUILDING NAME
7 AREA AREA OF PORTION OCCUPIED BY OBJECT
8 PERIMETER PERIMETER OF AREA OBJECT
3.2 PROJECT PLANNING

Before beginning any survey assignment, project planning is a crucial

requirement. It entails a careful investigation of the topic matter about a
certain land region that is being evaluated. This crucial step in the surveying
process allows the surveyor to become acquainted with the chosen location
before starting work. During the reconnaissance phase, the survey's goals,
requirements, and required precision levels are examined because these
elements have a big impact on the choice of survey tools and techniques. In
the end, this project resulted in the development of a first working diagram.
Reconnaissance is divided into two phases: (i) Office Planning and (ii) Field
reconnaissance.

3.2.1 FIELD RECONNAISSANCE

As part of this process, a surveyor or student must physically visit the site to
gain a thorough understanding of its topography, including any vegetation,
accessibility, existing frame work, as well as the social and economic 19
activities that take place there. The optimal approach and tools for improved
decision-making must also be chosen. This on-site visit gives the surveyor or
student a comprehensive grasp of the entire region and allows them to look
at the entire area of the land. To guarantee correct orientation, the locations
of all accessible horizontal and vertical controls in the region of the research
area will be visited, and their outlooks will be viewed. This exercise makes it
easier to create a Recce diagram, which is shown below but is not drawn to
scale:
Figure 3.4: RECCE DIAGRAM
3.2.2 OFFICE PLANNING

Gathering crucial project information is the focus of this phase, which is

usually done in an office setting. It is the initial phase of planning that comes
before the fieldwork itself and entails gathering and analyzing a variety of
project-related data. This covers a range of requirements for the project,
scheduling, budgeting, and generating the coordinates for the control points
under the project control prefix. It includes figuring out the best process,
picking the right tools, as well as subscription for the CORS station.

3.3 DATA ACQUISITION

This involves using different surveying methods and tools to gather data and
make observations in the field. To acquire data for this project, DGPS and
Total station were both used.

3.3.1 PRIMARY DATA SOURCE: This is a type of data source in which

data is direct acquired from the field such as data acquired from field survey
operations.

3.3.2 SECONDARY DATA SOURCE: This data source are already

made data or gotten from research work, which has been acquired for future
use. This involves downloading satellite imagery used for the project area
and Google map as guide.

3.2.3 EQUIPMENT USED/ SYSTEM SELECTION SOFTWARE

The following equipment was used:

i. DGPS (South (Galaxy G1)) and accessories

 ii. Total station and accessories

iii. One Tripod

iv. Two Prism and Tracking rod

v. One 7.5 meters short tape

vi. One Plumb bob

vii. One Cutlass

viii. Bottle corks and nails

ix. Writing materials.

3.3.4 HARDWARE USED

Model: HP 15 Note book PC

System Manufacturer: Hewlett-Packard

Rating: 1.0 Windows Experience Index.

Processor: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-3230M CPU @ 2.60GHz, 2601

Mhz, 2 Core(s), 4 Logical Processor(s)

Installed Memory RAM: 8.00 GB

System Type: x64-based PC.

Product ID: F9F84EA#ABV

3.3.5 SOFTWARE USED

Some of the software used includes:

i. AutoCAD 2007
 ii. Notepad

iii. Microsoft Word 2007

iv. Microsoft Excel 2007

v. Arc GIS 10.5

3.3.6 TEST OF INSTRUMENT

Testing of instruments is very crucial when carrying out any survey
operation. Having collected the required instruments from the department,
the check was carried out on the accuracy and precision of both the
Differential GPS and TOTAL STATION to ensure they were in proper working
condition before the actual field observation of the project.

3.3.6.1 TEST FOR DGPS (south (GALAXY G1))

The following steps were taken during the test for the GPS equipment used.

i. Every cable was appropriately connected.

ii. The GPS was switched on and booted for a few seconds.

iii. The level of battery used was checked to confirm if they were fully
charged.

iv. The storage device was checked in case of enough space for data
storage.

v. All necessary configurations were strictly done.

vi. After configurations, the receivers were allowed to track satellites.

vii. The receivers were allowed to collect data for 30 minutes and data were
saved.
viii. After downloading and processing the data, the result of the receivers
displayed the corrected local time and their approximate positions. This
indicated that both reference and rover receivers were in good condition.

3.3.6.2 TEST FOR TOTAL STATION

The horizontal collimation and vertical index inaccuracies of the instrument

were confirmed. Once the device was positioned on a rather flat surface, the
required temporary modifications, including focusing, centering, and setting,
were made. Configuration information, such as extra parameters and fast
settings, was examined and adjusted as necessary. The configuration
parameters selected collimation, namely horizontal collimation. Next, to
focus on a distant object, the means' option located on the left side of the
device was chosen. The instrument was transited, and the right side went
through the same procedure. Then, when the 'accept' button was pushed,
the table that was displayed showed the old and new values for the vertical
index errors and horizontal collimation. Re-press "ok" signified acceptance of
the updated values, which were minimal.

The diagrammatic representation of the procedure and the readings

obtained are shown below

Line of sight

Instrument
Reflector

A Ground level B
Figure3. 5: INSTRUMENT TEST
TABLE 3.4 COLLIMATION TEST OF TOTAL STATION

ST SIGH FACE HCR REDUCTION VCR REDUCTION

N T

A B L 126º 07’ 87º 22

11.33” 40.2

B R 306º 07’ 180º 00’ 272n º 37’ 359 º 59’

31.3” 20” 1.3” 41.6”

HORIZONTAL COLLIMATION ERROR = 180°00’20’’ - 180°

=00°00’20’’

=00°00’20’’ =00°00’10’’

VERTICAL INDEX ERROR=360° - 359°59’41.6’’

=00°00’18.4’’

=00°00’18.4’’ =00°00’9.2’’

The instrument's satisfactory operation was validated by the acceptance of

the updated readings. It appears from this result that any possible issues can
be resolved or at least greatly reduced.

3.3.6.3 REFERENCING AND ORIENTATION TO THE CORS

A CORS (Continuously Operating Reference Station) is a GPS or GNSS

reference station that provides continuous and permanent real-time
positioning information for a specific area. CORS stations are designed to
operate continuously, 24 hours a day, seven days a week, providing real-
time GNSS information to users. The GNSS data collected by the CORS
station is processed and transmitted to users via the internet, allowing them
to access high-precision positioning information from anywhere, at any time.

Kwara CORS station has a frequency which covers about 80km away
from the subscriber in distance from it location. It is located within longitude
4° 33' 21.5921" E and latitude 8° 28' 32.5514" N. After the subscription for
the CORS usage, parameter acquired is used to provide orientation to the
GNSS receiver used in the course of data acquisition. Data related to
perimeter, detailing and spot heightens were measured adopting DGPS
traversing method. Point positioning was adopted rather the post processing
working mode of CORS station. 3D coordinate is simultaneously corrected for
at the point of acquisition.

3.3.7 PERIMETER TRAVERSING

The perimeter of the project area was traversed for the purpose of the
coordinating the boundary points. DGPS (GALAXY G1) was connected to
kwara state CORS station for referencing and orientation after which all the
boundary points were traversed using DGPS from the initial until each
successive boundary is occupied.

3.3.8 DETAILING
All features such as roads, buildings, electric poles, street light, trees,
etc. were captured by coordinating their edges simultaneously as the
perimeter is being measured within the project area. Buildings were
measured and identifiers (BD) were used to differentiate them from other
features. Roads were also measured and labelled (RD) accordingly. Data
captured here were basically in 3Dimension i.e. Easting, Nothings and
Elevations (X, Y, and Z) coordinates.

3.3.9 REMOTE ELEVATION MEASUREMENT

All the features such as buildings, electric poles, street light, etc.
captured by coordinating their edges from a subsidiary traverse stations
created within the project area. Buildings heights were measured and
recorded. Electric poles height were also measured and recorded
accordingly. So also the same was repeated for the trees. Data captured
here were basically in 3Dimension i.e. Easting, Nothings and Elevations +
Heights (X, Y and Z + H) coordinates. The following procedures were
followed:
i. Escape key was pressed then F1 for MENU
ii. The REM programme was selected.
iii. Observation was made again and the height of reflector was displayed.
iv. The telescope was tilted to the top of the object and the height keeps
changing until F4 is been pressed to stop.
v. The value was recorded.
 Figure3.6: REM OBSERVATION
STRATEGY
3.3.9A SPOT HEIGHTINGS
This was carried out by occupying randomly the subsidiary points
within the project area and taking measurements (Easting, Nothings and
Heights) along the terrain at approximate intervals to determine the
difference in height between points and some areas within the project site.
Spot heighten is very important in producing topographical information of
the area with the aid of ArcGIS 10.5.

3.4 PHYSICAL DESIGN

At this stage, all geospatial (attribute) data were structured and

organized to form a database in a format acceptable by the implementing
software and hardware. This was done in a way that, stored information can
be accessed and retrieved at any time. Also, for regular updates when the
need arise and to allow for analytical functions to be carried out answering
generic questions. Also, it provided integrity and security that must be
obeyed before such data could be accepted into the records. These virtues
are as show in the tables below. ArcGIS 10.5 was used for database creation
of the project area.

