QUESTION 1

Below are ten new questions similar in difficulty, along with answers and
explanations:

1.
The professor mentioned that while we may not know the exact timeline, he
___________ that advancements in artificial intelligence will revolutionize many
industries within the next few decades.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word?
A) speculates
B) denies
C) demands
D) ignores
Answer: A) speculates
Explanation: "Speculates" fits as it conveys making an educated guess about
future events, which matches the context of predicting advancements. The other
options imply contradiction or irrelevance, which do not fit the sentence.

2.
The novelist explained in an interview that her latest book ___________ themes of
identity and belonging, drawing inspiration from her own experiences.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word?
A) rejects
B) explores
C) ignores
D) simplifies
Answer: B) explores
Explanation: "Explores" fits because it conveys the idea of examining or delving
into themes. The other options imply dismissal or oversimplification, which
contradict the sentence.

3.
Scientists working on climate change models often ___________ that the data they
collect may not account for unforeseen variables affecting the results.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word?
A) acknowledge
B) dismiss
C) establish
D) overlook
Answer: A) acknowledge
Explanation: "Acknowledge" fits as it conveys recognizing a limitation or
possibility. The other options imply denial or carelessness, which are not logical
in the context of scientists' work.

4.
While the chef emphasizes creativity in cooking, he ___________ the importance of
understanding foundational techniques to achieve consistency.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word?
A) overlooks
B) highlights
C) speculates
D) doubts
Answer: B) highlights
Explanation: "Highlights" fits as it conveys emphasizing something important.
The other options imply neglect, uncertainty, or irrelevance, which do not align
with the context.

5.
The committee chairperson ___________ that increased public engagement is
necessary for the success of the upcoming initiative.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word?
A) doubts
B) argues
C) overlooks
D) questions
Answer: B) argues
Explanation: "Argues" fits as it conveys making a case or emphasizing a point.
The other options imply uncertainty or disregard, which are illogical in this
context.

6.
The director of the museum ___________ that the new exhibit will attract visitors
from all over the country, given its unique focus on ancient civilizations.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word?
A) speculates
B) denies
C) trivializes
D) demands
Answer: A) speculates
Explanation: "Speculates" fits because it conveys making an educated guess or
prediction. The other options suggest contradiction or irrelevance, which are
inappropriate here.

7.
Although she ___________ the difficulty of the task, the athlete remained
determined to break the world record in her sport.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word?
A) underestimates
B) acknowledges
C) demands
D) doubts
Answer: B) acknowledges
Explanation: "Acknowledges" fits as it conveys recognizing a challenge while
remaining determined. The other options imply dismissal or lack of
understanding, which do not match the context.

8.
The researcher ___________ that new findings in the field could lead to innovative
treatments for rare genetic disorders in the next decade.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word?
A) speculates
B) denies
C) trivializes
D) opposes
Answer: A) speculates
Explanation: "Speculates" fits because it conveys making a thoughtful
prediction. The other options contradict the positive tone or intent of the
sentence.

9.
The documentary filmmaker ___________ that public awareness is the first step
toward solving many of the environmental challenges the world faces today.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word?
A) questions
B) asserts
C) rejects
D) doubts
Answer: B) asserts
Explanation: "Asserts" fits as it conveys confidently stating a belief or opinion,
which aligns with the tone of raising awareness. The other options imply
uncertainty or disagreement, which do not fit.

10.
The engineer ___________ that while the new design is innovative, it may require
additional testing before being implemented on a large scale.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word?
A) demands
B) speculates
C) concedes
D) dismisses
Answer: C) concedes
Explanation: "Concedes" fits as it conveys admitting something, often
reluctantly, which aligns with the need for additional testing. The other options
imply unrelated actions or attitudes that do not fit the context.

QUESTION 2.
Question 1
In the early 20th century, Marie Curie devoted herself to the study of
radioactivity, an endeavor that required years of ______ experimentation and
dedication to her work.
A) haphazard
B) meticulous
C) reluctant
D) arbitrary
Answer: B) meticulous
Explanation: "Meticulous" fits best because it emphasizes the careful and
precise nature of Curie's scientific research.

Question 2.
Throughout her career, Jane Goodall worked to protect chimpanzees and their
habitats, often facing ______ challenges as she advocated for environmental
conservation.
A) insurmountable
B) irrelevant
C) frivolous
D) imaginary
Answer: A) insurmountable
Explanation: "Insurmountable" is the correct choice because it highlights the
significant obstacles she faced in her conservation efforts.

Question 3
Rachel Carson’s groundbreaking book Silent Spring inspired a movement to
regulate pesticides, leading to ______ changes in environmental policy.
A) superficial
B) revolutionary
C) temporary
D) indifferent
Answer: B) revolutionary
Explanation: "Revolutionary" is the most logical answer as it reflects the
profound and far-reaching impact of Carson's work on policy.

Question 4
Harriet Tubman’s work on the Underground Railroad required her to take ______
risks as she led enslaved people to freedom.
A) calculated
B) unnecessary
C) minimal
D) theoretical
Answer: A) calculated
Explanation: "Calculated" is the most appropriate choice because it
underscores her strategic planning and bravery in facing dangers.

Question 5
In her pursuit of social reform, Jane Addams established Hull House, where she
provided resources and ______ support to immigrants and working-class families.
A) indifferent
B) inadequate
C) unwavering
D) unnecessary
Answer: C) unwavering
Explanation: "Unwavering" is the best fit because it conveys Addams’s
steadfast dedication to helping those in need.

Question 6
Malala Yousafzai became an international symbol of courage after she advocated
for girls’ education despite ______ opposition from oppressive regimes.
A) trivial
B) relentless
C) optional
D) hypothetical
Answer: B) relentless
Explanation: "Relentless" accurately describes the continuous and unyielding
nature of the opposition Malala faced.

Question 7
Amelia Earhart’s achievements in aviation were the result of her ______
commitment to breaking barriers and pushing the boundaries of human
capability.
A) lackadaisical
B) unyielding
C) accidental
D) ambiguous
Answer: B) unyielding
Explanation: "Unyielding" emphasizes her determined and resolute efforts to
achieve her goals.

Question 8
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s leadership in the civil rights movement demonstrated
a ______ determination to achieve justice through nonviolent means.
A) wavering
B) passive
C) steadfast
D) hasty
Answer: C) steadfast
Explanation: "Steadfast" is the most logical choice, as it highlights his
unwavering commitment to his principles and goals.

Question 9
The work of Rosalind Franklin, whose X-ray diffraction images contributed to the
discovery of DNA’s structure, was characterized by ______ precision and attention
to detail.
A) casual
B) meticulous
C) random
D) incomplete
Answer: B) meticulous
Explanation: "Meticulous" fits best as it underscores the high level of accuracy
required for her scientific contributions.

Question 10
Florence Nightingale revolutionized healthcare practices by emphasizing hygiene
and sanitation, a change that had ______ effects on patient survival rates.
A) profound
B) negligible
C) temporary
D) arbitrary
Answer: A) profound
Explanation: "Profound" is the correct choice because it reflects the significant
and lasting impact of her work on healthcare outcomes.

QUESTION 3
Question 1:
The newly developed policy _______ the company’s commitment to
environmental sustainability by outlining specific measures to reduce carbon
emissions.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) contradicts
B) exemplifies
C) undermines
D) disregards
Answer: B) exemplifies
Explanation: A policy that aligns with and demonstrates commitment to
sustainability is best described as "exemplifies."

Question 2.:
Through careful planning and coordination, the initiative _______ a collaborative
approach to addressing food insecurity in urban areas.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) epitomizes
B) hinders
C) ignores
D) obstructs
Answer: A) epitomizes
Explanation: A project that serves as an ideal example of collaboration aligns
with the term "epitomizes."

Question 3:
The architect’s design _______ modern trends while incorporating elements of
traditional craftsmanship to create a unique aesthetic.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) exemplifies
B) ignores
C) opposes
D) disrupts
Answer: A) exemplifies
Explanation: A design that reflects and showcases modern trends is described
as "exemplifies."

Question 4:
The success of the program _______ the potential of innovative teaching methods
to improve student outcomes in underfunded schools.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) undercuts
B) dismisses
C) highlights
D) conceals
Answer: C) highlights
Explanation: A program that showcases the effectiveness of certain methods
would "highlight" their potential.

Question 5:
The nonprofit’s efforts to provide clean drinking water to rural communities
_______ a scalable solution to global water scarcity issues.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) undermines
B) exemplifies
C) complicates
D) obstructs
Answer: B) exemplifies
Explanation: Demonstrating an effective solution aligns with the term
"exemplifies."

Question 6:
The report _______ the challenges faced by small businesses during economic
downturns, offering policymakers valuable insights for targeted interventions.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) overlooks
B) exacerbates
C) exemplifies
D) illuminates
Answer: D) illuminates
Explanation: Providing insights into challenges is best described by
"illuminates," which means clarifying or explaining.

Question 7:
The partnership between local governments and environmental organizations
_______ how collective action can lead to significant reductions in pollution.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) demonstrates
B) contradicts
C) delays
D) impedes
Answer: A) demonstrates
Explanation: Showing the effectiveness of collective action aligns with
"demonstrates."

Question 8:
The restoration of the historic landmark _______ the community’s dedication to
preserving its cultural heritage for future generations.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) diminishes
B) exemplifies
C) conceals
D) neglects
Answer: B) exemplifies
Explanation: A restoration that highlights dedication to heritage is best
described as "exemplifies."

Question 9:
The team’s ability to overcome numerous setbacks _______ their resilience and
determination to achieve their goals.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) undermines
B) showcases
C) ignores
D) diminishes
Answer: B) showcases
Explanation: Highlighting the team’s resilience is accurately captured by the
term "showcases."

Question 10:
The ongoing success of the clean energy initiative _______ the feasibility of
transitioning to renewable resources on a larger scale.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) supports
B) complicates
C) undermines
D) neglects
Answer: A) supports
Explanation: Demonstrating feasibility aligns with "supports," which indicates
backing or confirming an idea.

QUESTION 4
1.
The rare bird species migrates to a new habitat each year, arriving just as the
local flowers begin to bloom. This ___________ between the bird's arrival and the
flowering of the plants ensures that it has access to abundant food.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) synchronization
B) coincidence
C) separation
D) variation
Answer: A) synchronization
Explanation: "Synchronization" refers to things happening at the same time,
which matches the idea of the bird’s arrival aligning with the flowering of the
plants. The other options do not fit the idea of timing.

2.
Researchers discovered that the growth of the fungus is highly dependent on the
___________ of moisture and temperature levels, which affects its ability to spread
effectively.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) balance
B) interruption
C) contradiction
D) manipulation
Answer: A) balance
Explanation: "Balance" fits because it suggests the optimal combination of
moisture and temperature for the fungus to thrive. The other options imply
disruption or interference, which would not be ideal in this context.

3.
The ancient temple was built with a remarkable level of precision, with each
stone placed in perfect ___________ to ensure the structure's longevity.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) disarray
B) alignment
C) variation
D) randomness
Answer: B) alignment
Explanation: "Alignment" fits because it refers to the stones being arranged in
a precise manner for stability and longevity. The other options suggest disorder
or inconsistency, which contradict the context.

4.
The symbiotic relationship between bees and flowers is an example of mutual
___________, as both species benefit from the interaction.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) isolation
B) dependence
C) cooperation
D) rivalry
Answer: C) cooperation
Explanation: "Cooperation" is the most accurate term as it reflects a mutually
beneficial relationship. The other options suggest conflict or a lack of
interdependence, which are incorrect in this context.

5.
The two companies entered into a partnership to work on the project, with each
contributing their own ___________ in order to ensure the success of the venture.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) competition
B) expertise
C) neglect
D) opposition
Answer: B) expertise
Explanation: "Expertise" fits as it refers to the specialized knowledge or skills
each company would bring to the project. The other options imply conflict or lack
of contribution, which contradict the cooperative nature of a partnership.

6.
The conservation program was successful due to the careful ___________ of efforts
between various environmental organizations, government agencies, and local
communities.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) confusion
B) coordination
C) contradiction
D) isolation
Answer: B) coordination
Explanation: "Coordination" fits because it indicates the careful planning and
working together of different groups. The other options imply lack of organization
or disagreement, which does not fit the context.

7.
The research study found that certain species of fish thrive in ___________ with
the coral reefs, benefiting from the shelter and protection the reefs provide.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) isolation
B) collaboration
C) competition
D) separation
Answer: B) collaboration
Explanation: "Collaboration" fits as it suggests a mutually beneficial
relationship, similar to symbiosis. The other options suggest conflict or
independence, which do not align with the context.

8.
In order to understand the true impact of climate change, scientists must
___________ both historical weather patterns and current data to identify trends
and make predictions.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) overlook
B) combine
C) segregate
D) ignore
Answer: B) combine
Explanation: "Combine" fits because it suggests bringing together various
sources of information to form a complete picture. The other options imply
ignoring or separating important data, which would hinder the research.

9.
The new software update improves system performance by ensuring better
___________ between various programs and processes running on the device.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) contradiction
B) interaction
C) isolation
D) obstruction
Answer: B) interaction
Explanation: "Interaction" fits as it refers to the way different programs and
processes work together. The other options suggest disruption or separation,
which would not improve performance.
10.
The plant's ability to grow in harsh conditions is due to its ___________ mechanism
for storing water, which allows it to survive extended periods of drought.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) adaptive
B) rigid
C) destructive
D) limiting
Answer: A) adaptive
Explanation: "Adaptive" fits because it refers to the plant’s ability to adjust to
its environment, such as by storing water. The other options suggest the plant's
growth is hindered, which contradicts the idea of thriving in tough conditions.

QUESTION 5
Question 1
Despite initial skepticism, the discovery of gravitational waves has provided
______ evidence supporting Einstein’s theory of general relativity.
A) ambiguous
B) contradictory
C) compelling
D) inconclusive
Answer: C) compelling
Explanation: "Compelling" is the correct choice because it emphasizes strong
and persuasive evidence supporting the theory of general relativity.

Question 2.
The rapid expansion of urban areas has led to ______ challenges in providing
adequate housing, transportation, and public services.
A) minor
B) unforeseen
C) trivial
D) manageable
Answer: B) unforeseen
Explanation: "Unforeseen" fits best because it indicates challenges that were
unexpected due to the rapid growth of urban areas.

Question 3
The theory of evolution, though widely accepted, still lacks ______ understanding
of the full complexity of genetic mutations and their effects on species
development.
A) comprehensive
B) superficial
C) limited
D) disjointed
Answer: A) comprehensive
Explanation: "Comprehensive" is the most appropriate choice because it
suggests a thorough understanding, which is still missing in certain aspects of
evolutionary science.

Question 4
While climate change has sparked widespread debates, the evidence supporting
human-induced global warming is ______ and continues to grow stronger.
A) unreliable
B) inconclusive
C) overwhelming
D) uncertain
Answer: C) overwhelming
Explanation: "Overwhelming" is the best choice because it indicates that the
evidence is powerful and undeniable.

Question 5
The causes of mental health disorders remain elusive, with many treatments still
lacking ______ results in addressing underlying psychological issues.
A) inconsistent
B) conclusive
C) superficial
D) theoretical
Answer: B) conclusive
Explanation: "Conclusive" is the correct answer, as it refers to clear and
decisive results, which are still lacking in many mental health treatments.

Question 6
Despite advancements in quantum computing, the field still faces ______ barriers
in achieving practical and scalable solutions for real-world problems.
A) insurmountable
B) trivial
C) manageable
D) obscure
Answer: A) insurmountable
Explanation: "Insurmountable" suggests that the barriers are significant and
difficult to overcome, aligning with the challenges in quantum computing.

Question 7
The research into renewable energy sources has progressed significantly, but it
still lacks ______ solutions that can replace fossil fuels on a global scale.
A) immediate
B) comprehensive
C) hasty
D) biased
Answer: B) comprehensive
Explanation: "Comprehensive" is the best choice because it indicates the need
for all-encompassing solutions that can fully replace fossil fuels.

Question 8
The controversial new policy has sparked widespread opposition, with critics
arguing that it lacks ______ support from experts in the field.
A) scientific
B) anecdotal
C) emotional
D) general
Answer: A) scientific
Explanation: "Scientific" is the most logical answer, as it implies the policy lacks
backing from experts and credible evidence in the field.

Question 9
The relationship between diet and mental health remains complex and poorly
understood, with much of the evidence still lacking ______ conclusions.
A) ambiguous
B) conclusive
C) random
D) vivid
Answer: B) conclusive
Explanation: "Conclusive" is the best fit because it suggests the evidence is not
yet definitive, which is the case in research on diet and mental health.

Question 10
Although advances in artificial intelligence have been rapid, experts agree that
the technology still lacks ______ regulations to ensure ethical use in sensitive
areas like healthcare and law enforcement.
A) adequate
B) experimental
C) outdated
D) contradictory
Answer: A) adequate
Explanation: "Adequate" is the most logical choice, as it reflects the need for
sufficient and suitable regulations that are still missing in AI ethics.

QUESTION 6
Question 1:
The documentary _______ the traditional methods of farming, showing how
modern technologies can be integrated with age-old practices to improve crop
yield.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) challenges
B) supports
C) neglects
D) repeats
Answer: A) challenges
Explanation: The documentary presents new perspectives that challenge
traditional methods, making "challenges" the most logical choice.

Question 2.:
The company’s new advertising campaign _______ conventional stereotypes,
promoting a diverse and inclusive message.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) reinforces
B) embraces
C) perpetuates
D) subverts
Answer: D) subverts
Explanation: The campaign contradicts or undermines traditional stereotypes,
which aligns with "subverts."

Question 3:
The scientist’s groundbreaking research _______ previous theories about the
origin of the universe, suggesting new possibilities for exploration.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) supports
B) confirms
C) refutes
D) ignores
Answer: C) refutes
Explanation: The research directly contradicts or disproves earlier theories,
making "refutes" the best option.

Question 4:
The artist’s work _______ the notion that contemporary art must follow
established conventions, offering instead a fresh, innovative approach.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) dismisses
B) illustrates
C) celebrates
D) endorses
Answer: A) dismisses
Explanation: The artist’s work rejects traditional notions and ideas, which aligns
with "dismisses."

Question 5:
The book _______ the common misconception that the industrial revolution was a
purely European phenomenon, highlighting its global impact.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) emphasizes
B) disputes
C) repeats
D) accepts
Answer: B) disputes
Explanation: The book challenges and contradicts a widely held misconception,
making "disputes" the most appropriate choice.

Question 6:
The documentary film _______ the portrayal of Native Americans in mainstream
media, focusing on modern-day experiences rather than historical depictions.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) rejects
B) upholds
C) romanticizes
D) neglects
Answer: A) rejects
Explanation: The film challenges and disavows traditional depictions of Native
Americans, making "rejects" the best word.

Question 7:
The mayor’s new policy _______ the idea that crime can only be reduced through
stricter laws, instead focusing on rehabilitation and education.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) reinforces
B) acknowledges
C) rejects
D) ignores
Answer: C) rejects
Explanation: The mayor’s policy goes against conventional wisdom, rejecting
the idea of relying solely on stricter laws.

Question 8:
The film director’s work _______ the traditional narrative structure, opting for an
experimental approach that challenges audience expectations.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) embraces
B) distorts
C) follows
D) subverts
Answer: D) subverts
Explanation: The director challenges the traditional format and expectations,
making "subverts" the best fit.

Question 9:
The new research _______ the belief that all dinosaurs were cold-blooded,
providing evidence for the theory that some species were warm-blooded.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) ignores
B) contradicts
C) repeats
D) clarifies
Answer: B) contradicts
Explanation: The research directly opposes the existing belief, making
"contradicts" the most accurate choice.

Question 10:
The professor’s lecture _______ the conventional understanding of history,
offering a more nuanced view of the events that shaped the modern world.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) challenges
B) reaffirms
C) simplifies
D) ignores
Answer: A) challenges
Explanation: The lecture questions and critiques traditional perspectives,
aligning with "challenges."

QUESTION 7
1.
In 2010, biologist Dr. Emily Carter studied the effects of urbanization on local
wildlife. She observed that certain species thrived in the city, while others
struggled to adapt to the changes. Based on her findings, Carter developed a
plan to help protect endangered species by creating urban wildlife corridors.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A) To explain the challenges of wildlife conservation
B) To discuss Dr. Carter’s research on urban wildlife
C) To highlight the impact of urbanization on animal behavior
D) To describe Dr. Carter’s plans for new wildlife corridors
Answer: B) To discuss Dr. Carter’s research on urban wildlife
Explanation: The main purpose of the text is to explain the research Dr. Carter
conducted and how it led to the development of urban wildlife corridors. The
other options focus on specific aspects but do not capture the text's overall
focus.
2.
In 2015, architect Maria Gomez set out to design more energy-efficient buildings.
Her designs included features such as better insulation and solar panels, which
allowed buildings to use less energy. Gomez’s work became a model for
sustainable architecture in cities worldwide.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A) To describe the benefits of energy-efficient buildings
B) To discuss Maria Gomez’s contributions to sustainable architecture
C) To explain how solar panels work in buildings
D) To highlight global efforts to combat climate change
Answer: B) To discuss Maria Gomez’s contributions to sustainable architecture
Explanation: The text focuses on Maria Gomez’s work in energy-efficient
design. The other options focus on related topics, but they do not capture the
specific purpose of discussing her contributions.

3.
In 2018, economist Dr. John Lee conducted a study on the relationship between
education and income levels. He found that individuals with higher education
tended to earn more over their lifetimes. Lee used this information to advocate
for expanded access to higher education for all.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A) To explain the correlation between education and income
B) To summarize Dr. Lee’s advocacy for education reform
C) To describe Dr. Lee’s research on social mobility
D) To discuss the impact of higher education on job opportunities
Answer: A) To explain the correlation between education and income
Explanation: The text focuses on Dr. Lee’s study of the correlation between
education and income, which forms the basis for his advocacy. The other options
focus on specific aspects of the text but do not address its main purpose.

4.
In 2005, a team of scientists discovered a new species of deep-sea fish that
glowed in the dark. This discovery led to further studies on bioluminescence in
marine life and how it helps animals survive in the dark depths of the ocean.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A) To describe the bioluminescent properties of deep-sea fish
B) To explain the significance of the discovery of a new fish species
C) To discuss the challenges of studying marine life in deep waters
D) To highlight the role of bioluminescence in marine survival
Answer: B) To explain the significance of the discovery of a new fish species
Explanation: The text focuses on the discovery of the new fish species and the
subsequent research, making option B the best choice. The other options focus
on specific details, but they do not capture the main purpose.

5.
In 2012, chemist Dr. Rachel Adams researched the effects of pollution on plant
life. Her findings showed that certain plants could absorb harmful chemicals from
the air, making them potentially useful in cleaning polluted environments.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A) To explain the role of plants in purifying air
B) To describe Dr. Adams’s research on pollution and plant life
C) To highlight the dangers of air pollution
D) To discuss the process of phytoremediation
Answer: B) To describe Dr. Adams’s research on pollution and plant life
Explanation: The main purpose is to describe Dr. Adams’s research on how
pollution affects plants and how they may help in cleaning the environment. The
other options touch on related ideas but do not focus on the main purpose.

