1

•Developed in 1983 for monitoring fisheries.

•Large scale development of biochips in the 1990s.
•Today, a large varietyof biochip
technologies are
either in development or being commercialized.
•Invented in 4G generation & the development is still

•continued.
In 1980 Fred Sanger and Walter Gilbert were
awarded Nobel Prize for their pioneering DNA
sequencing approach.
•In 1983, Kary Mullis was awarded Nobel Prize for his
Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) which allowed to
amplify minute amounts of DNA to quantities.
•In1986, Leroy Hood gave fluoresence-based DNA sequencing
which facilitated the automation of reading DNA sequence
“Biochips”- exciting future technology for Computer
science, Electronics & Biology.
It was developed in 1983 for monitoring fisheries.
Now it is used over 300 Zoos &
80 government agencies in 20 countries.
Yearly, 6 million recipients of prosthetic devices and
breast implants are “biochipped”.
Over 7 million animals have been bio-chipped .
Major biochip companies are A.V.I.D (American
Veterinary Identification Devices), Trovan
Identification Systems.

3
 Introduction

 Biochips are essentially miniaturized laboratories that can perform hundreds or thousands
of biochemical reactions simultaneously .

 Typically, a biochip's surface area is no larger than a fingernail (2-12 Inches).

 Perform thousands of biological reactions in a few seconds.

 Biochip used to record the simultaneous activity of thousands of genes in a cell,

 and is important for many areas of biology and medicine.
 Used to analyze organic molecules associated with living organisms.

 Help in identifying gene sequences, environmental pollutants, airborne toxins, or other

biochemical constituents.

 Biochip is a device that is capable to analyse a wide range of physiological tasks when
placed into the human body.

 The development started with early work on the underlying sensor technology. One of the
first portable, chemistry-based sensors was the glass pH electrode, invented in 1922 by
Hughes .
BIOCHIP

•Biochip is a single electronic

card may replace everything in
your wallet including your cash,
credit cards, ATM cards,
insurance and your life.

•The size of the biochip is equal

to the grain.

•Biochip is a collection of
miniaturized test sites (micro
arrays) arranged on a solid
substrate that permits many
tests to be performed at the
same time in order to achieve
higher throughput and speed
Biochip implant is a small (micro)
computer chip inserted under the skin
for identification purposes.
Biochip is a Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) system.
RFID system uses low-frequency radio
signals to between the
reader.
communicate
biochip and

6
A biochip is a collection of miniaturized test
sites (micro arrays) arranged on a solid
substrate that permits many tests to be
performed at the same time in order to get
higher speed and efficiency.

Like a computer chip that can perform

millions of mathematical operation in one
second, a biochip can perform thousands of
biological operations in a few seconds.

7
IMPLANTING A BIO-
CHIP
 BIOCHIP TECHNOLOGY AND IT COMPONENTS
The biochip system is a radio frequency
3D Surface image of a Biochip(Microchip)
identification (RFID) based, using low-
frequency radio signals to communicate
between the biochip and reader .

The biochip implant system consists of

two components;
Today’s, biochip implant is basically a
small (micro) computer chip, inserted 1.A Transponder and
under the skin, for identification purposes. 2.A Reader or Scanner.
 TYPES OF BIOCHIP
On the basis of target molecules in the sample,
biochips are classified as

● Protein
biochips

● DNA biochip

● Enzyme
biochips &

● Lab-on-a-
chip
Working of a biochip

Biochip implant system consists of two

components they are transponder and
reader The transponder is the actual biochip
implant.

It is a passive transponder, meaning it

contains no battery or energy of its own. The
reader consists of an "exciter" coil which
creates an electromagnetic field that, via
radio signals, provides the necessary energy
(less than 1/1000 of a watt) to "excite" or
"activate" the implanted biochip
 WORKING OF BIOCHIPS

The reader generates a low-power

electromagnetic
field via radio signals

Implanted biochip gets

activated

Biochip sends ID code back to the reader via

radio signals.