TABLE 3.5 TREE TABLE

ATTRIBUTE DATA TYPE WIDTH DECIMAL
T_ ID String 5 -
T_NAME Float 20 -
EASTING Number 10 3
NORTHING Number 10 3
T_USE Float 10 -
T_HEGHT Number 7 3

TABLE 3.6 ROAD TABLE

ATTRIBUTE DATA TYPE WIDTH DECIMAL
POINT_ID String 10 -
NORTHING Number 10 3
EASTING Number 10 3
RD_HEIGHT Number 7 3

TABLE 3.7 ELECTRIC POLE TABLE

ATTRIBUTE DESCRIPTION OF DATA WIDT DECIMA
NAME ATTRIBUTE TYPE H L
POINT_ID Electric pole identifier Number 6 -
NORTHING Coordinate Number 15 3
EASTING Coordinate Number 15 3
EP_TYPE Type of Electric pole Text 15 -
EP_HEIGHT Height of the Electric Number 5 2
pole

TABLE 3.8 BUILDING TABLE

ATTRIBUTE DATA TYPE WIDTH DECIMAL
P_ID String 15 -
NAME Text 15 -
CONDITION Text 15 -
USE Text 15 -
HEIGHT Number 15 2
AREA_METERS Number 15 2

TABLE 3.9 STREETLIGHT TABLE

ATTRIBUTE DESCRIPTION OF DATA WIDT DECIMA
NAME ATTRIBUTE TYPE H L
POINT_ID Street light identifier Number 6 -
NORTHING Coordinate Number 15 3
EASTING Coordinate Number 15 3
SL_HEIGHT Height of the street light Number 5 2

3.5 DATABASE CREATION

Database is an organized integrated collection of data stored so as to
be capable of use by relevant application with data being accessed by
different logical part. This was the construction phase where database was
created. After the table has being populated via the keyboard, some
attributes such as area, perimeters of parcel were automatically displayed by
special command in the ArcGIS 10.5 version.
Figure3.7 ABSTRACTED OF TABLE CREATED

3.5.1 ATTRIBUTE DATA ACQUISITION

The data about the characteristics of features especially man-made
features were acquired through oral interview method and online source
(Google Earth). Social survey was carried out during which information such
as; building name, building use and related data about features were
obtained from the students and staffs within the school. All these data
formed the attribute aspect of the feature necessary for the database
creation.
3.6 DATA PROCESSING

3.6.1 TOTAL STATION DATA DOWNLOADING PROCEDURE

Data downloading is the process of transferring data from the
instrument into the computer system connected through the connection
cable or wireless such as Bluetooth with the help of software in the
computer, the process is as follows as performed on Total station.

i. Connection of the two devices (computer and the instrument).

ii. Go to project working folder created on the instrument.
iii. Click on export.
iv. Input the name of file
v. Indicate the file extension for the output
vi. Permit the other device to receive the file.

3.6.2 DRAFTING AND PLOTTING

The script file created containing the refined coordinates was then
opened in the AutoCAD environment and the boundary of the project area
was plotted using AutoCAD 2007. This was followed by the details, which
included buildings, roads, trees, sport facilities and electric poles.
Figure 3.8 AUTOCAD PLOTTING.

3.7 DATABASE MANAGEMENT

3.7.1 DATA SECURITY

This is the security measure used the protection of the database
security is very important since it is vital for data integrity. The strategic
measure used included controlling access to database by use of password.

3.7.2 DATA INTEGRITY

This ensures that data in the database is accurate and that cases of
violation of integrity can be detected automatically by the system. Here, care
was taken while entering data into the system, such that, accurate data were
entered and updating could be done accurately without tampering with
existing data. Backups are provided to cater for any loss of data through
system failure. Also a member of the project group was appointed for quality
assurance and checks therefor do checks the consistency, accuracy and
integrity of the input data.

3.8.3 DATABASE MAINTANANCE

Having created the database, proper maintenance practice was made
to meet its stated objectives. The ability to include more data and remove
irrelevant data can be possible. There is every need for the data to be
updated regularly because of the physical changes that tends to occur on
the landscape with time, even as a result of development.
Both security and integrity were also exercised to ensure maintenance
and to meet its stated objectives.
 CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 SPATIAL ANALYSIS AND INFORMATION PRESENTATION

4.1 TESTING OF DATABASE

This is the test carried out to determine whether the relationship
between the spatial data of a feature and their attributes is capable of being
retrieved. This is necessary to ascertain the quality of data in the database,
its reliability to satisfy the demand of the user. The spatial data were
arranged logically in an organized manner with respect to their attributes.
This was carried out by designing a sample query and running the query to
see if the desired result would be achieved. In this project, the database was
queried to show different categories of information levels in the project area.
Hence the database was confirmed fit for analysis. A sample of the attribute
table in the database design can be found on the next page.
Figure 4.1: SAMPLE OF ATTRIBUTE TABLE

4.2 SPATIAL QUERY

Queries were designed for the purpose of retrieving information from
the database. The queries performed in this project gave answers to certain
generic questions asked from the database. This was made possible as a
result of the implicit link of both the spatial and attributes data. The queries
were based on the products from the analysis carried out on the database.

4.2.1 SINGLE CRITERIA QUERY

A single criterion is carried out where one condition is used to design
query. This condition is used to retrieve the information from the database.

QUERY ANALYSIS 1 (selection by attribute)

ANALYSIS ONE
Analysis Name: Database extraction
Analysis Type: Single criteria analysis
Syntax: Query analyses showing buildings that are used for Administrative.

Figure 4.2.1.1 RESULT OF QUERY: (BLD_FUNCTION = “ADMINISTRATIVE”).

ANALYSIS TWO
Analysis Name: Database extraction
Analysis Type: Single criteria analysis
Syntax: “BLD_ Function” =”ACADEMIC”
Figure 4.2.1.2: RESULT OF QUERY: (BLD_FUNCTION = “ACADEMIC”).

ANALYSIS THREE
Analysis Name: Database extraction
Analysis Type: Single criteria analysis
Syntax: “BLD_ CODITION” =”GOOD”
Figure 4.2.1.3: RESULT OF QUERY: (BLD_CONDITION = “GOOD”).

4.2.2 MULTIPLE CRITERIA

This is a situation where two or more conditions are used to design a
query. The conditions determine the information that may be requested by
the user from the database.
Query for BLD_CONDITION “GOOD” AND BLD_AREA < “100 SQ MTS”.

ANALYSIS FOUR
Analysis Name: Database extraction
Analysis Type: Multiple criteria analysis
Figure 4.2.2.1 RESULT OF QUERY: BLD_CONDITION “GOOD” AND BLD_AREA
< “100 SQ MTS”
Figure 4.2.2.2 RESULT OF QUERY: BLD_CONDITION “GOOD” AND
BLD_FUNCTION= “FACILITY”

ANALYSIS FIVE
Analysis Name: Database extraction
Analysis Type: Multiple criteria analysis
Figure 4.2.2.3: BLD_TYPE = “BUNGALOW” AND B_FUNCTION =
“ACADEMIC”

4.2 SPATIAL ANALIYSIS

This makes Geographic Information System (GIS) a unique analytical tool or

technique because of its ability to combine spatial attribute data to produce
information relevant for decision making. The basic GIS analysis performed
in this project includes overlay and topographic operations. Maps on various
themes were overlaid since they were from the same geometric origin.

4.2.1 OVERLAY OPERATION

This overlay operation is the presentation that shows different features
within the project area. The outcome of overlay operation could be
composite plan if it shows all the existing features, and boundary.
Figure 4.6: COMPOSITE MAP OF THE PROJECT AREA.

4.2.2 TOPOGRAPHICAL OPERATIONS

Topographic operations were carried out to determine the surface
characteristic of the area which showed the relief of the project. These
operations were performed on the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generated
from the use of relevant software, in this case, ArcGIS 10.5 and ArcScene
10.5 was used. The following maps were produced from the topographic
operations and analysis:
 i. TRIANGULATION IRREGULAR NETWORK (TIN): this shows series
of triangulated surface automatically generated from ArcGIS 10.5
using 3D analysis tools. This is applicable in finding suitable place for
building or any engineering construction

Figure 4.7: TIN AND DETAILS OVERLAY MAP OF THE PROJECT AREA

ii. SLOPE MAP: A slope map represents the gradient or steepness of the
terrain's surface. It calculates the rate of change in elevation between
neighboring pixels or points on a digital elevation model (DEM).
Typically, slope is measured in degrees or percentage. Steeper slopes
are represented by higher values, while flatter areas have lower
values.
Figure 4.8: SLOPE MAP OF THE PROJECT AREA

iii. THE ASPECT MAP:

This shows the direction of the surface faces. It is used to determine how
much sun a hill received and the information can be used to put building
where they will get enough sun. Also the aspect map shows the suitable
place for plane landing i.e. the flat terrain area and also solar illumination
which can affect the diversity of life i.e. Vegetation and soil studies;
glaciology.
Figure 4.9: ASPECT MAP OF THE PROJECT AREA.

iv. THE CONTOUR MAP:

Contour maps display lines connecting points of equal elevation on the
terrain surface. These lines, called contour lines, depict the shape and
elevation of the land. Contour maps are widely used in topographic mapping
and land surveying for visualizing elevation changes and terrain features.
This provides a very intuitive view of the landscape. Contour map of the
project area can aid in giving information on the highest and the lowest point
on the terrain. This is important in road construction and location of other
facilities like storage tanks for water distribution.
Figure 4.0A: CONTOUR MAP OF THE PROJECT AREA.

v. FLOW DIRECTION MAP:

This is used to determine the direction of flow of water within the project
area. It also indicate the magnitude and erosive force water passing
through an area.
Figure 4.1A: VECTOR MAP OF THE PROJECT AREA

vi. DIGITAL SURFACE MODEL MAP:

A DSM (Digital Surface Model) map, or Digital Surface Model, represents the
elevation of the Earth's surface including all objects on it, such as buildings,
vegetation, and other structures. Unlike a DTM (Digital Terrain Model), which
only includes the bare-earth surface, a DSM incorporates both natural and
man-made features. DSMs are useful for various applications, including
urban planning, infrastructure design, and 3D visualization. They are often
derived from aerial or satellite imagery, LiDAR data, or photogrammetry
techniques. This shows the reality of the terrain of the project area.
Figure 4.3A: 3D SURFACE MAP OF THE PROJECT ARE

4.3 RESULT ANALYSIS

From the below pie chart, it is inferred that 79 % of the total boundary
within project is still readily available for future development taking into no
consideration areas occupied by trees, streetlights, and electric poles as
each of these features can be displaced and re-erected amid future
development.
The DSM project commenced with the utilization of a DGPS (GALAXY
GI) referenced to kwara state CORS station to capture 3D data of the project
area. The captured data were then processed using software, employing
photogrammetry techniques to generate a high-precision DSM and create a
detailed 3D model. Subsequently, ArcGIS and ArcScene software was
 employed to visualize and analyze the DSM data, facilitating spatial analysis
and information presentation both in 2D and 3D respectively.