6.
In 2019, physicist Dr. Laura Perez conducted experiments to investigate the
possibility of time travel. Her studies focused on the theoretical aspects of
traveling through space and time, challenging the boundaries of modern physics.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A) To explain the scientific principles behind time travel
B) To describe Dr. Perez’s experiments on time travel
C) To discuss the history of time travel theories in physics
D) To highlight the challenges of time travel research
Answer: B) To describe Dr. Perez’s experiments on time travel
Explanation: The text highlights Dr. Perez’s experiments as the main subject of
focus, with the other options expanding on related ideas.

7.
In 2017, a group of archaeologists uncovered an ancient city buried beneath the
sands of Egypt. The discovery provided new insights into the culture and daily
life of an ancient civilization that had long been forgotten.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A) To describe the significance of the archaeological discovery
B) To explain the methods used to uncover ancient cities
C) To summarize the history of ancient Egyptian civilization
D) To highlight the importance of preserving archaeological sites
Answer: A) To describe the significance of the archaeological discovery
Explanation: The main purpose is to explain the importance of uncovering the
ancient city. The other options focus on methods, history, or preservation, which
are secondary to the main point.

8.
In 2020, psychologist Dr. Sarah Thompson investigated the impact of social
media on mental health. Her research found a correlation between excessive use
of social media and higher levels of anxiety, particularly among teenagers.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A) To examine the psychological effects of social media use
B) To describe Dr. Thompson’s research on anxiety and social media
C) To highlight the role of social media in modern communication
D) To discuss the mental health implications of technology
Answer: B) To describe Dr. Thompson’s research on anxiety and social media
Explanation: The main purpose is to describe Dr. Thompson’s specific research.
The other options focus on broader topics but don’t address the primary goal of
the text.

9.
In 2011, biochemist Dr. Alex Green discovered a new enzyme that could break
down plastic waste more efficiently. His work has since sparked a global initiative
to find sustainable solutions to the growing plastic pollution problem.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A) To explain how the new enzyme breaks down plastic
B) To discuss Dr. Green’s contribution to solving plastic pollution
C) To describe the global efforts to reduce plastic waste
D) To highlight the dangers of plastic pollution
Answer: B) To discuss Dr. Green’s contribution to solving plastic pollution
Explanation: The text focuses on Dr. Green’s discovery and its implications for
addressing plastic pollution. The other options expand on related ideas but do
not focus on the main purpose.

10.
In 2016, a team of scientists developed a method to use algae as a sustainable
source of biofuel. This innovation has the potential to reduce reliance on fossil
fuels and combat climate change.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A) To explain the environmental benefits of algae-based biofuels
B) To describe the scientific breakthrough of algae-based biofuel
C) To discuss the impact of biofuels on the global economy
D) To highlight the challenges of developing sustainable energy sources
Answer: B) To describe the scientific breakthrough of algae-based biofuel
Explanation: The text primarily focuses on the development of algae-based
biofuel. The other options discuss broader implications but do not focus on the
main purpose.

QUESTION 8
Question 1
The following text is from F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Jay Gatsby and
Daisy Buchanan are reunited after years apart.
Gatsby’s eyes were fixed on the green light at the end of Daisy’s dock, and as he
gazed at it, a strange expression passed over his face. His hands trembled
slightly, and the faintest smile crept across his lips. It was as though he could see
his dreams in the distant glow of that light.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text
as a whole?
A) It provides insight into a character's emotional reaction.
B) It sets the scene for a romantic interaction.
C) It describes an external event that leads to a shift in the narrative.
D) It introduces an important symbol that will be explored later in the story.
Answer: A) It provides insight into a character's emotional reaction.
Explanation: The sentence shows Gatsby’s emotional response to the green
light, symbolizing his longing and hope for a future with Daisy.

Question 2.
The following text is from Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway. Clarissa Dalloway is
preparing for a party.
She went to the window and looked out at the world, and for a moment, she felt
as though the whole of London was waiting for her, as if the people were all
expecting her to step out into the street, to join in their lives. She had a sense of
being both part of it and apart from it.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text
as a whole?
A) It reveals the main character’s inner isolation despite her social role.
B) It emphasizes the setting of the story and its grandeur.
C) It introduces a central theme about the interconnectedness of society.
D) It foreshadows a dramatic change in the main character’s life.
Answer: A) It reveals the main character’s inner isolation despite her
social role.
Explanation: The sentence conveys Clarissa’s complex feelings of detachment,
even as she is surrounded by people.

Question 3
The following text is from Charles Dickens’s A Tale of Two Cities. The scene takes
place during the French Revolution.
The streets were filled with the noise of clashing swords and shouting voices. Yet,
in the midst of the chaos, there was a strange stillness in the air, as if the city
were holding its breath, waiting for something decisive to occur.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text
as a whole?
A) It conveys a sense of foreboding, setting the tone for the events to come.
B) It describes the character’s conflicting emotions in response to the violence.
C) It contrasts the loudness of the streets with the inner turmoil of the
characters.
D) It sets up the city as a character in itself, influencing the plot.
Answer: A) It conveys a sense of foreboding, setting the tone for the
events to come.
Explanation: The sentence creates an ominous atmosphere, hinting at the
impending, dramatic events in the revolution.

Question 4
The following text is from William Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury. Quentin
Compson is reflecting on his family’s past.
The sun was setting behind the trees, casting long shadows across the yard, and
I felt a deep sorrow rising within me, as though the fading light was taking
something precious away from me. The quiet of the evening seemed to echo the
stillness inside me.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text
as a whole?
A) It emphasizes the passing of time and the narrator’s sense of loss.
B) It introduces a conflict between the narrator’s inner and outer worlds.
C) It describes the narrator’s sense of hopelessness about the future.
D) It contrasts the beauty of the setting with the harsh reality of the narrator’s
situation.
Answer: A) It emphasizes the passing of time and the narrator’s sense
of loss.
Explanation: The fading light symbolizes the narrator’s growing sorrow and the
inevitable passage of time.

Question 5
The following text is from Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick. Ishmael describes the
view of the sea.
The ocean stretched out before me, endless and vast, with waves rolling toward
the shore in an eternal rhythm. I felt small in comparison, as if the whole of
creation had been arranged just for the waves to break upon the shore and the
wind to blow endlessly.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text
as a whole?
A) It highlights the insignificance of the character in the face of nature’s power.
B) It presents the sea as a character that shapes the narrative.
C) It reveals the character’s understanding of the ocean’s cycles.
D) It introduces the theme of human dominance over the natural world.
Answer: A) It highlights the insignificance of the character in the face of
nature’s power.
Explanation: The sentence illustrates how small and insignificant Ishmael feels
compared to the vast and unchanging ocean.

Question 6
The following text is from J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Fellowship of the Ring. Frodo
Baggins reflects on the journey ahead.
As he looked at the darkening horizon, Frodo’s heart filled with both dread and
hope, knowing that the path ahead would be treacherous. But there was a
glimmer of light in the distance, and he felt that the journey was not without
purpose.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text
as a whole?
A) It conveys the mixed emotions of the character as they face an uncertain
future.
B) It introduces a turning point in the character’s journey.
C) It emphasizes the theme of destiny guiding the character’s actions.
D) It sets up a sense of adventure and excitement for the upcoming events.
Answer: A) It conveys the mixed emotions of the character as they face
an uncertain future.
Explanation: The sentence shows Frodo’s internal conflict, combining feelings of
fear and optimism about the journey ahead.

Question 7
The following text is from Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Victor Frankenstein
describes his feelings after completing his creation.
When I first beheld the monster I had made, my heart pounded in my chest, and
I recoiled from it in horror. The thing that I had brought into being was not the
noble creation I had envisioned, but something monstrous.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text
as a whole?
A) It reveals the character’s initial shock and regret upon seeing the result of his
actions.
B) It introduces the theme of unchecked ambition leading to tragedy.
C) It foreshadows the character’s eventual acceptance of his creation.
D) It describes the monster’s appearance, setting the tone for the novel.
Answer: A) It reveals the character’s initial shock and regret upon
seeing the result of his actions.
Explanation: The sentence conveys Victor’s immediate reaction of horror and
disillusionment with his creation.

Question 8
The following text is from George Orwell’s 1984. Winston Smith reflects on the
Party’s control over society.
The Party's omnipresent surveillance, its control of language, and its rewriting of
history made it feel as though reality itself was constantly shifting, leaving no
room for individual thought or expression.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text
as a whole?
A) It illustrates the oppressive nature of the Party’s control over personal
freedom.
B) It introduces the central conflict between Winston and the Party.
C) It presents the Party’s strategies for maintaining political power.
D) It emphasizes the theme of rebellion and resistance against authority.
Answer: A) It illustrates the oppressive nature of the Party’s control
over personal freedom.
Explanation: The sentence shows how the Party’s manipulation of reality
impacts the individual’s ability to think freely.

Question 9
The following text is from Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. Elizabeth Bennet is
reflecting on her feelings for Mr. Darcy.
Though she had once held him in disdain, Elizabeth now found herself uncertain
of her feelings, torn between admiration and reluctance. She knew that she
would never be able to fully understand him, yet there was something about him
that made her heart race.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text
as a whole?
A) It shows the character’s inner conflict as her feelings evolve.
B) It introduces the romantic tension between the characters.
C) It foreshadows a dramatic change in the character’s relationship with Mr.
Darcy.
D) It emphasizes the complexity of the character’s personality.
Answer: A) It shows the character’s inner conflict as her feelings
evolve.
Explanation: The sentence demonstrates Elizabeth’s shifting emotions and
internal struggle regarding her feelings for Darcy.

Question 10
The following text is from Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Huck
reflects on his journey down the river with Jim.
As the boat drifted down the river, Huck felt a strange sense of freedom, as
though the weight of the world had been lifted from his shoulders. The river
seemed to carry him away from all his troubles, and he wondered if he could live
this way forever.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text
as a whole?
A) It illustrates the character’s desire to escape from his past and
responsibilities.
B) It foreshadows the difficulties the character will face later in the journey.
C) It emphasizes the setting and its impact on the character’s mood.
D) It introduces the theme of adventure and exploration.
Answer: A) It illustrates the character’s desire to escape from his past and
responsibilities.
Explanation: The sentence conveys Huck’s longing for freedom and his wish to
leave behind the troubles he has faced.

QUESTION 9
Question 1:
A study conducted by behavioral psychologist Dr. Emily Turner shows that people
tend to make more impulsive decisions after experiencing positive emotions.
Using data collected from over 5,000 participants, the study tracked responses to
different emotional stimuli and compared impulsivity in decision-making before
and after exposure to positive events. The results suggest that those exposed to
positive stimuli were more likely to make riskier choices in financial and social
situations.
Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the overall
structure of the text?
A) To summarize the findings of the study
B) To explain the background information behind the study's design
C) To provide specific evidence that supports the study's hypothesis
D) To discuss the limitations of the study’s approach
Answer: C) To provide specific evidence that supports the study's hypothesis
Explanation: The underlined sentence provides data and findings that illustrate
how positive emotional exposure leads to more impulsive behavior, supporting
the hypothesis of the study.

Question 2.:
A recent report by health experts indicates that consuming a balanced diet can
lead to better cognitive function in older adults. The researchers studied a group
of 2,500 individuals over a 10-year period, comparing cognitive performance
scores with dietary habits. They found that participants with a higher intake of
fruits, vegetables, and healthy fats performed better on memory and problem-
solving tasks.
Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the overall
structure of the text?
A) To introduce the topic of the report
B) To explain the study's methodology
C) To present the study’s findings
D) To discuss the implications of the study's results
Answer: B) To explain the study's methodology
Explanation: The underlined sentence explains the research design, specifying
the participants and time frame used in the study to compare cognitive
performance and diet.

Question 3:
A study by sociologist Alan Foster suggests that social media usage has a
profound impact on mental health. Over the course of two years, the research
team analyzed the online behavior of over 10,000 individuals, comparing social
media usage patterns with self-reported mental health indicators. The team
discovered a strong correlation between increased screen time and higher rates
of anxiety and depression.
Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the overall
structure of the text?
A) To discuss the scope of the research
B) To explain the methodology used in the study
C) To provide evidence that supports the study's findings
D) To highlight the impact of the study on future research
Answer: C) To provide evidence that supports the study's findings
Explanation: The underlined sentence presents specific data about the research
(i.e., the correlation between screen time and mental health issues), which
supports the study’s conclusion.

Question 4:
A study led by economist Rachel Green highlights the effects of remote work on
employee productivity. By analyzing productivity data from over 50,000
employees working across various industries, the research team compared
output levels before and after the adoption of remote work policies. The results
revealed that remote work led to a 15% increase in overall productivity.
Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the overall
structure of the text?
A) To summarize the results of the research
B) To describe the methodologies used in the research
C) To introduce the hypothesis of the study
D) To show how the research contributes to a broader debate
Answer: A) To summarize the results of the research
Explanation: The underlined sentence presents the key finding of the study,
summarizing how remote work increased productivity.

Question 5:
A groundbreaking experiment by neuroscientist Dr. Samuel Harris explores the
effects of music on brain function. In the study, 500 participants listened to a
variety of music genres while undergoing cognitive tasks. The research team
observed a significant improvement in task performance when participants
listened to classical music, suggesting that specific genres have the potential to
enhance cognitive abilities.
Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the overall
structure of the text?
A) To provide background information for the study
B) To summarize the outcomes of the experiment
C) To explain the experiment's methodology
D) To highlight the significance of the research
Answer: B) To summarize the outcomes of the experiment
Explanation: The underlined sentence explains the results of the experiment,
specifically how listening to classical music improved task performance.

Question 6:
A report by environmental scientists at the University of Greenhill concludes that
urban green spaces have a significant impact on reducing air pollution. Over the
span of five years, researchers compared air quality data in cities with varying
amounts of green space. They found that areas with more greenery had
noticeably lower levels of particulate matter in the air, leading to improved
public health outcomes.
Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the overall
structure of the text?
A) To explain the study's methodology
B) To introduce the main topic of the report
C) To summarize the report’s findings
D) To provide recommendations based on the study
Answer: C) To summarize the report’s findings
Explanation: The underlined sentence highlights the results of the study,
explaining the connection between urban green spaces and improved air quality.

Question 7:
A study by Professor Jonathan Hughes examined the relationship between
physical activity and stress reduction. The team collected data from over 3,000
participants, tracking their exercise habits and stress levels. They found that
individuals who exercised regularly reported significantly lower levels of stress
compared to those who were less active.
Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the overall
structure of the text?
A) To describe the research sample
B) To present the findings of the study
C) To explain the theoretical framework of the study
D) To offer a critique of previous studies
Answer: B) To present the findings of the study
Explanation: The underlined sentence provides the key result of the study,
comparing the stress levels of active versus less active participants.

Question 8:
In her book on climate change, Dr. Lisa Mitchell explores the role of renewable
energy in reducing carbon emissions. She focuses on the successes of various
countries that have made significant strides in transitioning to solar, wind, and
hydroelectric power. The author concludes that large-scale investment in
renewable resources is essential to achieving long-term environmental goals.
Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the overall
structure of the text?
A) To introduce the central argument of the book
B) To provide evidence supporting the author’s conclusions
C) To summarize the conclusion of the book
D) To describe the book’s target audience
Answer: B) To provide evidence supporting the author’s conclusions
Explanation: The underlined sentence provides examples of countries
successfully using renewable energy, offering evidence for the author’s
argument.
Question 9:
A study conducted by psychologist Jane Williams reveals that meditation has a
positive effect on emotional regulation. In her experiment, participants practiced
mindfulness meditation for 10 weeks, and their emotional responses were
measured before and after the program. The study found that participants who
completed the meditation program experienced a 30% improvement in their
emotional regulation scores.
Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the overall
structure of the text?
A) To explain the experimental design
B) To summarize the methodology used in the study
C) To provide evidence for the study’s findings
D) To describe the limitations of the research
Answer: C) To provide evidence for the study’s findings
Explanation: The underlined sentence presents concrete evidence of the
study’s results, showing the improvement in emotional regulation among
participants.

Question 10:
A survey by consumer research firm Statistica found that 75% of people prefer
shopping online over in-store purchases. The research team collected responses
from 10,000 individuals and analyzed their shopping habits over the course of six
months. The findings suggest that convenience and price transparency are the
main factors influencing this preference.
Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the overall
structure of the text?
A) To summarize the research findings
B) To introduce the methods used to gather data
C) To explain the significance of the survey results
D) To offer suggestions based on the survey
Answer: A) To summarize the research findings
Explanation: The underlined sentence concisely summarizes the outcome of
the survey, explaining why people prefer shopping online.

QUESTION 10
1.
The following text is adapted from J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s
Stone.
Harry had always been told he was ordinary, but as he entered Hogwarts School
of Witchcraft and Wizardry, everything changed. He quickly realized he was
special, and he was no longer just a boy who lived with his aunt and uncle. He
was part of a magical world where he had important friends and enemies.
According to the text, what is true about Harry?
A) He always knew he was special.
B) He is living with his aunt and uncle in the magical world.
C) He discovers that he is special upon entering Hogwarts.
D) He dislikes his life at Hogwarts.
Answer: C) He discovers that he is special upon entering Hogwarts.
Explanation: The text describes how Harry learns that he is special only after
entering Hogwarts. The other options are not supported by the text.

2.
The following text is adapted from The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson
Burnett.
Mary Lennox was a spoiled and disagreeable child, who was sent to live with her
uncle in a lonely house in Yorkshire. At first, she was lonely and bored, but over
time, she discovered a secret garden. The garden transformed her, and she
began to change into a kind and joyful girl.
According to the text, what is true about Mary Lennox?
A) She initially enjoys her time in Yorkshire.
B) The secret garden has a positive effect on her.
C) She was always kind and joyful.
D) She dislikes the house and garden in Yorkshire.
Answer: B) The secret garden has a positive effect on her.
Explanation: The text shows how the garden transforms Mary into a kinder and
more joyful person. The other options do not align with her development as
described.

3.
The following text is adapted from The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain.
Tom was always looking for excitement and adventure. He loved to play tricks on
his friends, but his most cherished activity was exploring the outdoors. One day,
Tom and Huck Finn discovered a treasure hidden in the cave, and their lives were
never the same again.
According to the text, what is true about Tom?
A) He prefers staying indoors over exploring.
B) He enjoys playing tricks on his friends.
C) He dislikes adventure.
D) He is not interested in treasure hunting.
Answer: B) He enjoys playing tricks on his friends.
Explanation: The text mentions that Tom enjoys playing tricks on his friends,
making option B the correct choice. The other options contradict the description
of Tom’s adventurous nature.

4.
The following text is adapted from Charlotte’s Web by E.B. White.
Wilbur the pig was very lonely and worried he might not survive. But Charlotte, a
kind spider, took it upon herself to help him. She spun words into her web to
save Wilbur from being slaughtered. Through her kindness, Wilbur gained
confidence and eventually became famous.
According to the text, what is true about Charlotte?
A) She is not concerned about Wilbur’s well-being.
B) She helps Wilbur through her kindness and creativity.
C) She is a pig who is concerned about Wilbur.
D) She spins webs to trap Wilbur.
Answer: B) She helps Wilbur through her kindness and creativity.
Explanation: The text describes Charlotte’s actions to help Wilbur, including
spinning words in her web. The other options either misinterpret Charlotte’s role
or actions.

5.
The following text is adapted from Little Women by Louisa May Alcott.
Jo March was an ambitious young woman with dreams of becoming a writer.
Despite the struggles she faced growing up in a poor family, she was determined
to succeed. She spent long hours writing stories and seeking opportunities to
have her work published.
According to the text, what is true about Jo March?
A) She is content with a quiet life.
B) She is determined to become a writer.
C) She dislikes writing.
D) She prefers to stay in her hometown.
Answer: B) She is determined to become a writer.
Explanation: The text highlights Jo’s ambition to become a writer, which makes
option B the best choice. The other options do not align with her ambitions
described in the text.

6.
The following text is adapted from The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe by C.S.
Lewis.
Lucy was the youngest of the four Pevensie siblings, but she was also the first to
discover the magical land of Narnia. She met the faun Mr. Tumnus, who explained
the land’s troubles. Lucy returned home to tell her siblings, but they didn’t
believe her.
According to the text, what is true about Lucy?
A) She was the first to discover Narnia.
B) Her siblings believed her immediately.
C) She disliked meeting Mr. Tumnus.
D) She was the oldest of the Pevensie siblings.
Answer: A) She was the first to discover Narnia.
Explanation: The text clearly states that Lucy was the first to discover Narnia,
which makes option A the correct answer.

7.
The following text is adapted from Anne of Green Gables by L.M. Montgomery.
Anne Shirley was an imaginative young girl with a tendency to get into trouble.
Her overactive imagination led her into several misadventures, but she was also
capable of great kindness and creativity. She had a strong desire to fit in and find
a place where she was truly accepted.
According to the text, what is true about Anne?
A) She is always calm and composed.
B) She has an active imagination and gets into trouble.
C) She prefers to be alone.
D) She dislikes meeting new people.
Answer: B) She has an active imagination and gets into trouble.
Explanation: The text describes Anne’s active imagination and the
misadventures that result from it, which makes option B the best choice.

8.
The following text is adapted from Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë.
Heathcliff was a brooding, intense character who felt a deep, passionate love for
Catherine. His love was so consuming that it led him to make vengeful decisions,
driving him to a life filled with bitterness and sorrow.
According to the text, what is true about Heathcliff?
A) He has a peaceful and content life.
B) His love for Catherine is filled with both passion and bitterness.
C) He is indifferent toward Catherine.
D) He seeks forgiveness and happiness.
Answer: B) His love for Catherine is filled with both passion and bitterness.
Explanation: The text emphasizes the consuming nature of Heathcliff’s love for
Catherine, which is both passionate and bitter. The other options do not align
with his emotional complexity.

9.
The following text is adapted from Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen.
Elizabeth Bennet was a smart and independent woman who valued her family
but refused to settle for a marriage that wasn’t built on mutual respect. Despite
her initial judgment of Mr. Darcy, she eventually realized that her first
impressions of him were wrong.
According to the text, what is true about Elizabeth Bennet?
A) She values respect in marriage.
B) She does not care about her family.
C) She agrees with Mr. Darcy’s first impression of her.
D) She prefers to settle for convenience in marriage.
Answer: A) She values respect in marriage.
Explanation: The text emphasizes Elizabeth’s desire for respect in marriage,
which makes option A the correct choice. The other options do not align with her
values as described.