Reader amplifies the received code, converts it to

digital format and displays it on LCD
•Injected by a
hypodermic syringe
beneath the skin.
•Injection is safe and
simple.
•Anesthesia is not
required.
•Usually injected
behind the neck in
dogs and cats.
 The Biochip Technology
 The biochip system is Radio Frequency Identification
(RFID) system.

 The multiple technologies needed to make a successful

biochip —
 Sensing chemistry: to sense the biologial
• processes.
 Microarraying: the dense, two-dimensional grid
• of biosensors deposited on a flat substrate,
• which may either be passive (e.g. silicon or
• glass) or active.
 Signal processing: Transduction must be done
to translate the actual sensing event into a
format understandable by a computer, which
then enables additional analysis and processing
to produce a final, human-readable output.
There are two components of a
biochip which are as follows :-
1) Transponder
2) Reader

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THE TRANSPONDER THE READER or SCANNER
●The transponder is the actual biochip implant. ●The reader consists of an "exciter" coil which
It is a passive transponder it contains no battery creates an electromagnetic field that, via radio
or energy of it's own. signals, provides the necessary energy to
● Being passive, it's inactive until the reader "excite" or "activate" the implanted biochip.
activates it by sending it a low-power electrical ●The reader also carries a receiving coil that
charge. receives the transmitted code or ID number
●Components of Biochip sent back from the "activated" implanted
The biochip-transponder consists of four parts; biochip. This all takes place very fast, in
1.Computer microchip, milliseconds.
2.Antenna coil, 3.Capacitor And ●The reader also contains the software and
4. Glass capsule components to decode the received code and
display the result in an LCD display.
 Transponder in biochips is of passive type, contains no battery of
its own.
• Actual biochip implant.
• Two types of transponder – passive or active.
• Communication between biochip and reader is via low-
frequency radio waves.
Advantage of passive transponder is it has very long life up to 99
years and no maintenance is required.
Transponder consists of four parts :-
i) Computer micro chip
ii) Antenna Coil
iii) Tuning capacitor
iv) Glass Capsule 18
Computer Microchip :
•It stores identification numbers from 10 to 15 digits long.
•The ID number is etched via laser on to the microchip.

Antenna coil:
•It’s a simple coil of copper wire around a iron core which
receives and sends the signal from reader.

Tuning capacitor:
•It stores the small electric charge sent by reader or scanner
and activates the transponder.

Glass capsule:
•It houses the entire transponder usually of the size of a
uncooked grain of rice measuring about 11 mm in length and
2 mm in diameter.
•It is made up of soda lime glass.

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 It consists of an “exciter” coil which creates
an Electromagnetic field via radio signals.
It provides necessary energy (< 1/1000 of a
watt) to excite the implanted biochip
Reader also carries a receiving coil that
receives transmitted code from the
implanted biochip
This all takes places very fast (milliseconds)
.
Reader contains the software to decode the
received code and to show the result on a
LCD.
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 Reader:
The reader: The reader consists of an "exciter" coil which
creates an electromagnetic field that, via radio signals,
provides the necessary energy (less than 1/1000 of a watt)
to "excite" or "activate" the implanted biochip. The reader
also carries a receiving coil that receives the transmitted
code or ID number sent back from the "activated"
implanted biochip. This all takes place very fast, in
milliseconds. The reader also contains the software and
components to decode the received code and display the
result in an LCD display. The reader can include a RS-232
port to attach a computer.
How it works
The reader generates a low-power, electromagnetic field,
in this case via radio signals, which "activates" the
implanted biochip. This "activation" enables the biochip to
send the ID code back to the reader via radio signals. The
reader amplifies the received code, converts it to digital
format, decodes and displays the ID number on the
reader's LCD display. The reader must normally be
between 2 and 12 inches near the biochip to
communicate. The reader and biochip can communicate
through most materials, except metal.
READER - It consists of an "exciter" coil which
creates an electromagnetic field via radio signals
and it provides the necessary energy to activate
the implanted biochip.The reader also carries a
receiving coil that receives the ID number sent
back from the activated implanted biochip.
The reader also contains the software and
components to decode the received code and
display the result.
 WORKING
•Reader transmits a low-power radio signal and
activates the implanted biochip.
•ID number transmitted by the transponder and
received by the reader.
•Reader displays the ID number on the reader’s LCD
display.
•The reader generates a low-power electromagnetic
field via radio signals which “activates” the
implanted biochip.