4.4 APPLICATION OF PROJECT

i. Generally DSM is applicable in urban development modeling.

ii. It enhanced visualization and communication of such data not only in

maps modeling but also in mobile digital devices for quick navigation and
assessment.

iii. To create a sustainable and favourable living environment.

iv. Positioning and monitoring of physical features, structures and

engineering works on, above or below the surface of the earth to protect
properties or investment.

v. The feasibility studies through the use of line of sight analysis provide
visibility between two points. This is good for network distribution in
telecommunication.

vi. The profile graph is good road construction which will provide the cross
section of the topography from which rivers, streams and depression can
be shown. Points require bridges, culverts and filling can be known from
the profile graph.

vii. The vector map shows the direction of rivers, streams and depression
which helps in road construction.

viii. The aspect map shows the direction of the surface faces. It is used to
determine how much sun a hill received and the information can be used
to put building where they will get enough sun also used to find where
 different crop will do best and also the Converging/diverging flow; soil
water properties.

ix. The aspect map shows the suitable place for plane landing i.e. the flat
terrain area and also solar illumination which can affect the diversity of life
i.e. Vegetation and soil studies; glaciology.

x. The result from the analysis can be help in managing the land resources of
the project area. With the DSM, adequate information has been provided
for proper decision making on the school land. Proper allocation various
land use can now be done without difficulty in the decision making
process.

xi. The slope map which is used to find low- slope for potential construction
site and high slope that may be vulnerable to erosion or landslide.

xii. Also, the slope map shows slope length which is important topographical
parameters for soil erosion analysis and traditional soil erosion studied

xiii. Contour map of the project area can aid in giving information on the
highest point on the terrain as well as the lowest. This is important in Road
construction and location of other facilities like storage tank for water
distribution.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION AND
COSTING ANALYSIS.

5.1 SUMMARY
In summary, the basic aim of the project is to generate a Digital Surface
Model and topographic information for Government High School,
Adewole/Adeta round about, Ilorin west L.G Area. Kwara State. Nigeria.
Relevant literatures were reviewed and past researches highlighted. Data
was acquired using digital methods of land survey and processing of the data
was carried out with the use of relevant software.
The data was processed and used to design, create and implement the
database used for the analyses in this project, observing all the rules and
conventions governing database creation and management. This was
successful with the use of software suitable for the applications involved in
the processing, analysis and presentation of information (Arc GIS).

Presentation of information was done in digital format, in form of maps (hard

and soft copies). A report on all the procedures carried out in the course of
the project was presented containing all details about the project.

5.2 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

The problem encountered in the course of carrying out this project was:

i. Refusal of the management of the Institution to approve the letter of

permission given to us initially, which delays the execution of the
project in time.

ii. Harsh weather condition as there is burning sun on the day of data
acquisition

iii. Financial challenges

iv. Inadequate power supply as a contemporary Nigeria is battling.

5.3 CONCLUSION
Given the ever changing trends in technology and the need for spatial
information in digital format, the acquisition and management of topographic
information is a basic necessity. The use of digital equipment and GIS
application have become a veritable tool that must be used by all and sundry
if the needed high accuracy spatial information system must be provided for
spatial decision making. This will in turn aid physical and economic
development, hence sustainability of the landscape in question and the
environment at large.

. Aim of generating high resolution DSM for the project area (Government
High School along Adewole/Adeta round about. Ilorin, Kwara State. Nigeria)
was achieved through the application of GIS to generate the topographical
information of the project area adopting the use of ArcGIS 10.5 and ArcScene
10.5 software for the product generation and Topographic analysis

5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS
Having considered various stages undergone in this project, I hereby
recommend as follows;

i. The school authority should acquire survey site vehicle for easy mobility
of the student and equipment to and fro from their various project site
so as to protect the life of both students and equipment instead of using
motor cycle and public cabs.
ii. The school should at least establish a central spatial database of kwara
state polytechnic by making use of the supervised students’ final project
and practical as an input into database.
iii. There should be public enlightenment on the need to have topographic
information in digital format since this is easier to review and update.
iv. There should be detailed topographic mapping of any portion of the land
before any physical development on the said parcel can be embarked
on.
v. Students should be provided with a well-equipped GIS lab (both
hardware and software).
vi. As GIS becomes the new phase of surveying, more GIS related practical
to the students so as to harness what improved technology is
introducing.

5.4 COSTING ANALYSIS

Costing of the project relied on the prevailing Scale of Fees approved

by the Nigerian Institution of Surveyors and the Federal Government of
Nigeria. It was calculated primarily on direct field costs, considering
personnel, equipment, beaconing, transportation, and other contingencies.
Personnel costs were determined by the man’s daily rate, equipment costs
by hiring rates, and consumable materials by their respective charges. The
utilization of modern equipment notably reduced the overall duration of the
project. The actual costing was based on the parameters outlined in the
project scheduling, which included the following job contents.

PROJECT SCHEDULE
S/NO TASK DURATION
1 Planning 2days
2 CORS subscription 1day
4 Beaconing 1day
5 Data acquisition 1day
6 Data Processing and 5days
manipulation
7 Information presentation and 3days
Analysis
8 Comprehensive report writing 5days
 RECONNAISSANCE
S/NO PERSONNEL QUANTITY DAILY RATE DAYS REMAK (#)
(#)
1 CORS 1 15,000.00 1day 15,000.00
subscription
2 Principal 1 30,800.00 1day 30,800.00
surveyor
3 Senior surveyor 1 22,783.67 1day 22,783.67
4 Technician 7 15,189.11 1day 106,323.77
5 Basic equipment 1 46,027.61 1day 46,027.61
6 Transportation 1 46,027.61 1day 46,027.61
Total 266962.66

BEACON= 5x #5000= #25,000.00

BEACONING/EMPLCEMENT OF BEACON
S/NO PERSONNEL QUANTITY DAILY RATE DAYS REMAK (#)
(#)
1 Technician 7 15,189.11 1day 15,189.11
2 Transportation 1 46,027.61 1day 46,027.61
3 Basic equipment 1 46,027.61 1day 46,027.61
Total 193,378.99

DATA ACQUISITION
S/NO PERSONNEL QUANTITY DAILY RATE DAYS REMAK (#)
 (#)
1 Senior surveyor 1 22,783.67 1day 22,783.67
2 Technician 7 15,189.11 1day 106,323.77
3 Basic equipment 1 46,027.61 1day 46,027.61
4 Transportation 1 46,027.61 1day 46,027.61
Total 221,162.66

DATA PROCESSING AND MANIPULATION

S/NO PERSONNEL QUANTITY DAILY RATE DAYS REMAK (#)
(#)
1 Senior surveyor 1 22,783.67 5days 113,918.35
2 Technician 7 15,189.11 5days 531,618.85
3 Personal 1 46,027.61 5days 230,138.05
computer
4 Consumable 1 13,929.00 5days 69,645.00
Total 945,320.25

INFORMATION PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

S/NO PERSONNEL QUANTITY DAILY RATE DAYS REMAK (#)
(#)
1 Principal 1 30,800.00 3days 92,400.00
surveyor
2 Senior surveyor 1 22,783.67 3days 68,351.01
3 Technician 7 15,189.11 3days 318,971.31
4 Personal 1 46,027.61 3days 138,082.83
 computer
5 Consumable 1 13,929.00 3days 41,787.00
Total 659,592.15

COMPREHENSIVE REPORT WRITING

S/NO PERSONNEL QUANTITY DAILY RATE DAYS REMAK (#)
(#)
1 Principal 1 30,800.00 5days 154,000.00
surveyor
2 Senior surveyor 1 22,783.67 5days 113,918.35
3 Technician 7 15,189.11 5days 531,618.85
4 Personal 1 46,027.61 5days 230,138.05
computer
Total 1,099,320.2
5

TOTAL COSTING = #3,341,091.96

REFERENCES

Al-Soghir, M., Mohamed, A., El-Desoky, M., & Awad, A. (2022):

Comprehensive Assessment of Soil Chemical Properties for Land Reclamation
Purposes in the Toshka Area, EGYPT. Sustainability, 14,
15611.https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315611

Balasubramanian, A. (2017): DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL (DEM) IN GIS.

https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.23976.47369

Benedek, C., Majdik, A., Nagy, B., Rozsa, Z., & Sziranyi, T. (2021):
Positioning and perception in LIDAR point clouds Digital Signal Processing,
119, 103193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsp.2021.103193.

Biljecki, F., Stoter, J., Ledoux, H., Zlatanova, S., & Coltekin, A.
(2015): Applications of 3D City Models: State of the Art Review. ISPRS
International Journal of GeoInformation, 4, 2842–2889.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi4042842.
Boyle, S., Kennedy, C., Torres, J., Colman, K., Pérez-Estigarribia, P.
E., & De La Sancha, N. (2014): High-Resolution Satellite Imagery Is an
Important yet Underutilized Resource in Conservation Biology. PloS One, 9,
e86908. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086908.

El Garouani, A., Alobeid, A., & Garouani, S. (2014): Digital Surface

Model based on aerial image stereo pairs for 3D Building. International
Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 3.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2014.06.004.

Ezeomedo, I. (2019): ROLE OF LAND SURVEYORS AND GEOSPATIAL

ENGINEERS IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT. Vol 2, pp 102-117.