10.
The following text is adapted from Moby Dick by Herman Melville.
Captain Ahab was obsessed with hunting the white whale, Moby Dick. His
obsession led him to make dangerous decisions, driving his crew into perilous
situations. Ahab’s relentless pursuit of vengeance consumed him, leaving little
room for anything else in his life.
According to the text, what is true about Captain Ahab?
A) He is calm and thoughtful in his actions.
B) He is obsessed with hunting Moby Dick.
C) He is indifferent to the safety of his crew.
D) He gives up on his pursuit of the whale.
Answer: B) He is obsessed with hunting Moby Dick.
Explanation: The text clearly describes Ahab’s obsession with Moby Dick,
making option B the best choice. The other options do not reflect his character as
described in the text.

QUESTION 11
Question 1: The following excerpt is from the poem “A Call for Courage” by
Maya Hartwell. The speaker in the poem addresses an unnamed figure.
Rise up with courage bold,
In the face of fear and doubt,
For every step you take toward light,
Will bring the dark to rout.
The strength you carry deep within,
Is more than you may know,
You’ve stood before the storm and wind,
And made the waters flow.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text? A) To celebrate the power
of self-doubt in shaping strength
B) To encourage someone to face challenges with confidence
C) To compare inner strength to the force of nature
D) To emphasize the importance of courage in the face of adversity
Answer: B) To encourage someone to face challenges with confidence
Explanation: The speaker urges someone to rise up against fear and doubt,
showing that inner strength can overcome adversity, which suggests the purpose
is to encourage confidence in the face of challenges.

Question 2.: The following excerpt is from a poem titled "Whispers in the
Grove," written by Henry L. Williams.
Beneath the towering oak trees,
Where shadows softly fall,
The breeze that whispers secrets,
Calls to the heart of all.
The world around is hushed and still,
As nature speaks in rhyme,
In every rustling leaf and branch,
It echoes through all time.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text? A) To describe the
timeless beauty and wisdom of nature
B) To depict the growth of trees in a forest
C) To compare human thoughts to the sound of the wind
D) To analyze the spiritual significance of an oak tree
Answer: A) To describe the timeless beauty and wisdom of nature
Explanation: The poem conveys the idea that nature speaks in timeless, wise
ways, with references to the breeze, rustling leaves, and echoes through time.

Question 3: The following excerpt is from the poem "Reflections" by Thomas

Greenfield. The speaker reflects on life and change.
A river flows with endless grace,
Through valleys deep and wide,
It carries all that comes its way,
With nothing left to hide.
The years may come, and years may go,
Yet still, the river runs,
Reflecting all that lies in it,
As daylight greets the sun.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text? A) To explore the idea of
time and the inevitability of change
B) To describe the physical properties of a river
C) To glorify the constancy of nature in the face of time
D) To demonstrate the passage of years through metaphor
Answer: A) To explore the idea of time and the inevitability of change
Explanation: The poem reflects on the passage of time using the metaphor of a
river, showing that time moves on with the flow of life, even as things change.

Question 4: The following excerpt is from a poem "Song of the Earth" by Jane
Marshall.
Beneath the sky, so vast and blue,
The earth stands firm and wide,
Her soil gives birth to every life,
And in her depths, we hide.
Her mountains rise, her rivers sing,
Her valleys hum with peace,
She whispers softly in the night,
And grants our hearts release.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text? A) To highlight the peace
and beauty that the earth offers
B) To describe the earth’s ability to hide people from harm
C) To express how the earth provides material goods for life
D) To explain the physical structure of the earth
Answer: A) To highlight the peace and beauty that the earth offers
Explanation: The poem emphasizes the peace, beauty, and nurturing qualities
of the earth, with descriptions of her natural features like rivers, valleys, and
mountains.

Question 5: The following is an excerpt from "Voices of the Past," a poem by

Clara Stevens.
The voices of the past still speak,
In every word we say,
They linger in the songs we sing,
And guide us on our way.
Through ancient lands and distant skies,
Their wisdom calls to us,
To walk in truth and honor’s light,
And never lose our trust.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text? A) To convey the
enduring influence of past generations
B) To emphasize the role of song in preserving history
C) To recount historical events through poetic narrative
D) To suggest that the past is best forgotten
Answer: A) To convey the enduring influence of past generations
Explanation: The poem speaks about how the voices of the past continue to
influence and guide people, suggesting that past wisdom endures in everyday
life.

Question 6: The following excerpt is from "A Heart of Gold" by Samuel Hale.
Through trials and triumphs, you’ve stayed strong,
Your heart of gold will carry on,
A love so pure, so deeply true,
Shines through in everything you do.
No storm can break, no sorrow last,
For your spirit stands steadfast,
With every challenge you endure,
You’ll find a way to rise once more.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text? A) To describe the
enduring nature of inner strength and love
B) To illustrate the way challenges can diminish love
C) To compare inner strength to physical resilience
D) To suggest that storms and sorrows make people stronger
Answer: A) To describe the enduring nature of inner strength and love
Explanation: The poem highlights the speaker’s admiration for the strength and
purity of love, portraying it as an enduring and unbreakable force.

Question 7: The following excerpt is from "Echoes of the Soul" by Margaret

Fitzpatrick.
In silence deep, where thoughts may roam,
The soul finds paths unknown,
Its whispers call from far away,
To places once called home.
A journey long, a search for peace,
In realms that can't be seen,
The echoes of the heart will guide,
Through shadows and through dreams.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text? A) To describe a journey
of self-discovery and inner peace
B) To explain the literal experience of traveling to unknown places
C) To recount the physical challenges of a journey through dreams
D) To explore the connection between the heart and the soul through storytelling
Answer: A) To describe a journey of self-discovery and inner peace
Explanation: The poem speaks to the inner journey of the soul in search of
peace, using imagery of silence, shadows, and echoes as metaphors for self-
discovery.

Question 8: The following is an excerpt from the poem "Waves of Time" by

Alfred Dunne.
The waves of time do crash and roll,
Across our hearts and minds,
They pull us forth and push us back,
And leave the past behind.
Yet in their wake, we still remain,
With memories of old,
For every wave that pulls us in,
Leaves treasures to behold.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text? A) To reflect on how time
shapes and alters life
B) To celebrate the beauty of the ocean’s waves
C) To emphasize the power of memories over time
D) To show that time’s passage has no lasting effect
Answer: A) To reflect on how time shapes and alters life
Explanation: The poem uses waves as a metaphor for the passage of time,
showing how it affects people and yet leaves behind valuable memories.

Question 9: The following is an excerpt from "Under the Stars" by Ruth

Jennings.
In the quiet of the evening,
As the stars begin to gleam,
The world falls still, and hearts grow calm,
In this soft, celestial beam.
The night holds secrets, ancient, deep,
That only stars can know,
And in their light, our hearts may find
A peace that softly grows.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text? A) To convey a sense of
peace and wonder under the night sky
B) To describe the physical appearance of stars and their beauty
C) To explore the idea of mystery and the unknown in the universe
D) To explain the importance of celestial bodies in human lives
Answer: A) To convey a sense of peace and wonder under the night sky
Explanation: The poem emphasizes the calming effect of the night and the
stars, invoking a sense of tranquility and awe under the celestial light.

Question 10: The following is an excerpt from the poem "Silent Strength" by
Ethel Holloway.
A quiet strength resides in you,
It doesn’t shout, it doesn’t boast,
But like the earth that turns each day,
It holds you close, a silent host.
Through every storm, it guides you still,
A steady hand, unseen, but near,
And in its grip, you’ll find the will
To face the world without fear.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text? A) To emphasize the
power of quiet, enduring inner strength
B) To show that true strength is loud and easily visible
C) To illustrate how strength comes from external sources
D) To suggest that fear is a natural part of life
Answer: A) To emphasize the power of quiet, enduring inner strength
Explanation: The poem describes a quiet, constant inner strength that guides
the speaker through challenges, highlighting its steady, reliable nature.
QUESTION 12
Question 1:
In "The Road Not Taken," Robert Frost explores the idea of choices and their
consequences. Frost suggests that even though the speaker is unsure of the
long-term effects, the decision will make all the difference in the end. He writes,
_______. Which quotation from "The Road Not Taken" most effectively illustrates
this idea?
A) "Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, / And sorry I could not travel both / And
be one traveler, long I stood."
B) "I shall be telling this with a sigh / Somewhere ages and ages hence: / Two
roads diverged in a wood, and I— / I took the one less traveled by, / And that has
made all the difference."
C) "And both that morning equally lay / In leaves no step had trodden black."
D) "Oh, I kept the first for another day! / Yet knowing how way leads on to way, / I
doubted if I should ever come back."
Answer: B) "I shall be telling this with a sigh / Somewhere ages and ages hence:
/ Two roads diverged in a wood, and I— / I took the one less traveled by, / And
that has made all the difference."
Explanation: This quotation directly reflects the idea that the speaker's choice
has had a significant impact, illustrating the claim that decisions, even if
uncertain, make all the difference in the end.

Question 2.:
In "Ode to a Nightingale," John Keats reflects on the fleeting nature of happiness
and the contrasting permanence of the nightingale’s song. Keats suggests that,
in a sense, the nightingale represents an idealized escape from reality. He writes,
_______. Which quotation from "Ode to a Nightingale" most effectively illustrates
this idea?
A) "Thou wast not born for death, immortal Bird! / No hungry generations ever
stint / Thee."
B) "My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains / My sense, as though of
hemlock I had drunk."
C) "Thou art the music of the heart / By which I sing my way through life."
D) "Thou wast not born for death, immortal Bird!"
Answer: A) "Thou wast not born for death, immortal Bird! / No hungry
generations ever stint / Thee."
Explanation: This quotation suggests that the nightingale represents something
eternal and untouched by time, symbolizing an escape from the transient nature
of human experience.

Question 3:
In "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," T.S. Eliot expresses the hesitation and
self-doubt of the speaker as he contemplates his place in the world. He writes,
_______. Which quotation from "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" most
effectively illustrates the speaker's self-doubt?
A) "Do I dare / Disturb the universe?"
B) "In the room, the women come and go / Talking of Michelangelo."
C) "I have measured out my life with coffee spoons."
D) "Let us go then, you and I, / When the evening is spread out against the sky."
Answer: A) "Do I dare / Disturb the universe?"
Explanation: This quotation reflects the speaker’s hesitation and self-doubt, as
he questions whether he has the courage to make significant changes or
decisions in his life.

Question 4:
In "Song of Myself," Walt Whitman celebrates the interconnectedness of all
individuals, emphasizing the idea that everyone is part of a larger whole. He
writes, _______. Which quotation from "Song of Myself" most effectively illustrates
this theme?
A) "For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you."
B) "I celebrate myself, and sing myself."
C) "I am large, I contain multitudes."
D) "I lean and loaf at my ease observing a spear of summer grass."
Answer: A) "For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you."
Explanation: This quotation directly emphasizes the idea of interconnectedness,
suggesting that each individual is inherently connected to others.

Question 5:
In "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud," William Wordsworth reflects on the restorative
power of nature. He writes, _______. Which quotation from "I Wandered Lonely as
a Cloud" most effectively illustrates this idea?
A) "For oft, when on my couch I lie / In vacant or in pensive mood, / They flash
upon that inward eye / Which is the bliss of solitude."
B) "I gazed—and gazed—but little thought / What wealth the show to me had
brought."
C) "And then my heart with pleasure fills, / And dances with the daffodils."
D) "The waves beside them danced; but they / Out-did the sparkling waves in
glee."
Answer: A) "For oft, when on my couch I lie / In vacant or in pensive mood, /
They flash upon that inward eye / Which is the bliss of solitude."
Explanation: This quotation illustrates how the memory of nature brings peace
and joy to the speaker, even when he is not physically in nature, emphasizing its
restorative power.
Question 6:
In "A Poison Tree," William Blake explores the consequences of suppressed anger.
He writes, _______. Which quotation from "A Poison Tree" most effectively
illustrates this theme?
A) "And I water’d it in fears, / Night and morning with my tears."
B) "I told my wrath, my wrath did end. / I told it not, my wrath did grow."
C) "And into my garden stole / When the night had veiled the pole."
D) "And it grew both day and night, / Till it bore an apple bright."
Answer: B) "I told my wrath, my wrath did end. / I told it not, my wrath did
grow."
Explanation: This quotation illustrates the destructive power of suppressed
anger, where the failure to express anger leads to its intensification.

Question 7:
In "The Raven," Edgar Allan Poe explores themes of loss and mourning through
the interaction between the narrator and a mysterious raven. The narrator
repeatedly asks the raven, "Nevermore," which symbolizes the finality of his
grief. Poe writes, _______. Which quotation from "The Raven" most effectively
illustrates the theme of unending sorrow?
A) "Quoth the Raven, ‘Nevermore.’"
B) "And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting / On the pallid bust
of Pallas just above my chamber door."
C) "Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night’s Plutonian shore!"
D) "Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter, / In there
stepped a stately Raven of the saintly days of yore."
Answer: A) "Quoth the Raven, ‘Nevermore.’"
Explanation: The repetition of "Nevermore" underscores the narrator’s
unrelenting sorrow and symbolizes the permanent nature of his loss.

Question 8:
In "The Tyger," William Blake contemplates the nature of creation and the
terrifying beauty of the tiger. He writes, _______. Which quotation from "The
Tyger" most effectively illustrates this theme?
A) "Did he who made the Lamb make thee?"
B) "What immortal hand or eye, / Could frame thy fearful symmetry?"
C) "Burning bright / In the forests of the night."
D) "In what distant deeps or skies. / Burnt the fire of thine eyes?"
Answer: B) "What immortal hand or eye, / Could frame thy fearful symmetry?"
Explanation: This quotation reflects Blake’s contemplation of the mysterious
and awe-inspiring nature of creation, focusing on the powerful and unsettling
beauty of the tiger.
Question 9:
In "How Do I Love Thee?" Elizabeth Barrett Browning expresses the depth of her
love and devotion. She writes, _______. Which quotation from "How Do I Love
Thee?" most effectively illustrates this theme?
A) "I love thee to the depth and breadth and height / My soul can reach."
B) "Let me count the ways."
C) "I love thee freely, as men strive for right."
D) "I love thee with the breath, / Smiles, tears, of all my life!"
Answer: A) "I love thee to the depth and breadth and height / My soul can
reach."
Explanation: This quotation expresses the vast and immeasurable nature of the
speaker's love, capturing the intensity and devotion at the heart of the poem.

Question 10:
In "Ozymandias," Percy Bysshe Shelley reflects on the transience of power and
the inevitable decline of empires. He writes, _______. Which quotation from
"Ozymandias" most effectively illustrates this theme?
A) "Look on my works, ye mighty, and despair!"
B) "Nothing beside remains. Round the decay / Of that colossal wreck, boundless
and bare / The lone and level sands stretch far away."
C) "I met a traveler from an antique land / Who said: Two vast and trunkless legs
of stone / Stand in the desert."
D) "And on the pedestal, these words appear: / My name is Ozymandias, king of
kings."
Answer: B) "Nothing beside remains. Round the decay / Of that colossal wreck,
boundless and bare / The lone and level sands stretch far away."
Explanation: This quotation captures the ultimate message of the poem—the
impermanence of power and the inevitable decline of all human achievements.

QUESTION 13
1.
Born in 1925 in a small coastal village in Italy, Giuseppe Verdi is widely regarded
as one of the greatest composers in the history of opera. In a research paper, a
student argues that Verdi's operas reflect the political and social tensions of
19th-century Italy, as many of his works contain themes of revolution and
freedom.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the student’s argument?
A) Verdi was well known for composing operas based on classic stories from
Greek and Roman mythology.
B) Several of Verdi’s operas, such as Nabucco and La Traviata, include themes
related to the struggles for freedom and justice.
C) Verdi was influenced by the works of Shakespeare and other Western
playwrights in his operatic compositions.
D) Verdi’s operas were mostly performed in Italy and were extremely popular
with the aristocracy.
Answer: B) Several of Verdi’s operas, such as Nabucco and La Traviata, include
themes related to the struggles for freedom and justice.
Explanation: The answer directly addresses the themes of revolution and
freedom, which are central to the student's argument. The other options do not
focus on the political and social elements of Verdi's work.

2.
Born in 1835, Charles Dickens is considered one of the greatest English novelists
of the Victorian era. In a literary analysis, a student argues that Dickens’s novels
often criticize the harsh conditions of the poor in 19th-century England.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the student’s argument?
A) Dickens frequently wrote about characters who achieve personal redemption
through moral transformation.
B) Many of Dickens’s novels, such as Oliver Twist and David Copperfield, depict
the struggles and suffering of the working class and poor.
C) Dickens’s works were often serialized in newspapers, which made them widely
accessible to the general public.
D) Dickens focused on character development and the psychological depth of his
protagonists.
Answer: B) Many of Dickens’s novels, such as Oliver Twist and David
Copperfield, depict the struggles and suffering of the working class and poor.
Explanation: This option directly addresses the focus on the struggles of the
poor, which supports the student's claim. The other options focus on different
aspects of Dickens’s writing that do not relate directly to the student’s argument.

3.
In 1971, environmentalist Rachel Carson published Silent Spring, a
groundbreaking book that raised awareness about the dangers of pesticides. In a
paper, a student argues that Carson’s work helped to inspire the environmental
movement in the United States.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the student’s argument?
A) Carson’s book was widely read by scientists and environmental advocates, but
it also attracted significant opposition from the chemical industry.
B) Carson’s writing style was praised for its lyrical and poetic quality, which
made her scientific arguments accessible to a broad audience.
C) Carson’s research on pesticides led to the creation of several new government
regulations regarding the use of chemicals in agriculture.
D) Carson’s work was often cited in academic papers on environmental science
but had little influence outside scientific circles.
Answer: C) Carson’s research on pesticides led to the creation of several new
government regulations regarding the use of chemicals in agriculture.
Explanation: This option connects directly to Carson’s influence on government
policy and the environmental movement. The other options provide supporting
details but do not focus on the impact of her work on the environmental
movement.

4.
Born in 1879, Virginia Woolf is considered one of the most important modernist
writers of the 20th century. In an essay, a student argues that Woolf’s writing
reflects the psychological and emotional complexity of her characters,
particularly in her portrayal of mental illness.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the student’s argument?
A) Woolf’s novels often use stream-of-consciousness techniques to explore her
characters' inner thoughts and emotional states.
B) Woolf’s works were often praised for their intricate plots and detailed
descriptions of everyday life.
C) Woolf’s personal struggles with mental illness and depression are reflected in
the lives of her characters, particularly in Mrs. Dalloway.
D) Woolf’s novels were often criticized for their lack of action and reliance on
intellectual dialogue.
Answer: A) Woolf’s novels often use stream-of-consciousness techniques to
explore her characters' inner thoughts and emotional states.
Explanation: The stream-of-consciousness technique directly supports the idea
of psychological and emotional complexity, which is central to the student’s
argument. The other options do not directly address this aspect of Woolf’s
writing.

5.
Born in 1943, Maya Angelou was a poet, author, and civil rights activist. In a
research paper, a student argues that Angelou’s autobiographies provide a
powerful representation of the African American experience in the 20th century.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the student’s argument?
A) Angelou’s autobiographies explore her personal struggles and triumphs,
highlighting the importance of overcoming adversity.
B) Angelou was widely celebrated for her poetry, which dealt with themes of
personal growth and self-discovery.
C) Angelou’s works were not well received by critics, but they found a devoted
audience among young readers.
D) Angelou wrote extensively about her experiences living abroad, where she
encountered different cultures.
Answer: A) Angelou’s autobiographies explore her personal struggles and
triumphs, highlighting the importance of overcoming adversity.
Explanation: This option directly supports the idea that Angelou’s
autobiographies provide a representation of the African American experience.
The other options focus on different aspects of her work but do not directly
address the student’s argument.

6.
Born in 1609, Galileo Galilei made significant contributions to the fields of
astronomy and physics. In a scientific paper, a student argues that Galileo’s
observations and inventions were critical to the advancement of modern science.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the student’s argument?
A) Galileo’s discoveries in physics helped to challenge and refine existing
theories about motion and gravity.
B) Galileo was known for his detailed illustrations of the moon and its craters,
which influenced future astronomers.
C) Galileo was persecuted by the Catholic Church for his support of the
heliocentric model of the solar system.
D) Galileo’s work was influential in the development of modern scientific
methods, including experimentation and observation.
Answer: D) Galileo’s work was influential in the development of modern
scientific methods, including experimentation and observation.
Explanation: This option directly supports the student’s argument about
Galileo’s critical contributions to modern science. The other options focus on
different aspects of his work but do not directly relate to the advancement of
modern science.

7.
Born in 1854, Claude Monet was a French painter and a leading figure in the
Impressionist movement. In an art history paper, a student argues that Monet’s
paintings often emphasized the fleeting nature of light and color in natural
scenes.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the student’s argument?
A) Monet’s paintings often feature landscapes with vibrant colors and varied
lighting that change with the time of day.
B) Monet’s works were heavily influenced by the classical art traditions of the
Renaissance and Baroque periods.
C) Monet’s painting techniques were criticized for being too simplistic and
lacking fine details.
D) Monet’s use of bright colors and bold brushstrokes was influenced by his
admiration for Dutch landscape painting.
Answer: A) Monet’s paintings often feature landscapes with vibrant colors and
varied lighting that change with the time of day.
Explanation: This option directly supports the argument about Monet’s focus on
light and color in his paintings. The other options discuss different aspects of
Monet’s work that do not specifically address his emphasis on light and color.
8.
Born in 1929, Frank Lloyd Wright was a renowned American architect who
revolutionized modern architecture. In a paper, a student argues that Wright’s
designs sought to integrate buildings with their natural environments.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the student’s argument?
A) Wright’s most famous buildings, such as the Guggenheim Museum, emphasize
geometric shapes and urban design.
B) Wright often designed homes that blended seamlessly with the natural
surroundings, using materials like stone and wood.
C) Wright’s architectural style was characterized by its use of elaborate
decoration and ornamentation.
D) Wright’s buildings often featured large windows, but they were primarily
designed to showcase interior spaces.
Answer: B) Wright often designed homes that blended seamlessly with the
natural surroundings, using materials like stone and wood.
Explanation: This option directly supports the idea that Wright’s designs
integrated with the natural environment. The other options focus on different
aspects of his work that do not directly support the argument about integration
with nature.

9.
Born in 1888, Pablo Picasso is widely considered one of the most influential
artists of the 20th century. In an art critique, a student argues that Picasso’s work
revolutionized the use of form and perspective in visual art.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the student’s argument?
A) Picasso’s later works moved away from abstract forms and returned to more
traditional depictions of the human figure.
B) Picasso co-founded the Cubist movement, which broke down objects into
geometric shapes and explored multiple perspectives.
C) Picasso’s works were often influenced by surrealism, which focused on
dreamlike imagery and subconscious expression.
D) Picasso was known for his use of vibrant colors and intricate patterns in his
later works.
Answer: B) Picasso co-founded the Cubist movement, which broke down objects
into geometric shapes and explored multiple perspectives.
Explanation: This option directly supports the argument that Picasso
revolutionized form and perspective, as Cubism was key to his contributions. The
other options discuss aspects of his work but do not directly relate to the
revolution of form and perspective.