•This “activation” enables the biochip to send the ID

code back to the reader via radio signals. The reader
amplifies the received code, converts it to digital
format, decodes and displays the ID number on the
reader’s LCD display.

•The biochip is Radio Frequency

Identification (RFID) system, using low
frequency radio signals to communicate between the
biochip and the reader.
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The biochip is inserted into the one’s
body with a hypodermic syringe.
Injection is safe and simple comparable
to common vaccines.
Anesthesia is not required nor
recommended.

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With a biochip, tracing of person/animal,
anywhere in the world is possible.
A biochip can store and update financial,
medical, demographic data, basically
everything about a person.
A biochip leads to a secured E-
Commerce systems.
Biochips really are potent
in replacing passports, cash,
medical record. 26
 APPLICATION

MEDICAL PURPOSE CANCER DIAGNOSIS

HUMAN GENOME
TRANSPORT POLLUTION
PROJECT
COMPANIES

GENETIC VARIATION
PHARMACOGENOMICS

FORENSIC MOLECULAR LEVEL

Biochip as a Glucose
Detector.
Biochip as an oxygen
sensor.
Biochip as a Blood Pressure
sensor.
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 APPLICATION
With a biochip tracing of a person/animal , anywhere in the
world is possible:

A biochip can store and update financial, medical, demographic data,

basically everything about a person:

A biochip leads to a secured E-Commerce systems :

Biochips really are potent in replacing passports, cash, medical records:

Medicinal implementations of Biochips :

A New Era Proposed by us Biochip as Glucose Detector

: Proposed principle of Glucose detection:

Biochip as Oxygen sensor :

Biochip as an Blood Pressure sensor:

BIOCHIP LEADS TO SECURED E-COMERCE SYSTEM

IMPLANTATION OF RETINA BIOCHIP
Biochip Can Recognize Sepsis Quickly
• Physicians are able to analyze blood results and
recognize sepsis within 20 minutes using a biochip ,

• Sepsis, commonly known as 'blood poisoning,' is a

life threatening illness, caused by patients’ own
immune system going into overdrive.

• Sepsis immune response causes small blood clots to

form, blocking blood flow to vital organs, resulting in
organ failure. In the United States about 750,000
people get severe sepsis each year, and more than
200,000 die from it.

• These bind to the proteins – meaning antibodies,

protein and marked antibodies are all firmly linked to
each other and to the chip's surface. When the chip is
illuminated, the dye lights up." The apparatus sees
lots of little illuminated dots that show the protein was
in the blood. But if the patient is healthy, however, the
chip remains dark.
MEDICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF BIOCHIPS

Biochip as Glucose Detector:

The Biochip can be integrated with a glucose detector.
 The chip will allow diabetics to easily monitor the level of the sugar glucose in
their blood.
Diabetics currently use a skin prick and a hand-held blood test, and then
medicate themselves with insulin depending on the result.
The system is simple and works well, but the need to draw blood means that
most diabetics don't test themselves as often as they should.
 Although they may get away with this in the short term, in later life those who
monitored infrequently suffer from blindness, loss of circulation, and other
complications.
The solution is more frequent testing, using a less invasive method.
The biochip will sit underneath the skin, sense the glucose level, and send the
result back out by radio-frequency communication.
 Biochip as an oxygen
sensor :
The biochip can also be integrated with an
oxygen sensor. The oxygen sensor will be
useful to monitor the breathing rate.
It can also to check that packages of food, or
containers of semiconductors stored under
nitrogen gas.
Biochip as a blood pressure
sensor:
In normal situations, The Blood Pressure of a healthy
Human being is 120/80 mm of Hg. A Pressure ratio lower
than this is said to be “Low BP “ condition & A Pressure
ratio more than this is “High BP” condition. Serious
Effects will be reflected in humans during Low & High BP
conditions; it may sometimes cause the death of a
person.
Sensors are available to detect the flow of fluid. It’s always
possible to embed this type of sensors into a biochip.
Blood flow detecting circuits with the Biochip can make
the chip to continuously monitor the blood flow rate &
when the pressure is in its low or high extremes it can
be immediately informed through the reader hence to
take up remedial measures.
 ADVANTAGES

❖More sensitive than bioassay tests currently in use.