Florinsky, I. (2016): Digital Terrain Analysis in Soil Science and Geology (p.
486).

Forkuo, E. K. (2008): DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELING IN A GIS ENVIRONMENT.

Haleem, A., Javaid, M., Qadri, M. A., & Suman, R. (2022):

Understanding the role of digital technologies in education: A review.
Sustainable Operations and Computers, 3, 275–285.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susoc.2022.05.004.

APPENDIX I
I. PROCESSING WITH ARCGIS
II. ARCGIS PROCEDURE
III. LIST OF COORDINATE

PROCESSING WITH ARCGIS

i. Launch ArcMap.
 ii. Cancel the dialog box displayed which contained an existing file.

iii. Click on file menu, select extension, click the available extensions
and click OK.

iv. Click on file, select new project and in a small dialog displayed, click
on add data.

v. Select the connected working folder containing the AutoCAD

drawing and import the drawing into the ArcGIS environment.

vi. Select the directory containing the AutoCAD drawing and import the
drawing the ArcMap environment.

vii. A new window is displayed containing the imported drawing.

viii. Convert it to shape by clicking on ArcCatalog theme menu. In the

ArcCatalog, Tool box displayed, click feature and select output directory
and give the name of the new shape file by clicking on it.

vi. Give a name for each polygon

CREATING A PERSONAL GEO-DATABASE

Creating a new personal geo-database involves creating .mdb file on the

disk. To create a new file geodatabase using ArcCatalog, the steps are as
follows:

i. Right click the file folder in the ArcCatalog tree where you want to
create the new file geo-database.

ii. Click on new.

iii. Click on file geo-database. ArcCatalog will create a new file geo-
database in the location you selected.
iv. Rename the new file geo-database by right clicking on it and choose
Rename.

v. Click finish.

TABLE CREATION

Make the theme active and right click to select open attribute table.

i. Right click and select add field and give the field name, its width,
select data

Type and click OK.

ii. Go to editor table, select start editing.

iii. Repeat the above steps to create other fields.

iv. Populate the table and save.

QUERY

Click tools and click selection by attribute and the query dialog box will
display.

Double click the value to develop the query.

The resulting graphic is displayed. Edit and save the result.

SELECTION BY ATTRIBUTE

The select attribute dialog box allows you to select features on a given
layer, using PYTHON expression.

i. Click selection on the main menu and click select by attributes

ii. Click the layer drop-down arrow and click the layer containing the
feature you

Want to select.

iii. Click the method drop-down arrow and click a selection method.

iv. Double click the field to add the field name to the expression box.

If you want to sort the list of fields or see the fields by their aliases, click
the small button on the top right of the field list.

v. Click an operator to add it to the expression.

vi. Click on get unique values to see the values for the selected field.

Double click a value to add it to the expression.

vii. Click the verify button to see if you are using proper syntax or if the
criteria you have entered will select any feature.

viii. Click on apply. The status bar at the bottom of the ArcMap window
tells you the number of features selected.

ix. Use the clear button to empty the expression box.

x. Use the save and load buttons respectively to save your current
query as a file

Or load an existing one. The files used to save the queries have .exp
extension but can be edited with any text editor. Only the content of the
expression box is saved in the file, not the complete expression.

xi. Click close when you have finished selecting the features.
CREATION OF TIN, SLOPE AND ASPECT MAPS

i. Click view and click Toolbars to make 3D Analyst Extension active.

ii. Clicks create /modify TIN and select create TIN from features. Do
the same for slope and aspect maps using the TIN created by
clicking surface analysis.
 APPENDIX II
LIST OF COORDINATES