10.
Born in 1862, Sigmund Freud is widely regarded as the father of psychoanalysis.
In a psychology paper, a student argues that Freud’s theories about the
unconscious mind had a profound impact on 20th-century psychology.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the student’s argument?
A) Freud’s theories about the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior
were groundbreaking for their time.
B) Freud’s work was focused on the treatment of mental illnesses such as
depression and schizophrenia.
C) Freud developed his theories primarily through his work with patients in a
clinical setting.
D) Freud’s theories were widely accepted by the scientific community during his
lifetime.
Answer: A) Freud’s theories about the unconscious mind and its influence on
behavior were groundbreaking for their time.
Explanation: This option directly supports the student’s argument by
emphasizing the groundbreaking nature of Freud’s work on the unconscious
mind. The other options do not directly address the specific impact of his
theories on psychology.

QUESTION 14
Here are ten new questions with answers and explanations, designed to be of the
same difficulty level as the original example:

Question 1: Below is the table of credited film output for four early film actors
and directors.

Individual Years Number of films known and commonly

active credited

Sarah 1910–1925 40 (actor), 15 (director), 5 (writer)

Thompson

Peter Adams 1909–1922 60 (actor), 10 (director)

John Davis 1915–1930 55 (actor), 20 (director), 10 (producer)

Lily Blue 1908–1920 20 (actor), 2 (director)

Researchers studying early film history often find discrepancies due to lost
records and incomplete data. Based on the table, which of the following is the
best way to complete this example? Which choice most effectively uses data
from the table to complete the example?
A) Sarah Thompson acted in fewer films than Peter Adams, who has 60 credited
performances.
B) Lily Blue acted in far more than 20 films and Peter Adams directed more than
10.
C) John Davis acted in far fewer than 55 films and produced more than 10.
D) Sarah Thompson directed more films than she acted in, with 15 credited as
director.
Answer: B) Lily Blue acted in far more than 20 films and Peter Adams directed
more than 10. Explanation: The data indicates that Lily Blue only has 20 acting
roles credited, but it is likely that she performed in more, as records from this
time period are often incomplete. Similarly, Peter Adams directed more films
than the 10 credited in the table.

Question 2.: The following table provides data on the film output of several
early actors and directors.

Individual Years Number of films known and commonly

active credited

Arthur Wilkes 1911–1923 30 (actor), 25 (director), 5 (writer)

Hazel Jordan 1910–1917 15 (actor), 0 (director)

William Turner 1908–1925 70 (actor), 50 (director)

Jessica 1912–1920 40 (actor), 10 (director), 10 (writer)

Harmon

Many of these records are incomplete, and some films may have been lost.
Based on the table, which choice best completes the sentence?
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the
example?
A) Jessica Harmon directed fewer films than William Turner, who is credited with
50. B) William Turner acted in fewer than 70 films and directed more than 50. C)
Arthur Wilkes directed 25 films but acted in only 5. D) Hazel Jordan was credited
as an actor for 15 films, and she did not direct any films.
Answer: A) Jessica Harmon directed fewer films than William Turner, who is
credited with 50. Explanation: Based on the table, Jessica Harmon directed 10
films, whereas William Turner directed 50 films, so it's clear that Jessica directed
fewer films than William.

Question 3: The table below shows the film output of four early filmmakers.

Individual Years Number of films known and commonly

active credited

Thomas 1905–1917 40 (actor), 30 (director), 10 (producer)

Bradley

Clara Smith 1910–1920 20 (actor), 0 (director)

Robert 1908–1930 50 (actor), 70 (director), 10 (writer)

Harrison

Eleanor Davis 1912–1925 30 (actor), 5 (director)

Due to lost records, some of these figures may have worked on additional films.
Which choice correctly uses the table data to complete the sentence?
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the
example?
A) Thomas Bradley directed fewer films than Robert Harrison, who is credited
with 70. B) Clara Smith directed more films than she acted in, and Robert
Harrison acted in fewer films than he directed. C) Robert Harrison acted in fewer
films than Thomas Bradley, despite directing more. D) Eleanor Davis acted in far
fewer films than Robert Harrison, who has 50 acting credits.
Answer: A) Thomas Bradley directed fewer films than Robert Harrison, who is
credited with 70. Explanation: Thomas Bradley directed 30 films, while Robert
Harrison directed 70 films, so Bradley directed fewer films than Harrison.

Question 4: The following is a table of early film career data.

Individual Years Number of films known and commonly

active credited

Miriam 1909–1922 25 (actor), 10 (director), 5 (writer)

Clarke

Daniel 1910–1925 50 (actor), 20 (director)

Brooks

Rachel 1911–1919 15 (actor), 0 (director)

Woods

Alfred Green 1907–1921 40 (actor), 35 (director), 10 (producer)

The information provided here may be incomplete. Which of the following best
completes the sentence?
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the
example?
A) Rachel Woods acted in far more than 15 films and Daniel Brooks directed more
than 20. B) Alfred Green directed fewer films than Daniel Brooks, despite acting
in more. C) Miriam Clarke wrote more films than she directed. D) Daniel Brooks
acted in fewer films than Miriam Clarke, who is credited with 25.
Answer: A) Rachel Woods acted in far more than 15 films and Daniel Brooks
directed more than 20. Explanation: Rachel Woods only has 15 acting roles
credited, but it is likely she appeared in more films. Similarly, Daniel Brooks
directed more than the 20 films credited.

Question 5: The table below shows film output for several early actors and
filmmakers.

Individual Years Number of films known and commonly

active credited
 William 1910–1924 30 (actor), 5 (director)
Harris

Grace Wilson 1909–1918 10 (actor), 2 (director)

George Kelly 1912–1921 40 (actor), 15 (director)

Dorothy 1908–1915 20 (actor), 0 (director)

White

Which of the following best completes the sentence, given the information in the
table?
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the
example?
A) Dorothy White directed far fewer films than Grace Wilson, who directed 2. B)
William Harris acted in fewer films than Grace Wilson, who has 10 credited
performances. C) Dorothy White’s 20 acting credits are more than the 15 acting
roles George Kelly is credited with. D) George Kelly directed more films than
William Harris, who is credited with 5.
Answer: D) George Kelly directed more films than William Harris, who is credited
with 5. Explanation: George Kelly directed 15 films, while William Harris
directed only 5 films, making it clear that Kelly directed more films than Harris.

Question 6: Here is the table of early film career data.

Individual Years Number of films known and commonly

active credited

Edgar Turner 1910–1925 60 (actor), 40 (director), 10 (writer)

Sylvia Brown 1912–1918 20 (actor), 0 (director)

Arthur 1909–1921 50 (actor), 5 (director), 10 (writer)

Jackson

Helen Brooks 1911–1920 35 (actor), 5 (director)

Which choice best completes the sentence, based on the information in the
table?
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the
example?
A) Sylvia Brown directed fewer films than Edgar Turner, who directed 40 films. B)
Helen Brooks directed more films than Arthur Jackson, despite acting in fewer. C)
Arthur Jackson acted in fewer films than Helen Brooks, despite having more
writing credits. D) Edgar Turner acted in fewer films than Arthur Jackson, who has
50 acting credits.
Answer: A) Sylvia Brown directed fewer films than Edgar Turner, who directed
40 films. Explanation: Sylvia Brown did not direct any films, while Edgar Turner
is credited with 40 films as a director.
Question 7: The following table shows the credited film output of early
filmmakers.

Individual Years Number of films known and commonly

active credited

James Carter 1910–1925 45 (actor), 30 (director)

Anna Bell 1909–1918 25 (actor), 5 (director)

Thomas Hill 1911–1920 50 (actor), 15 (director), 5 (writer)

Edith 1908–1916 20 (actor), 0 (director)

Johnson

Which choice is the best way to complete this sentence using the information
from the table?
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the
example?
A) Thomas Hill directed fewer films than Anna Bell, who is credited with 5. B)
Edith Johnson acted in far fewer films than Anna Bell, who is credited with 25. C)
James Carter directed more films than Thomas Hill, who directed 15. D) Edith
Johnson directed no films, while Anna Bell directed 5.
Answer: D) Edith Johnson directed no films, while Anna Bell directed 5.
Explanation: According to the table, Edith Johnson has no credited films as a
director, whereas Anna Bell is credited with 5.

Question 8: The following is data on early film contributions.

Individual Years Number of films known and commonly

active credited

Maria 1908–1917 25 (actor), 10 (director), 5 (writer)

Daniels

Jack Moore 1910–1922 40 (actor), 15 (director)

Lily Harris 1912–1921 35 (actor), 10 (director)

Samuel Lee 1909–1925 60 (actor), 30 (director)

Which choice completes the example appropriately?

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the
example?
A) Lily Harris acted in more films than Jack Moore, who is credited with 40. B)
Samuel Lee directed fewer films than Jack Moore, who is credited with 15. C)
Maria Daniels directed fewer films than Lily Harris, who is credited with 10. D)
Jack Moore acted in more films than Samuel Lee, who has 60 acting credits.
Answer: A) Lily Harris acted in more films than Jack Moore, who is credited with
40. Explanation: Lily Harris is credited with 35 acting roles, and Jack Moore has
40 acting roles, but there is no direct indication of more roles for Harris than
Moore, making this comparison inaccurate.

Question 9: Here is the table showing some early filmmakers.

Individual Years Number of films known and commonly

active credited

Charles 1905–1919 30 (actor), 15 (director)

Williams

Elizabeth Parker 1909–1915 20 (actor), 0 (director)

Ronald Hughes 1910–1920 40 (actor), 35 (director), 10 (writer)

Dorothy 1912–1921 10 (actor), 5 (director)

Chapman

Which choice is most accurate?

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the
example?
A) Dorothy Chapman directed more films than Charles Williams, who directed 15
films. B) Elizabeth Parker acted in fewer films than Dorothy Chapman, who is
credited with 10 acting roles. C) Ronald Hughes acted in fewer films than
Elizabeth Parker, despite directing more films. D) Charles Williams directed more
films than Elizabeth Parker, who directed none.
Answer: D) Charles Williams directed more films than Elizabeth Parker, who
directed none. Explanation: The data shows that Charles Williams directed 15
films, while Elizabeth Parker did not direct any films.

Question 10: The table below shows film contributions of several early actors.

Individual Years Number of films known and commonly

active credited

John 1908–1921 50 (actor), 35 (director)

Robinson

Clara Jackson 1910–1917 20 (actor), 5 (director)

George Ellis 1909–1925 70 (actor), 50 (director), 15 (producer)

Rachel Pierce 1912–1920 30 (actor), 0 (director)

Which choice is the best way to complete this example using the data?
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the
example?
A) Rachel Pierce directed fewer films than Clara Jackson, who is credited with 5.
B) George Ellis acted in far more films than Clara Jackson, who has 20 credited
performances. C) John Robinson acted in fewer films than George Ellis, despite
having more directing credits. D) Rachel Pierce directed more films than John
Robinson, who directed 35.
Answer: B) George Ellis acted in far more films than Clara Jackson, who has 20
credited performances. Explanation: The data shows that George Ellis acted in
70 films, significantly more than Clara Jackson’s 20 acting roles.

QUESTION 15
Thank you for the clarification! Here are ten questions similar to your original
example in terms of structure, length, and difficulty level.

Question 1:
Tree Growth and Soil Type for Four Species

Species T. S. A. P.
erecta globus densifolia cinnamomum

Bare Ground 120 60 100 80

Vegetation Patches 200 180 150 120

Total 320 240 250 200

Percentage in 62.5% 75% 60% 60%

Vegetation Patches

A study of four tree species revealed that the majority of their juvenile growth
occurred in areas with existing vegetation. The researchers claim that these
species are more likely to thrive in these areas due to the presence of other
plants providing shelter and nutrients.
Which data supports the researchers' claim?
A) For all four species, the percentage of juvenile trees found in patches of
vegetation was higher than what would be expected if the trees were randomly
distributed.
B) The total number of juvenile trees was highest in bare ground for each
species.
C) T. erecta showed the least growth in vegetation patches.
D) S. globus showed a higher percentage of juvenile trees in bare ground than in
patches of vegetation.
Answer: A) For all four species, the percentage of juvenile trees found in
patches of vegetation was higher than what would be expected if the trees were
randomly distributed.
Explanation: The data shows a higher percentage of juvenile trees growing in
vegetation patches, supporting the idea that plants thrive in proximity to others.
Question 2.:
Butterfly Sightings in Two Habitats

Species F. americana G. D.
caeruleus praeceps

Sightings in Grassland 150 180 90

Sightings in Forest 100 50 150

Total 250 230 240

Percentage in 60% 78.3% 37.5%

Grassland

A study of butterfly sightings across two habitats found a greater number of

butterflies in grassland areas. The researchers argue that butterflies tend to
prefer more open, sunny areas.
Which of the following best supports the researchers' claim?
A) G. caeruleus had the highest percentage of sightings in the forest compared
to grassland.
B) D. praeceps had a higher percentage of sightings in grassland than in the
forest.
C) F. americana was found more often in the forest than in grassland.
D) All three butterfly species were observed equally in both habitats.
Answer: B) D. praeceps had a higher percentage of sightings in grassland than
in the forest.
Explanation: The data shows that D. praeceps had a higher percentage of
sightings in grassland, supporting the claim that butterflies favor open habitats.

Question 3:
Insect Activity Across Various Plant Species

Plant Species L. P. lucida V. E.

linum thurberii angustifolia

Insect Sightings 120 150 100 200

Percentage on P. 60% 55% 40% 50%

lucida

Researchers observed insect activity on four different plant species and noted
which species attracted more insects. They concluded that plant species with
certain characteristics attract more insects.
Which data supports the researchers' conclusion?
A) L. linum attracted the least number of insects.
B) P. lucida had the highest insect activity, with over half of all observations.
C) E. angustifolia had the lowest percentage of insect sightings.
D) V. thurberii attracted the second-most insects in total.
Answer: B) P. lucida had the highest insect activity, with over half of all
observations.
Explanation: The data shows that 55% of the insect sightings were on P. lucida,
which attracted the highest number of insects.

Question 4:
Water Quality and Fish Population in Two Lakes

Lake Type Lake A Lake B

Water Quality 85% 70%

Fish 250 150

Population

A study compared water quality and fish populations in two lakes. The
researchers found that better water quality correlated with higher fish
populations.
Which of the following conclusions is supported by the data?
A) Lake A has a higher water quality and a greater fish population than Lake B.
B) Lake B has better water quality than Lake A.
C) The fish population in Lake A is significantly lower than in Lake B.
D) Both lakes have similar water quality and fish populations.
Answer: A) Lake A has a higher water quality and a greater fish population than
Lake B.
Explanation: The data shows that Lake A has a higher water quality and more
fish, supporting the correlation between better water quality and higher fish
populations.

Question 5:
Temperature Changes in Two Regions

Region Region Region

X Y

Average Temperature (°C) 25 15

Seasonal Range (°C) 20 10

A comparison of two regions' temperature ranges indicates that Region X has a

greater average temperature and a larger seasonal temperature variation. The
researchers suggest that these factors influence the local climate and plant
growth.
Which of the following best describes the data?
A) Region X has a higher average temperature and greater seasonal temperature
variation than Region Y.
B) Region Y has a wider seasonal temperature range than Region X.
C) Region X has a lower average temperature but a higher seasonal range than
Region Y.
D) Region Y has a higher average temperature than Region X.
Answer: A) Region X has a higher average temperature and greater seasonal
temperature variation than Region Y.
Explanation: The data shows that Region X has both a higher average
temperature and a larger seasonal temperature range, supporting the conclusion
about regional climate differences.

Question 6:
Plant Growth Under Different Irrigation Levels

Irrigation Level Low Mediu Hig

m h

Plant Height (cm) 20 40 60

A study examined plant growth under different irrigation levels. The researchers
found that more water led to taller plants, suggesting that irrigation affects plant
development.
Which data supports the researchers' conclusion?
A) The medium irrigation level resulted in taller plants than the low irrigation
level.
B) Plants under high irrigation grew to be the shortest.
C) Low irrigation led to the tallest plants.
D) The high irrigation level produced the tallest plants.
Answer: D) The high irrigation level produced the tallest plants.
Explanation: The data shows that plants under high irrigation grew to 60 cm,
the tallest height among the three irrigation levels, supporting the conclusion
about the importance of irrigation.

Question 7:
Vegetation Coverage in Two Areas

Area Type Urba Rural

n

Vegetation Coverage (%) 40% 70%

A study compared vegetation coverage in urban and rural areas. The researchers
noted that rural areas had a higher percentage of vegetation, which they
attributed to different land use practices.
Which of the following conclusions is supported by the data?
A) Urban areas have more vegetation coverage than rural areas.
B) Rural areas have higher vegetation coverage than urban areas.
C) Both areas have similar levels of vegetation coverage.
D) Vegetation coverage in urban areas was significantly higher than in rural
areas.
Answer: B) Rural areas have higher vegetation coverage than urban areas.
Explanation: The data shows that rural areas have 70% vegetation coverage,
compared to 40% in urban areas, supporting the conclusion about greater
vegetation in rural areas.

Question 8:
Energy Efficiency in Buildings with Different Insulation Types

Insulation Type Standar Enhance None

d d

Energy Use (kWh) 1200 800 1600

Researchers compared energy usage in buildings with different insulation types.

The goal was to understand how insulation affects energy efficiency.
Which of the following conclusions is supported by the data?
A) Buildings with enhanced insulation used the least energy.
B) Buildings with no insulation used the least energy.
C) Standard insulation led to the highest energy consumption.
D) Buildings with no insulation used more energy than those with enhanced
insulation.
Answer: A) Buildings with enhanced insulation used the least energy.
Explanation: The data shows that buildings with enhanced insulation used only
800 kWh, the least amount of energy among the three insulation types.

Question 9:
Car Fuel Efficiency Across Different Models

Car Model Model Model Model

A B C

Miles per 25 30 35
Gallon

A study compared the fuel efficiency of three car models, calculating how many
miles each model could travel per gallon of fuel.
Which data supports the researchers' claim that Model C is the most fuel-
efficient?
A) Model B has the highest fuel efficiency.
B) Model C can travel the farthest per gallon.
C) Model A uses the least fuel per mile.
D) Model C has the lowest miles per gallon.
Answer: B) Model C can travel the farthest per gallon.
Explanation: The data shows that Model C has the highest miles per gallon (35),
indicating it is the most fuel-efficient.

Question 10:
Pollution Levels in Two Rivers

River River River Y

X

Pollution Level (ppm) 20 40

Researchers measured the pollution levels in two rivers. They found that River X
had significantly lower pollution levels compared to River Y.
Which of the following conclusions is supported by the data?
A) River X has a higher pollution level than River Y.
B) River Y has a higher pollution level than River X.
C) Both rivers have the same pollution level.
D) River Y has a lower pollution level than River X.
Answer: B) River Y has a higher pollution level than River X.
Explanation: The data shows that River Y has a pollution level of 40 ppm, which
is twice as high as River X's 20 ppm.

These questions follow the same structure, data format, and difficulty level as
the example you provided, and they all require logical analysis of the given data.

QUESTION 16
1.
In the Arctic, the polar bear’s primary diet consists of seals, which it hunts using
its strong sense of smell to detect prey under the ice. Biologist Helen Smith
conducted research on polar bear hunting behaviors, finding that polar bears
often swim vast distances to reach ice floes where seals are abundant. Smith
hypothesizes that the ability to swim long distances is crucial for the bears'
survival, especially as climate change reduces the availability of stable ice floes.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support Smith’s hypothesis? A) Polar
bears are known to travel large distances by land to find food during the summer
months. B) Polar bears have been observed swimming short distances between
ice floes to capture seals. C) Polar bears are increasingly turning to alternative
food sources, such as berries and vegetation, during lean months. D) Polar bears
that swim long distances tend to have healthier populations of seals in their
habitats.
Answer: B) Polar bears have been observed swimming short distances between
ice floes to capture seals.
Explanation: This finding directly supports the hypothesis that swimming is
crucial for polar bear survival by showing that swimming between ice floes helps
them hunt seals, their primary food source.

2.
In the Amazon rainforest, certain species of ants have developed a symbiotic
relationship with the Acacia tree. The ants protect the tree from herbivores, while
the tree provides the ants with shelter and food in the form of nectar. Ecologist
Laura Gonzalez discovered that when the Acacia tree experiences an increase in
herbivore activity, the ants exhibit more aggressive behaviors toward potential
threats.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support Gonzalez's observation? A)
The Acacia tree produces nectar throughout the year, regardless of herbivore
presence. B) Herbivore populations in the Amazon rainforest have increased
dramatically in recent years. C) The ants are known to exhibit more aggressive
behavior when their nest is disturbed by other animals. D) When herbivore
activity increases, the Acacia tree produces more nectar to support the ants.
Answer: D) When herbivore activity increases, the Acacia tree produces more
nectar to support the ants.
Explanation: This finding supports the idea that increased herbivore activity
triggers a response from the Acacia tree that benefits the ants, leading to more
aggressive behaviors from the ants.

3.
In coastal regions of southern Africa, large populations of seabirds rely on the
abundant fish resources found in these waters. Marine biologist Jason Taylor
studied the foraging behaviors of these seabirds and found that they exhibit a
preference for fishing in areas where water temperatures are slightly warmer
than the surrounding ocean.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support Taylor’s study on seabird
foraging behaviors? A) The warmer water regions have higher concentrations of
plankton, which attract smaller fish. B) The warmer waters make the seabirds’
feathers more buoyant, making it easier for them to catch fish. C) The colder
waters are often dominated by large predator fish, which discourage the seabirds
from fishing there. D) The seabirds spend more time in warmer water regions
during the breeding season, when food is scarcer.
Answer: A) The warmer water regions have higher concentrations of plankton,
which attract smaller fish.
Explanation: This finding supports the observation that the seabirds prefer
warmer waters because these areas are more productive and attract more fish,
their primary food source.
4.
In the deserts of Arizona, the Sonoran Desert tortoise is known for its ability to
survive long periods without water. Research by biologist Claire Matthews shows
that the tortoises burrow deep into the ground during the hottest months, where
temperatures remain cooler and humidity levels are higher.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support Matthews' research on the
tortoise's behavior? A) The Sonoran Desert tortoise spends more time in its
burrow when the temperature exceeds 100°F. B) The Sonoran Desert tortoise
actively hunts for prey during the hottest months, despite the heat. C) The
Sonoran Desert tortoise has been shown to drink water daily during cooler
months. D) The Sonoran Desert tortoise has specialized glands that help it retain
water more efficiently.
Answer: A) The Sonoran Desert tortoise spends more time in its burrow when
the temperature exceeds 100°F.
Explanation: This finding directly supports the idea that the tortoises use
burrows to escape the heat and reduce water loss, reinforcing their survival
strategy.