❖Faster analysis than traditional methods.

For example, a biochip, also known as a “lab-on-chip” can be used to detect food

pathogens

like E . Coli , salmonella, listeria and others all at the same time.

❖Able to provide results in a matter of minutes, opening up the possibility of a

rapid, point-of- care diagnostic tool for patients.

❖The potential of these devices is huge because multiple tests can be performed
simultaneously.

❖Biochip can recognize sepsis quickly.

❖New biochip will test for HIV with just a drop of blood.
It can operate on tiny amount of power – about
1/10th of that used by flashlight bulb.
Ability to perform thousand of
biological reaction a few seconds.
The abilityto detect multiple viral
agent in parallel.
Miniaturization:- Extremely small in size.
Viability of the living cell is favored since the
biochip transistor does not need to heat up as a
vacuum tube does and it responds instantly.
36
•To rescue the sick.
•To find the lost people.
•To identify person uniquely.
•In monitoring health condition of individuals in which
they are specially employed.
•They can perform thousands of biological reactions in
a few seconds.
•Increase speed of diagnosis of unknown pathogens.
•Ability to detect multiple viral agents in parallel.
Biochips can be implanted into one’s body without
their knowledge.
These methods have a problem that DNA chip can not
be fabricated at high density.
Mass production is limited.
Issues of personal privacy.
They mark the end of human freedom and dignity.
They can be implanted in ones body without their
knowledge
There is a danger of turning every man, women and
child into a controlled slave.

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A chip implanted somewhere in
human bodies might serve as a
combination of credit card, passport,
driver's license, personal diary.
A chip inserted into human bodies
might also give us extra mental
power.

39
 CONCLUSION
➢ Biochips can be employed for multiple applications in various spheres
of technology such as diagnosis of cancer, blood clots, analysis of
biomarkers, biomolecules, etc,.
➢ The landscape study provides various other insights regarding
principal assignees
and their focus area. The analysis also reveals that USA and China are
the leading countries for biochip development.
➢ Some mobile device manufacturers have even experimented with
integrating biochips onto mobile phone cases so that mobile
operators could potentially begin to offer health related services .
➢ It can be used in transport companies such as FedEx and Purolator in
order to track where their trucks and drivers are. They already use
this technology (RFID tags) to locate packages and track them around
the world. Because they do not have to contact every drivers to know
if they are on schedule, it saves time and money.
➢ The presence of such giants making big leaps in this technology is a
clear indication that this industry has a bright future and it will mark a
revolution in medicine .
➢ “The ultimate goal is to lessen dependence on animal test subjects
•A chip implanted somewhere in human bodies might
serve as a combination of credit card, passport, driver's
license, personal diary.
•No longer would it be needed to worry about losing
the credit cards while traveling.
•A chip inserted into human bodies might also give us
extra mental power.
FUTURE :-

A chip implanted some where in human body might

serve as a combination of
1.Credit card
2.Driving license
3.Passport
4.Personal identification etc.
No longer would it be needed to worry about losing all
above thing.
Can also widely established in veterinary field.
Biochips are:-
•Fast,
•Accurate,
•Miniaturized,
•expected to become economically advantageous
attributes that make them analogous to computer
chip.
 REFERENCES

1. LexInnova “Bio-chips: The Future Of Medicine - Patent Landscape Analysis” 13-Nov-2013

2. Prof. T.Venkat Narayana Rao, Sai Sukruthi.G, Gloria Raj . “ Biochip Technology –A Gigantic Innovation ”
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering. Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN
2250- 2459, Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2012)

3. Images Via Google , Pinterest, and Videos via youtube

4. Best emerging tech from gartners hype cycle . “ TECH INSIDER ” (2015-8)

5. TODD LEWAN . “Chip Implants Linked to Animal Tumors - The Washington Post ” wp-
dyn/content/article/2007/09/08/AR2007090800997 .
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