666811.220 938364.035 Pt385

BOUNDARY 362.861
666982.841 938302.281 Wf1 666812.803 938367.482 Pt386
360.657 362.763
666970.594 938301.455 Wf2 666806.960 938371.095 Pt387
361.876 362.713
666963.601 938288.995 Wf3 666805.049 938372.262 Pt388
361.678 362.700
666968.669 938282.598 Wf4 666809.735 938372.841 Pt389
361.088 362.613
666909.884 938236.358 Wf5 666814.894 938369.439 Pt390
363.326 362.703
666801.628 938360.497 Pl1 666820.607 938368.256 Pt391
363.038 362.833
666857.492 938502.241 Pl2 666823.275 938364.537 Pt392
360.645 362.854
666818.630 938192.703 Wf6 666824.443 938356.685 Pt393
364.952 362.859
666797.743 938263.815 Wf7 666823.855 938352.178 Pt394
364.315 362.865
666773.593 938271.461 Wf8 666819.707 938348.146 Pt395
366.424 362.995
667001.509 938450.209 Wf9 666818.453 938342.700 Pt396
359.184 363.009
666818.531 938338.469 Pt397
667022.254 938432.151 Wf10 358.823 363.013
666823.960 938334.210 Pt398
667028.759 938423.022 Wf11 359.029 363.026
666826.564 938336.695 Pt399
667033.835 938391.464 Wf12 359.088 362.855
666827.289 938342.569 Pt400
667025.781 938371.255 Wf13 359.276 362.841
666827.605 938348.933 Pt401
667012.670 938378.615 Wf14 359.645 362.875
666830.125 938354.865 Pt402
667004.360 938364.540 Wf15 359.624 362.77
667018.656 938355.736 Wf16 360.702 666834.010 938354.834 Pt403
362.795
666834.526 938350.683 Pt404
BUILDING 362.77
666834.401 938345.554 Pt405
EASTING NORTHING ID ELEVATION 362.677
 666834.373 938337.944 Pt406
666857.420 938255.867 bld1 363.311 362.781
666881.397 938309.909 bld2 666833.528 938331.546 Pt407
362.72 362.885
666836.518 938328.098 Pt408
666871.530 938314.426 bld3 362.972 362.862
666863.660 938317.934 bld4 666836.489 938322.327 Pt409
362.87 362.902
666841.128 938321.789 Pt410
666839.417 938264.006 bld5 363.552 362.903
666845.733 938322.168 Pt411
666829.225 938267.999 bld7 363.656 362.795
666843.647 938318.051 Pt412
666821.168 938272.037 bld8 363.644 362.966
666845.181 938316.096 Pt413
666821.168 938272.037 bld8 363.644 363.014
666849.692 938319.749 Pt414
666811.228 938276.126 bld9 363.873 362.732
666850.327 938324.701 Pt415
666811.228 938276.126 bld9 363.873 362.719
666856.168 938325.174 Pt416
666793.126 938316.526 bld10 363.602 362.674
666804.630 938311.434 bld11 666860.538 938324.599 Pt417
364.365 362.801
666865.287 938326.148 Pt418
666830.363 938320.911 bld12 363.074 362.669
666865.280 938321.956 Pt419
666814.130 938332.235 bld13 363.010 362.638
666860.927 938330.563 Pt420
666813.289 938337.713 bld14 363.183 362.603
666855.377 938332.532 Pt421
666804.546 938341.928 bld15 362.872 362.591
666852.548 938335.918 Pt422
666802.336 938337.715 bld16 363.776 362.568
666863.236 938359.104 Pt423
666814.338 938363.407 bld17 362.953 361.861
666873.593 938363.174 Pt424
666823.762 938359.029 bld18 362.774 361.658
666870.307 938367.840 Pt425
666840.974 938315.485 bld19 362.922 361.653
666866.277 938369.953 bld26
666846.751 938326.231 bld20 362.728 361.67
666866.946 938373.008 Pt426
666853.538 938322.563 bld21 362.607 361.601
666867.211 938373.266 Pt427
666853.588 938341.394 bld22 362.563 361.613
666857.030 938339.831 bld23 362.508 666865.453 938376.750 Pt428
 361.555
666862.151 938375.065 Pt429
666862.795 938352.421 bld24 362.147 361.49
666858.142 938376.390 Pt430
666859.729 938353.787 bld25 362.19 361.706
666852.702 938375.605 Pt431
666866.277 938369.953 bld26 361.67 361.749
666850.014 938373.779 Pt432
666856.419 938374.015 bld27 361.706 361.769
666845.724 938376.549 Pt433
666837.002 938330.574 bld28 362.913 361.793
666842.846 938374.787 Pt434
666850.053 938394.977 bld29 361.984 361.86
666844.295 938371.094 Pt435
666829.993 938403.973 bld30 366.657 361.966
666832.233 938410.118 bld31 666849.464 938368.493 Pt436
369.3 362.104
666851.241 938365.363 Pt437
666819.553 938412.368 bld32 368.431 362.038
666837.567 938370.039 Pt438
666827.760 938426.112 bld33 361.936 362.368
666835.951 938366.648 Pt439
666837.301 938421.666 bld24 361.979 362.449
666834.348 938363.166 Pt440
666839.167 938425.809 bld25 361.532 362.552
666837.315 938360.833 Pt441
666858.411 938450.747 bld26 361.121 362.665
666837.717 938358.401 Pt442
666848.826 938454.670 bld27 361.795 362.751
666835.307 938354.318 Pt443
666837.002 938330.574 bld28 362.913 362.837
666831.931 938355.072 Pt444
666850.053 938394.977 bld29 361.984 362.839
666831.240 938352.610 Pt445
666829.993 938403.973 bld30 366.657 362.882
666832.233 938410.118 bld31 666834.428 938350.145 Pt446
369.3 362.794
666843.579 938351.034 Pt447
666819.553 938412.368 bld32 368.431 362.628
666827.76 938426.112 bld33 666845.358 938355.231 Pt448
361.936 362.459
666847.594 938359.938 Pt449
666837.301 938421.666 bld34 361.979 362.303
666841.929 938346.345 Pt450
666839.167 938425.809 bld35 361.532 362.658
666839.917 938342.627 Pt451
666858.411 938450.747 bld36 361.121 362.752
 666836.610 938343.126 Pt452
666848.826 938454.670 bld37 361.795 362.652
666831.570 938340.953 Pt453
666866.412 938492.854 bld38 360.492 362.831
666830.228 938335.515 Pt454
666876.135 938488.501 bld39 360.382 362.901
666840.348 938381.756 Pt455
666882.256 938485.575 bld40 359.988 362.201
666838.004 938385.485 Pt456
666865.929 938447.418 bld41 360.961 362.287
666842.133 938390.988 Pt457
666859.605 938416.942 bld42 360.919 362.23
666847.802 938389.435 Pt458
666879.632 938429.029 bld43 360.741 362.142
666849.563 938393.261 Pt459
666873.690 938443.602 bld44 360.816 362.031
666843.976 938394.464 Pt460
666884.237 938439.715 bld45 358.496 362.255
666839.846 938396.071 Pt461
666895.029 938433.050 bld46 359.493 362.222
666836.621 938392.747 Pt462
666889.253 938424.676 bld47 360.588 362.28
666833.323 938389.263 Pt463
666856.986 938408.026 bld48 361.94 362.317
666827.287 938388.498 Pt464
666853.310 938402.853 bld49 361.62 362.364
666822.043 938390.972 Pt465
666836.363 938417.122 bld50 361.303 362.494
666821.477 938395.926 Pt466
666833.310 938411.791 bld51 362.341 362.369
666823.332 938399.907 Pt467
666860.633 938384.905 bld52 361.728 362.473
666825.250 938404.027 Pt468
666869.976 938379.846 bld53 363.099 362.56
666827.228 938407.013 Pt469
666903.141 938483.504 bld54 360.199 362.527
666823.984 938424.290 Pt470
666912.985 938479.432 bld55 359.982 362.043
666820.433 938418.492 Pt471
666930.867 938472.449 bld56 360.03 362.176
666827.550 938431.144 Pt472
666910.845 938423.209 bld57 361.078 361.849
666833.529 938429.919 Pt473
666905.760 938408.941 bld58 360.986 361.74
666836.252 938426.100 Pt474
666956.907 938403.394 bld59 360.661 361.861
666953.864 938388.831 bld60 360.482 666839.638 938430.488 Pt475
 361.64
666841.580 938437.059 Pt476
666978.773 938453.017 bld61 359.432 361.442
666836.417 938440.127 Pt477
666969.318 938383.886 bld62 360.054 361.566
666832.905 938442.390 Pt478
666979.353 938379.324 bld63 359.806 361.602
666834.993 938446.603 Pt479
666967.015 938350.392 bld64 360.272 361.584
666840.259 938446.654 Pt480
666956.806 938354.721 bld65 359.317 361.441
666845.862 938443.276 Pt481
361.327
666848.317 938438.906 Pt482
SPOT HEIGHTENS 361.326
666846.926 938432.956 Pt483
EASTING NORTHING ID ELEVATION 361.433
666965.845 938282.856 Pt1 666848.542 938430.412 Pt485
360.747 366.766
666963.262 938284.923 Pt2 666853.200 938435.392 Pt486
360.797 366.406
666959.110 938287.992 Pt3 666856.206 938442.194 Pt487
360.749 365.836
666960.432 938291.996 Pt4 666858.985 938445.869 Pt488
360.973 361.168
666955.729 938294.399 Pt5 666852.965 938450.140 Pt489
360.899 361.213
666952.778 938290.632 Pt6 666848.375 938452.308 Pt490
360.833 361.304
666949.077 938286.234 Pt7 666845.856 938457.989 Pt491
360.845 361.295
666951.914 938283.153 Pt8 666850.315 938459.841 Pt492
360.834 361.187
666955.756 938279.329 Pt9 666847.457 938464.888 Pt493
360.86 361.191
666842.526 938468.523 Pt494
666958.509 938282.708 Pt10 360.695 361.215
666839.433 938462.438 Pt495
666957.261 938273.806 Pt11 361.026 361.306
666837.540 938459.909 Pt496
666952.360 938277.274 Pt12 360.962 361.428
666948.725 938280.231 Pt13 666845.184 938473.700 Pt497
360.94 361.007
666851.648 938473.181 Pt498
666945.209 938282.865 Pt14 361.159 361.166
666858.342 938475.942 Pt499
666945.215 938287.013 Pt15 361.038 361.082
 666855.540 938482.612 Pt500
666947.179 938290.229 Pt16 361.026 360.889
666852.783 938488.314 Pt501
666950.857 938296.671 Pt17 360.926 360.725
666852.926 938496.003 Pt502
666946.640 938298.970 Pt18 361.077 360.739
666858.843 938497.055 Pt503
666944.341 938295.685 Pt19 360.973 360.592
666861.536 938491.455 Pt504
666941.266 938292.021 Pt20 361.174 360.634
666868.374 938500.028 Pt504
666939.114 938283.874 Pt21 361.224 360.469
666872.603 938495.681 Pt505
666945.785 938278.744 Pt22 361.029 360.461
666877.349 938492.356 Pt506
666948.742 938276.211 Pt23 361.171 360.443
666881.150 938488.930 Pt507