5.
In the forests of Madagascar, lemurs depend on the availability of fruit from
certain tree species for their diet. Ethologist Sam Williams found that the lemurs'
foraging behavior changes seasonally, with a marked increase in activity during
fruit-bearing seasons. Williams hypothesizes that this seasonal change in
foraging is a response to the availability of food resources.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support Williams' hypothesis? A)
Lemurs increase their activity level when the fruit-bearing trees are in bloom. B)
Lemurs forage at a consistent rate throughout the year, regardless of fruit
availability. C) The fruit-bearing trees in Madagascar produce more fruit during
the dry season. D) Lemurs exhibit a significant decrease in activity during the
rainy season.
Answer: A) Lemurs increase their activity level when the fruit-bearing trees are
in bloom.
Explanation: This finding directly supports the hypothesis by showing that
lemurs adjust their foraging behavior based on the availability of food,
specifically fruit from the trees.

6.
In the dense jungles of Southeast Asia, the orangutan is known for its ability to
adapt to various forest environments. Researcher Ella Brooks found that
orangutans use different types of tools depending on the type of fruit they are
trying to access.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support Brooks’ observation of
orangutan tool use? A) Orangutans primarily use leaves and sticks to build nests
in the trees for sleeping. B) Orangutans use specific tools for reaching and
extracting fruit from trees with hard shells. C) Orangutans' tools are made of
materials found in the environment, but not often used for foraging. D)
Orangutans rely on other primates to find fruit in the trees for them.
Answer: B) Orangutans use specific tools for reaching and extracting fruit from
trees with hard shells.
Explanation: This finding supports the idea that orangutans adapt their tool use
to help them access different types of fruit, specifically those with hard shells.

7.
In the Arctic tundra, the Arctic fox is a skilled predator known for hunting small
mammals such as lemmings. Researcher Thomas Hill examined the relationship
between the Arctic fox’s hunting success and the availability of lemmings,
finding that foxes hunt more effectively during lemming population booms.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support Hill’s research on Arctic fox
hunting success? A) The Arctic fox is an opportunistic feeder, hunting a wide
variety of animals, including birds and fish. B) The availability of lemmings
significantly influences the Arctic fox’s hunting patterns and overall survival
rates. C) The Arctic fox primarily hunts in the spring when the ground is thawed,
making it easier to find prey. D) The Arctic fox exhibits hunting behaviors that
vary based on the time of day and the season.
Answer: B) The availability of lemmings significantly influences the Arctic fox’s
hunting patterns and overall survival rates.
Explanation: This finding directly supports the research by showing that the
Arctic fox’s hunting success is closely tied to the availability of lemmings, which
are their primary food source.

8.
In the savannah of East Africa, the cheetah is renowned for its speed during
hunts. Wildlife biologist Nina Clark studied the hunting behaviors of cheetahs and
found that they are more likely to succeed in catching prey when they have
access to open terrain with few obstacles.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support Clark’s observation? A)
Cheetahs hunt primarily in the early morning and late afternoon when
temperatures are cooler. B) Cheetahs use dense vegetation for camouflage when
stalking prey but prefer open terrain for the final sprint. C) Cheetahs’ success in
hunting is not significantly affected by the time of day or the terrain they hunt in.
D) Cheetahs rely on group hunting strategies to increase their chances of
capturing prey.
Answer: B) Cheetahs use dense vegetation for camouflage when stalking prey
but prefer open terrain for the final sprint.
Explanation: This finding directly supports the observation that open terrain is
important for a cheetah’s success in a sprint, as it allows them to utilize their
speed effectively.
9.
In the Amazon rainforest, the jaguar is an apex predator known for its solitary
hunting habits. Conservationist Rachel Adams observed that jaguars exhibit
different hunting behaviors depending on the type of terrain they are in, with a
preference for dense, thick forests.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support Adams' observation? A)
Jaguars hunt primarily in open fields where they can easily track prey. B) Jaguars
are known to be more successful at hunting in thick forests, where prey is more
likely to be found. C) Jaguars tend to hunt in groups when they are in the forest,
but alone when in open areas. D) Jaguars show a preference for hunting
nocturnally in open areas where visibility is better.
Answer: B) Jaguars are known to be more successful at hunting in thick forests,
where prey is more likely to be found.
Explanation: This finding directly supports the observation that jaguars prefer
thick forests for hunting due to higher prey availability and successful hunting
strategies.

10.
In the temperate forests of North America, the gray wolf is an apex predator that
plays a key role in regulating the populations of deer and other herbivores.
Biologist John Green observed that wolf populations tend to decrease when deer
populations are low.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support Green’s observation? A)
Wolves prey on a variety of animals, but their populations are most influenced by
the availability of deer. B) Wolves thrive in areas with large populations of
herbivores, such as deer, which form the majority of their diet. C) Wolves often
avoid areas where deer populations are low, seeking prey in regions with higher
deer numbers. D) Wolves rely on scavenging to supplement their diet when deer
populations are low.
Answer: B) Wolves thrive in areas with large populations of herbivores, such as
deer, which form the majority of their diet.
Explanation: This finding supports Green’s observation that wolf populations
are linked to the availability of their primary prey, the deer, which directly affects
the survival of the wolves.

QUESTION 17
Question 1: In a study of early mammals, scientists discovered that certain
species exhibited rapid increases in body size over a short period. The cause of
this trend has been debated, with some proposing that higher levels of
atmospheric oxygen during the late Paleocene allowed for more efficient
metabolic processes, which in turn promoted larger body sizes. However, no
substantial evidence has been found linking these oxygen spikes to periods of
body size increase, especially during the time when the largest species
appeared. This suggests that _______.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) oxygen levels increased consistently over time, enabling mammals to grow
larger. B) body size increases in early mammals were not primarily due to higher
oxygen levels. C) oxygen spikes coincided with the appearance of the largest
mammals, explaining their size. D) the increase in oxygen levels occurred too
late to have contributed to body size changes in mammals.
Answer: B) body size increases in early mammals were not primarily due to
higher oxygen levels. Explanation: The lack of evidence linking oxygen spikes
to body size increases suggests that other factors, not oxygen levels, were
responsible for the growth of larger mammals.

Question 2.: The long lifespan of certain sea turtles is often attributed to the
relatively stable environment of the oceans. Researchers have hypothesized that
consistent ocean temperatures have contributed to the turtles’ ability to live for
over a century. However, data does not show a direct correlation between
temperature stability and turtle longevity. This suggests that _______.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) the stable ocean environment did not significantly influence sea turtle
lifespan. B) sea turtles live longer in warmer oceans than in cooler ones. C)
stable ocean temperatures contributed to the longevity of sea turtles in unknown
ways. D) temperature fluctuations played a key role in the lifespan of sea turtles.
Answer: A) the stable ocean environment did not significantly influence sea
turtle lifespan. Explanation: The lack of correlation between temperature
stability and lifespan implies that other factors, rather than environmental
temperature consistency, are more important in determining sea turtle longevity.

Question 3: The remarkable intelligence of certain bird species, such as ravens

and crows, has often been linked to the complexity of their social structures,
which involve cooperation and communication. Some researchers suggest that
these birds’ intelligence evolved as a direct result of social interactions.
However, there is little evidence to support this theory, as some species that
exhibit similar cognitive abilities have less complex social structures. This
suggests that _______.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) intelligence in these birds was likely a result of social pressures, not merely
social complexity. B) cognitive abilities in birds can be influenced by factors other
than social structures. C) more complex social structures are necessary for the
evolution of intelligence in birds. D) cognitive abilities in birds are unrelated to
their social behaviors.
Answer: B) cognitive abilities in birds can be influenced by factors other than
social structures. Explanation: The lack of evidence supporting the idea that
social structures directly influence intelligence suggests that other factors must
play a role in the cognitive abilities of these birds.

Question 4: In studying early human development, anthropologists have noted

that the size of the human brain increased substantially during certain periods in
prehistory. Some researchers have proposed that the increase in brain size was
linked to significant changes in diet, particularly the increased consumption of
protein-rich foods. However, there is little evidence that dietary changes coincide
with the periods of brain growth. This suggests that _______.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) changes in diet played a more significant role in human brain development
than previously thought. B) brain size increases were likely driven by factors
other than changes in diet. C) protein-rich diets were not necessary for the
increase in brain size in early humans. D) dietary changes occurred alongside
brain growth, supporting the hypothesis.
Answer: B) brain size increases were likely driven by factors other than changes
in diet. Explanation: The lack of evidence linking dietary changes with brain
growth implies that other factors, not diet, were responsible for the increases in
brain size.

Question 5: The migration patterns of monarch butterflies are often associated

with seasonal temperature changes, with the butterflies traveling long distances
to find warmer climates. Some scientists have suggested that the butterflies’
migration is directly influenced by changes in the availability of nectar sources.
However, there is no clear correlation between nectar availability and migration
patterns. This suggests that _______.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) the butterflies’ migration patterns are not significantly affected by nectar
availability. B) seasonal temperature changes are the primary factor influencing
migration. C) nectar availability is just one of many factors affecting migration.
D) the butterflies migrate regardless of nectar availability.
Answer: A) the butterflies’ migration patterns are not significantly affected by
nectar availability. Explanation: The lack of correlation between nectar
availability and migration patterns suggests that other factors, such as
temperature, play a more important role in driving migration.

Question 6: In a study of ancient forests, researchers discovered that large

trees tended to grow more rapidly during periods of increased volcanic activity,
which led to higher levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Some scientists
hypothesize that the increased carbon dioxide levels promoted tree growth.
However, there is no direct evidence that higher carbon dioxide levels caused
the increased growth during these periods. This suggests that _______.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) volcanic activity had no significant effect on tree growth. B) increased carbon
dioxide levels likely had a negligible effect on tree growth. C) other factors
besides carbon dioxide were responsible for the rapid growth of trees. D)
volcanic activity directly promoted tree growth by other means, not through
carbon dioxide.
Answer: C) other factors besides carbon dioxide were responsible for the rapid
growth of trees. Explanation: The lack of evidence supporting the link between
carbon dioxide levels and tree growth implies that other environmental factors
may have contributed to the rapid growth of trees during these periods.

Question 7: Some researchers believe that the extinction of certain large

mammals at the end of the Pleistocene epoch was caused by climate change,
which made their habitats less hospitable. However, evidence does not show a
significant change in climate patterns during the period when these extinctions
occurred. This suggests that _______.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) the extinctions were likely caused by factors other than climate change. B)
climate change was a major contributing factor to the extinction of large
mammals. C) these extinctions were probably unrelated to changes in climate.
D) climate change may have triggered the extinctions, but other factors were
more important.
Answer: A) the extinctions were likely caused by factors other than climate
change. Explanation: The lack of significant climate change during the period of
extinction suggests that other factors, such as human activity or disease, may
have contributed to the extinctions.

Question 8: The development of early human tools is often associated with the
evolution of fine motor skills. Some scientists have argued that the use of tools
directly influenced the development of these skills. However, there is no clear
evidence that the appearance of tools coincided with improvements in motor
skills. This suggests that _______.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) fine motor skills developed independently of tool use in early humans. B) the
development of tools had a significant impact on the evolution of motor skills. C)
early humans may have used tools without requiring advanced motor skills. D)
tools were not necessary for the development of fine motor skills.
Answer: A) fine motor skills developed independently of tool use in early
humans. Explanation: The lack of clear evidence linking the appearance of tools
with motor skill development suggests that fine motor skills evolved
independently of tool use.

Question 9: In a study of prehistoric birds, researchers found that the size of

certain bird species increased dramatically during specific periods. Some
scientists have suggested that this increase was due to the availability of
abundant food sources, which allowed the birds to grow larger. However, there is
no significant evidence that food availability during these periods was higher
than usual. This suggests that _______.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) the size increase of these birds was not significantly influenced by food
availability. B) food availability may have been higher than originally thought. C)
the increase in bird size was likely caused by other environmental factors. D)
food availability played a critical role in the size increase of these birds.
Answer: A) the size increase of these birds was not significantly influenced by
food availability. Explanation: The lack of evidence connecting food availability
with the size increase suggests that other factors, such as genetic changes or
environmental pressures, may have contributed to the increase in size.

Question 10: Research into the evolution of certain large reptiles, such as
crocodiles, has suggested that increased water temperatures may have
contributed to their growth. Some researchers have posited that these reptiles
grew larger because warmer waters provided more favorable conditions.
However, there is no clear correlation between temperature changes and the
reptiles' size over time. This suggests that _______.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) increased water temperatures had a minor effect on the growth of these
reptiles. B) the growth of these reptiles was driven by factors other than water
temperature. C) water temperature was a key factor in the evolution of these
reptiles' size. D) these reptiles evolved to be large regardless of environmental
temperature changes.
Answer: B) the growth of these reptiles was driven by factors other than water
temperature. Explanation: The lack of a clear correlation between temperature
and reptile growth suggests that other environmental or biological factors were
more important in driving the size increase.

QUESTION 18
Question 1:
In debates about climate change, experts often emphasize the importance of
collective action to reduce carbon emissions. Environmental economist Jason S.
White argues that while individual responsibility is important, it is insufficient for
achieving large-scale environmental goals. He believes that the most effective
policies will focus on __________.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) penalizing individuals who do not take sufficient steps to reduce their carbon
footprint.
B) ensuring that governmental policies align with the personal beliefs of the
majority of citizens.
C) incentivizing businesses and governments to invest in clean energy solutions.
D) reducing the cost of green technology to make it more accessible to
consumers.
Answer: C) incentivizing businesses and governments to invest in clean energy
solutions.
Explanation: The passage suggests that collective action is necessary for large-
scale goals, and focusing on businesses and governments investing in clean
energy aligns with that idea.

Question 2.:
In her book on modern education, Professor Emily Green emphasizes the
importance of fostering creativity in students. While many educators advocate
for a structured curriculum, Green argues that __________.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) students are better served by adopting a rigid, test-focused educational
system.
B) creative thinking can be nurtured even within a standardized academic
framework.
C) creativity thrives in environments where students are free from academic
restrictions.
D) a well-structured curriculum is unnecessary in today’s education system.
Answer: B) creative thinking can be nurtured even within a standardized
academic framework.
Explanation: The passage contrasts Green’s view with those who favor a rigid
curriculum, and her position emphasizes that creativity can still flourish within
structure.

Question 3:
When analyzing trends in social media usage, digital marketing expert Leo
Kramer notes that people’s attention spans have decreased over time. He argues
that successful digital marketing strategies will need to __________ to capture the
interest of modern consumers.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) rely on long, detailed advertisements to provide all necessary information.
B) shift toward shorter, more engaging content that quickly grabs the viewer’s
attention.
C) focus primarily on traditional media outlets like TV and radio.
D) minimize the use of digital platforms that require constant updates and
engagement.
Answer: B) shift toward shorter, more engaging content that quickly grabs the
viewer’s attention.
Explanation: The passage mentions decreasing attention spans, which suggests
that marketing strategies must adapt by becoming more concise and engaging.

Question 4:
In his research on public health, Dr. Thomas Harris argues that many
interventions designed to improve public well-being focus too heavily on
individual behavior. Harris suggests that the most impactful solutions would
__________ by addressing broader societal factors such as access to healthcare
and economic inequality.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) neglect individual health decisions in favor of population-level changes.
B) provide short-term solutions without addressing long-term issues.
C) create sustainable improvements by focusing on structural issues.
D) rely on voluntary compliance rather than government regulations.
Answer: C) create sustainable improvements by focusing on structural issues.
Explanation: Harris suggests that focusing on broader societal factors (like
healthcare access) will lead to more meaningful and sustainable improvements
in public health.

Question 5:
In a recent book about the role of art in society, historian Susan Hall argues that
while art plays a critical role in shaping cultural identity, it can also __________ if it
solely serves the interests of a specific group or political ideology.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) become irrelevant in contemporary society.
B) lose its power to engage and challenge a broader audience.
C) offer new insights into society’s most pressing issues.
D) provide valuable tools for political activism.
Answer: B) lose its power to engage and challenge a broader audience.
Explanation: Hall highlights the potential negative consequence of art serving
narrow interests, which could reduce its capacity to resonate with a wider public.

Question 6:
In a study of consumer behavior, psychologist Rachel Thompson found that
shoppers are increasingly influenced by online reviews when making purchasing
decisions. She suggests that companies __________ by providing more
transparent, detailed product descriptions and fostering a sense of trust with
consumers.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) can counteract the influence of reviews by focusing solely on traditional
advertising.
B) should ignore consumer feedback in favor of maintaining product secrecy.
C) need to engage with reviews constructively to improve their reputation.
D) will benefit from offering fewer options to reduce consumer confusion.
Answer: C) need to engage with reviews constructively to improve their
reputation.
Explanation: The passage discusses the role of reviews in consumer behavior,
implying that companies should address them constructively to build trust and
enhance their reputation.

Question 7:
In his analysis of urban development, architect Michael Wang emphasizes that
cities must balance growth with environmental sustainability. He argues that
cities will __________ if they fail to integrate green spaces and environmentally
conscious designs into their development plans.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) experience long-term financial instability due to the high cost of development.
B) face significant challenges related to environmental degradation and reduced
quality of life.
C) continue to attract large populations despite the lack of green initiatives.
D) thrive by focusing on the rapid expansion of urban infrastructure.
Answer: B) face significant challenges related to environmental degradation and
reduced quality of life.
Explanation: Wang’s argument suggests that neglecting sustainability in urban
planning will lead to negative consequences for both the environment and
residents' quality of life.

Question 8:
In an article on technology and education, Professor Alicia Rivera discusses the
growing role of online learning platforms in the classroom. Rivera points out that
while these platforms offer flexibility, they may __________ if not carefully
designed to foster student interaction and engagement.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) promote social isolation among students, undermining the collaborative
learning process.
B) make education more accessible to students who prefer in-person instruction.
C) offer students fewer opportunities for self-directed learning and independent
study.
D) create an environment that encourages students to rely entirely on online
resources.
Answer: A) promote social isolation among students, undermining the
collaborative learning process.
Explanation: Rivera highlights a potential drawback of online learning, which
could lead to reduced interaction and engagement if not well-structured.

Question 9:
In his analysis of economic policy, Dr. Samuel Briggs notes that while free-market
principles have been successful in driving innovation, they often lead to
increased inequality. He suggests that __________ to ensure that the benefits of
economic growth are more evenly distributed across society.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) a redistribution of wealth through taxation and social programs is essential
B) free-market policies should be completely abandoned in favor of socialist
approaches
C) government intervention should be minimized to maintain economic freedom
D) economic competition should be strictly regulated to avoid inequality
Answer: A) a redistribution of wealth through taxation and social programs is
essential
Explanation: Briggs advocates for balancing free-market policies with measures
that promote equality, such as wealth redistribution.

Question 10:
In a paper on the impact of media on public opinion, Dr. Laura Jenkins argues
that news outlets often frame stories in a way that influences how the public
perceives events. Jenkins suggests that media outlets __________ to avoid
skewing public perception and ensure the delivery of objective information.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) should focus on providing entertainment rather than news.
B) must carefully select which stories to cover based on popular demand.
C) should adopt a more balanced approach that provides multiple perspectives.
D) can increase profits by emphasizing sensational and biased reporting.
Answer: C) should adopt a more balanced approach that provides multiple
perspectives.
Explanation: Jenkins argues that media outlets should avoid bias by presenting
stories from various angles, ensuring a more accurate portrayal of events.

QUESTION 19
1.
In the wake of the global pandemic, many businesses adopted remote work
policies. As a result, employees have been able to maintain a better work-life
balance, says business consultant Rachel Green. However, she notes that such
policies can only be effective when employees are given the flexibility to _______
their work hours according to their needs.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) arrange
B) arranged
C) arranging
D) arrangements
Answer: A) arrange
Explanation: The correct word is "arrange," as it is the appropriate verb form
that fits in this sentence, expressing the idea of employees managing their own
work hours.

2.
The new law requires that all companies disclose their environmental impact
reports annually. However, some industry leaders argue that the legislation
might _______ businesses that are already making significant efforts toward
sustainability.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) benefit
B) burden
C) enhance
D) facilitate
Answer: B) burden
Explanation: The correct word is "burden," as it conveys the idea that the law
could add an unnecessary load or complication to companies that are already
making progress.

3.
In her study of social media usage among teenagers, researcher Claire Miller
found that prolonged screen time can negatively affect mental health. Yet, she
points out that some teens can _______ the effects by limiting their social media
usage and engaging in more face-to-face interactions.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) counteract
B) counter
C) counters
D) counteracting
Answer: A) counteract
Explanation: The correct word is "counteract," which refers to the action of
opposing or neutralizing the negative effects of screen time.

4.
According to the recent study conducted by the World Health Organization, a
balanced diet can reduce the risk of chronic diseases. However, experts suggest
that _______ lifestyle changes should complement healthy eating habits for the
best results.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) active
B) actively
C) activity
D) act
Answer: B) actively
Explanation: The correct word is "actively," as it modifies the verb
"complement," indicating the type of lifestyle changes that should complement
the diet.

5.
Scientists studying the migration patterns of birds have observed that climate
change is a major factor affecting flight routes. They believe that the changes
are _______ by rising temperatures and shifting seasonal patterns.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) caused
B) causes
C) causing
D) to cause
Answer: A) caused
Explanation: The correct word is "caused," as it is the past participle that fits
with the passive construction "are caused by."

6.
The city council is debating whether to implement a new traffic law aimed at
reducing congestion during rush hour. Some experts argue that the law will
_______ in smoother traffic flow, while others believe it will just shift congestion to
other parts of the city.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) result
B) resulted
C) resulting
D) results
Answer: A) result
Explanation: "Result" is the correct form, as it fits with the future outcome
suggested by the context: "will result in."

7.
In her investigation of workplace diversity, sociologist Linda Ray noted that
gender equality programs are more successful when they _______ the
experiences and perspectives of all employees, including those from
underrepresented groups.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) include
B) included
C) includes
D) including
Answer: A) include
Explanation: The correct verb form is "include," which agrees with the plural
subject "programs" and fits the sentence's structure.

8.
During the interview, the applicant demonstrated strong leadership skills,
explaining how they had _______ several teams through complex projects in their
previous role.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) lead
B) led
C) leads
D) leading
Answer: B) led
Explanation: The correct word is "led," which is the past tense form of the verb
"lead," fitting the past context of the sentence.

9.
The school district has introduced a new policy that requires students to wear
uniforms. However, critics argue that the policy _______ students' ability to
express their individuality.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) restrict
B) restricts
C) restricting
D) restricted
Answer: B) restricts
Explanation: The correct word is "restricts," which agrees with the singular
subject "policy" and fits grammatically in the sentence.

10.
The documentary highlighted the importance of protecting endangered species
from poaching. It also suggested that efforts to save these animals _______ more
focus on their natural habitats.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) needed
B) needs
C) needing
D) need
Answer: D) need
Explanation: "Need" is the correct form, as it fits with the plural subject
"efforts" and the context of suggesting something required for further progress.

QUESTION 2.0
Question 1: In the study of human history, some scholars suggest that early
civilizations developed their most intricate forms of art not just for aesthetic
enjoyment, but as a reflection of the complex emotions and desires that each
society sought to express. This idea is exemplified in _______ cave paintings,
which depict not only animals but also abstract patterns and symbols.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) early B) earliest C) the earliest D) an early
Answer: C) the earliest Explanation: The use of "the earliest" properly
highlights the specificity of the cave paintings being referred to, while also fitting
grammatically into the sentence.

Question 2.: Through rigorous analysis, researchers have concluded that while
the island's ecology was influenced by the introduction of new species, it was
ultimately the unintentional consequences of human activity that led to the
ecological decline. The study underscores how human impact is often the
greatest driver _______ environmental changes.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) in B) to C) on D) of
Answer: D) of Explanation: "Of" is the correct preposition to show possession
or association, linking the human activity to the environmental changes in the
context of this sentence.

Question 3: In recent years, many debates have arisen concerning the

implications of artificial intelligence on the job market. Some argue that AI’s role
in automating tasks is merely a natural progression, while others fear it will
render human labor largely obsolete. Nevertheless, a growing number of experts
agree that the future of work will hinge on the balance _______ technological
advancement and human expertise.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) among B) between C) for D) with
Answer: B) between Explanation: "Between" is the appropriate preposition
here, as it is used to describe the relationship between two elements
(technological advancement and human expertise).

Question 4: Historically, the role of women in politics has been overlooked in

many societies, but in recent decades, scholars have begun to reevaluate the
contributions women have made to shaping political landscapes. This shift in
perspective has brought new attention to _______ historical narratives that have
often excluded female leaders.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) certain B) some C) all D) the
Answer: D) the Explanation: "The" is the correct choice because it specifies
particular historical narratives that are now being examined in light of their
omission of female leaders.

Question 5: Throughout the 20th century, technology rapidly advanced,

dramatically transforming industries and daily life. However, it is essential to
acknowledge that while technological innovations may have contributed to
economic growth, they also brought with them significant social and
environmental costs, which were often overlooked _______ the pursuit of
progress.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) for B) by C) in D) during
Answer: C) in Explanation: "In" is the most suitable preposition to convey that
the social and environmental costs were overlooked as a part of the broader
pursuit of progress.

Question 6: While there is a growing body of research that explores the effects
of urbanization on biodiversity, much of the existing data fails to account for the
nuances of specific urban environments. This gap in understanding highlights the
need for further studies that examine the relationship _______ urban planning and
the preservation of wildlife.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) in B) between C) through D) on
Answer: B) between Explanation: "Between" is the correct choice because it
connects the two elements (urban planning and wildlife preservation) that are
being studied in relation to each other.
Question 7: Many scientists agree that climate change is one of the most
pressing issues facing humanity today. However, there are still those who contest
the role of human activity in contributing to global warming. It is important to
recognize that, despite differing opinions, the conversation about climate change
must center _______ actionable steps toward mitigating its effects.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) with B) on C) of D) for
Answer: B) on Explanation: "On" is the most fitting preposition here, as it
connects the idea of the conversation being focused or centered around
actionable steps.

Question 8: The discovery of the ancient manuscript provided new insights into
the lives of early civilizations. Scholars quickly realized that the text contained
references to a number of events and practices previously unknown. The
manuscript’s detailed accounts _______ how different cultures influenced one
another throughout the ancient world.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) explained B) explain C) explains D) explaining
Answer: C) explains Explanation: "Explains" is the correct verb form here
because it refers to the singular subject (the manuscript's detailed accounts) and
continues the present tense narrative.

Question 9: As climate change accelerates, many coastal cities are beginning to

invest heavily in flood prevention infrastructure. However, it is still unclear
whether these investments will be sufficient _______ the long-term impacts of
rising sea levels.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) in B) of C) for D) to
Answer: D) to Explanation: "To" is the correct preposition, indicating
sufficiency in relation to the long-term impacts, as it refers to how well
investments meet the challenge of rising sea levels.

Question 10: The discovery of ancient artifacts has provided archaeologists

with a wealth of information about past societies. These artifacts, often
overlooked in earlier studies, offer valuable clues _______ the trade routes and
cultural exchanges between distant regions.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) to B) of C) for D) from
Answer: A) to Explanation: "To" is the correct preposition here, as it indicates
the relationship between the artifacts and what they reveal about the trade
routes and cultural exchanges.

QUESTION 2.1
Question 1:
A famous scientific breakthrough in the 20th century was the development of the
theory of relativity by Albert Einstein. However, it would be inaccurate to say that
Einstein developed the theory in isolation. _______ work on the theory was
influenced by the contributions of mathematician David Hilbert, who was
developing similar ideas at the same time.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) His
B) He’s
C) Their
D) They’re
Answer: A) His
Explanation: "His" is the correct possessive pronoun to refer to Einstein's work.
The sentence is discussing Einstein's work, so the possessive "his" is appropriate.

Question 2.:
Marie Curie’s pioneering research on radioactivity led to groundbreaking
discoveries in the field of physics and chemistry. However, it is essential to
recognize that _______ work also built upon the earlier research of Henri
Becquerel, who discovered radioactivity in uranium.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) her
B) hers
C) she
D) hers’
Answer: A) her
Explanation: "Her" is the correct possessive pronoun to describe the work of
Marie Curie. It correctly modifies the noun "work."

Question 3:
The study of ancient civilizations is fascinating, and many historians argue that
_______ decline was not due to a single cause, but rather a combination of
environmental, political, and social factors.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) it
B) their
C) they
D) them
Answer: B) their
Explanation: "Their" is the possessive pronoun that refers to the "decline" of
the civilizations mentioned, and it agrees with the plural subject "civilizations."

Question 4:
The famous physicist Stephen Hawking proposed groundbreaking ideas about
black holes and the nature of the universe. Yet, much of _______ work was built
upon the earlier theories of Albert Einstein and other physicists.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) he
B) his
C) he’s
D) him
Answer: B) his
Explanation: "His" is the correct possessive pronoun referring to Stephen
Hawking’s work. The possessive form shows ownership of the work.

Question 5:
Although the invention of the airplane is often attributed to the Wright brothers,
it is important to acknowledge that _______ success was the result of years of
work by engineers and innovators in many countries.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) their
B) them
C) theirs
D) they
Answer: A) their
Explanation: "Their" is the correct possessive pronoun that refers to the Wright
brothers' success, showing that the success belongs to them.

Question 6:
In the study of climate change, it is often said that human activity is the primary
driver of global warming. However, _______ role in the Earth’s climate system is
only one part of a much more complex web of factors.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) its
B) it’s
C) their
D) their’s
Answer: A) its
Explanation: "Its" is the correct possessive pronoun referring to the role of
human activity. The possessive "its" indicates that the role belongs to human
activity.

Question 7:
In the field of medicine, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell was the first woman to receive a
medical degree in the United States. However, _______ achievement paved the
way for many other women to enter the medical profession.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) her
B) hers
C) she
D) she’s
Answer: A) her
Explanation: "Her" is the correct possessive pronoun modifying "achievement."
The possessive form "her" shows that the achievement belongs to Dr. Blackwell.

Question 8:
The famous scientist Nikola Tesla is often credited with developing the modern
alternating current (AC) electrical system. Nevertheless, it is important to
recognize that _______ ideas were influenced by the work of earlier inventors
such as Michael Faraday.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) his
B) he’s
C) him
D) he
Answer: A) his
Explanation: "His" is the correct possessive pronoun that modifies "ideas." It
correctly shows ownership of the ideas belonging to Nikola Tesla.

Question 9:
Although Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection is widely accepted, it is
important to note that _______ theory was based on the earlier work of scientists
like Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Thomas Malthus.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) his
B) him
C) he
D) he’s
Answer: A) his
Explanation: "His" is the correct possessive form referring to Darwin’s theory.
The possessive "his" indicates ownership of the theory by Darwin.

Question 10:
The pioneering work of Alexander Fleming in the discovery of penicillin
revolutionized medicine. However, _______ research was only possible due to the
work of previous scientists in microbiology.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) his
B) he’s
C) him
D) theirs
Answer: A) his
Explanation: "His" is the correct possessive pronoun referring to Fleming’s
research. It indicates that the research belongs to him.

QUESTION 2.2
1.
In 1983, renowned linguist Noam Chomsky argued that language acquisition is
not merely a learned behavior, but rather an innate ability. According to
Chomsky, the brain is _______ for learning language, a process that happens
effortlessly in early childhood.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) designed
B) designing
C) design
D) designedly
Answer: A) designed
Explanation: "Designed" is the correct past participle form that fits the
sentence grammatically, referring to the brain's inherent ability.

2.
In 2021, environmental scientist Dr. Maria Reyes published a paper suggesting
that urban gardening can help mitigate the effects of climate change. According
to Dr. Reyes, urban gardens _______ reduce the carbon footprint of cities while
providing local food sources.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) can
B) will
C) would
D) should
Answer: A) can
Explanation: "Can" is the correct modal verb here, indicating possibility or
ability in the context of urban gardening.

3.
The 2009 economic crisis forced many governments to adopt stimulus packages
to help revive their economies. However, economist David Cooper argues that
such measures _______ long-term solutions for economic stability.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) are
B) were
C) have been
D) was
Answer: A) are
Explanation: "Are" is the correct verb here, agreeing with the plural subject
"measures" in the present tense, which fits the context of the argument.

4.
The artist Pablo Picasso was known for his revolutionary approach to visual art.
His works _______ traditional perspectives on form and perspective, challenging
the conventions of his time.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) redefining
B) redefined
C) redefine
D) will redefine
Answer: B) redefined
Explanation: "Redefined" is the correct past tense form, indicating that
Picasso's works changed perspectives in the past.

5.
In her memoir, poet Maya Angelou reflects on her experiences growing up in the
segregated South. She writes that despite the hardships, she always found
strength in her community, which _______ a source of resilience throughout her
life.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) was
B) were
C) is
D) have been
Answer: A) was
Explanation: "Was" is the correct past tense form, referring to the singular
subject "community" and indicating its role in Angelou's past life.

6.
In his speech, former president John F. Kennedy called for increased international
cooperation in space exploration. He stated that the goal of landing a man on the
moon _______ a symbol of mankind’s collective potential.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) will
B) was
C) has been
D) is
Answer: D) is
Explanation: "Is" fits because the statement refers to an enduring symbol, still
relevant in the context of Kennedy's vision.

7.
The biographer writes that the artist’s work often _______ themes of isolation and
identity, drawing from personal experiences of alienation during his early years.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) explored
B) exploring
C) explores
D) exploredly
Answer: A) explored
Explanation: "Explored" is the correct past tense form, referring to the themes
in the artist's work during his earlier years.

8.
In the 19th century, the novel became one of the most popular forms of
entertainment in Europe. Critics argue that the rise of the novel _______ the
increased literacy rates among the general population.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) was driven
B) is driven
C) has driven
D) drives
Answer: A) was driven
Explanation: "Was driven" is the correct past passive construction, indicating
that the rise of the novel was caused by the increase in literacy rates in the past.

9.
In his groundbreaking study of animal behavior, Dr. John Smith demonstrates
that many species can communicate using complex signals. However, Smith
notes that _______ communication systems are still not fully understood.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) some
B) all
C) many
D) any
Answer: A) some
Explanation: "Some" is the most appropriate choice, indicating that certain
animal communication systems remain unclear.

10.
The recent scientific breakthrough in genetic engineering has opened new
possibilities for treating inherited diseases. Researchers believe that such
advancements _______ revolutionize medicine in the coming decades.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) could
B) will
C) would
D) might
Answer: B) will
Explanation: "Will" is the most appropriate choice, indicating a strong belief
that genetic advancements will have a significant impact in the future.

QUESTION 2.3
Question 1: In the early 20th century, some artists sought to challenge
traditional artistic conventions by incorporating everyday objects into their
works. This movement, known as Dadaism, was a reaction to the horrors of war
and the disillusionment that many people felt at the time. Some critics _______
that Dadaism was more of a protest against society than a genuine artistic
movement.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) argues
B) argue
C) arguing
D) to argue
Answer: B) argue
Explanation: "Argue" is the correct form of the verb because it follows the
plural subject "critics" and fits grammatically with the sentence.

Question 2.: The rise of social media has changed the way we communicate,
making it easier to connect with people across the globe. However, some experts
_______ that this shift has led to a decline in face-to-face interactions, which are
essential for developing strong personal relationships.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) suggesting
B) suggest
C) suggested
D) to suggest
Answer: B) suggest
Explanation: "Suggest" is the correct form to follow the plural subject "experts,"
which is the subject of the sentence.

Question 3: In the 1950s, the United States saw the rise of rock-and-roll music,
which quickly became a defining feature of youth culture. Some critics _______
that rock-and-roll represented a rejection of traditional values, while others
believed it was simply a form of entertainment.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) claiming
B) claim
C) claims
D) claimed
Answer: B) claim
Explanation: "Claim" is the correct form to agree with the plural subject "critics"
in the sentence, ensuring subject-verb agreement.

Question 4: Many scientists agree that climate change is a serious threat to the
planet. However, some still _______ that human activity is not the primary cause,
despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) deny
B) denies
C) denying
D) denied
Answer: A) deny
Explanation: "Deny" is the correct verb form to agree with the plural subject
"some," and it maintains the present tense of the sentence.

Question 5: In 1929, the stock market crash sent shockwaves through the
global economy. Many economists _______ that the Great Depression was caused
by a combination of economic factors, including excessive speculation and the
collapse of the banking system.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) argue
B) argued
C) arguing
D) to argue
Answer: B) argued
Explanation: "Argued" is the correct verb form here because it refers to the
past, aligning with the context of the sentence discussing events from 1929.

Question 6: The Industrial Revolution brought significant changes to the way

goods were produced and consumed. Some historians _______ that the rise of
factories contributed to the growth of urban centers and the shift from agrarian
to industrial economies.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) claiming
B) claim
C) claims
D) claimed
Answer: D) claimed
Explanation: "Claimed" is correct because the sentence is referring to an action
that occurred in the past, aligning with the past tense used in the sentence.

Question 7: The popularity of electric cars has surged in recent years, with
many automakers focusing on producing environmentally friendly vehicles. Some
experts _______ that this shift toward electric vehicles will significantly reduce
global carbon emissions in the coming decades.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) predicting
B) predict
C) predicted
D) to predict
Answer: B) predict
Explanation: "Predict" is the correct form of the verb, as it follows the plural
subject "experts" and is in the present tense.

Question 8: In the mid-20th century, the field of psychology underwent a major

transformation, with new approaches to understanding human behavior. Some
psychologists _______ that behaviorism, which focuses on observable actions, was
the most effective way to study the mind.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) believe
B) believes
C) believing
D) to believe
Answer: A) believe
Explanation: "Believe" is correct because it agrees with the plural subject
"psychologists" and fits in the present tense context.

Question 9: During the Renaissance, artists began to emphasize the importance

of human emotion in their work. Some art historians _______ that this shift was
influenced by the growing interest in individualism and the study of human
anatomy.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) arguing
B) argue
C) argued
D) to argue
Answer: B) argue
Explanation: "Argue" is the correct form to follow the plural subject "art
historians" and fits in the present tense context.

Question 10: The discovery of new species in the Amazon rainforest has
sparked intense interest among biologists. Some researchers _______ that these
species may hold the key to unlocking cures for diseases that have long eluded
medical science.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) claim
B) claims
C) claiming
D) to claim
Answer: A) claim
Explanation: "Claim" is the correct form to agree with the plural subject
"researchers" and fits the present tense context of the sentence.

QUESTION 2.4
Question 1:
Research into the effects of sleep on memory consolidation suggests that
adequate rest significantly improves the ability to recall new information. In
particular, the most beneficial sleep occurs during _______ phase, where the brain
is most active in processing memories.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) deep
B) deep,
C) deep while
D) deep:
Answer: A) deep
Explanation: The correct choice is "deep," as it is an adjective describing the
phase of sleep. The sentence does not require a comma or additional word to
complete it grammatically.

Question 2.:
Scientists studying the migration patterns of birds in the Arctic have observed
that many species alter their routes based on the presence of certain weather
patterns. When temperatures drop, birds tend to fly _______ regions, where food
resources are more abundant.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) south:
B) south,
C) south while
D) south
Answer: D) south
Explanation: "South" is the correct choice because it is used as an adverb
describing the direction birds tend to fly. No punctuation or additional phrases
are needed.

Question 3:
The study of ancient civilizations often reveals new insights into early human
societies. Archaeologists have found that certain artifacts were used primarily for
religious ceremonies, suggesting that _______ significance extended beyond
simple utility.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) their
B) it’s
C) its
D) it
Answer: C) its
Explanation: "Its" is the correct possessive pronoun referring to the significance
of the artifacts. "Its" indicates that the significance belongs to the artifacts.

Question 4:
Researchers examining the effects of urbanization on local wildlife have noted
that some species adapt more successfully than others. Those species that thrive
in cities often find new sources of food _______ the availability of natural habitats
decreases.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) while
B) but
C) because
D) however
Answer: A) while
Explanation: "While" is the correct conjunction to express contrast between the
species thriving in cities and the decreasing availability of natural habitats. It
indicates simultaneous actions.

Question 5:
The discovery of a new species of frog in the Amazon rainforest has attracted
considerable attention. Researchers are studying the frog’s unique vocalizations
to determine _______ the sounds serve in communication with other frogs.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) what
B) whether
C) how
D) why
Answer: B) whether
Explanation: "Whether" is the correct word to introduce the idea of a possible
condition or choice, indicating the researchers are trying to determine the reason
behind the frog's vocalizations.

Question 6:
In recent years, environmental scientists have focused on the impact of climate
change on polar ecosystems. Rising temperatures have led to the melting of sea
ice, which in turn disrupts the feeding patterns of several species _______ rely on
the ice for hunting.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) that
B) who
C) which
D) these
Answer: A) that
Explanation: "That" is the correct relative pronoun to introduce the restrictive
clause. It is used to provide essential information about the species that rely on
ice.

Question 7:
In the field of medicine, researchers are continuously testing new treatments for
autoimmune diseases. One promising approach involves _______ immune
system’s ability to recognize and destroy harmful cells without attacking healthy
tissue.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) enhancing
B) enhance
C) to enhance
D) enhanced
Answer: A) enhancing
Explanation: "Enhancing" is the correct gerund form that functions as the
subject of the verb in the sentence. The gerund indicates the continuous process
of improving the immune system's ability.

Question 8:
Historians have long debated the causes of the fall of the Roman Empire, with
many scholars attributing the collapse to internal political instability. However,
there is also evidence suggesting that external threats _______ played a
significant role in weakening the empire.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) that
B) which
C) they
D) what
Answer: B) which
Explanation: "Which" is the correct relative pronoun used to introduce a
nonrestrictive clause that provides additional information about the external
threats, separated by commas.

Question 9:
The development of artificial intelligence has raised many ethical concerns
regarding privacy and security. Experts argue that legislation should be put in
place to ensure _______ AI systems are developed and used responsibly.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) how
B) why
C) that
D) where
Answer: C) that
Explanation: "That" is used to introduce a noun clause, indicating what experts
argue should be ensured (responsible development and use of AI systems).
Question 10:
In recent studies of human behavior, psychologists have noted a link between
sleep deprivation and increased susceptibility to stress. Lack of sleep _______
individuals’ ability to regulate their emotions and responses to stressors.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) affects
B) affect
C) has affected
D) affect,
Answer: A) affects
Explanation: "Affects" is the correct verb form, as it agrees with the singular
subject "lack of sleep." It describes how sleep deprivation influences individuals'
emotional regulation.

QUESTION 2.5
1.
While studying the behavior of Arctic wolves, researchers discovered that these
animals often hunt in packs, which allows _______ to target larger prey more
efficiently.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) them
B) they
C) themselves
D) it
Answer: A) them
Explanation: "Them" is the correct choice, as it refers to the wolves, the object
of the verb "allows."

2.
The ancient ruins of Pompeii provide a remarkable glimpse into daily life during
the Roman Empire. Archaeologists believe that the city’s sudden destruction by a
volcanic eruption preserved much of _______ life for modern study.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) its
B) themselves
C) their
D) them
Answer: C) their
Explanation: "Their" is the correct possessive form, referring to "life" in the
context of the Romans' daily activities.
3.
Researchers studying the migration patterns of monarch butterflies found that
the insects can travel vast distances, but they also rely on certain landmarks to
help _______ navigate during their journey.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) they
B) themselves
C) it
D) them
Answer: D) them
Explanation: "Them" is the correct object form, referring to the butterflies as
the object of the verb "help."

4.
The newly discovered fossils provide important insights into the evolution of
early mammals. According to the team of paleontologists, these fossils could
help _______ scientists better understand the environmental conditions of the
time.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) it
B) them
C) themselves
D) their
Answer: B) them
Explanation: "Them" is the correct choice, referring to "fossils" as the object of
the verb "help."

5.
In the classroom, students are often encouraged to collaborate on projects, as
this helps _______ build important skills like teamwork and problem-solving.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) they
B) themselves
C) it
D) them
Answer: D) them
Explanation: "Them" is correct, as it refers to the students, the object of
"helps."

6.
The research team discovered that certain species of frogs can regenerate lost
limbs, a trait that scientists believe might be useful in helping _______ understand
the mechanisms behind tissue regeneration.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) it
B) them
C) themselves
D) they
Answer: B) them
Explanation: "Them" is the correct object form referring to "scientists" as the
object of the verb "help."

7.
Despite living in harsh environments, some desert plants are able to survive by
storing water in _______ thick, fleshy leaves, which help the plant endure long
periods without rain.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) themselves
B) it
C) their
D) them
Answer: C) their
Explanation: "Their" is the correct possessive form, referring to the plants'
leaves.

8.
The expedition team encountered various obstacles during their journey through
the dense rainforest, but they persevered and overcame _______ by relying on
teamwork and careful planning.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) it
B) them
C) themselves
D) they
Answer: B) them
Explanation: "Them" is the correct object form, referring to "obstacles" as the
thing being overcome by the team.

9.
In her research, the scientist found that some fish species are capable of
recognizing their own reflection in a mirror, a trait that is thought to demonstrate
a high level of self-awareness in _______.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) them
B) they
C) themselves
D) it
Answer: A) them
Explanation: "Them" is the correct object form, referring to "fish species" as the
object of the verb "demonstrate."

10.
Many species of birds are known to migrate long distances, using the Earth’s
magnetic field to help _______ navigate from one location to another.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) them
B) themselves
C) it
D) they
Answer: A) them
Explanation: "Them" is correct as it refers to "birds," the object of the verb
"help" in the sentence.

QUESTION 2.6
Question 1: The ancient Roman Empire was known for its extensive road
network, which helped facilitate communication and trade. The roads were so
well constructed that they _______ for centuries, with many still in use today.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) remain
B) remains
C) remaining
D) are remained
Answer: A) remain
Explanation: "Remain" is the correct form because it is in the present tense and
agrees with the plural subject "roads."