666953.411 938272.024 Pt24 360.936 360.485
666955.014 938269.655 Pt25 666877.280 938482.183 Pt508
361.21 360.5
666877.564 938475.845 Pt509
666950.582 938266.714 Pt26 361.181 360.584
666870.583 938472.649 Pt510
666948.594 938269.236 Pt27 361.228 360.6
666867.246 938466.872 Pt511
666946.015 938271.890 Pt28 361.211 360.875
666871.075 938460.614 Pt512
666941.749 938275.920 Pt29 361.163 360.947
666868.095 938453.983 Pt513
666937.834 938279.228 Pt30 361.172 360.945
666861.496 938451.329 Pt514
666934.032 938281.965 Pt31 361.323 361.056
666867.768 938443.804 Pt515
666931.138 938278.783 Pt32 361.396 361.457
666866.075 938439.253 Pt516
666933.831 938275.947 Pt33 361.353 361.026
666865.671 938434.560 Pt517
666936.986 938272.518 Pt34 361.272 361.056
666866.819 938428.063 Pt518
666939.426 938269.879 Pt35 361.274 360.972
666860.976 938420.249 Pt519
666942.328 938266.711 Pt36 361.392 361.437
666863.588 938414.122 Pt520
666945.727 938262.911 Pt37 361.279 361.355
666869.337 938418.326 Pt521
666942.492 938260.429 Pt38 361.327 361.247
666939.402 938263.202 Pt39 361.292 666873.366 938422.817 Pt522
 361.086
666873.430 938428.202 Pt523
666936.577 938266.368 Pt40 361.557 361.124
666877.814 938429.943 Pt524
666932.693 938269.972 Pt41 361.492 360.904
666887.933 938431.255 Pt525
666928.107 938273.757 Pt42 361.507 360.868
666884.856 938433.349 Pt526
666924.626 938270.388 Pt43 361.601 360.941
666881.444 938437.352 Pt527
666927.291 938267.682 Pt44 361.679 360.883
666878.237 938432.446 Pt528
666931.705 938263.256 Pt45 361.433 360.995
666838.962 938413.069 Pt529
666934.571 938259.548 Pt46 361.474 361.94
666843.915 938410.007 Pt530
666937.166 938256.113 Pt47 361.538 361.924
666932.558 938252.790 Pt48 666850.110 938411.621 Pt531
361.61 359.21
666853.895 938405.103 Pt532
666929.354 938255.999 Pt49 361.711 361.692
666863.760 938407.565 Pt533
666926.547 938259.419 Pt50 361.935 361.477
666921.706 938264.305 Pt51 666858.484 938402.468 Pt534
361.7 361.571
666860.860 938395.647 Pt535
666919.580 938266.435 Pt52 361.867 361.55
666854.590 938393.804 Pt536
666920.396 938259.685 Pt52 361.792 361.717
666872.680 938381.336 Pt537
666923.552 938256.089 Pt53 361.998 361.482
666879.362 938376.918 Pt538
666928.172 938251.386 Pt54 361.767 361.279
666886.991 938373.813 Pt539
666925.427 938247.651 Pt54 362.134 361.554
666889.368 938377.483 Pt540
666922.106 938251.247 Pt55 361.895 361.469
666883.621 938383.577 Pt541
666919.012 938255.101 Pt56 362.038 361.216
666876.737 938390.215 Pt542
666915.275 938258.690 Pt57 362.171 361.297
666878.565 938396.776 Pt543
666911.904 938261.555 Pt58 362.197 361.228
666886.618 938396.116 Pt544
666914.054 938265.249 Pt59 362.028 361.012
666895.084 938392.769 Pt545
666910.908 938267.708 Pt60 362.082 361.279
 666898.463 938398.933 Pt546
666906.997 938270.780 Pt61 362.103 361.064
666902.605 938271.920 Pt62 666889.780 938403.118 Pt547
362.18 360.981
666884.765 938409.715 Pt548
666901.039 938270.101 Pt63 362.258 361.064
666887.742 938416.536 Pt549
666904.304 938267.588 Pt64 362.138 361.081
666890.339 938422.473 Pt550
666905.993 938268.843 Pt65 362.192 360.858
666895.860 938420.640 Pt551
666904.461 938262.744 Pt63 362.247 360.871
666907.186 938259.877 Pt64 666896.875 938414.031 Pt552
362.31 360.974
666900.894 938411.486 Pt553
666909.166 938256.723 Pt65 362.398 360.965
666904.968 938417.543 Pt554
666911.232 938253.615 Pt66 362.426 360.848
666903.064 938425.903 Pt555
666914.883 938248.368 Pt67 362.205 360.837
666898.806 938432.569 Pt556
666918.005 938243.948 Pt68 362.336 360.611
666884.806 938442.450 Pt557
666915.095 938240.435 Pt69 362.813 361.122
666880.720 938445.104 Pt558
666912.513 938239.227 Pt70 363.062 360.921
666878.340 938450.270 Pt559
666908.066 938242.329 Pt70 362.496 360.914
666884.388 938452.358 Pt560
666905.409 938247.273 Pt71 362.659 360.907
666890.179 938455.744 Pt561
666902.650 938252.155 Pt72 362.576 360.908
666887.103 938459.524 Pt562
666897.638 938254.310 Pt73 362.688 360.835
666884.954 938464.815 Pt563
666894.368 938251.058 Pt74 362.931 360.76
666889.898 938465.772 Pt564
666896.854 938245.978 Pt75 362.833 360.8
666895.414 938468.816 Pt565
666899.606 938241.004 Pt76 362.948 360.615
666892.711 938472.787 Pt566
666902.547 938237.068 Pt77 362.894 360.786
666889.882 938476.355 Pt567
666900.650 938233.100 Pt78 363.008 360.653
666895.605 938479.272 Pt568
666896.369 938232.814 Pt79 362.864 360.452
666894.877 938236.201 Pt80 362.887 666900.534 938481.203 Pt569
 360.82
666898.330 938486.878 Pt570
666890.083 938240.720 Pt81 362.927 360.734
666919.895 938477.453 Pt571
666886.308 938241.555 Pt82 363.031 360.451
666926.364 938475.585 Pt572
666882.869 938237.455 Pt83 363.317 360.279
666927.102 938470.994 Pt573
666884.634 938234.208 Pt84 363.348 360.36
666888.505 938233.035 Pt85 666927.912 938468.104 Pt576
363.17 360.424
666918.742 938465.677 Pt577
666887.849 938228.645 Pt86 362.818 360.428
666911.914 938464.168 Pt578
666883.593 938225.886 Pt87 362.975 360.493
666905.897 938461.150 Pt579
666880.456 938228.707 Pt88 363.172 360.555
666909.198 938455.062 Pt580
666876.569 938228.080 Pt88 363.246 360.518
666912.711 938449.881 Pt581
666876.094 938224.118 Pt89 363.211 360.656
666915.526 938445.996 Pt582
666875.059 938220.812 Pt90 363.622 360.625
666914.560 938441.171 Pt583
666873.242 938224.242 Pt91 363.324 360.688
666869.194 938226.188 Pt92 666907.031 938441.098 Pt584
363.43 360.729
666900.528 938437.837 Pt585
666868.780 938231.521 Pt93 363.401 360.727
666909.418 938416.162 Pt586
666865.787 938233.815 Pt94 363.663 360.961
666913.011 938408.770 pt587
666864.417 938239.810 Pt95 363.375 360.945
666916.921 938413.071 pt588
666857.915 938240.396 Pt96 363.664 360.872
666920.189 938416.764 pt589
666852.755 938241.420 Pt97 363.564 360.722
666926.229 938413.912 pt590
666854.397 938236.645 Pt98 363.469 360.935
666926.118 938408.307 pt591
666856.816 938230.698 Pt99 363.418 360.819
666859.386 938219.758 Pt100 666926.013 938403.324 pt592
363.895 360.813
666858.946 938213.739 Pt101 666930.853 938401.296 pt593
363.908 360.784
666850.315 938222.343 Pt102 666933.416 938404.899 pt594
363.776 360.681
 666938.377 938408.982 pt595
666846.368 938226.134 Pt103 363.69 360.728
666847.269 938231.702 Pt104 666946.195 938405.932 pt596
363.569 360.526
666846.832 938236.525 Pt105 666943.720 938400.326 pt597
363.629 360.61
666848.471 938240.001 Pt106 666946.945 938395.120 pt598
363.635 360.603
666951.774 938398.815 pt599
666851.682 938245.231 Pt107 363.47 360.567
666853.907 938249.602 Pt108 666955.982 938394.492 Pt600
363.372 360.482
666860.101 938254.995 Pt109 666959.540 938403.232 Pt601
363.209 362.03
666865.820 938258.848 Pt110 666965.825 938405.837 Pt602
363.022 360.632
666865.069 938265.515 Pt111 666964.737 938413.010 Pt603
363.066 360.015
666865.788 938271.569 Pt112 666970.953 938416.182 Pt604
363.016 359.892
666967.994 938423.429 Pt605
666872.122 938270.932 Pt113 362.81 359.752
666878.035 938273.647 Pt114 666973.354 938425.264 Pt606
362.593 359.669
666875.678 938278.623 Pt115 666976.634 938429.331 Pt607
362.577 359.626
666871.431 938285.153 Pt116 666977.207 938433.566 Pt608
362.803 359.704
666874.239 938290.640 Pt117 666974.846 938438.215 Pt609
362.804 359.892
666879.962 938287.420 Pt118 666977.731 938444.281 Pt610
362.479 359.773
666883.884 938284.587 Pt119 666984.063 938445.086 Pt611
362.518 359.363
666890.887 938279.353 Pt119 666983.351 938450.070 Pt612
362.452 359.367
666895.781 938277.736 Pt120 666975.628 938457.247 Pt613
362.365 359.738
666898.810 938273.064 Pt121 666970.461 938459.424 Pt614
362.248 359.684
666903.124 938274.857 Pt122 666964.890 938462.521 Pt615
362.172 359.779
666903.007 938278.224 Pt123 666958.029 938465.642 Pt616
362.171 359.853
666907.965 938280.289 Pt124 666950.811 938468.580 Pt617
361.995 359.997
666909.188 938284.653 Pt125 666941.593 938472.876 Pt618
361.981 360.208
666913.629 938286.003 Pt126 666935.076 938476.121 Pt619
361.842 360.357
666914.818 938291.624 Pt127 666987.278 938451.931 Pt620
361.756 359.409
666919.450 938292.915 Pt128 666994.337 938446.033 Pt621
361.724 359.425
667005.152 938439.812 Pt622
666921.199 938298.348 Pt129 361.55 359.261
666927.864 938295.829 Pt130 667008.554 938441.088 Pt623
361.504 359.124
666929.627 938292.125 Pt131 667012.793 938436.609 Pt624
361.611 359.069
666933.932 938292.598 Pt132 667010.985 938431.333 Pt625
361.369 358.974
666935.307 938288.209 Pt133 667019.457 938427.693 Pt626
361.639 359.066
666938.681 938292.369 Pt134 667015.246 938425.632 Pt627
361.103 358.94
666939.719 938297.191 Pt135 667019.281 938420.119 Pt628
361.117 358.905
667023.650 938421.650 Pt629
666941.550 938301.332 Pt136 361.16 358.733
666938.312 938303.232 Pt137 667027.947 938416.269 Pt630
361.284 359.111