Question 2.: The study of genetics has advanced significantly in the past few
decades. New technologies _______ scientists to explore the human genome in
ways that were previously unimaginable.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) allows
B) allow
C) allowing
D) allowed
Answer: B) allow
Explanation: "Allow" is correct because it agrees with the plural subject
"technologies" and is in the present tense.

Question 3: The discovery of penicillin revolutionized the field of medicine, as it

_______ doctors to treat previously fatal infections.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) allowed
B) allows
C) allowing
D) are allowing
Answer: A) allowed
Explanation: "Allowed" is correct because the sentence is referring to a past
event (the discovery of penicillin), so the past tense is needed.

Question 4: The ancient Greeks are often credited with laying the foundation for
modern philosophy. Many of their ideas _______ the basis for countless schools of
thought that followed.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) form
B) forming
C) have formed
D) forms
Answer: A) form
Explanation: "Form" is correct because it is in the present tense and matches
the plural subject "ideas."

Question 5: The development of the printing press in the 15th century _______ a
profound impact on the spread of knowledge and the rise of literacy.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) had
B) have
C) has
D) having
Answer: C) has
Explanation: "Has" is correct because the subject "the development of the
printing press" is singular, requiring the singular verb form "has."

Question 6: In many ancient cultures, storytelling was an important tradition

that _______ the transmission of history and culture from one generation to the
next.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) allows
B) allowed
C) allow
D) allowing
Answer: B) allowed
Explanation: "Allowed" is correct because the sentence is referring to a
historical practice, which requires the past tense.

Question 7: The popularity of electric vehicles is growing rapidly as more

people become aware of the environmental benefits. This shift _______ traditional
car manufacturers to accelerate their efforts in developing electric models.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) allowing
B) allows
C) has allowed
D) allow
Answer: B) allows
Explanation: "Allows" is correct because the subject "this shift" is singular, so
the verb must be singular as well.

Question 8: The invention of the Internet _______ people from all over the world
to communicate instantly and share information on a global scale.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) has enabled
B) enables
C) enable
D) enabling
Answer: A) has enabled
Explanation: "Has enabled" is correct because the sentence refers to a past
event that continues to have effects in the present, thus requiring the present
perfect tense.

Question 9: The theory of relativity, proposed by Albert Einstein, _______ the

way scientists understand the relationship between space and time.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) revolutionize
B) revolutionized
C) revolutionizes
D) revolutionizing
Answer: B) revolutionized
Explanation: "Revolutionized" is the correct past tense verb because the theory
of relativity was proposed in the past, so the action is completed.

Question 10: The discovery of gold in California in the 19th century _______
thousands of people to migrate westward in search of fortune.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) encouraged
B) encourages
C) encourage
D) encouraging
Answer: A) encouraged
Explanation: "Encouraged" is correct because it refers to a past event, namely
the discovery of gold, which caused a historical migration.

QUESTION 2.7
Question 1:
In the early 20th century, physicist Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity
revolutionized the understanding of space and time. His work was not only
groundbreaking _______ it also provided the foundation for advancements in
modern physics.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) and
B) but
C) though
D) however
Answer: A) and
Explanation: "And" correctly connects two related clauses, emphasizing that
Einstein's work was both groundbreaking and foundational.

Question 2.:
The rise of the internet has transformed how people communicate, share
information, and conduct business. However, its impact is not universally
positive, as some groups remain marginalized by _______ digital divide.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) the
B) a
C) an
D) no article is needed
Answer: A) the
Explanation: "The" is necessary because "digital divide" refers to a specific,
well-known issue, not just any digital divide.

Question 3:
In her research on global climate change, Dr. Lisa Lee argues that human activity
has significantly contributed to environmental degradation. She contends that
_______ urgent steps are necessary to reduce carbon emissions and prevent
further damage.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) it
B) this
C) these
D) those
Answer: B) this
Explanation: "This" correctly refers to the singular, immediate situation
requiring urgent steps (in this case, the need for action on climate change).

Question 4:
In the 1960s, space exploration became a primary focus of the United States
government, leading to major technological advancements. The successful
landing of astronauts on the Moon in 1969 was just one of _______ milestones in
the space race.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) the
B) a
C) some
D) no article is needed
Answer: A) the
Explanation: "The" is used because the text is referring to specific, well-known
milestones in the space race.

Question 5:
The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century
had a profound effect on the distribution of knowledge. It enabled books and
manuscripts to be produced more efficiently, _______ knowledge became more
widely accessible to the general public.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) which
B) and
C) so
D) but
Answer: B) and
Explanation: "And" correctly connects two related actions: the invention of the
printing press and the wider accessibility of knowledge.

Question 6:
In studying the behavior of honeybees, researchers have observed that the
insects communicate with each other using a unique “waggle dance.” This
behavior is vital _______ bees share information about the location of food
sources.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) because
B) for
C) as
D) so
Answer: A) because
Explanation: "Because" introduces the reason why the waggle dance is vital,
providing a clear causal relationship.

Question 7:
The 20th century saw numerous advancements in medical technology, including
the development of antibiotics. However, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant
bacteria in recent years has raised concerns _______ our ability to control
infectious diseases.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) about
B) of
C) on
D) for
Answer: A) about
Explanation: "About" is the correct preposition used to indicate concerns
regarding an issue.

Question 8:
In the field of genetics, researchers have discovered several genes associated
with the development of cancer. These findings suggest that _______
environmental factors play a role, genetic predisposition may also contribute
significantly to the disease.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) while
B) despite
C) although
D) if
Answer: A) while
Explanation: "While" introduces a contrast between environmental factors and
genetic predisposition, making it the most logical choice.

Question 9:
When studying ancient civilizations, archaeologists often rely on artifacts such as
pottery, tools, and weapons. However, there are certain artifacts _______ may
offer more detailed insights into the culture’s way of life.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) which
B) who
C) whose
D) that
Answer: A) which
Explanation: "Which" is the correct relative pronoun to introduce the
nonrestrictive clause providing additional information about artifacts.
Question 10:
The discovery of new planets outside of our solar system has sparked significant
interest among astronomers. Some of these exoplanets are located in the so-
called "habitable zone," _______ the conditions might be right for life to exist.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) where
B) when
C) which
D) who
Answer: A) where
Explanation: "Where" is the correct relative adverb to describe a place or
location, referring to the "habitable zone" where conditions might be suitable for
life.

QUESTION 2.8
1.
In the early 20th century, the discovery of antibiotics revolutionized medicine. As
a result, many diseases that were once fatal became treatable. However, the
widespread use of antibiotics led to an increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria,
_______ medical professionals to develop new strategies to combat infections.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) prompting
B) prompted
C) promptingly
D) prompt
Answer: B) prompted
Explanation: "Prompted" is the correct past tense verb form, as it refers to the
action that occurred after the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

2.
The theory of evolution, first proposed by Charles Darwin, challenged established
views of creation. His research on natural selection ultimately transformed the
study of biology, _______ scientists to rethink how species evolve over time.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) leading
B) leads
C) led
D) lead
Answer: C) led
Explanation: "Led" is the correct past tense verb, indicating the result of
Darwin's work, which had already occurred.

3.
In the 18th century, the industrial revolution began to reshape society, with new
technological innovations driving the growth of factories and cities. However, this
rapid development also led to significant environmental degradation, _______
lawmakers to pass the first environmental protection laws.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) causing
B) caused
C) cause
D) causingly
Answer: B) caused
Explanation: "Caused" is the correct past tense verb, referring to the result of
the environmental degradation.

4.
In the late 19th century, Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla were two of the leading
inventors in the field of electricity. Tesla’s inventions _______ Edison's, though
many of them were initially overshadowed by Edison's commercial success.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) were superior to
B) are superior to
C) was superior to
D) superior
Answer: A) were superior to
Explanation: "Were superior to" correctly matches the past tense context of the
sentence, comparing the inventions of the two men in the past.

5.
The publication of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring in 1962 had a profound impact
on public awareness about the dangers of pesticides. The book directly
influenced environmental policy, _______ government agencies to enact stricter
regulations on pesticide use.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) encouraging
B) encouraged
C) encouragingly
D) encourage
Answer: B) encouraged
Explanation: "Encouraged" is the past tense form, indicating the impact
Carson’s book had on government action.

6.
In ancient Egypt, the construction of the pyramids required a large workforce,
which was organized and managed by skilled overseers. These overseers were
responsible for _______ the labor force, ensuring the projects were completed on
time.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) directing
B) directed
C) direct
D) directly
Answer: A) directing
Explanation: "Directing" is the correct present participle form, used to describe
the ongoing responsibility of overseers during pyramid construction.

7.
In the 1960s, the civil rights movement in the United States gained significant
momentum. Activists like Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks advocated for
equality, _______ the attention of the nation and inspiring widespread social
change.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) drawing
B) drew
C) drawn
D) draws
Answer: B) drew
Explanation: "Drew" is the correct past tense form, describing the result of the
civil rights movement’s efforts at the time.

8.
During the Renaissance, artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo
revolutionized the world of art with their innovative techniques. Their works,
which emphasized realism and human anatomy, _______ new standards for
artistic excellence.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) set
B) were setting
C) sets
D) had set
Answer: A) set
Explanation: "Set" is the correct past tense verb, indicating the establishment
of artistic standards during the Renaissance.

9.
The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 marked the end of the Cold War and
symbolized the collapse of communist rule in Eastern Europe. This event _______
leaders to reconsider their foreign policies and move towards greater diplomatic
engagement.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) prompted
B) prompting
C) prompts
D) promptedly
Answer: A) prompted
Explanation: "Prompted" is the correct past tense verb, showing that the event
led to a change in foreign policy.

10.
In 1492, Christopher Columbus embarked on his first voyage across the Atlantic.
His discovery of the New World, while accidental, _______ a new era of exploration
and colonization in Europe.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) ushered in
B) usher in
C) ushered
D) ushers in
Answer: A) ushered in
Explanation: "Ushered in" is the correct past tense expression, showing that
Columbus's discovery brought about a new era.

QUESTION 2.9
Question 1: While ancient civilizations often relied on oral traditions to pass
down knowledge, the invention of writing systems _______ allowed for more
precise and lasting records of history.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) for instance,
B) thus,
C) consequently,
D) although,
Answer: B) thus,
Explanation: "Thus" is the most appropriate transition because it indicates a
cause-and-effect relationship between the invention of writing and the ability to
preserve history.

Question 2.: The Great Wall of China was initially built to protect the Chinese
states from invasions. Over time, however, it _______ as a symbol of the strength
and unity of the Chinese people.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) consequently,
B) moreover,
C) ultimately,
D) by contrast,
Answer: C) ultimately,
Explanation: "Ultimately" is the correct transition because it reflects the
eventual shift in the Great Wall's significance, from a military defense structure
to a cultural symbol.

Question 3: Some experts argue that climate change is primarily driven by

human activity. Others, however, _______ that natural factors such as volcanic
eruptions and solar radiation also play a significant role.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) conversely,
B) therefore,
C) nonetheless,
D) indeed,
Answer: A) conversely,
Explanation: "Conversely" is the best choice because it introduces a contrasting
viewpoint, as the second group of experts has a different opinion on the causes
of climate change.

Question 4: The rise of social media has transformed the way people
communicate with one another. It has, _______ , also led to concerns about
privacy and the spread of misinformation.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) however,
B) for example,
C) consequently,
D) by contrast,
Answer: A) however,
Explanation: "However" is the best choice because it introduces a contrast
between the positive effect of social media (communication) and its negative
consequences (privacy issues and misinformation).

Question 5: The discovery of penicillin revolutionized medicine. _______ , its

widespread use has saved countless lives and transformed the treatment of
bacterial infections.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) As a result,
B) Meanwhile,
C) For instance,
D) Nevertheless,
Answer: A) As a result,
Explanation: "As a result" is the best transition here because it logically
connects the discovery of penicillin with its life-saving impact.

Question 6: While some scientists have focused on studying the effects of

climate change on ecosystems, others have chosen to examine the _______
impacts of climate change on human health.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) physical,
B) social,
C) economic,
D) environmental,
Answer: B) social,
Explanation: "Social" is the most fitting choice because it connects well with
the context of human health, highlighting the broader societal consequences of
climate change.

Question 7: The Industrial Revolution marked a significant turning point in

human history. _______ , it had profound effects on urbanization, labor practices,
and economic growth.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) Consequently,
B) For instance,
C) In contrast,
D) Similarly,
Answer: A) Consequently,
Explanation: "Consequently" is the most appropriate transition because it
suggests that the effects of the Industrial Revolution led to significant changes in
society.
Question 8: Although some researchers advocate for the use of genetic
engineering to solve food shortages, others _______ that the long-term effects on
ecosystems and human health are not fully understood.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) claim,
B) argue,
C) suggests,
D) believe,
Answer: B) argue,
Explanation: "Argue" is the best choice here, as it reflects a more formal and
reasoned stance against genetic engineering, implying a debated issue.

Question 9: Many believe that exercise is essential for maintaining good health.
_______ , a balanced diet and adequate sleep are also crucial components of a
healthy lifestyle.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) Nevertheless,
B) Similarly,
C) For example,
D) Likewise,
Answer: D) Likewise,
Explanation: "Likewise" is the best transition because it introduces another
equally important element of health (diet and sleep), similar to exercise.

Question 10: Although the ancient Egyptians are often remembered for their
monumental architectural achievements, they also _______ a rich tradition of art
and culture that influenced later civilizations.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) neglected,
B) possessed,
C) embraced,
D) created,
Answer: B) possessed,
Explanation: "Possessed" is the most fitting choice because it suggests that the
Egyptians had, or owned, a tradition of art and culture, indicating something
valuable that they carried throughout history.

QUESTION 30
Question 1:
During the Renaissance, artists began to experiment with new techniques and
materials, including oil paints. This allowed for more detailed and realistic
depictions of the human form. _______ these innovations helped transform art
from symbolic representations to more lifelike portrayals.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) For example,
B) In summary,
C) As a result,
D) On the other hand,
Answer: C) As a result,
Explanation: "As a result" logically follows from the idea of the new techniques
transforming art, providing a cause-and-effect relationship.

Question 2.:
Recent studies have shown that regular physical exercise can improve mental
health by reducing stress and anxiety. _______ exercise can also enhance
cognitive function, which can lead to better memory and concentration.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) Furthermore,
B) Despite this,
C) Consequently,
D) Nevertheless,
Answer: A) Furthermore,
Explanation: "Furthermore" adds additional information that supports the
previous claim about the mental health benefits of exercise.

Question 3:
The global population has been steadily increasing for decades, putting pressure
on natural resources. _______ some countries have implemented policies to
reduce their ecological footprints, others have struggled to adopt effective
measures.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) On the contrary,
B) In contrast,
C) For instance,
D) Moreover,
Answer: B) In contrast,
Explanation: "In contrast" highlights the difference between countries that have
successfully implemented policies and those that have struggled.
Question 4:
Shakespeare’s works have had a lasting impact on literature and theater. His
plays, known for their complex characters and themes, are still performed today.
_______ modern adaptations of his plays continue to emerge in various forms,
from film to theater productions.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) Moreover,
B) Thus,
C) Conversely,
D) In particular,
Answer: A) Moreover,
Explanation: "Moreover" introduces additional information, emphasizing that
Shakespeare's influence continues in modern adaptations.

Question 5:
Studies have demonstrated that learning a second language can enhance
cognitive abilities and improve problem-solving skills. _______ bilingual individuals
often show greater multitasking abilities compared to monolingual individuals.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) In conclusion,
B) Specifically,
C) For instance,
D) In fact,
Answer: D) In fact,
Explanation: "In fact" provides a stronger statement, reinforcing the idea that
bilingual individuals experience practical cognitive benefits.

Question 6:
The Arctic ecosystem is highly sensitive to climate change. As temperatures rise,
sea ice is melting at an alarming rate, threatening the habitat of many species.
_______ polar bears, which rely on sea ice for hunting, are particularly affected by
these changes.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) For example,
B) On the other hand,
C) In particular,
D) Consequently,
Answer: C) In particular,
Explanation: "In particular" introduces a specific example of how climate
change affects the Arctic ecosystem, focusing on polar bears.
Question 7:
Throughout history, humans have made significant strides in improving medical
care and extending life expectancy. _______ many people now live longer than
ever before, they are also facing new health challenges related to aging.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) However,
B) In summary,
C) For example,
D) As a result,
Answer: A) However,
Explanation: "However" introduces a contrast between the increase in life
expectancy and the new health challenges faced by people.

Question 8:
The rise of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, has gained
significant momentum in recent years. _______ these sources are now seen as
viable alternatives to fossil fuels in the fight against climate change.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) In contrast,
B) Accordingly,
C) Consequently,
D) Despite this,
Answer: C) Consequently,
Explanation: "Consequently" logically follows the idea that renewable energy
sources are now seen as viable due to their rise in popularity and effectiveness.

Question 9:
During the Industrial Revolution, many workers faced harsh conditions in
factories, often working long hours for minimal pay. _______ workers eventually
organized into unions to demand better wages and working conditions.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) In turn,
B) As a result,
C) For example,
D) Nevertheless,
Answer: B) As a result,
Explanation: "As a result" indicates the outcome of the harsh working
conditions, namely the organization of workers into unions.
Question 10:
Many scientists believe that the key to understanding the origins of life on Earth
lies in the study of extremophiles—organisms that thrive in extreme
environments. _______ the study of extremophiles could provide insights into the
potential for life on other planets.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) For example,
B) Furthermore,
C) Consequently,
D) In fact,
Answer: B) Furthermore,
Explanation: "Furthermore" adds to the idea that studying extremophiles not
only helps understand life on Earth but also has broader implications for life
beyond our planet.

QUESTION 31
1.
Scientists have long debated the effects of climate change on wildlife
populations. Recent studies, however, suggest that some species have adapted
to changing environments. _______ these species are evolving new traits that
help them survive in increasingly harsh conditions.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition? A) In contrast,
B) On the other hand,
C) For example,
D) Consequently,
Answer: C) For example,
Explanation: "For example" introduces a specific case, providing an illustration
of how some species are adapting.

2.
The rise of social media has significantly altered the way we communicate.
_______ platforms like Twitter and Instagram have allowed individuals to engage
with news and trends in real-time.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition? A)
Consequently,
B) Moreover,
C) Similarly,
D) However,
Answer: B) Moreover,
Explanation: "Moreover" introduces an additional point that builds upon the
initial idea, highlighting the further impact of social media.
3.
The city's public transportation system has been praised for its efficiency and
punctuality. _______ the introduction of more environmentally friendly buses,
which have reduced the city's carbon footprint.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition? A) In addition,
B) Consequently,
C) Nevertheless,
D) Hence,
Answer: A) In addition,
Explanation: "In addition" introduces an extra point that complements the
previous one, emphasizing a positive development.

4.
The company’s profits have been increasing steadily over the past few years.
_______ the expansion into international markets has played a major role in this
financial growth.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition? A) For example,
B) However,
C) Similarly,
D) Certainly,
Answer: A) For example,
Explanation: "For example" introduces a specific instance or reason behind the
company's growth, giving an example of what contributed to the profits.

5.
The debate over renewable energy sources continues to be a major topic of
discussion among world leaders. _______ many nations have pledged to reduce
their carbon emissions by transitioning to solar and wind power.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition? A) On the
contrary,
B) Meanwhile,
C) Nonetheless,
D) For instance,
Answer: B) Meanwhile,
Explanation: "Meanwhile" introduces a point that contrasts with the ongoing
debate by showing that certain actions are already being taken.

6.
Recent advances in artificial intelligence have led to breakthroughs in various
fields, from medicine to engineering. _______ experts predict that AI will continue
to drive innovation in the coming decades.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition? A) Thus,
B) Consequently,
C) Indeed,
D) Furthermore,
Answer: D) Furthermore,
Explanation: "Furthermore" adds to the idea of ongoing innovation, reinforcing
the idea that AI's impact will continue.

7.
The popularity of plant-based diets has increased in recent years. _______ a
growing number of restaurants are offering vegan and vegetarian options on
their menus to meet the demand.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition? A) Thus,
B) Therefore,
C) As a result,
D) Nevertheless,
Answer: C) As a result,
Explanation: "As a result" indicates that the increase in popularity has led to
the growing availability of plant-based options.

8.
The book explores the impact of technology on modern society. _______ it delves
into how technology affects our personal relationships, communication, and daily
routines.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition? A) In particular,
B) For example,
C) On the other hand,
D) Nevertheless,
Answer: A) In particular,
Explanation: "In particular" introduces a more specific aspect of the topic being
discussed, focusing on the impact on personal relationships.

9.
During the Renaissance, artists were not only valued for their technical skill but
also for their ability to innovate. _______ many artists, like Leonardo da Vinci,
were also scientists, architects, and engineers.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition? A) In fact,
B) For example,
C) Hence,
D) Consequently,
Answer: A) In fact,
Explanation: "In fact" is used to emphasize the idea that many artists
contributed in multiple fields, reinforcing the statement.

10.
The study of ancient civilizations has revealed much about human history.
_______ it has also raised important questions about the impact of cultural
exchange on the development of societies.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition? A) On the other
hand,
B) In addition,
C) For instance,
D) Conversely,
Answer: B) In addition,
Explanation: "In addition" introduces an extra aspect of the study of ancient
civilizations, highlighting its broader implications.

QUESTION 32
Question 1: While researching ancient civilizations, a student has taken the
following notes:
• The Maya civilization was known for its advanced mathematics and astronomy.
• A 2019 study by Sarah Thompson examined Maya astronomical codices,
ancient books containing detailed observations of the stars.
• She was initially uncertain whether the codices represented actual star maps or
merely symbolic images.
• Using digital imaging techniques, she concluded that the codices were indeed
detailed star maps, providing evidence of the Maya’s advanced understanding of
the cosmos.
The student wants to present the findings of the study. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) Sarah Thompson’s 2019 study examined Maya codices and concluded that
they were star maps.
B) In 2019, Sarah Thompson examined Maya astronomical codices and
concluded that they depicted stars.
C) Maya codices, which contain detailed star observations, were studied by Sarah
Thompson in 2019.
D) In 2019, Sarah Thompson analyzed Maya codices using digital imaging
techniques and determined that they depicted stars, thus supporting the Maya’s
advanced astronomical knowledge.
Answer: D) In 2019, Sarah Thompson analyzed Maya codices using digital
imaging techniques and determined that they depicted stars, thus supporting the
Maya’s advanced astronomical knowledge.
Explanation: This option most effectively integrates all the relevant information
from the notes: the study year, the tools used (digital imaging), the conclusion,
and the broader implications of the findings.