666934.575 938297.938 Pt138 667023.641 938410.757 Pt631
361.353 359.018
666930.089 938298.528 Pt139 667022.025 938405.103 Pt632
361.561 359.159
666930.438 938303.691 Pt140 667027.324 938402.664 Pt633
361.323 359.133
666928.578 938308.074 Pt141 667030.349 938400.225 Pt634
361.565 358.967
666924.897 938303.776 Pt142 667027.729 938396.329 Pt635
361.486 358.906
666919.752 938301.999 Pt143 667029.587 938392.795 Pt636
361.583 358.972
666916.124 938304.328 Pt144 667026.348 938391.498 Pt637
361.621 358.944
666919.587 938307.388 Pt145 667021.321 938395.573 Pt638
361.545 359.122
666919.790 938312.071 Pt146 667016.763 938394.803 Pt639
361.578 359.099
666916.386 938313.614 Pt147 667014.558 938390.278 Pt640
361.777 359.214
666910.283 938309.440 Pt148 667018.043 938387.336 Pt641
361.701 359.225
666910.394 938303.011 Pt149 667018.028 938382.211 Pt642
361.905 359.225
667021.946 938377.450 Pt643
666905.375 938299.911 Pt150 362.02 359.323
666905.984 938294.314 Pt151 667026.424 938379.240 Pt644
362 359.096
666903.426 938288.614 Pt152 667008.995 938382.852 Pt645
362.094 359.522
667004.919 938386.143 Pt646
666899.207 938286.971 Pt153 362.19 359.422
666897.903 938282.310 Pt154 667001.074 938382.411 Pt647
362.219 359.495
666893.645 938283.488 Pt155 666996.076 938387.873 Pt648
362.365 359.495
666890.356 938285.642 Pt156 667000.818 938396.942 Pt649
362.493 359.314
666890.881 938289.756 Pt157 667005.253 938401.859 Pt650
362.313 359.187
666891.103 938295.287 Pt158 667001.731 938405.655 Pt651
362.169 359.22
666890.598 938300.332 Pt159 666994.348 938404.612 Pt652
362.231 359.455
666895.960 938300.891 Pt160 666989.243 938401.313 Pt653
362.046 359.458
666901.353 938303.089 Pt161 666985.413 938406.506 Pt654
361.942 359.575
666903.861 938307.846 Pt162 666986.455 938413.201 Pt655
361.864 359.398
666989.775 938419.772 Pt656
666907.553 938313.626 Pt163 361.75 359.736
666905.705 938318.245 Pt164 666991.370 938428.061 Pt657
361.799 359.494
666902.029 938320.965 Pt165 666992.321 938435.951 Pt658
361.894 359.305
666986.168 938436.352 Pt659
666895.721 938317.021 Pt166 361.43 359.332
666893.594 938309.660 Pt167 666983.424 938431.610 Pt660
362.129 359.432
666888.409 938305.684 Pt168 666983.506 938424.615 Pt661
362.192 359.655
666884.243 938308.162 Pt169 666978.013 938420.982 Pt662
362.416 359.619
666885.008 938311.877 Pt170 666976.268 938414.742 Pt663
362.337 359.83
666888.462 938314.162 Pt171 666976.477 938409.629 Pt664
362.177 359.682
666893.248 938316.879 Pt172 666973.461 938406.757 Pt665
362.1 359.709
666894.717 938321.035 Pt173 666973.234 938400.789 Pt666
362.004 359.776
666894.418 938324.777 Pt174 666972.573 938395.056 Pt667
361.918 359.963
666974.409 938388.259 Pt668
666868.384 938328.234 Pt175 362.36 360.017
666866.173 938323.731 Pt176 666974.661 938384.388 Pt669
362.471 359.991
666869.940 938324.083 Pt177 666979.804 938382.783 Pt670
362.432 359.842
666872.891 938328.495 Pt178 666982.633 938377.857 Pt671
362.244 359.776
666877.493 938328.313 Pt179 666988.406 938379.965 Pt672
362.178 359.794
666875.893 938323.820 Pt180 666988.570 938374.465 Pt673
362.277 359.906
666873.490 938319.073 Pt181 666993.156 938374.925 Pt674
362.406 359.772
666884.086 938320.821 Pt182 666997.035 938377.413 Pt675
362.199 359.75
666881.578 938324.795 Pt183 666998.184 938374.401 Pt676
362.199 359.711
666887.196 938326.054 Pt184 666997.255 938369.063 Pt677
361.984 359.721
666868.770 938316.200 Pt185 667000.761 938368.277 Pt678
362.752 359.687
666864.230 938312.584 Pt186 667003.929 938371.341 Pt679
362.779 359.525
666865.293 938307.066 Pt187 667004.011 938367.502 Pt680
362.885 359.621
666861.894 938304.053 Pt188 667006.583 938361.798 Pt681
362.813 359.408
666857.259 938301.912 Pt189 667004.511 938358.513 Pt682
363.131 359.45
666858.609 938297.739 Pt190 667009.164 938360.179 Pt683
362.996 359.357
666861.071 938293.774 Pt191 667008.679 938354.759 Pt684
363.153 359.304
666858.359 938290.426 Pt192 667013.367 938357.443 Pt685
363.189 359.336
666854.551 938289.457 Pt193 667013.467 938352.387 Pt686
363.275 359.206
666850.559 938287.311 Pt194 667013.258 938349.602 Pt687
363.262 359.628
666852.144 938282.984 Pt195 667005.372 938354.485 Pt688
363.365 359.416
 667006.190 938348.305 Pt689
666854.199 938277.812 Pt196 363.34 359.458
666850.303 938275.196 Pt197 667000.749 938350.786 Pt690
359.371 359.607
666844.978 938273.412 Pt198 666998.809 938340.959 Pt691
363.516 359.645
666845.619 938268.844 Pt199 667001.401 938344.242 Pt692
363.482 359.774
666847.024 938264.256 Pt200 667005.758 938344.941 Pt693
363.512 359.781
666843.451 938263.258 Pt201 667005.630 938339.295 Pt694
363.506 359.529
666840.723 938260.241 Pt202 667003.809 938334.467 Pt695
363.576 359.578
666843.270 938256.973 Pt203 666997.632 938335.397 Pt696
363.613 359.773
666847.164 938259.601 Pt204 666991.514 938337.161 Pt697
363.658 359.907
666847.623 938256.143 Pt205 666987.427 938338.633 Pt698
363.479 359.965
666851.632 938256.392 Pt206 666989.133 938344.183 Pt699
363.454 359.891
666853.272 938253.077 Pt207 666990.673 938350.801 Pt700
363.612 359.793
666850.460 938250.880 Pt208 666992.611 938357.471 Pt701
363.461 359.889
666847.366 938249.673 Pt209 666994.864 938364.416 Pt702
363.695 359.701
666847.165 938245.824 Pt210 666990.488 938365.347 Pt703
363.445 359.594
666841.632 938246.456 Pt211 666983.725 938367.653 Pt704
363.703 360.138
666838.356 938248.540 Pt212 666977.463 938368.381 Pt705
363.845 359.984
666977.370 938362.185 Pt706
666839.657 938252.308 Pt213 364.13 360.063
666838.805 938256.541 Pt214 666981.391 938357.122 Pt707
363.605 360.258
666837.370 938261.369 Pt215 666984.247 938350.793 Pt708
363.564 360.125
666834.879 938264.719 Pt216 666978.492 938351.022 Pt709
363.787 360.42
666830.636 938265.928 Pt216 666972.777 938353.291 Pt710
363.317 360.268
666828.062 938267.311 Pt217 666969.558 938351.181 Pt711
363.711 360.248
666827.480 938266.111 Pt218 666956.836 938351.359 Pt712
363.828 360.516
666825.337 938262.135 Pt219 666960.978 938348.128 Pt713
363.807 360.499
666825.237 938261.699 Pt220 666965.446 938344.886 Pt714
363.786 360.401
666828.741 938258.302 Pt221 666969.706 938342.560 Pt715
363.861 360.463
666822.590 938269.836 Pt222 666968.864 938338.837 Pt716
363.793 360.498
666818.878 938270.666 Pt223 666974.929 938339.275 Pt717
363.806 360.454
666817.139 938267.974 Pt224 666974.765 938334.939 Pt718
363.797 360.366
666819.486 938265.056 Pt225 666980.501 938336.096 Pt719
363.895 360.038
666815.210 938266.700 Pt226 666985.689 938335.927 Pt720
363.808 360
666814.464 938271.420 Pt227 666986.585 938330.962 Pt721
363.872 360.004
666813.041 938274.057 Pt228 666991.635 938329.686 Pt722
363.829 359.735
666809.456 938273.978 Pt229 666994.767 938326.761 Pt723
363.88 359.811
666808.283 938271.602 Pt230 666988.388 938323.554 Pt724
363.898 359.986
666810.998 938268.655 Pt231 666984.658 938319.582 Pt725
363.756 359.998
666807.942 938266.481 Pt232 666980.822 938326.176 Pt726
363.848 360.184
666804.559 938268.163 Pt233 666975.997 938326.353 Pt727
363.818 360.292
666802.228 938263.800 Pt234 666970.123 938330.284 Pt728
364.185 360.474
666799.495 938260.865 Pt235 666964.306 938333.944 Pt729
364.224 360.468
666805.067 938258.905 Pt236 666958.441 938338.294 Pt730
364.064 360.65
666810.477 938257.020 Pt237 666951.008 938341.005 Pt731
364.022 360.982
666809.363 938253.698 Pt238 666952.953 938332.022 Pt732
363.899 361.301
666805.267 938252.546 Pt239 666956.658 938329.643 Pt733
364.001 360.595
666802.764 938249.157 Pt240 666957.428 938325.178 Pt734
364.045 360.581
666804.277 938245.132 Pt241 666961.141 938322.416 Pt735
364.029 360.554
666808.380 938245.649 Pt242 666967.506 938320.940 Pt736
363.951 360.476
666812.819 938248.053 Pt243 666970.913 938317.474 Pt737
363.956 360.235
666817.763 938249.880 Pt244 666976.785 938315.321 Pt738
363.862 360.192
666820.241 938247.123 Pt245 666979.385 938311.108 Pt739
363.835 360.027
666818.654 938242.994 Pt246 666983.659 938310.001 Pt740
363.882 360.016
666815.045 938241.959 Pt247 666980.837 938304.355 Pt741
363.893 360.303
666812.587 938239.302 Pt248 666974.699 938305.294 Pt742
364.062 360.39
666808.368 938239.635 Pt249 666972.348 938309.568 Pt743
364.035 360.415
666806.755 938236.026 Pt250 666968.333 938307.424 Pt744
364.248 360.615
666808.054 938231.704 Pt251 666968.448 938302.728 Pt745
364.164 360.569
666812.771 938232.595 Pt252 666964.642 938304.808 Pt746
364.061 360.354
666816.346 938234.884 Pt253 666960.772 938309.200 Pt747
363.979 360.529
666820.066 938237.442 Pt254 666960.065 938312.997 Pt748
363.909 360.463
666822.173 938241.651 Pt255 666959.893 938318.672 Pt749
363.89 360.612
666824.135 938246.729 Pt256 666957.289 938321.604 Pt750
363.789 360.36
666828.002 938249.742 Pt257 666954.043 938320.109 Pt751
363.763 360.609
666832.511 938248.771 Pt258 666950.496 938316.404 Pt752
363.707 360.58
666834.932 938245.276 Pt259 666944.306 938314.646 Pt753
363.737 360.951
666839.259 938243.365 Pt260 666943.604 938319.449 Pt754
363.758 360.733
666843.590 938240.451 Pt261 666945.403 938326.417 Pt755
363.535 360.89
666843.129 938236.373 Pt262 666944.843 938332.076 Pt756
363.629 360.801
666841.410 938232.006 Pt263 666939.077 938330.025 Pt757
363.673 360.973
666842.637 938227.366 Pt264 666934.114 938325.538 Pt758
363.616 360.959
666838.178 938228.506 Pt265 666927.267 938323.026 Pt759
363.73 361.195
666830.418 938231.844 Pt266 666929.979 938332.871 Pt760
363.824 358.21
666823.932 938231.938 Pt267 666935.800 938333.681 Pt761
363.868 361.077
666817.768 938232.953 Pt268 666942.019 938340.342 Pt762
363.987 360.819
666814.239 938229.886 Pt269 666939.291 938342.142 Pt763
364.052 360.939
666808.735 938230.983 Pt270 666938.678 938345.937 Pt764
364.225 360.846
666809.795 938225.856 Pt271 666939.177 938351.096 Pt765
364.429 360.913
666811.688 938220.448 Pt272 666943.278 938351.476 Pt766
364.469 360.687
666817.182 938221.265 Pt273 666949.533 938352.612 Pt767
364.236 360.607
666823.521 938220.533 Pt274 666955.312 938356.474 Pt768
364.108 359.906
666829.461 938220.108 Pt275 666953.230 938361.471 Pt769
364.055 360.516
666834.609 938218.881 Pt276 666947.808 938365.411 Pt770
364.036 360.632
666840.207 938219.180 Pt277 666948.020 938372.462 Pt771
364.017 360.573
666841.393 938214.792 Pt278 666954.018 938373.283 Pt772
364.377 360.341
666846.326 938213.122 Pt279 666962.121 938375.178 Pt773
364.151 360.203
666852.407 938211.219 Pt280 666964.607 938381.129 Pt774
364.076 360.174
666846.358 938207.017 Pt281 666958.376 938385.081 Pt775
364.487 358.165
666840.894 938205.838 Pt282 666955.399 938387.062 Pt776
364.583 360.39
666837.692 938209.696 Pt283 666928.137 938338.378 Pt777
364.332 361.386
666833.984 938214.493 Pt284 666924.871 938341.488 Pt778
364.315 361.477
666830.511 938216.294 Pt285 666920.653 938344.157 Pt779
364.165 361.436
666825.402 938217.291 Pt286 666917.599 938340.733 Pt780
364.142 361.38
666819.920 938217.368 Pt287 666908.882 938332.806 Pt781
364.246 361.543
666813.369 938216.538 Pt288 666909.579 938340.170 Pt782
364.506 361.647
666813.340 938211.547 Pt289 666908.186 938346.356 Pt783
364.498 361.486
666818.738 938212.103 Pt290 666902.630 938343.019 Pt784
364.423 361.721
666823.158 938210.545 Pt291 666898.093 938338.892 Pt785
364.329 361.757
666826.871 938207.815 Pt292 666891.743 938340.765 Pt786
364.373 361.794
666830.987 938205.286 Pt293 666892.599 938346.631 Pt787
364.478 361.725
666831.419 938199.654 Pt294 666892.235 938353.441 Pt788
364.899 361.816
666827.685 938201.542 Pt295 666888.218 938355.889 Pt789
364.768 361.741
666823.567 938200.358 Pt296 666885.516 938353.082 Pt790
364.535 362.01
666819.128 938204.191 Pt297
364.668
666775.178 938279.251 Pt298
364.045 TREE
666780.157 938276.641 Pt299 EASTING NORTHING ID
364.5 ELEVATION
666786.839 938274.214 Pt300 666854.979 938215.419 Tr1
363.817 363.826
666789.987 938269.619 Pt301 666830.879 938203.847 Tr2
364.126 365.004
666781.786 938270.099 Pt302 666857.659 938429.207 Tr3
364.075 363.282
666785.738 938275.672 Pt303 666916.550 938449.557 Tr4
364.047 360.108
666791.105 938275.234 Pt304 666928.054 938329.064 Tr9
364.105 361.484
666796.029 938275.652 Pt305 666920.890 938333.285 Tr10
364.25 361.986
666801.045 938276.095 Pt306 666913.312 938329.576 Tr11
364.194 363.55
666804.568 938279.240 Pt307
364.071
666804.594 938281.751 Pt308
363.983 BASKETBALL_COURT
666800.900 938281.892 Pt309 EASTING NORTHING ID
364.262 ELEVATION
666796.228 938283.567 Pt310 666936.558 938286.673 bbc1
364.501 361.429
666790.684 938286.247 Pt311 666916.973 938263.652 bbc2
364.614 361.903
666785.308 938284.866 Pt312 666904.368 938273.690 bbc3
364.337 362.179
666780.144 938285.170 Pt313 666923.778 938296.647 bbc4
364.68 361.588
666778.986 938287.822 Pt314
364.517
666780.520 938290.005 Pt315
364.505 FOOTBALL-PITCH
666789.245 938287.296 Pt316 EASTING NORTHING ID
364.265 ELEVATION
666793.120 938288.828 Pt317 666906.506 938265.612 bp1
364.217 362.151
666796.925 938286.490 Pt318 666876.808 938231.792 bp2
364.335 363.279
666801.414 938287.133 Pt319 666857.358 938247.133 bp3
363.836 363.47
666808.022 938287.449 Pt320 666887.127 938281.526 bp4
363.563 362.388
666810.159 938282.692 Pt321
363.734
666808.080 938279.384 Pt322
363.872 ROAD
666806.140 938288.600 Pt323 EASTING NORTHING ID
363.626 ELEVATION
666801.488 938291.088 Pt324 666964.368 938290.859 rd1
364.155 361.522
666797.172 938293.913 Pt325 666969.349 938300.435 rd2
364.169 361.4
666792.566 938294.928 Pt326 666888.382 938328.224 rd3
363.948 362.192
666781.234 938296.259 Pt327 666891.660 938337.816 rd4
364.055 362.134
666782.296 938299.013 Pt328 666880.377 938347.084 rd5
364.014 361.97
666784.190 938300.094 Pt329 666869.452 938330.892 rd6
363.979 362.343
666788.676 938300.963 Pt330 666866.327 938361.571 rd7
363.814 361.776
666792.200 938298.338 Pt331 666859.906 938330.187 rd8
363.805 362.532
666798.915 938295.711 Pt332 666855.273 938326.787 rd9
364.271 362.609
666803.370 938296.365 Pt333 666854.529 938333.466 rd10
364.171 362.536
666806.209 938296.821 Pt334 666879.340 938352.059 rd11
363.897 361.79
666810.046 938295.299 Pt335 666880.553 938358.412 rd12
363.444 361.716
666815.173 938292.814 Pt336 666881.411 938338.692 rd-s1
363.503 362.101
666812.027 938290.874 Pt337 666881.092 938336.775 rd-s2
363.575 362.162
666816.929 938296.271 Pt338 666879.590 938335.041 rd-s3
363.402 362.189
666817.331 938300.345 Pt339 666872.963 938337.804 rd-abt1
363.38 362.265
666811.293 938301.262 Pt340 666874.305 938342.582 rd-abt2
363.565 362.125
666807.275 938303.301 Pt341 666869.919 938344.160 rd-abt3
364.224 362.118
666802.449 938306.105 Pt342 666868.046 938339.587 rd-abt4
364.2 362.364
666798.177 938308.166 Pt343 666892.187 938331.087 rd-s4
363.894 362.052
666792.261 938310.424 Pt344 666892.829 938332.762 rd-s5
363.723 362.055
666786.922 938311.940 Pt345 666950.892 938304.584 rd-s6
363.784 360.912
666786.077 938318.300 Pt346 666951.363 938303.563 rd-s7
363.673 360.899
666790.853 938316.093 Pt347 666950.451 938302.775 rd-s8
363.626 360.902
666795.257 938311.928 Pt347
363.834
666800.516 938309.726 Pt348
364.149 ELECTRIC POLE
666804.614 938308.044 Pt349 EASTIN NORTHING ID
364.248 ELEVATION
666809.559 938307.202 Pt350 666962.251 938280.082 ep1
364.31 360.807
666813.619 938308.817 Pt351 666930.688 938251.380 ep2
363.56 362.048
666818.062 938305.336 Pt352 666833.419 938398.577 ep3
363.418 362.434
666822.836 938306.575 Pt353 666859.681 938383.065 ep4
363.239 363.382
666824.780 938309.818 Pt354 666886.138 938370.973 ep5
363.21 361.396
666821.444 938314.097 Pt355 666907.805 938424.794 ep6
363.148 360.683
666816.459 938317.077 Pt356 667015.551 938355.711 ep7
363.338 359.389
666811.122 938318.777 Pt357 666989.436 938313.175 ep8
363.405 359.955
666807.411 938316.771 Pt357
363.501
666810.434 938323.616 Pt358
363.305 STREET LIGHT
666815.044 938322.624 Pt359 EASTIN NORTHING ID
363.155 ELEVATION
666821.526 938322.002 Pt360 666959.637 938305.799 sl1
363.042 360.986
666827.616 938322.039 Pt361 666929.465 938320.358 sl2
362.874 361.801
666828.009 938324.582 Pt362 666887.383 938341.771 sl3
362.952 362.024
666823.147 938328.038 Pt363 666911.651 938475.235 sl4
362.991 360.509
666816.832 938329.640 Pt364
363.109
666818.344 938333.584 Pt365
362.964 TOILET
666814.260 938335.506 Pt366 EASTING NORTHING ID
363.105 ELEVATION
666810.635 938334.364 Pt367 666783.001 938290.952 rr1
372.252 364.289
666805.185 938337.464 Pt368 666788.201 938288.968 rr2
372.184 364.852
666798.050 938339.545 Pt369 666789.599 938292.882 rr3
363.343 364.067
666800.111 938336.494 Pt370 666784.444 938294.973 rr4
363.373 363.85
666800.325 938333.453 Pt371 666847.086 938366.301 rr5
363.454 362.189
666795.251 938331.665 Pt372 666845.863 938363.289 rr6
363.426 362.271
666792.312 938328.474 Pt373 666840.146 938364.981 rr7
363.492 362.402
666795.760 938324.325 Pt374 666840.898 938369.121 rr8
363.544 362.284
666793.745 938320.969 Pt375 666840.632 938363.233 rr9
363.641 362.551
666789.090 938321.815 Pt376 666836.166 938352.815 rr10
363.594 362.58
666793.141 938341.880 Pt377 666840.122 938351.003 rr11
363.438 362.531
666794.212 938344.926 Pt378 666844.892 938361.227 rr12
363.313 362.367
666798.172 938345.022 Pt379
363.224
666803.802 938344.595 Pt380
363.319 CAFETARIAN
666806.499 938346.863 Pt381 EASTING NORTHING ID
363.218 ELEVATION
666803.625 938351.238 Pt382 666875.876 938320.318 cf1
363.088 363.194
666800.745 938356.672 Pt383 666882.630 938317.696 cf2
363.101 363.136
666807.254 938361.658 Pt384 666880.506 938313.140 cf3
362.931 363.492
666874.157 938316.001 cf4
363.641