Question 2.: While researching human evolution, a student has taken the
following notes:
• Homo sapiens emerged around 300,000 years ago in Africa.
• A 2020 study by John Ellis examined fossil remains from several early human
sites across Africa.
• Ellis was initially uncertain whether the fossils belonged to Homo sapiens or
another early human species.
• After extensive comparison with other human fossils, Ellis concluded that the
remains were indeed those of early Homo sapiens.
The student wants to present the findings of the study. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) In 2020, John Ellis examined fossil remains from early human sites across
Africa and determined that they belonged to Homo sapiens.
B) John Ellis, in a 2020 study, compared fossil remains from several early human
sites across Africa and concluded they were early Homo sapiens.
C) A 2020 study by John Ellis confirmed that fossils from Africa belong to early
Homo sapiens, resolving the uncertainty surrounding them.
D) John Ellis’s 2020 study of early human fossils from Africa concluded that they
were from Homo sapiens after extensive analysis.
Answer: D) John Ellis’s 2020 study of early human fossils from Africa concluded
that they were from Homo sapiens after extensive analysis.
Explanation: This option provides a clear timeline and detailed explanation of
the study’s findings, using all relevant details from the notes in a concise
manner.

Question 3: While researching the history of vaccines, a student has taken the
following notes:
• Vaccination has been a key part of disease prevention since the 18th century.
• In a 2018 study, Dr. Maria Rodriguez examined historical vaccination records
from the early years of smallpox vaccination.
• Dr. Rodriguez was initially uncertain whether the early records accurately
reflected the success of the vaccination.
• After analyzing vaccination records and corresponding disease statistics, Dr.
Rodriguez concluded that smallpox vaccination was highly effective in reducing
the disease.
The student wants to present the study and its findings. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) In 2018, Dr. Maria Rodriguez studied early vaccination records and found them
to be accurate, supporting the success of smallpox vaccination.
B) Dr. Maria Rodriguez’s 2018 study of historical smallpox vaccination records
concluded that the vaccine was highly effective in reducing the disease.
C) In a 2018 study, Dr. Maria Rodriguez concluded that the early records of
smallpox vaccination were inaccurate and didn’t reflect its success.
D) Dr. Rodriguez’s 2018 study of smallpox vaccination concluded that it was
successful, based on the historical vaccination records.
Answer: B) Dr. Maria Rodriguez’s 2018 study of historical smallpox vaccination
records concluded that the vaccine was highly effective in reducing the disease.
Explanation: This option accurately reflects the most relevant details: the study
year, the focus of the research (smallpox vaccination), and the conclusion
reached.

Question 4: While researching the impact of deforestation, a student has taken

the following notes:
• Deforestation is a major contributor to biodiversity loss and climate change.
• In a 2020 study, Dr. Laura Green analyzed deforestation rates in tropical
regions and their impact on local ecosystems.
• Dr. Green was initially unsure about the specific effects of deforestation on
particular species.
• After comparing species distribution data before and after deforestation, Dr.
Green concluded that deforestation significantly reduced biodiversity.
The student wants to present the study and its findings. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) In 2020, Dr. Laura Green conducted a study on deforestation’s effects on
tropical ecosystems and concluded that it reduced biodiversity.
B) Dr. Laura Green’s 2020 study of deforestation found that it reduced
biodiversity in tropical regions by altering species distributions.
C) Dr. Green’s 2020 study concluded that deforestation has been linked to
biodiversity loss in tropical regions.
D) In a 2020 study, Dr. Green concluded that deforestation significantly altered
tropical ecosystems, leading to biodiversity loss.
Answer: B) Dr. Laura Green’s 2020 study of deforestation found that it reduced
biodiversity in tropical regions by altering species distributions.
Explanation: This option integrates the key findings of the study while providing
a clear explanation of how deforestation affects biodiversity.

Question 5: While researching the effects of pollution on marine life, a student

has taken the following notes:
• Pollution is a growing threat to marine ecosystems.
• In a 2021 study, Dr. Emily Lewis investigated the impact of chemical pollutants
on coral reefs in the Pacific Ocean.
• Dr. Lewis was initially unsure how the pollutants specifically affected coral
growth.
• After analyzing coral samples, Dr. Lewis concluded that the pollutants had a
detrimental effect on coral health, inhibiting growth.
The student wants to present the findings of the study. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) Dr. Emily Lewis’s 2021 study showed that chemical pollutants have harmed
coral health and inhibited growth in the Pacific Ocean.
B) In 2021, Dr. Emily Lewis’s study of chemical pollutants on Pacific coral reefs
concluded that they inhibit coral growth.
C) Dr. Emily Lewis’s study of Pacific coral reefs concluded that chemical
pollutants caused damage to coral, slowing their growth.
D) In a 2021 study, Dr. Lewis concluded that chemical pollutants significantly
impacted coral reefs in the Pacific Ocean, inhibiting growth.
Answer: D) In a 2021 study, Dr. Lewis concluded that chemical pollutants
significantly impacted coral reefs in the Pacific Ocean, inhibiting growth.
Explanation: This option clearly states the year, the focus of the study, the key
conclusion, and the specific effects of the pollutants on coral reefs.

Question 6: While researching the history of ancient civilizations, a student has

taken the following notes:
• The ancient Egyptians were skilled in many areas, including architecture and
engineering.
• In a 2017 study, Dr. Isaac Newton examined the construction techniques of the
Great Pyramids.
• Dr. Newton was initially unsure about the methods used to transport large
stones.
• After studying ancient texts and comparing building techniques, Dr. Newton
concluded that the Egyptians used a combination of ramps and sledges to move
the stones.
The student wants to present the findings of the study. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) In 2017, Dr. Isaac Newton analyzed the construction techniques of the Great
Pyramids and concluded that ramps and sledges were used to move the stones.
B) Dr. Isaac Newton’s 2017 study found that the ancient Egyptians used ramps
and sledges to transport the large stones for the Great Pyramids.
C) Dr. Newton’s 2017 study focused on the Great Pyramids, determining that
ramps and sledges were used in the construction.
D) In 2017, Dr. Newton used ancient texts to study how the Great Pyramids were
built, concluding that ramps and sledges were used to move the stones.
Answer: A) In 2017, Dr. Isaac Newton analyzed the construction techniques of
the Great Pyramids and concluded that ramps and sledges were used to move
the stones.
Explanation: This option clearly presents the year of the study, the subject of
the research (construction techniques), and the conclusion in a concise and
logical manner.

Question 7: While researching climate change, a student has taken the

following notes:
• Climate change is linked to rising global temperatures and extreme weather
events.
• A 2019 study by Dr. Fiona Bell examined the effects of climate change on polar
ice caps.
• Dr. Bell was initially unsure how much melting the ice caps had already
experienced.
• After conducting satellite imagery analysis, Dr. Bell concluded that the ice caps
had significantly melted, contributing to rising sea levels.
The student wants to present the study and its findings. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) Dr. Fiona Bell’s 2019 study of polar ice caps concluded that they had
significantly melted due to climate change.
B) In 2019, Dr. Fiona Bell conducted a study of polar ice caps and concluded that
melting had contributed to rising sea levels.
C) Dr. Fiona Bell’s study in 2019 concluded that the melting of polar ice caps is
causing sea levels to rise.
D) In 2019, Dr. Fiona Bell used satellite imagery to study polar ice caps and
concluded that they had melted significantly due to climate change.
Answer: D) In 2019, Dr. Fiona Bell used satellite imagery to study polar ice caps
and concluded that they had melted significantly due to climate change.
Explanation: This option integrates the key details from the notes and presents
them in a clear and logical manner, highlighting both the tools used in the study
and the conclusions drawn.

Question 8: While researching the use of renewable energy, a student has

taken the following notes:
• Solar energy is a renewable resource that can help reduce dependence on
fossil fuels.
• In a 2020 study, Dr. Alice Harper examined the efficiency of solar panels in
various climate conditions.
• Dr. Harper was initially unsure whether solar panels performed better in colder
or warmer climates.
• After extensive testing, Dr. Harper concluded that solar panels were more
efficient in colder climates.
The student wants to present the findings of the study. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) In 2020, Dr. Alice Harper concluded that solar panels are more efficient in
colder climates than in warmer ones.
B) Dr. Alice Harper’s 2020 study showed that solar panels work better in colder
climates.
C) Dr. Alice Harper’s 2020 study focused on the efficiency of solar panels,
concluding that colder climates provided the best performance.
D) In 2020, Dr. Alice Harper studied solar panel performance in various climates,
concluding that colder climates were most efficient.
Answer: A) In 2020, Dr. Alice Harper concluded that solar panels are more
efficient in colder climates than in warmer ones.
Explanation: This option is the clearest and most direct way of presenting the
key findings, using the year, subject, and conclusion in a concise manner.

Question 9: While researching the benefits of exercise, a student has taken the
following notes:
• Exercise is known to improve physical health and mental well-being.
• A 2021 study by Dr. Marcus Lee examined the impact of exercise on depression
in young adults.
• Dr. Lee was initially unsure whether exercise would have a significant impact
on mental health.
• After conducting surveys and analyzing data, Dr. Lee concluded that regular
exercise significantly reduced symptoms of depression in young adults.
The student wants to present the findings of the study. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) Dr. Marcus Lee’s 2021 study showed that exercise significantly reduces
symptoms of depression in young adults.
B) In 2021, Dr. Marcus Lee studied the effects of exercise on depression and
concluded that it had a positive impact on mental health.
C) Dr. Marcus Lee’s 2021 study of exercise and depression concluded that
exercise reduces symptoms of depression in young adults.
D) In 2021, Dr. Marcus Lee’s study concluded that exercise was beneficial for
reducing depression in young adults.
Answer: A) Dr. Marcus Lee’s 2021 study showed that exercise significantly
reduces symptoms of depression in young adults.
Explanation: This option clearly summarizes the key information while making
the findings straightforward and to the point.

Question 10: While researching ancient Rome, a student has taken the
following notes:
• The Romans built an extensive network of roads to connect their empire.
• A 2015 study by Dr. Thomas Walker examined the construction techniques
used for Roman roads.
• Dr. Walker was initially unsure about how the Romans achieved such precise
measurements in road building.
• After analyzing Roman road samples and comparing them with modern
techniques, Dr. Walker concluded that the Romans used a sophisticated system
of surveying tools.
The student wants to present the study and its findings. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) Dr. Thomas Walker’s 2015 study concluded that the Romans used advanced
surveying tools in road construction.
B) In 2015, Dr. Thomas Walker studied Roman road construction and found that
the Romans used sophisticated surveying techniques.
C) Dr. Walker’s 2015 study of Roman roads showed that the Romans used
advanced surveying tools for precise measurements.
D) In 2015, Dr. Thomas Walker concluded that Roman roads were built with
sophisticated surveying tools to ensure precision.
Answer: C) Dr. Walker’s 2015 study of Roman roads showed that the Romans
used advanced surveying tools for precise measurements.
Explanation: This option is the clearest and most logical way to present the
study's findings while keeping the information concise and accurate.

QUESTION 33
Question 1:
While reading a book on early American history, a student took the following
notes:
• George Washington led the Continental Army to victory during the American
Revolution.
• Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, advocating for the
colonies' freedom.
• Benjamin Franklin played a crucial role in securing French support for the
revolution.
• Washington became the first president of the United States, setting many
precedents.
• Jefferson served as the third president and helped expand the nation through
the Louisiana Purchase.
The student wants to compare Washington’s and Jefferson’s roles in American
history. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes
to accomplish this goal?
A) Washington and Jefferson both contributed to the nation’s independence and
its expansion, with Washington leading the military effort and Jefferson securing
territorial growth.
B) Washington and Jefferson both shaped the future of the United States in
different ways, with Washington setting precedents as president and Jefferson
securing French support during the revolution.
C) Washington led the Continental Army and became president, while Jefferson
helped draft the Declaration and expanded the nation as president.
D) Washington’s military leadership and Jefferson’s political achievements are
both essential to the founding of the United States, though their approaches
were different.
Answer: C) Washington led the Continental Army and became president, while
Jefferson helped draft the Declaration and expanded the nation as president.
Explanation: This choice effectively compares Washington’s leadership during
the revolution and as president, with Jefferson’s role in writing the Declaration
and expanding the country as president.

Question 2.:
A student is writing a paper on environmental movements in the 20th century
and has taken the following notes:
• Rachel Carson’s 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness about the dangers
of pesticides.
• The Earth Day movement, founded in 1970, helped galvanize environmental
activism across the United States.
• The Clean Air Act of 1970 set standards for air quality and emissions.
• Carson’s work led to changes in policy, including the eventual ban on the
pesticide DDT.
• Earth Day led to the formation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in
1970.
The student wants to compare Carson’s contributions to environmental policy
with the Earth Day movement’s impact. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) Carson’s Silent Spring raised awareness about environmental issues, while
Earth Day created a nationwide movement that led to the formation of the EPA.
B) While Carson’s work helped ban DDT, the Earth Day movement helped lead to
the passage of environmental laws like the Clean Air Act.
C) Carson’s book raised public awareness about pollution, and Earth Day helped
initiate nationwide discussions on the environment.
D) Both Carson and the Earth Day movement focused on raising awareness
about pollution, but Carson’s efforts were more scientific, and Earth Day’s were
more political.
Answer: A) Carson’s Silent Spring raised awareness about environmental issues,
while Earth Day created a nationwide movement that led to the formation of the
EPA.
Explanation: This choice effectively compares Carson’s focus on raising
awareness through her book with Earth Day’s broad impact on environmental
activism and the creation of the EPA.

Question 3:
A student is writing an essay on famous explorers and their voyages and has
taken the following notes:
• Christopher Columbus made his first voyage across the Atlantic in 1492,
seeking a westward route to Asia.
• Vasco da Gama reached India by sailing around Africa, establishing a sea route
to Asia.
• Ferdinand Magellan is credited with being the first to lead an expedition that
circumnavigated the globe, although he did not survive the journey.
• Columbus’s discovery of the Americas opened up trade between Europe and
the New World.
• Da Gama’s journey established Portugal as a dominant maritime power in the
15th century.
The student wants to compare Columbus’s and da Gama’s voyages. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?
A) Columbus sought a westward route to Asia and discovered the Americas, while
da Gama sailed around Africa and established a direct route to India.
B) Columbus’s voyages opened up trade between Europe and the Americas,
while da Gama’s established a Portuguese sea route to Asia.
C) Columbus and da Gama both sought new routes to Asia, but Columbus’s
journey led to the discovery of the Americas, while da Gama reached India.
D) Both Columbus and da Gama helped expand European exploration, with
Columbus discovering the Americas and da Gama securing Portugal’s dominance
over trade.
Answer: A) Columbus sought a westward route to Asia and discovered the
Americas, while da Gama sailed around Africa and established a direct route to
India.
Explanation: This choice directly compares the two explorers’ routes and their
distinct impacts on exploration: Columbus’s discovery of the Americas and da
Gama’s route to India.

Question 4:
A student is writing about the history of the U.S. Supreme Court and has taken
the following notes:
• Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review, allowing
the Court to declare laws unconstitutional.
• Brown v. Board of Education (1954) ruled that racial segregation in public
schools was unconstitutional.
• Roe v. Wade (1973) recognized a woman’s right to choose an abortion under
the constitutional right to privacy.
• Marbury v. Madison set the foundation for the Court’s role in interpreting the
Constitution.
• Brown v. Board of Education was a landmark case in the civil rights movement,
overturning the “separate but equal” doctrine.
The student wants to compare the rulings in Marbury v. Madison and Brown v.
Board of Education. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) Marbury v. Madison established judicial review, while Brown v. Board of
Education struck down racial segregation in public schools.
B) Marbury v. Madison focused on the Court’s authority to interpret laws, while
Brown v. Board of Education advanced civil rights by ruling against school
segregation.
C) Both Marbury v. Madison and Brown v. Board of Education had lasting effects
on American law, but Marbury focused on judicial authority, while Brown dealt
with civil rights.
D) Marbury v. Madison established judicial review, whereas Brown v. Board of
Education focused on the rights of minorities.
Answer: B) Marbury v. Madison focused on the Court’s authority to interpret
laws, while Brown v. Board of Education advanced civil rights by ruling against
school segregation.
Explanation: This choice effectively compares the two cases by focusing on
Marbury’s impact on judicial authority and Brown’s impact on civil rights.

Question 5:
A student is comparing two early civilizations and has taken the following notes:
• The ancient Egyptians built monumental pyramids as tombs for their pharaohs.
• The Mesopotamians constructed ziggurats, large stepped structures used for
religious ceremonies.
• Both civilizations had complex religious systems and built impressive structures
to honor their gods.
• Egyptians used hieroglyphs for writing, while Mesopotamians used cuneiform.
The student wants to compare the architectural achievements of the Egyptians
and the Mesopotamians. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) The Egyptians built pyramids for pharaohs, while the Mesopotamians built
ziggurats for religious purposes.
B) The Egyptians and Mesopotamians both built large structures to honor their
gods, though the Egyptians focused on tombs and the Mesopotamians on
ceremonial buildings.
C) Both the Egyptians and Mesopotamians built monumental structures, with the
Egyptians constructing tombs and the Mesopotamians building religious
ziggurats.
D) The Egyptians were known for their tomb-building pyramids, while the
Mesopotamians built ziggurats for ceremonies.
Answer: A) The Egyptians built pyramids for pharaohs, while the Mesopotamians
built ziggurats for religious purposes.
Explanation: This choice effectively compares the different architectural styles
used by both civilizations for different purposes.

Question 6:
A student is researching two major political events and has taken the following
notes:
• The French Revolution of 1789 was driven by social and economic inequalities
and led to the overthrow of the monarchy.
• The Russian Revolution of 1917 was caused by dissatisfaction with the
autocratic Tsarist regime and led to the establishment of a communist
government.
• Both revolutions resulted in the overthrow of long-standing monarchies.
• The French Revolution influenced revolutionary movements in Europe, while
the Russian Revolution led to the spread of communist ideologies.
The student wants to compare the causes of the French and Russian Revolutions.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A) Both the French and Russian Revolutions were sparked by discontent with
autocratic regimes and led to the establishment of new political systems.
B) The French Revolution was caused by economic inequality, while the Russian
Revolution was caused by dissatisfaction with autocracy.
C) Both revolutions were driven by dissatisfaction with the ruling monarchy,
though the French Revolution led to a democratic government and the Russian
Revolution led to communism.
D) The causes of the French and Russian Revolutions were similar, both
stemming from the discontent of the lower classes with oppressive rulers.
Answer: A) Both the French and Russian Revolutions were sparked by discontent
with autocratic regimes and led to the establishment of new political systems.
Explanation: This choice clearly compares the causes of both revolutions while
noting their outcome of overthrowing monarchies and establishing new systems.

Question 7:
A student is writing about two scientific discoveries and has taken the following
notes:
• Isaac Newton is famous for his work on the laws of motion and gravity, which
revolutionized physics.
• Albert Einstein developed the theory of relativity, which fundamentally
changed our understanding of space, time, and gravity.
• Newton’s laws provided the foundation for classical mechanics, while Einstein’s
theory offered new insights into the behavior of objects at high speeds and large
masses.
The student wants to compare Newton’s and Einstein’s contributions to physics.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A) Newton’s laws of motion laid the groundwork for classical physics, while
Einstein’s theory of relativity redefined the nature of space and time.
B) Newton revolutionized physics with his laws of motion, whereas Einstein
expanded on Newton’s work by offering a new perspective on gravity.
C) Newton’s work focused on classical mechanics, while Einstein introduced the
concept of relativity, challenging traditional physics.
D) Newton’s laws were foundational to physics, but Einstein’s relativity theory
had a broader impact on understanding time and space.
Answer: A) Newton’s laws of motion laid the groundwork for classical physics,
while Einstein’s theory of relativity redefined the nature of space and time.
Explanation: This choice effectively compares the two scientists' contributions,
focusing on their differing impacts on physics.

Question 8:
A student is comparing two historical figures and has taken the following notes:
• Florence Nightingale is considered the founder of modern nursing and
improved hygiene in hospitals during the Crimean War.
• Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross and provided critical care during
the American Civil War.
• Both women contributed to the improvement of healthcare during wartime.
The student wants to compare Nightingale’s and Barton’s contributions to
healthcare. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A) Nightingale and Barton both improved healthcare during wartime, with
Nightingale focusing on hospital hygiene and Barton providing medical care
during the Civil War.
B) Both Nightingale and Barton were pioneers in healthcare, but Nightingale
worked on improving sanitation, while Barton founded a relief organization.
C) Nightingale’s work focused on hospital conditions, while Barton’s efforts were
aimed at creating a national healthcare organization.
D) Nightingale improved hospital hygiene during the Crimean War, while Barton
helped establish the American Red Cross during the Civil War.
Answer: A) Nightingale and Barton both improved healthcare during wartime,
with Nightingale focusing on hospital hygiene and Barton providing medical care
during the Civil War.
Explanation: This choice clearly compares their contributions, emphasizing
their different but complementary roles in wartime healthcare.

Question 9:
A student is researching two social movements and has taken the following
notes:
• The women’s suffrage movement aimed to secure voting rights for women and
succeeded with the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.
• The Civil Rights Movement sought to end racial segregation and discrimination,
leading to key legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
• Both movements had significant impacts on American society and legislation.
The student wants to compare the goals of the women’s suffrage movement and
the Civil Rights Movement. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) The women’s suffrage movement focused on securing voting rights for
women, while the Civil Rights Movement sought to end segregation and
discrimination against African Americans.
B) Both movements worked toward equality, with the suffrage movement
securing the right to vote for women and the Civil Rights Movement working to
end racial discrimination.
C) The women’s suffrage movement led to the 19th Amendment, while the Civil
Rights Movement was responsible for the passage of the Civil Rights Act.
D) Both movements aimed at legal equality, but the suffrage movement focused
on gender, while the Civil Rights Movement focused on race.
Answer: B) Both movements worked toward equality, with the suffrage
movement securing the right to vote for women and the Civil Rights Movement
working to end racial discrimination.
Explanation: This choice effectively compares the goals of both movements,
highlighting their pursuit of equality for different groups.

Question 10:
A student is comparing two artistic movements and has taken the following
notes:
• Impressionism, led by artists like Claude Monet, focused on capturing light and
color in natural scenes.
• Cubism, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, fragmented objects
into geometric shapes to depict multiple perspectives.
• Both movements sought to break from traditional artistic styles and challenged
the way people viewed the world.
The student wants to compare the goals of Impressionism and Cubism. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?
A) Impressionism and Cubism both challenged traditional art, with Impressionism
emphasizing light and color and Cubism breaking objects into geometric shapes.
B) Impressionists focused on natural scenes, while Cubists sought to portray
objects from multiple perspectives.
C) Both movements rejected classical techniques, but Impressionism was
concerned with color and light, while Cubism focused on geometric shapes.
D) Impressionism focused on capturing light in nature, while Cubism sought to
depict the complexities of human perception.
Answer: A) Impressionism and Cubism both challenged traditional art, with
Impressionism emphasizing light and color and Cubism breaking objects into
geometric shapes.
Explanation: This choice directly compares the two movements, highlighting
their shared aim of breaking from tradition while focusing on their different
artistic techniques.